3) HUMAN ANATOMY
(i) Goal:
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The broad goal of teaching anatomy to undergraduate students aims at providing comprehensive knowledge of the gross and microscopic structure and development of human body to provide basis for understanding the clinical correlation of organs or structures involved and the anatomical basis for the disease presentations.
(ii) Objectives:
A. Knowledge:
At the end of the course the student shall be able to
a) Comprehend the normal disposition, clinically relevant interrelationships, functional and cross sectional anatomy of the various structures in the body;
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b) Identify the microscopic structure and correlate elementary ultrastructure of various organs and tissues and correlate the structure with the functions as a prerequisite for understanding the altered state in various disease processes;
c) Comprehend the basic structure and connections of the central nervous system to analyse the integrative and regulative functions of the organs and systems. Locate the site of gross lesions according to the defects encountered;
d) Demonstrate knowledge of the basic principles and sequential development of the organs and systems, recognise the critical stages of the development and the effects of common teratogens, genetic mutations and environmental hazards. Understand the developmental basis of the major variations and abnormalities.
B. Skills:
At the end of the course the student shall be able to :
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a) Identify and locate all the structures of the body and mark the topography of the living anatomy;
b) Identify the organs and tissues under the microscope;
c) Understand the principles of karyotyping and identify the gross congenital anomalies;
d) Understand principles of newer imaging techniques and interpretation of Computerised Tomography (CT) Scan, sonogram etc.
e) Understand clinical basis of some common clinical procedures i.e. intramuscular and intravenous injection, lumbar puncture kidney biopsy etc
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C. Integration:
Integrated teaching of basis sciences with reference to clinical medicine.
An integrated teaching programs on Ethics and personality development has to be included to improve students discipline & Capabilities.
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Topics for integrated teaching:
a) Femoral Sheath – femoral Hernia
b) Lymphatic drainage of Lower Limb
c) Inguinal Hernia
d) Ischio-rectal fossa
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e) Extra Hepatic biliary apparatus
f) Porto-systemic Anastomoses
g) Diameters of the pelvis and its applied Anatomy
h) Supports of Uterus
i) Thyroid Gland
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j) Mammary Gland
k) Fascial Spaces of Hand
I) Coronary Arteries
m) Stomach: Histological structure & functions of Gastric glands, Mechanism of secretion, gastric function tests – Hyperchlorthydia, Achorhydria.
n) Kidney: Structure of Nephron, functions of Nephron and Renal function tests.
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o) Liver: Structure of Liver, formation and functions of Bile and Liver function tests.
p) Thyroid Gland – Structure; Synthesis and Metabolism of Thyroid Hormones and Thyroid function tests.
q) Adrenal gland: related disorders, structure, synthesis of Adrenal, Medullary hormones and their functions.
Note :-
1. A minimum of Five topics each, covering 2 hours are to be taught in a year. The Vice-Principal(Academic) of the institution will be the co-ordenator for the integrated teaching programme.
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2. Common topics suggested by Academic Senate (13 to 17), 2001 for integrated teaching in Biochemistry, Anatomy and Physiology:
Total (650) 1/3 didactic lecturer
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(iii) Syllabus of Anatomy
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Distribution of theory hours
| No | Topics | Hours |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Introduction | 1 |
| 2 | Descriptive Anatomy | 1 |
| 3 | General Anatomy | 5 |
| 4 | Embryology | 42 |
| a) General Embryology (12) | ||
| b) Systemic Embryology (30) | ||
| I. Muscle, bone, skin, appendages and development of mammary gland | - 2 | |
| II. Cardio-Vascular system including heart | - 6 | |
| III. Lymphatic system | - 1 | |
| IV. Brachial Arches and Pouches | - 5 | |
| V. Gastro intestinal system and associated glands | - 6 | |
| VI. Development of face, palate & teeth | - 3 | |
| VII. Respiratory System | - 1 | |
| VIII. Genito Urinary system | - 6 | |
| 5 | Histology | 30 |
| c) General Histology (10) | ||
| d) Systemic Histology (20) | ||
| 6 | Neuro Anatomy | 20 |
| 7 | Human Genetics | 10 |
| a) Introduction. | ||
| b) Mitosis and Meiosis | ||
| c) Normal Chromosomal pattern | ||
| d) Mutation | ||
| e) Culture of Chromosomes (Karyotyping) | ||
| f) Abnormalities of Chromosomes (Numerical & structure) | ||
| g) Linkage | ||
| h) Blood groups | ||
| Total | 109 |
LECTURE DEMONSTRATIONS / GROUP DISCUSSIONS / TUTORIALS / SEMINARS
| Osteology | Soft parts | Hours | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Upper Extremity | 10 | 10 | 20 |
| 2 | Lower Extremity | 10 | 10 | 20 |
| 3 | Head & Neck | 15 | 25 | 40 |
| 4 | Abdomen & Pelvis | 4 | 21 | 25 |
| 5 | Thorax | 5 | 10 | 15 |
| 6 | A maximum of two seminars of two hours duration for each semester. | 8 | ||
| Total | 128 |
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IV) Practical should aim at familiarising student with Introduction:
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Gross Anatomy of the whole body with more stress on location, position, surface anatomy and important relations of the various organs and other structures. Each student has to dissect whole human body ignoring minor details, which are not important clinically, and stressing more on applied aspect.
