theintertubercularsulcusofthehumerus?
a)Latissimusdorsi
b)Teresmajor
c)Pectoralismajor
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)DeltoidCorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Latissimusdorsi
Theshaftofhumerusiscylindricalintheupperhalfandtriangularon
cross-sectioninthelowerhalf.Theupperparthasintertubercular
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
sulcus(bicipitalgroove)anteriorly.Bicipitalgroovecontainslongheadofbicepswithitssynovialsheathandanascendingbranchof
anteriorcircumflexhumeralartery.Middlethirdofposteriorsurface
ofshaftofthehumerushasaspiralgroove(radialgroove)which
containsradialnerveandprofundabrachivessels.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Attachmenttoshaftsare?*Insertionsofpectoralismajor(onlaterallipofbicipitalgroove),
latissimusdorsi(onfloorofbicipitalgroove),teresmajor(ondeltoid
tuberosity)andcoracobrachialis(mediallyonmidshaft).
*Originofbrachialis(anteriorsurface);Lateralandmedialheadof
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
triceps(posteriorsurface);pronaterteres(frommedialsupracondylarridge);brachioradialis(fromlateralsupracondylar
ridge)andECRL(fromlateralsupracondylarridge).
2.Atwhatleveldoesthetracheabifurcates
?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)UpperborderofT4b)LowerborderofT4
c)27.5cmfromtheincisors
d)LowerborderofT5
CorrectAnswer-B
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'b'i.e.,LowerborderofT4[RefBDCSth/eVolume1p.267]
Tracheabifurcatesatcarina,attheleveloflowerborderofT,orT4-
T5discspace.
3.Cricoidcartilageliesatwhichvertebral
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
level?a)C3
b)C6
c)T1
d)T4
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,C6[RefBDC5I'VeVol.III,p.237]
4.Whichofthefollowingistrueabout
vertebraldevelopment-
a)Thenotochordformstheannulusfibrosus
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Thesclerotomeformsthenucleuspulposusc)Thesclerotomesurroundsthenotochordonly
d)Thesclerotomesurroundsthenotochordandtheneuraltube
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Thesclerotomesurroundsthenotochordandthe
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
neuraltube[RefLangman'sembryology10th/ep.140]Developmentofvertebralcolumn
Thehumannervoussystemdevelopsfromneuroectoderm.
Duringdevelopment,behindtheneuroectodermliesthemesoderm
(paraxialmesoderm)thatenclosesthenotochord(aderivativeof
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
endoderm).Thisparaxialmesodermgiverisetosomites.
Somitesfurtherdifferentratedinto:
Dermatomyotome:-Giverisetoskeletalmusclesanddermis.
Sclerotomes:-Giverisetovertebralcolumn.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Sclerotorneswhichsurroundnotochordstartsprojectingposteriorly(dorsally)tosurroundneuraltubeandforms.
Ventralsclerotomes:-Giverisetovertebralbodyandannulus
fibrosus,Lateralsclerotomes:-Giverisetovertebralarch(pedicle
andlamina).
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Dorsalsclerotomes:-Giverisetospinousprocess.Thenotochordformsthenucleuspulposus.
5.Whichofthefollowingisnotacongenital
anomaly?
a)Amastia
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Polymastiac)Polythelia
d)Mastitis
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Mastitis[RefHumanembryologybyInderbir
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Singh8th/ep.103]Developmentalanomaliesofthemammaryglands:
1. Amastia:Theglandmaybeabsentononeorbothsides.
2. Athelia:Absenceofnipple
3. Polytheliaandpolymastia:Supernumerarybreastsandnipples
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
alongthemilkline.4. Invertedorcraternipple
5. Microormacromastia
6.Rectumdevelopsfrom
a)Cloaca
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Hindgutc)Allantoicremnants
d)Urogeitalsinus
CorrectAnswer-A:B
Ans.is`b>a'i.e.,Hindgut>Cloaca[Ref:InderbirSinghhuman
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
embryologySth/ep.149]Postallantoicpartofhindgutisthedilatedendodermalcloaca,which
isseparatedfromthesurfacebycloacalmembrane.
