Download MBBS Important Topics MBBS 2nd Year Topics

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Pharmacology: Paper I

General Pharmacology

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Introduction, Routes of Drug Administration

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1. Factors governing choice of Routes of Drug Administration - state, Transdermal Therapeutic Systems
2. Routes of Drug Administration - mention with one example for each route
3. Subcutaneous Route of Drug Administration - advantages and disadvantages, examples

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4. Kinetics of Drug Administration
5. Intravenous Route - four drugs, advantages and disadvantages

Pharmacokinetics (Chapter 2)

LAQ

1. Bioavailability* - define*, factors* affecting with examples; Bioequivalence

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Pharmacokinetics (Chapter 3)

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1. Prodrug - define, explain advantages with examples
2. Microsomal Enzyme Induction**, clinical consequences with two examples*; implications with examples
3. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring - define, significance, Four Drugs having Narrow Therapeutic Index - list

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4. Plasma Half-Life - define, clinical significance, examples
5. Prolongation of Drug Action - four methods with examples

LAQ

1. Biotransformation* - define*, reactions involved with examples, enumerate factors affecting Biotransformation; Phase 1 and Phase 2 Drug Metabolising Reactions - enumerate with examples, Enzyme Induction and Enzyme Inhibition - clinical significance

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Pharmacodynamics

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1. Drug Antagonism - with examples
2. Competitive Antagonism - describe features with examples
3. Four mechanisms by which a drug may alter the absorption of another drug - with examples

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LAQ

1. Drug Interactions - classify, Beneficial Drug Interaction - note with examples
2. Mechanisms by which Drugs produce their Actions in Body - with examples
3. Drug Antagonism - various types with examples

Pharmacotherapy

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1. Define:
   1. Tachyphylaxis or Acute Tolerance
   2. Reason for development
   3. Tachyphylaxis and Tolerance - three differences

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2. Drug Tolerance - define, types, underlying mechanism, examples

LAQ

1. Factors affecting Drug Action** describe with clinical relevance; enumerate, describe with examples*
2. Fixed Dose Combinations - pros and cons with examples

Adverse Drug Effects

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1. Adverse Drug Reactions - classify with examples

LAQ

1. Pharmacovigilance - define, Adverse Drug effects - discuss various types with examples

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Autonomic Nervous System

Cholinergic System and Drugs

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1. Rationale behind use of atropine with neostigmine
2. Cholinergic Drugs - classify, Myasthenia Gravis - treatment

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3. Anticholinesterases* - classify*, therapeutic indications with examples; three therapeutic uses
4. Reversible and Irreversible Anticholinesterase, Explain Why they are Classified as Reversible and Irreversible, State Conditions in which this Property is Exploited

LAQ

1. Organophosphate Compound Poisoning*** - management; drug treatment*; General Principles of Acute Poisoning Treatment
2. Anticholinesterases* - classify* [sub-question]

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3. Cholinergic Drugs - classify, Neostigmine* - pharmacological actions, clinical uses*; MOA

Anticholinergic Drugs

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1. Atropine and Tropicamide as mydriatics - compare and contrast therapeutic use
2. Atropine substitutes** - important uses; therapeutic indications, drug of choice for each

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3. Atropine - four clinical uses

Adrenergic System and Drugs

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1. Adrenaline in treatment of Anaphylactic Shock - pharmacological basis
2. Adrenaline** - four therapeutic uses* with justification*; with pharmacological basis; dose and route of administration

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3. Vasopressor Agents - enumerate four, Adrenaline contraindicated in Hypotensive Shock - explain why

LAQ

1. Adrenaline** - pharmacological actions*, therapeutic uses**, adverse effects; precautions while administering

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2. Classify Adrenergic Drugs [sub-question]

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Antiadrenergic Drugs and Drugs for Glaucoma

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1. Drugs used in Glaucoma* - mention, MOA
2. Beta Adrenergic Blockers* - classify, Therapeutic Uses - enumerate; Non-Cardiovascular Uses
3. Propranolol and Atenolol - eight clinically relevant differences

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4. Alpha Adrenergic Blocker - uses, adverse effects
5. Atenolol and Propranolol - compare and contrast

LAQ

1. Propranolol - therapeutic uses with rationale
2. Drugs used in Glaucoma* - classify, MOA, adverse effects of any one; pharmacological rationale for each drug

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3. Beta Blockers* - classify, cardiac, non-cardiac uses, examples with rationale; therapeutic uses

