MBBS 2021 Important Topics and Materials for 1st Year, 2nd Year, 3rd Year and Final Year
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An increased total serum protein concentration and/or the presence of a monoclonal (M) protein in the serum and urine.
What is the provisional diagnosis?
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A young with gouty features presented with the following self mutilating lesions.
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A 50 year old corporate executive rushed to casualty at midnight.
He had excruciating pain in the right metatarsophalangeal joint and was unable to keep his foot on the floor.
On examination, joint was swollen, red and extremely tender.
He gave previous history of renal colic.
Give your interpretation about the case.
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CATS go numb:
Arrhythmias
Tetany
Spasms and stridor
Numbness in the fingers
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What is ionized calcium?
What is the effect of pH on ionized calcium?
Anions
Citrate
Lactate
Free calcium
Complexed calcium
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Voltage-gated Na+ channel
Axole of presynaptic neuron
Voltage-gated K+ channel
What does the picture depict?
Voltage-gated Ca++ channel
Secretory vesicles containing acetylcholine
Synaptic cleft
Acetylcholine receptor ion channels
Action potential
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Which of the following is not correct?
B. Major anion of ICF: phosphate
C. Major cation of ECF: Na+ and Ca2+
D. Major anion of ICF: Cl-
E. Glucose is high in ICF and protein is high in ECF
Fatty acid role in membrane fluidity. Which one is incorrect?
A. Longer the FA membrane more rigid
B. More saturated FA membrane more rigid
C. More unsaturated FA membrane more fluid
E. Higher Strength of Van der Waals forces between lipid molecules membrane more rigid
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Cardiac Biomarkers
Troponin
Myoglobin
Which one is most suitable marker for myocardial reinfarction?
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A 40 year old woman, weighing about 80kg came to OPD complaining of weakness and lethargy for the last 2-3 months. She also noticed that she felt very thirsty.
Blood sugar (fasting) 152 mg/dl
Blood sugar (Postprandial) 246mg/dl
HbA1C 10%
Cholesterol 270mg/dl
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ABG (arterial blood gas) analysis was done for a 60 year old male who is admitted in hospital. His ABG data are as below:
Parameters Values Reference Range
pH 6.9 7.35-7.45
Bicarbonate (HCO3) conc. 24 mmol/L 22-28 mmol/L
What is the diagnosis in terms of acid-base disorder?
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A 10 years old male met with an RTA with chest wall injury.
Parameters Values Reference Range
pH 7.0 7.35-7.45
pCO2 (partial pressure of CO2) 52 mm of Hg 35-45 mm of Hg
Bicarbonate (HCO3) conc. 34 mmol/L 22-28 mmol/L
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An eleven year old boy complained abdominal discomfort & diarrhea with a feeling of being bloated after consumption of milk.
What is the most likely diagnosis?
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What is the most likely diagnosis?
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A 50 year old female was complaining of tiredness, weight gain, cold intolerance, husky voice, neuromuscular pain & constipation. She was found to be anemic. Her lab data are as below:
Parameters (serum) Lab value Reference range
T4 4 mcg/dl 4.2-12 mcg/dl
TSH 22 micro U/ml 0.5-4 micro U/ml
Cholesterol 256 mg/dl 150-220 mg/dl
What is the most probable diagnosis?
A 28 year old female patient with severe vomiting & hypokalemia was admitted in hospital. Her ABG (arterial blood gas) analysis data was as below:
Parameters Values Reference Range
pH 7.6 7.35-7.45
pCO2 (partial pressure of CO2) 38 mm of Hg 35-45 mm of Hg
What is the diagnosis in terms of acid-base disorder?
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A 11 months old male baby had growth retardation, reduced physical activity, muscle wasting (emaciation), loose folds of skin wrapped over bones. The mother informed the physician that she had been giving mild rice gruel along with breast milk. The laboratory data of the baby are given below:
Parameter Lab Value Reference range
Serum proteins (total) 6 g/dl 6-8 g/dl
Serum albumin 3 g/dl 3-4.5 g/dl
Serum Potassium 3.5 mmol/L 3.5-5 mmol/L
What is the most likely diagnosis?