Urorectalseptumdividesendodermalcloacaeinto
Anteriorpart,knownasprimitiveurogenitalsinus,whichdevelops
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
intourinarybladderandurethra.Posteriorpart,knownasprimitiverectum,whichgivesrisetolower
partofrectumandupperpartofanalcanal.
7.Skeletalderivativeof2?'pharyngealarch-
a)Malleus
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Incusc)Stapes
d)Maxilla
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is`c'i.e.,Stapes
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
8.Allarederivedfromectodermexcept-
a)Hypophysis
b)Retina
c)Spinalcord
d)Adrenalcortex
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,Adrenalcortex[RefInderbirSinghHuman
EmbryologySth/ep.300]
Thecellsoftheadrenalcortexarisefromthecoelomicepithelium
(mesoderm).
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Thecellsofthemedullaarederivedfromtheneuralcrestcells(ectoderm).
Theanteriorpituitaryisderivedfromthesurfaceectodermliningthe
oralcavityasitisanoutgrowthfromtheRathke'spouch.
Theposteriorpituitaryisactuallyacontinuationofthehypothalamus
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
andsoitisderivedfromtheneuralectoderm.?Thespinalcordandbrainarederivedfromtheneuralectoderm.
Theretinaisalsoderivedfromtheneuralectoderm.
9.Developmentoflabiamajoraisfrom-
a)Urogenitalsinus
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Mullerianductc)Genitalridge
d)Genitalswelling
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Genitalswelling[Ref:InderbirSinghHuman
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
EmbryologySth/ep.256]Embryogical
Fatein
Fateinmale
structure
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
femaleGenitalswelling Labiamajora
Scrotum
Genitalfold
Labiaminora Ventralaspectof
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
penis,penileurethra
Genitaltubercle Clitoris
Glanspenis
10.Blastocystmakescontactwith
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
endometriumon?a)<3days
b)5-7days
c)8-11days
d)15-16days
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,5-7days[Ref:TextbookofHumanembryology-
286]
Contactofblastocystwithendometriumoccursatthetimeof
implantation.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Implantationoccursataround6-7days.11.Haploidnumberofchromosomesisseen
in?
a)Spermatogonia
b)Primaryspermatocytes
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Secondaryspermatocyted)None
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Secondaryspermatocyte[RefGanong23'd%p.
403,404]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Diploidmeansthatcellcontains46chromosomes(diploidof23)andhaploidmeansthatcellcontains23chromosomes.
Developmentofspermisasfollows:-
Spermatogonia(Diploid-46)Primaryspermatocyte(Diploid-46)
Primaryspermatocyte(Diploid-46)isof2types-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1. SecondaryspermatocyteSpermatid(Haploid-23)2. Secondaryspermatocyte(Haploid-23)Spermatid(Haploid-23)
Similarlyinoogenesis,haploidnumberisseeninsecondaryoocyts.
12.Spermchromosomefasteris-
a)Xchromosome
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Ychromosomec)Bothsame
d)None
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Ychromosome[RefPricipleofmedicalphysiology-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
51]ThehumanYchromosomeissmallerthanXchromosome.
Hence,thespermscontainingYchromosomesarelighterandswim
fasterupthefemalegenitaltract,reachingtheovumearlierthanthe
Ybearingsperms.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Thisprobablycontributestothefactthattheglobalmalebirthrateisslightlyhigherthenthefemalebirthrate.
13.Allarederivedfromectodermexcept?
a)Lens
b)Eustachiantube
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Braind)Retina
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Eustachiantube[RefHUMANEMBRYOLOGY
editedbyKrishnaGarg,2"dlep.56,133]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Eustachiantubeoriginatesfromthefirstpharyngealpouchi.e.Endoderm.
Endoderm
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
EpitheliumofBrain
LN&Spleen
wholeg.i.t.