Drugs Acting on Peripheral Nervous System

Skeletal Muscle Relaxant

LAQ

1. Skeletal Muscle Relaxants* - classify* on basis on MOA, Succinylcholine - MOA, adverse effects, therapeutic uses; Curare Alkaloids - uses

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Cardiovascular Drugs

Drugs Affecting RAS and Plasma Kinins

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1. ARB with ACE Inhibitors - compare adverse effects
2. Drugs acting on RAAS - enumerate, note on any one

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3. Use of ACE Inhibitors in CHF - rationale, four uses
4. ACE Inhibitors - adverse effects

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5. Enalapril and Losartan - compare and contrast with respect to MOA, therapeutic indications, adverse effects
6. Enalapril - pharmacological basis for use in CHF

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LAQ

1. ACE Inhibitors** - MOA, therapeutic uses, adverse effects**; indications*, drug interactions*; contraindications

Cardiac Glycosides and Drugs for Heart Failure

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1. Use of Spironolactone in CHF patient - rationale, Possible Drug Interactions

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2. Digitalis Toxicity - drug treatment
3. Use of Digoxin in CHF - pharmacological basis
4. Digitalis - MOA
5. CHF - enumerate drugs, Any two groups useful in CHF - MOA

LAQ

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1. Treatment of CHF* - therapeutic objectives, drugs used**, pharmacological basis of use; Use of ACE Inhibitors and Cardiac Glycosides - pharmacological basis

Antiarrhythmic Drugs

LAQ

1. Antiarrhythmic Drugs - classify, MOA, Propranolol - antiarrhythmic effects, therapeutic uses

Antianginal Drugs

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1. Calcium Channel Blockers - mechanism of action in Angina Pectoris, adverse effects
2. Nitroglycerin - therapeutic uses, routes of administration, adverse effects
3. Coronary Steal Phenomenon - explain, clinical significance
4. Nifedipine and Verapamil - compare and contrast

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5. Nitrates - MOA

LAQ

1. Calcium Channel Blockers* - MOA, adverse effects*, therapeutic uses*

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2. Myocardial Infarction - drug management

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Antihypertensive Drugs

LAQ

1. Antihypertensive drugs***** - classify*****, Management of hypertensive emergencies and urgencies - describe; Thiazide diuretics - MOA, Combination Therapy in Hypertension

Drugs Acting on Kidney

Diuretics

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1. High-Ceiling Diuretics - uses
2. Diuretic Therapy - therapeutic use, complications

LAQ

1. Furosemide* - MOA, indications, adverse effects*; four therapeutic uses

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2. Use of Furosemide in treatment of Left Ventricular Failure - pharmacological basis

Drugs Affecting Blood and Blood Formation

Haematinics and Erythropoietin

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1. Parental Iron Preparations**** - enumerate*, indications****; adverse effects*; Iron Preparations - enumerate, uses, adverse effects, Iron Poisoning - antidotes

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2. Two Oral, Two Parenteral Iron Preparations

LAQ

1. Oral Iron Preparations - enumerate, adverse effects, Iron Deficiency Anaemia - drug treatment
2. Oral and Parenteral Iron Preparations - enumerated, Parenteral Iron Therapy - indications, Treatment of Iron Poisoning

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Drugs Affecting Coagulation, Bleeding, Thrombosis

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1. Conventional/Unfractionated Heparin and Low Molecular Weight Heparin - differences*
2. Warfarin - MOA, therapeutic uses
3. Low Molecular Weight Heparins - MOA, therapeutic uses

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4. Streptokinase and Alteplase - compare and contrast
5. Anti-Platelet Drugs
6. Fibrinolytic Agents - mention, impotence in clinical use

LAQ

1. Thrombolytic Drugs - enumerate, Alteplase - indications, adverse effects

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Hypolipidaemic Drugs and Plasma Expanders

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1. What are Plasma Expanders, uses
2. HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitor

LAQ

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1. Statins - MOA, therapeutic effects, adverse effects

Gastrointestinal Tract

Peptic Ulcer and GERD Drugs

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1. H. Pylori positive Gastric Ulcer - treatment regimens

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2. Omeprazole as Anti-Ulcer Drug - MOA
3. Ranitidine - indications, adverse effects
4. Peptic Ulcer - drugs used
5. Omeprazole in treatment of Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome - pharmacological basis

LAQ

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1. Drugs used in Peptic Ulcer** - classify*, pharmacological basis of use; Omeprazole* - MOA*, adverse effects

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Antiemetic, Prokinetic, Digestant Drugs

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1. Metoclopramide - MOA, therapeutic use

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2. Prokinetic Agents - define, examples, therapeutic uses, adverse effects