A 7-year old boy had bone deformities such as bow legs and pigeon chest. He had history of delayed eruption of teeth. His mother informed the physician that the boy had been on a strict vegetarian diet with low intake of milk as well as fats & oils.
His serum Calcium level is 7.9 mg/dl (reference range 9-11 mg/dl), serum Phosphate level is 2.4 mg/dl (reference range is 3-4.5 mg/dl) & serum Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is 45 KAU/dl (reference range 3-13 KAU/dl).
What is the most likely diagnosis?
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What is the diagnosis?
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A 17 year old boy had generalized edema with puffiness of face. His lab data are as below:
Parameter Lab value Reference range
S. albumin 1.5 g/dl 3.5-5 g/dl
S. globulin 3.0 g/dl 2.5-3.5 g/dl
S. Cholesterol 355 mg/dl 150-220 mg/dl
Blood urea 30 mg/dl 15-40 mg/dl
Urinary proteins 17 g/day <100 mg/day
The serum electrophoresis of the subject showed a sharp & prominent Alpha2-globulin band.
What is the most likely diagnosis?
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Parameters (Serum) Lab Value Reference Range
Creatine phosphokinase (CPKMB) 420 IU/L 10-50 IU/L
Aspartate Transaminase (AST) 70 IU/L 5-45 IU/L
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) 318 IU/L 50-200 IU/L
A 30 year old man was on treatment with antimalarial drug, Primaquie. As the treatment was in progress, he developed complications. This patient's laboratory investigation data are as below:
Parameter Value Reference Range
Hematocrit 30% 45-50%
Hemoglobin Before treatment-12 g/dl & after treatment-8 g/dl 12-16 g/dl
The laboratory test also indicated that there was increased fragility of RBCs.
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Hematocrit 30% 45-50%
Hemoglobin Before treatment-12 g/dl & after treatment-8 g/dl 12-16 g/dl
The laboratory test also indicated that there was increased fragility of RBCs.
What is the deficiency syndrome?
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A 60 year old man was brought to hospital in semiconscious & confused state. He had low BP & feeble pulse. His breath had fruity odour. The lab data of the patient is as below:
Blood pH (arterial blood) 7.1 7.35-7.45
Serum bicarbonate 14 mmol/L 22-28 mmol/L
pCO2 of arterial blood 40 mm of Hg 35-45 mm of Hg
Random plasma glucose 575 mg/dl < 140 mg/dl
pCO2 of arterial blood 40 mm of Hg 35-45 mm of Hg
Random plasma glucose 575 mg/dl < 140 mg/dl
Urine for glucose (dip-stick method) Positive
Urine for ketone bodies (dip-stick method) Positive
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glucose
Urine for glucose (dip-stick method) Positive
Urine for ketone bodies (dip-stick method) Positive
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The bone marrow smear of a strict vegetarian female patient presenting with weakness, fissured tongue and paralysis is displayed.
Make a diagnosis?
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pH 7.2 (7.35-7.45)
HCO3 22 (22-28) mmol/L
pCO2 60 (35-45) mm of Hg Normal values mentioned in Bold
Which acid-base imbalance it denotes?
ELECTROPHORESIS
Identify peak E and mention two important functions of the biomolecule that occupies this region
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Spotting
Write the principle in short
electrophoresis with power pack
Identify the instrument 2 (1+1)
Write the different components of the instrument
AUTO COLORIMETER
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electrophoresis with power pack
Identify the instrument 2 (1+1)
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colorimeter
Identify the instrument 2(1+1)
Write in short principle behind
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pH meter
Identify the instrument 2(1+1)
Which reagent is used for identification of amino acid
pH meter
Identify the instrument 2 (1+1)
Which reagent is used for identification of amino acid
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It is done for which abnormal constituent of urine
The red precipitate formed in test Test is of? 2 (0.5+0.5+1)
Benedict's Test-reducing sugar- cuprous oxide
Identify the test
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Identify the test
Write heat coagulatable protein 2 (0.5+0.5+1)
Write clinical significance of the test
Identify the test
Write the name of ketone bodies which give the test positive
Write clinical significance of the test 2 (0.5+0.5+1)
Rotheras test (Ketone bodies)
Write clinical significance of the test
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Heat coagulation test (albumin protein)
Identify the test
Write clinical significance of the test 2 (0.5+0.5+1)
Rotheras test (Ketone bodies)
Identify the test 2(1+1)
Write clinical significance of the test
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Write clinical significance of the test 2 (0.5+0.5+1)
Rotheras test (Ketone bodies)
Identify the test 2(1+1)
Hay's sulphur test
Identify the test
state the reason for finding green colour filter paper
Write clinical significance of the test 2 (0.5+0.5+1)
Bile pigment (Fouchet's test)
Name the test
It is done for which abnormal constituent of urine?