NeuralCrest
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
MesenchymeResp.tract
AdrenalMedulla
Mesothelium
(Eustachian
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
PharyngealcleftsPharyngealaches
tube)
Oligodendrocytes
CVS,blood,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
PharyngealLens(fromsurfaceE-)
BMDuramater
pouches
Irismuscles(Sphincter& TrigoneofUB
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Liver&GBdilatorpupillae)
Monocytedery(Ex-
Urethra
Epitheliumofcornea,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Microglia)UB
conjunctivaouter
Cillarybody&iris
Lowerpartof
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lidsstroma(except
vagins
Renalpigmentepithelium epithelium)
Ducts&acimiof Sensoryretina
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Sclera,choroid,pancreas
MembranousLabyrinth
vitreous
Mostendocrinal
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Stromaofcorneaglands(except
Lids(Muscles)Adrenal
adr.medulla&
CortexBonyorbit
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
pituitarywhichCortexBonyorbit
pituitarywhich
areectoderm)
14.Whichofthefollowingisderivedfrom
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
endoderm?a)Gallbladder
b)Lens
c)Spleen
d)Lymphnodes
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,Gallbladder[RefEmbryologyGarg2"/evarious
pages]
15.Developmentofperitonealcavityisfrom?
a)Mesenchyme
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Intraembryoniccoelomc)Ectoderm
d)Endoderm
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Intraembyoniccoelom[RefEmbryologybyIndu
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Khuran2"dlep.96]Allbodycavitiesdevelopfromintraembryoniccoelum.These
cavitiesareperitonealcavity,pleuralcavityandpericardialcavity.
Theperitoneumdevelopsultimatelyfromthemesodermofthe
trilaminarembryo.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lateralplatemesodermsplitstoformtwolayersseparatedbyanintraembryoniccoelom.
Thesetwolayersdeveloplaterintothevisceralandparietallayers
foundinallserouscavitiesincludingperitoneum.Andthepotential
spaceofintraembryoniccoelombetweenthesetwolayersbecome
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
thebodycavitieslikeperitonealcavity,pleuralcavityandpericardialcavity.
Asembryodevelops,thevariousabdominalorgansgrowintothe
abdominalcavityfromstructuresintheabdominalwall.Inthis
processtheybecomeenvelopedinalayerofperitoneum,i.e.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
viscerallayer.Peritonealfoldsdevelopfromtheventralanddorsalmesenteryof
theembryo.
Peritoneum,pericardiumandpleuradevelopfrom-,Mesoderm
(lateralplatemesoderm)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Peritonealcavity,pericardialcavityandpleuralcavitydevelopfromIntraembryoniccoelom.
16.Cytotrophoblastsinvades?
a)Dparietalis
b)Dbasalis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Dcapularisd)None
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Dbasalis[RefHumanEmbryologybyRaniKumarp.
37]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Afterembeddingofblastocytintheendometrialstroma,thetrophoblastdifferentiatesinto-
Cytotrophoblast
Syncytiotrophoblast
Syncytiotrophoblastinvadesuterineepithelialcells.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CytotrophoblastinvadesDeciduabasalis(Dbasalis)afterpassingthroughoverlyingsyncytotrophoblast.
17.Coronarysinusdevelopsfrom?
a)Truncusarteriosus
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Conusc)Sinusvenosus
d)AVcanal
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Sinusvenosus[RefEssentialsofhuman
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
embryologyp.873]TheCoronarysinusdevelopsfromtheSinusvenosussegmentof
embryonicheart.Lefthornofsinusvenosusretrogressestoform
partofcoronarysinus
18.Whichisderivedfromwolfianduct?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Appendixoftestisb)Uterus
c)Appendixofepididymis
d)Hydatidofmargagni
CorrectAnswer-C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Appendixofepididymis[RefIBsingh8r"/e-260]Appendixofepididymisdevelopsfrommesonephric(wolffian)duct.
Appendixoftestis(alsocalledhydatidofmargagni)anduterus
developfromparamesonephricduct.