Distribution of Anatomy Practicals
Dissection (Each practical class is of 2 hours duration 182X2=364)
| No. of practical | Hours | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Upper Extremity | 25 | 50 |
| 2 | Lower Extremity | 25 | 50 |
| 3 | Thorax | 18 | 36 |
| 4 | Head & Neck | 45 | 90 |
| 5 | Abdomen & Pelvis | 44 | 88 |
| 6 | Brain and spinal cord | 25 | 50 |
Histology (Each practical class is of 2 hours duration 35 X 2 = 70)
| General Histology | 12 | 24 | |
| Systemic Histology | 23 | 46 |
Genetics
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| Practicals in Genetics | 3 | 6 |
List of Histology Slides- General
| 1 | Squamous Epithelium | 15 | Bone -LS |
| 2 | Cuboidal Epithelium | 16 | Plain Muscles |
| 3 | Columnar Epithelium | 17 | Skeletal Muscles |
| 4 | Pseudo stratified Epithelium | 18 | Cardiac Muscles |
| 5 | Ciliated Columnar Epithelium | 19 | Lymph gland |
| 6 | Ureter (Compound Epithelium) | 20 | Thymus |
| 7 | Oesophagus (Compound Epithelium) | 21 | Spleen |
| 8 | Skin (Compound Epithelium) | 22 | Artery-Medium size |
| 9 | areolar connective tissue | 23 | Aorta |
| 10 | Adipose tissue | 24 | Vein-inferior vena cava |
| 11 | Hyaline Cartilage | 25 | Neuron - Multipolar |
| 12 | White fibro cartilage | 26 | Peripheral nerve |
| 13 | Elastic Cartilage | 27 | |
| 14 | Bone -TS |
List of Histology Slides - Systemic
| 1 | Trachea | 13 | Ileum |
| 2 | Lung | 14 | Colon- Large Intestine |
| 3 | Serous Salivary Gland | 15 | Vermiform Appendix |
| 4 | Mucous Salivary Gland | 16 | Liver |
| 5 | Mixed Salivary Gland | 17 | Pancreas |
| 6 | Tongue | 18 | Gall bladder |
| 7 | Tooth | 19 | Kidney |
| 8 | Esophagus | 20 | Ureter |
| 9 | Stomach - Fundus | 21 | Urinary bladder |
| 10 | Stomach - Pylorus | 22 | Ovary |
| 11 | Duodenum | 23 | Fallopian tube |
| 12 | Jejunum | 24 | Uterus |
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| 25 | Placenta | 33 | Supra-renal Gland |
| 26 | Mammary gland | 34 | Cerebrum |
| 27 | Testis | 35 | Cerebellum |
| 28 | Epididymis | 36 | Spinal cord |
| 29 | Vas deference | 37 | Cornea |
| 30 | Prostate | 38 | Retina |
| 31 | Thyroid | 39 | Skin |
| 32 | Hypophysis cerebri |
Practicals in Genetics
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(Karyotyping of notmal male & female and some genetic disordersnand photographs)
| 1 | Male Karyo typing | 5 | Klinefelter's Syndrome 47 – XXY |
| 2 | Female Karyo typing | 6 | Super Female 47 - XXX |
| 3 | Down's Syndrome 21 Trisomy | 7 | Sex-Chromatin (Barr Body) |
| 4 | Turner's Syndrome 45 - ? |
Demarcation of Syllabus for University Exam between Paper I & Paper II
| PAPER-I Portions | : | PAPER-II Portions | : |
|---|---|---|---|
| Upper Extremity | Lower Extremity | ||
| Head and Neck | Thorax, Abdomen, Pelvis | ||
| Brain and Spinal cord | Systemic Histology and Embryology | ||
| General Histology | Concerned with Thorax, | ||
| General Embryology | Abdomen & Pelvis | ||
| Systemic Embryology, | Genetics | ||
| concerned with Head & Neck and Brain. | General Anatomy. |
Books Recommended:
1. Text book of Anatomy by T.S. Ranganathan
2. Embryology
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Langmann's Embryology
IB Sing Embryology
Reference Book - Embryology by A.K.Dalta.
3. Histology
Difiories atlas of Histology,
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Asian Edition - BY Victor P. Eresanchko.
4. Dissection Manuals
Cunningham's Dissection mannuals I, II & III
5. Gross Anatomy text book by A.K. Datta (3 vols) and text book by inderbir singh (3 vols)
6. Neuro Anatomy
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Clinical Neuro Anatomy
by Vishnam Singh,
I.B.Singh
Refernce Book – A.K.Datta's Neuro Anatomy
Text book
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Reference books:
1. Gray's Anatomy.
2. Embryology by Hamilton & Mossman.
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This download link is referred from the post: NTRUHS MBBS Syllabus-1st Year, 2nd Year, 3rd Year Part-I, 3rd Year Part-II || DR. N.T.R UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES
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