it is based on the principle of 2 (0.5+0.5+1)
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Patient of advanced age (average 69 years) with bone pain and pathological fractures at unusual sites not associated with trauma and which does not improve with treatment, bone pain with lytic lesions discovered on routine skeletal films or other imaging modalities.An increased total serum protein concentration and/or the presence of a monoclonal (M) protein in the serum and urine.
What is the provisional diagnosis?
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A young with gouty features presented with the following self mutilating lesions.
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What is the provisional diagnosis?FirstRanker.com
A 50 year old corporate executive rushed to casualty at midnight.
He had excruciating pain in the right metatarsophalangeal joint and was unable to keep his foot on the floor.
On examination, joint was swollen, red and extremely tender.
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He was given indomethacin and he relieved.He gave previous history of renal colic.
Give your interpretation about the case.
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CATS go numb:
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ConvulsionsArrhythmias
Tetany
Spasms and stridor
Numbness in the fingers
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Above mentioned are the symptoms found in which disease?FirstRanker.com
What is ionized calcium?
What is the effect of pH on ionized calcium?
Anions
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HCO3 / H2PO4 / HPO42-Citrate
Lactate
Free calcium
Complexed calcium
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Total calciumFirstRanker.com
Voltage-gated Na+ channel
Axole of presynaptic neuron
Voltage-gated K+ channel
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1. Depolarization 2. RepolarizationWhat does the picture depict?
Voltage-gated Ca++ channel
Secretory vesicles containing acetylcholine
Synaptic cleft
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Cell body of postsynaptic neuronAcetylcholine receptor ion channels
Action potential
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Which of the following is not correct?
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A. Major cation of ICF: K+ and Mg2+B. Major anion of ICF: phosphate
C. Major cation of ECF: Na+ and Ca2+
D. Major anion of ICF: Cl-
E. Glucose is high in ICF and protein is high in ECF
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FirstRanker.comFatty acid role in membrane fluidity. Which one is incorrect?
A. Longer the FA membrane more rigid
B. More saturated FA membrane more rigid
C. More unsaturated FA membrane more fluid
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D. More cis double bonds membrane more rigidE. Higher Strength of Van der Waals forces between lipid molecules membrane more rigid
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Cardiac Biomarkers
Troponin
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CK-MBMyoglobin
Which one is most suitable marker for myocardial reinfarction?
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A 40 year old woman, weighing about 80kg came to OPD complaining of weakness and lethargy for the last 2-3 months. She also noticed that she felt very thirsty.
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Following were the result of investigations done.Blood sugar (fasting) 152 mg/dl
Blood sugar (Postprandial) 246mg/dl
HbA1C 10%
Cholesterol 270mg/dl
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What is your diagnosis?FirstRanker.com
ABG (arterial blood gas) analysis was done for a 60 year old male who is admitted in hospital. His ABG data are as below:
Parameters Values Reference Range
pH 6.9 7.35-7.45
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pCO2 (partial pressure of CO2) 55 mm of Hg 35-45 mm of HgBicarbonate (HCO3) conc. 24 mmol/L 22-28 mmol/L
What is the diagnosis in terms of acid-base disorder?
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A 10 years old male met with an RTA with chest wall injury.
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Was brought the casualty sanaka hospital and ABG was done. The values are as below:Parameters Values Reference Range
pH 7.0 7.35-7.45
pCO2 (partial pressure of CO2) 52 mm of Hg 35-45 mm of Hg
Bicarbonate (HCO3) conc. 34 mmol/L 22-28 mmol/L
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What is the diagnosis in terms of acid-base imbalance?FirstRanker.com
An eleven year old boy complained abdominal discomfort & diarrhea with a feeling of being bloated after consumption of milk.
What is the most likely diagnosis?