19.Arteryof2ndpharyngealarchis?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Maxillaryarteryb)Stapedialartery
c)Subclavianartery
d)Commoncarotidartery
CorrectAnswer-B
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Stapedialartery[RefGarg2"/e-223;Langman's-185]
2nd(hyoid
Stapedialartery
arch):
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3rd:-Commoncarotid/internalcarotid
4th:-:
Right4thaorticarch,subclavianartery,Left4thaortic
arch:aorticarch
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
6th:-Rightaorticarch:pulmonaryartery,Left6thaortic
arch:Pulmonaryartstxandductusarteriosus
20.Fossaovalisisaremnantof?
a)Septumprimum
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Septumsecundumc)Ductusarteriosus
d)Ductusvenosus
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Septumprimum[RefBDC5th/eVolume1p.247;
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
IBS7"Vep.265;Garg2"/ep.215]Fossaovalisisaremnantofforamenovale.Flooroffossaovalisis
remnantofseptumprimum.
21.Ychromosomeis?
a)Metacentric
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Submetacentricc)Acrocentric
d)None
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Acrocentric
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Eachchromosomehastwoarms:-1. parm(theshorteroftwo)
2. qarm(longerone
Dependingonthepositionoftherejunction(centromere)they
canbeclassifiedinto:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1.MetacentricThecentromereisinthemiddlesothatthetwoarmsof
chromosomesarealmostequal.
Thesechromosomesare:chromosomes1,2,3andX-
chromosome.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2.Submetacentricparmisshortandqarmislong.Thesechromosomesare:4,5,6,
7,8and9
3.Acrocentricp
(short)armissoshortthatitishardtoobserve,butstillpresent.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Therearesixacrocentricchromosomes:13,14,15,21,22andYchromosomes
22.Theouterlayeroftheblastocystforms?
a)Primitivestreak
b)Yolksac
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Embryoproperd)Trophoblast
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Trophoblast[RefSinghIB,HumanembryologyStilep.
38]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Blastocystpossessesaninnercellmasscalledembryoblastwhichsubsequentlyformstheembryoproper,andanouterlayerofcells,
ortrophoblast,whichhelpstoprovidenutritiontotheembryo.
23.Inferiorparathyroiddevelopsfromwhich
arch?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)1stb)2nd
c)3rd
d)4th
CorrectAnswer-C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'c'i.e.,3rd[RefLangman's11th/ep.269]24.Mesodermalinorigin?
a)Astrocytes
b)Oligodendrocytes
c)Ependymalcells
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)MicroglialcellsCorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Microglialcells[RefI.B.singhp.319-321]
Microglialcellsarethenervoussystemcounterpartofthemonocyte
macrophagesystem.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Theuniquefeatureaboutmicrogliaisthatunlikeotherneuroglialcellsitisnotdevelopedfromneuroectoderm.
Thesecellsaremesodermalinorigin.
25.Fossaovalisclosesbecauseoffusionof
?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Septumprimum+Endocardialcushionb)Septumsecundum+Endocardialcushion
c)Septumprimum+Septumsecundum
d)None
CorrectAnswer-C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Septumprimum+Septumsecundum[RefEssentialsofhumanembryology--213-215]
Afterbirth,theforamenovaleclosesbyfusionofseptumprimum
withseptumsecundum.
26.Whichofthefollowingisatraction
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
epiphysis?a)Tibialcondyles
b)Trochanteroffemur
c)Coracoidprocessofscapula
d)Headoffemur
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,Trochanteroffemur[RefBDChandbookofgeneral
anatomy3r4/ep.34]
27.Glandsareclassifieddependingupontheirmodeofsecretion.Sebaceous
glandisanexampleofwhichofthefollowingtypeofgland?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Eccrineb)Apocrine
c)Holocrine
d)Paracrine
CorrectAnswer-C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Sebaceousglandsareholocrineglands.Holocrineglandsarethoseinwhichthecellafterfillingwithsecretoryproductdiesandisexpelledalongwithitscontent.
Eccrineglandsarethoseinwhichsecretoryproductisexpelledbyexocytosis.Egsweat
glandsinvolvedinthermoregulationandreceivingcholinergicsympatheticinnervation.
Apocrineglandsarethoseinwhichthesecretoryproductaccumulatesintheapical
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
cytoplasmandisexpelledoutbypinchingoftheapicalplasmamembrane.Egmammaryglandandapocrinetypeofsweatglandsthatareactiveafterpubertyandarefoundinthe
skinofaxillaandaroundgenitalorgans.