Laxatives and Purgatives

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1. Lactulose - mechanism of action, therapeutic uses
2. Ispaghula as laxative - MOA

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3. Laxatives* - classify, therapeutic uses, contraindications*; indications

LAQ

1. Laxatives*-Purgatives - classify, MOA*, indications* of any two classes; contraindications

Miscellaneous Drugs

Chelating Agents

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1. Desferrioxamine - mechanism of action, therapeutic uses
2. Dimercaprol
3. Chelating Agents in clinical practice - list, elaborate briefly

Vitamins

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1. Antioxidant Vitamins and Uses
2. Vitamin A - daily requirement, therapeutic uses

Unspecified

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1. Explain why Folic Acid is started from First Trimester but Iron is started from Second Trimester of Pregnancy, even if Hb Level is normal

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2. Catecholamines and Non-Catecholamines - compare and contrast
3. Drug Use in Children - general principles

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Pharmacology Paper II

Autacoids and Related Drugs

Histamine and Antihistaminics

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1. Second Generation Antihistaminics* and Conventional Antihistaminics - compare and contrast; Non-Sedative Antihistaminics - enumerate, advantages, two indications

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2. H1 antihistaminics* - uses*, adverse effects*
3. Antihistaminics - classify, four uses

5-Hydroxytryptamine, Its Antagonists and Drug Therapy of Migraine

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1. Prophylaxis of Migraine* - enumerate four drugs*, adverse effects of any one of them; Sumatriptan – MOA, adverse effects

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Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Platelet Activating Factor

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1. Prostaglandin Analogous* - therapeutic uses during pregnancy and labour; Conditions where Prostaglandins are preferred for Induction of Labour
2. Prostaglandins - four therapeutic uses with agents of preference for each

Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs and Antipyretic-Analgesics

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1. NSAIDS - classify, important uses, two adverse effects
2. Opioids and NSAIDS - major differences depending on MOA, uses, adverse drug reactions
3. Diclofenac sodium - write in brief

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LAQ

1. Aspirin and COX-2 Inhibitors - compare and contrast with respect to pharmacological actions, therapeutic uses, adverse effect profile
2. NSAIDS* - classify, Aspirin* - MOA*, uses*, adverse effects, contraindications; NSAIDS - MOA, Selective NSAIDS - advantages, disadvantages

Antirheumatoid and Antigout Drugs

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1. Gout - enumerate drugs used, MOA
2. Methotrexate in Rheumatoid Arthritis - pharmacological basis
3. Methotrexate - four uses with pharmacological basis of each

Respiratory System Drugs

Drugs for Cough and Bronchial Asthma

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1. Bronchial Asthma** - describe drugs action of any one drug; enumerate groups of drugs with one example and MOA; classify drugs, two adverse effects of any one of them
2. Beta 2 Agonists* - enumerate four, four important adverse effects*, MOA; Bronchodilators - classify*
3. Mucolytic Agents* - name two, indications, MOA; enlist, role as antitussive agents
4. Cough*** - four drugs**, pharmacological basis of their use*; Rationale for use of various drugs in management; Bromhexine - MOA, dose

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5. Aminophylline - MOA, adverse effects
6. Budesonide/Inhalational Corticosteroids in Bronchial Asthma* - pharmacological basis
7. Antitussives - describe, Non-Opioid Antitussive Drugs - mention two, uses

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Hormones and Related Drugs

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Thyroid Hormone and Thyroid Inhibitors

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1. Propranolol in treatment of Thyrotoxicosis - pharmacological basis
2. Radioactive lodine - advantages and disadvantages

LAQ

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1. Antithyroid Drugs - classify, Carbimazole - therapeutic uses, adverse effects

Insulin, Oral Hypoglycemic Drugs and Glucagon

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1. Insulin Preparations and Analogues - ennumerate, Diabetic Ketoacidosis - outline treatment
2. Metformin - MOA

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LAQ

1. Oral Hypoglycemic Agents**** - classify****, Biguanides* - MOA*, adverse effects*, uses; Sulfonylureas* - MOA, adverse effects; Thiazolidinediones - MOA, pharmacological actions, adverse reactions
2. Insulin - name different sources, indications, Human Insulin over Conventional Insulin - advantages

Corticosteroids

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1. Corticosteroids - four therapeutic indications, four contraindications
2. Steroids - topical use in dermatological conditions

LAQ

1. Corticosteroids* - classify; describe anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant actions, therapeutic uses, adverse effects

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2. Glucocorticoids**** - therapeutic uses**, contraindications, adverse drug reactions**; classify, precautions; actions