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A 2-day old baby had yellow discoloration of sclera of eyes & passing yellow colored urine. His serum total bilirubin level is 17 mg/dl (reference range <1 mg/dl), most of it being unconjugated bilirubin. The pediatrician has advised for phototherapy for the baby.What is the most likely diagnosis?
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A 50 year old female was complaining of tiredness, weight gain, cold intolerance, husky voice, neuromuscular pain & constipation. She was found to be anemic. Her lab data are as below:
Parameters (serum) Lab value Reference range
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T3 110 ng/dl 70-210 ng/dlT4 4 mcg/dl 4.2-12 mcg/dl
TSH 22 micro U/ml 0.5-4 micro U/ml
Cholesterol 256 mg/dl 150-220 mg/dl
What is the most probable diagnosis?
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FirstRanker.comA 28 year old female patient with severe vomiting & hypokalemia was admitted in hospital. Her ABG (arterial blood gas) analysis data was as below:
Parameters Values Reference Range
pH 7.6 7.35-7.45
pCO2 (partial pressure of CO2) 38 mm of Hg 35-45 mm of Hg
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Bicarbonate (HCO3) conc. 38 mmol/L 22-28 mmol/LWhat is the diagnosis in terms of acid-base disorder?
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A 11 months old male baby had growth retardation, reduced physical activity, muscle wasting (emaciation), loose folds of skin wrapped over bones. The mother informed the physician that she had been giving mild rice gruel along with breast milk. The laboratory data of the baby are given below:
Parameter Lab Value Reference range
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Hb 7.1 g/dl 12-16 g/dlSerum proteins (total) 6 g/dl 6-8 g/dl
Serum albumin 3 g/dl 3-4.5 g/dl
Serum Potassium 3.5 mmol/L 3.5-5 mmol/L
What is the most likely diagnosis?
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FirstRanker.comA 7-year old boy had bone deformities such as bow legs and pigeon chest. He had history of delayed eruption of teeth. His mother informed the physician that the boy had been on a strict vegetarian diet with low intake of milk as well as fats & oils.
His serum Calcium level is 7.9 mg/dl (reference range 9-11 mg/dl), serum Phosphate level is 2.4 mg/dl (reference range is 3-4.5 mg/dl) & serum Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is 45 KAU/dl (reference range 3-13 KAU/dl).
What is the most likely diagnosis?
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A 3 year old boy suffering from delayed development, speaking & walking difficulty, mental retardation, seizures & tremors. The boy had a plasma phenylalanine level of 32 mg/dl (reference range 1-2 mg/dl). His urine gave a positive FeCl3 test.What is the diagnosis?
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A 17 year old boy had generalized edema with puffiness of face. His lab data are as below:
Parameter Lab value Reference range
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Serum total proteins 4.5 g/dl 6-8 g/dlS. albumin 1.5 g/dl 3.5-5 g/dl
S. globulin 3.0 g/dl 2.5-3.5 g/dl
S. Cholesterol 355 mg/dl 150-220 mg/dl
Blood urea 30 mg/dl 15-40 mg/dl
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S. creatinine 1.1 mg/dl 0.5-1.2 mg/dlUrinary proteins 17 g/day <100 mg/day
The serum electrophoresis of the subject showed a sharp & prominent Alpha2-globulin band.
What is the most likely diagnosis?
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A 60 year old man was brought to emergency with c/o severe chest pain, breathlessness & palpitation. His lab finding of blood is as below:Parameters (Serum) Lab Value Reference Range
Creatine phosphokinase (CPKMB) 420 IU/L 10-50 IU/L
Aspartate Transaminase (AST) 70 IU/L 5-45 IU/L
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) 318 IU/L 50-200 IU/L
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FirstRanker.comA 30 year old man was on treatment with antimalarial drug, Primaquie. As the treatment was in progress, he developed complications. This patient's laboratory investigation data are as below:
Parameter Value Reference Range
Hematocrit 30% 45-50%
Hemoglobin Before treatment-12 g/dl & after treatment-8 g/dl 12-16 g/dl
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Serum total bilirubin 3.6 mg/dl <1.2 mg/dlThe laboratory test also indicated that there was increased fragility of RBCs.