Ref:ClinicalAnatomy:(aProblemSolvingApproach)ByKulkarnipage9
28.Corporaamylaciaeisseenin-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Thymusb)Lymphnode
c)Spleen
d)Prostate
CorrectAnswer-D
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Prostate29.Corporaarenaceaisseenin?
a)Prostrate
b)Pineal
c)Seminalvesicle
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)BreastCorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Pineal[RefTextbookofhumanhistology-323]
Corporaarenacea(orbrainsand)arecalcifiedstructuresinPineal
glandandotherareasofbrainsuchaschoroidplexus.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
30.Nutrientarteryruns?
a)Towardsmetaphysis
b)Awayfrommetaphysis
c)Awayfromepiphysis
d)None
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,Towardsmetaphysis[RefTextbookofgeneral
anatomyp.80]
Nutrientartery
Itentersthemiddleoftheshaftthroughanutrientforamen,runs
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
obliquelythroughthecortex,andthendividesintoascendinganddesendingbranchesthatruntowardsmetaphysis.
Eachbranchsubdividesintoanumberofsmallerparallelvessels
whichenterthemetaphysisandformhair-pinloops.
Theloopsanostomosewithepiphyseal,metaphysealandperiosteal
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
arteries.Therefore,metaphysisisthemostvascularzoneofthelongbone.
Thenutrientarterysuppliesthemedullarycavityandinner-twothird
ofcorticalboneofdiaphysisandmetaphysis
31.Multi-unitsmoothmusclepresentatall
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
except?a)Bloodvessels
b)Iris
c)Gut
d)Ductusdeferens
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Gut[RefBDCgenralanatomy4"/ep.96;
Fundamentalofhumenanatomyp.6]
32.VasaVasorumofascendingaortaarises
from?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Leftcoronaryarteryb)Anteriorinterventricularartery
c)Posteriorinterventricularartery
d)Leftatrium
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Clinicalanatomy"Bothcoronaryarteriessupplyvasavasorumofascendingaorta"
"Coronaryarteriesarevasavasorumofascendingaorta"
Vasavasorumofascendingaortaandarchofaortaarisefrom:
Coronaryarteries(attheirostia).
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Brachiocephalictrunk.Bronchialartery.
Vasavasorumofdescendingaortaarisefrom':
Intercostalarteries(thoracicpart).
Lumbarandmesentericarteries(abdominalpart).
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
33.Renalpapillaopensinto-
a)Cortex
b)Pyramid
c)Minorcalyx
d)Majorcalyx
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Minorcalyx
Eachkidneyhastwodistinctzones:
1. Theoutercortex
2. Theinnermedulla
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
-Themedullacomprisesabout10renalpyramids.Theirapicesformrenalpapillaewhichindenttheminorcalyces.
-Thecortexisdividedintotwoparts
Corticalarchesorcorticallobules,whichformcapsoverthebases
ofthepyramids.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Renalcolumns,whichdipinbetweenthepyramid.Eachpyramidalongwithoverlyingcorticalarchformsalobeofthe
kidney.
Therenalsinusisaspacethatextendsintothekidneyfromthe
hilus.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Itcontains:Branchesoftherenalartery.
Tributariesoftherenalvein.
Renalpelvis:Pelvisdividesinto2to3majorcalyces,andthese,in
turn,divideinto7-13minorcalyces.Eachminorcalyxendsinan
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
expansionwhichisindentedbyonetothreerenalpapillae34.1stcarpometacarpaljointis?
a)Pivot
b)Hinge
c)BallandSocket
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)SaddleCorrectAnswer-D
Saddle
35.Structurepassesthroughuppertriangular
space:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Profundabrachiib)Anteriorcircumflexhumeralartery
c)Posteriorcircumflexhumeralartery
d)Circumflexscapularartery
CorrectAnswer-D
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
UpperQuadrangularspaceIthasthefollowingboundaries:
?theteresmajorinferiorly
?thelongheadofthetricepslaterally
Forthesuperiorborder,somesourceslisttheteresminor,while
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
otherslistthesubscapularis.Itcontainsthescapularcircumflexvessels.