Estrogens, Progestins and Contraceptives

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1. Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators* - therapeutic uses*; name, adverse effects
2. Progesterone - four uses, adverse effects

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3. Emergency Contraception - enlist regimens, Mifepristone - MOA, uses

LAQ

1. Oral Contraceptive Pills* - classify, MOA*, four adverse effects, four non-contraceptive health benefits, dosage schedule; Postcoital Contraception - outline management

Oxytocin and Other Drugs acting on Uterus

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1. Oxytocics* - classify*, uses, adverse effects; enumerate, clinical indications of each agent; Oxytocin and Prostaglandin Analogue - compare and contrast as oxytocics
2. Ergometrine in PPH - pharamacological basis, Contraindications to use of Ergometrine
3. Oxytocin and Ergometrine - compare and contrast***
4. Why is Oxytocin used for Induction of Labour and not Methylergometrine

Drugs Acting on Central Nervous System

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General Anaesthetics

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1. Pre-anaesthetic Medication*** - name drugs*, pharmacological basis* for use of any two agents; Purpose of each drug; Four examples from different classes; MOA of any two agents

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Ethyl and Methyl Alcohols

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LAQ

1. Drug Dependence, Chronic Alcoholism - management

Sedative-Hypnotics

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1. Benzodiazepines - why preferred over Barbiturates*** as sedative and hypnotic agents, four uses; Barbiturates - classification

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2. Benzodiazepines and Barbiturates - compare and contrast

LAQ

1. Sedative and Hypnotic Drugs - classify, Benzodiazepines over Barbiturates - advantages, Benzodiazepines - MOA, therapeutic uses

Antiepileptic Drugs

LAQ

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1. Antiepileptic Drugs****** - classify***** (on basis of clinical utility with examples; on basis of MOA), Phenytoin*** - MOA**, uses*, adverse effects**, Status Epilepticus - outline management; Sodium Valproate** - MOA**, adverse effects** therapeutic uses*; important drug interactions; Principles of Treatment of Epilepsy - enumerate; Grand Mal Epilepsy/GTCS* - enlist drugs*, Carbamazepine - MOA, adverse effect, therapeutic uses

Antiparkinsonian Drugs

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1. Levodopa and Carbidopa combination in Parkinsonism* - two advantages* and disadvantages*; Parkinsonism - drugs used

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LAQ

1. Antiparkinsonian Drugs - classify, Levodopa wirh Carbidopa - rationale of use

Antipsychotic and Antimanic Drugs

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1. Atypical Antipsychotics - enumerate, advantages over older neuroleptics

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Antidepressant and Antianxiety Drugs

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1. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
2. Antianxiety Drugs - name, MOA

LAQ

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1. Antidepressants - classify, SSRI - therapeutic uses, adverse effects

Opioid Analgesics and Antagonists

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1. Pethidine over Morphine - advantages
2. Morphine* and other Opioids - uses* (four), Why is Morphine contraindicated in Head Injury; Acute Morphine Poisoning - treatment

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3. Opioids and NSAIDS - major differences depending on MOA, uses, adverse drug reactions
4. Opioid Antagonists* - classify*, therapeutic uses*

LAQ

1. Opium Alkaloids - enumerate, Morphine - MOA, adverse effects, clinical uses

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Antimicrobial Drugs

Antimicrobial Drugs: General Considerations

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1. Antimicrobial Prophylaxis
2. What is Chemoprophylaxis, how is it achieved in Rheumatic Fever

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LAQ

1. Various Factors involved in Selection of an Antibiotic for a given Infection

Sulfonamides, Cotrimoxazole and Quinolones

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1. Fluoroquinolones - classify, four therapeutic uses, two adverse effects

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2. Cotrimoxazole - MOA, four therapeutic uses
3. Typhoid Fever - four drugs effective, Carriers - treatment

LAQ

1. Fluoroquinolones - classify, compare and contrast First and Second Generation with respect to spectrum of activity, advantages, adverse effects, indications

Beta Lactam Antibiotics

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SN

1. Bacterial Resistance to Penicillin - mechanisms, Clavulanic Acid with Amoxicillin - basis of use

LAQ

1. Third Generation Cephalosporins - enumerate, Parenterally Used Third Generation Cephalosporins - therapeutic uses, adverse effect; Cephalosporins** - classify*, MOA*, adverse effects*, therapeutic uses*; enumerate generations with examples
2. Penicillins* - classify*, MOA, adverse effects, therapeutic uses; Ampicillin - MOA, adverse effects, therapeutic uses

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Tetracycline and Chloramphenicol