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Hematocrit 30% 45-50%
Hemoglobin Before treatment-12 g/dl & after treatment-8 g/dl 12-16 g/dl
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Serum total bilirubin 3.6 mg/dl <1.2 mg/dlThe laboratory test also indicated that there was increased fragility of RBCs.
What is the deficiency syndrome?
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A 60 year old man was brought to hospital in semiconscious & confused state. He had low BP & feeble pulse. His breath had fruity odour. The lab data of the patient is as below:
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Parameter Lab value Reference RangeBlood pH (arterial blood) 7.1 7.35-7.45
Serum bicarbonate 14 mmol/L 22-28 mmol/L
pCO2 of arterial blood 40 mm of Hg 35-45 mm of Hg
Random plasma glucose 575 mg/dl < 140 mg/dl
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FirstRanker.compCO2 of arterial blood 40 mm of Hg 35-45 mm of Hg
Random plasma glucose 575 mg/dl < 140 mg/dl
Urine for glucose (dip-stick method) Positive
Urine for ketone bodies (dip-stick method) Positive
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What is the most probable diagnosis & what type of acid-base disorder is it?FirstRanker.com
glucose
Urine for glucose (dip-stick method) Positive
Urine for ketone bodies (dip-stick method) Positive
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
What is the most probable diagnosis & what type of acid-base disorder is it?FirstRanker.com
The bone marrow smear of a strict vegetarian female patient presenting with weakness, fissured tongue and paralysis is displayed.
Make a diagnosis?
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A 35 year old male was brought to emergency department of sanaka hospitals, after RTA. He had chest wall injury. His ABG report was showing the following values:pH 7.2 (7.35-7.45)
HCO3 22 (22-28) mmol/L
pCO2 60 (35-45) mm of Hg Normal values mentioned in Bold
Which acid-base imbalance it denotes?
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FirstRanker.comELECTROPHORESIS
Identify peak E and mention two important functions of the biomolecule that occupies this region
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Spotting
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Identify the instrument 2(1+1)Write the principle in short
electrophoresis with power pack
Identify the instrument 2 (1+1)
Write the different components of the instrument
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FirstRanker.comAUTO COLORIMETER
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electrophoresis with power pack
Identify the instrument 2 (1+1)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Write the different components of the instrumentFirstRanker.com
colorimeter
Identify the instrument 2(1+1)
Write in short principle behind
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FirstRanker.comFirstRanker.com
pH meter
Identify the instrument 2(1+1)
Which reagent is used for identification of amino acid
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FirstRanker.compH meter
Identify the instrument 2 (1+1)
Which reagent is used for identification of amino acid
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Identify the testIt is done for which abnormal constituent of urine
The red precipitate formed in test Test is of? 2 (0.5+0.5+1)
Benedict's Test-reducing sugar- cuprous oxide
Identify the test
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Write heat coagulatable protein 2 (0.5+0.5+1)FirstRanker.com
Identify the test
Write heat coagulatable protein 2 (0.5+0.5+1)
Write clinical significance of the test
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Heat coagulation test (albumin protein)Identify the test
Write the name of ketone bodies which give the test positive
Write clinical significance of the test 2 (0.5+0.5+1)
Rotheras test (Ketone bodies)
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Identify the test 2(1+1)Write clinical significance of the test
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Heat coagulation test (albumin protein)
Identify the test
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Write the name of ketone bodies which give the test positiveWrite clinical significance of the test 2 (0.5+0.5+1)
Rotheras test (Ketone bodies)
Identify the test 2(1+1)
Write clinical significance of the test
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Hay's sulphur testFirstRanker.com
Write clinical significance of the test 2 (0.5+0.5+1)
Rotheras test (Ketone bodies)
Identify the test 2(1+1)
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Write clinical significance of the testHay's sulphur test
Identify the test
state the reason for finding green colour filter paper
Write clinical significance of the test 2 (0.5+0.5+1)
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FirstRanker.comBile pigment (Fouchet's test)
Name the test
It is done for which abnormal constituent of urine?
it is based on the principle of 2 (0.5+0.5+1)
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Blood (Ortho-toludine test)FirstRanker.com
This download link is referred from the post: MBBS 2021 Important Topics and Materials for 1st Year, 2nd Year, 3rd Year and Final Year
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