- Discuss the mechanisms of autoimmunity. Discuss the various autoimmune diseases. Write a note on the different methods of detection of autoimmune disease.
- Write in detail about the methods of isolating bacteria in pure culture.
- Discuss the immunological aspects of organ transplantation. Brief about HLA typing and add a note on immunomodulators.
- Discuss the mechanism of Biofilm formation and its role in emerging bacterial resistance.
- What are the recent advances in the production of monoclonal antibodies and their applications?
- Write the differences between exotoxin and endotoxin. What are the various tests available for detection of exotoxins? Write the uses of toxins in microbiology.
- Briefly describe the various methods by which the bacteria can acquire new genes. Write in short about mobile genetic elements.
- Principle, technique and applications of plasma sterilization. Add a note on CSSD.
- Describe the different types of electron microscopes with principles and applications.
- Define a vaccine. Describe the advantages of active vaccination over passive vaccination with examples. Write in detail about newer vaccines.
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