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1. Macrolide and Tetracycline Antibiotics - compare and contrast depending on spectrum, uses, adverse reactions, precautions to be taken for use

Aminoglycoside Antibiotics

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SN

1. Aminoglycoside Antibiotics* - enumerate, common features*; Streptomycin - four therapeutic uses

LAQ

1. Aminoglycosides** - enumerate*, MOA, clinical uses*, adverse effects*; describe common properties, shared toxicities
2. Streptomycin - MOA, adverse effects, therapeutic uses

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Macrolide, Lincosamide, Glycopeptide and Other Antibacterial Antibiotics; Urinary Antiseptics

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1. Macrolide and Tetracycline Antibiotics - compare and contrast depending on spectrum, uses, adverse reactions, precautions to be taken for use

Antitubercular Drugs

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1. Antitubercular Drugs* - classify*; MOA, Indications for Chemoprophylaxis in Tuberculosis; XDR TB - list drugs
2. Tuberculosis - enumerate drugs, DOTS - describe in short

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LAQ

1. Antitubercular Drugs* - classify*, Rifampicin - antimicrobial actions, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects*; Failure of Drug Treatment of TB - causes, MDR TB - treatment

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Antileprotic Drugs

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1. Multibacillary Leprosy - treatment, Rifampicin - adverse drug effect, other therapeutic uses

Antimalarial Drugs

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1. ACT - indication, advantages over other antimalarial drugs, any one ACT regimen
2. Antimalarial Drugs - classify, Chloroquine - four therapeutic uses
3. Antimalarial Drugs - enumerate, Artemisinin Derivatives - MOA, uses, adverse effects

LAQ

1. Antimalarial Drugs - enumerate, Artemisinin Derivatives - MOA, adverse effects, Artemisinin Based Combination Therapy

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2. Terms used to describe Antimalarial action of Drugs in relation to Life Cycle of P. vivax, Uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria - various ACT regimens, Combining two drugs together in ACT regimens - justification
3. ACT in Acute Uncomplicated Falciparum Malaria - rationale, ACT regimens - describe any three
4. Malaria - name drugs useful, Chloroquine - MOA, therapeutic uses

Antiamoebic and Other Antiprotozoal Drugs

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1. Metronidazole** - four uses** and adverse effects*; Four therapeutic uses with respect to place in therapy, dose frequency, route of administration, duration of treatment

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Chemotherapy of Neoplastic Diseases

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1. Alkylating Agents used in Cancer Chemotherapy

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2. Methotrexate - four uses with pharmacological basis of each

Miscellaneous Drugs

Immunosuppressant Drugs

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1. Calcineurin Inhibitors - enumerate two, MOA, four indications

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2. Immunosuppressants - enumerate four classes, MOA, examples, therapeutic uses
3. Methotrexate - four uses with pharmacological basis of each

Antiseptics, Disinfectants and Ectoparasiticides

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1. Scabies - four drugs, merits and demerits of each

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Vaccines and Sera

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1. Antisera - define, four different antisera with indications
2. Vaccine* - define*, BCG Vaccine - write in brief; Viral Vaccines - four examples

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants

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1. Skeletal Muscle Depolarizing Blockers - enumerate four, MOA

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LAQ

1. Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs - classify, Peripherally acting Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs - drug interactions, therapeutic uses

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Pathology: Paper I

General Pathology

Introduction to Pathology

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1. Telepathology (Pg. 7)

Injury, Cellular Adaptations and Cellular Aging

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1. Calcification*** - types*; Dystrophic Calcification; Dystrophic and Metastatic Calcification - differences*
2. Apoptosis*** - define**, examples, enumerate morphological changes; mechanisms; physiological and pathological causes

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3. Endogenous Pigments*
4. Necrosis*** - types***; examples, mechanisms; Caseous Necrosis - morphology; Coagulation and Liquefactive - write in detail with examples
5. Reperfusion Injury - define, mechanism
6. Define and give examples
   1. Metaplasia
   2. Hypertrophy and Hyperplasia

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   3. Atrophy
7. Atrophy - define, Brown Atrophy of Heart - morphology, causes

LAQ

1. Necrosis* - define*, types* with examples*

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2. Fatty Change - etiopathogenesis, Fatty Liver - morphology
3. What are Free Radicals, Free Radical-Induced Cell Injury - describe
4. Pigments - classify, Disorders associated with Hemoprotein-dervied Pigments - describe

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Immunopathology Including Amyloidosis

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SN

1. Hypersensitivity* Reactions - define*; classify, discuss; Type I Hypersensitivity Reactions - discuss
   

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