36.Followingadeepcutoverlyingthe
hypothenareminence,itisobservedthat
thepatientcannotholdasheetofpaper
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
betweenthe2ndand3rddigits.Whichofthefollowingnervesismostlikely
damaged?
a)Deepbranchofulnarnerve
b)Deepbranchoftheradialnerve
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Superficialbranchofulnarnerved)Mediannerve
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Deepbranchofulnarnerve[RefBDC5thle
VolumeIp.110-111]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Inabilitytoholdpapersheetsignifiesinabilitytoadductthefingers.Itisnothingelsebutcardtest.
Deepbranchofulnarnervesuppliesthepalmarinterosseiwhich
controltheadductionbetweenfingers.
37.Whichistrueaboutsynovialjoint?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Stabilityisinverselyproportionaltomobilityb)Hyalinecartilagecoversarticularsurfaceofallsynovialjoints.
c)Metacarpo-phalangealjointisahingejoint
d)"Cartilageusuallydividesthejointintotwocavities".
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ai.e.Stabilityisinverselyproportionaltomobility38.Apatientisfoundtohaveamelanomaoriginatingintheskinoftheleft
forearm.Afterremovalofthetumorfromtheforearm,allaxillarylymphnodes
lateraltothemedialedgeofthepectoralisminormuscleareremoved.Which
axillarynodeswouldnotberemoved?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Apicallymphnodesb)Centrallymphnodes
c)Laterallymphnodes
d)Pectorallymphnodes
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ThelymphnodeslateraltotheLATERALedgeofthepectoralisminorarethelateralaxillarynodes.Pectoraloranterioraxillary
nodesaredeeptothelateraledgeofthepectoralismajormuscle.
Centralaxillarynodesarefounddirectlyunderpectoralisminor,
whilesubscapularorposterioraxillarynodesareadjacenttothe
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subscapularismuscle.Theapicalaxillarynodesaremedialtothemedialedgeofpectoralisminorandsoitwon'tberemoved.
level
Partofaxilla
Lymphnodes
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ILowaxilla
Lymphnodeslateraltothe
lateralborderofpectoralis
minor(centralgroup,
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lateralgroup,anteriorgroup,posteriorgroup)
II
Midaxilla
Lymphnodesbetweenthe
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lateralandmedialbordersofpectoralisminor.plus
interpectorallymphnodes
III
Apicalaxilla
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Lymphnodesmedialtomedialmarginofpectoralis
minor(including
subclavicular,
infraclavicularorapical).
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39.Whichmusclesteadiestheclavicleduring
movementofshoulder?
a)Pectoralismajor
b)Latissimusdorsi
c)Subclavius
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d)SerratusanteriorCorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Subclavius
(Ref:Clinicalanatomyj'd/ep.1367)
Subclaviussteadiestheclavicleduringmovementsofshoulder.
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40.Duringheeltouchphaseofwalking
pressureincalfcompartmentis?
a)Morethanrestingpressure
b)Lessthanrestingpressure
c)Nochangeinpressure
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d)FirstrisesandthenfallsCorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Nochangeinpressure
Inheelstrike,theankleisdorsiflexedandthemainmuscleactingon
ankleistibialisanterior.
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Musclesofposteriorcompartmentofleg(Gastrocnemius-soleus)areattheirnormallength.So,thepressureinposteriorcompartment
doesnotchange.
Ontheotherhand,InpushoffphaseGastrocnemius-soleusare
contractedwhichresultsinincreasedpressureofposterior
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compartment(wheneverthereiscontractionofmusclesofacompartment,pressureofthatcompartmentisincreased).
41.Thenutrientarterytothefemuris?
a)Profundafemorisartery
b)Femoralartery
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c)Poplitealarteryd)Middlecircumflexfemoralartery
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Profundafemorisartery
NutrientArteries
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Thefemurissuppliedby2ndperforatingbranchofprofundafemorisartery.
Tibiaissuppliedbyabranchofposteriortibial
Thefibulaissuppliedbytheperonealarterywhichisabranchof
posteriortibialartery.
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ThehumerusissuppliedbyabranchofprofundabrachiiarteryRadius/ulnaaresuppliedbytheanteriorinterosseousarterywhichis
abranchoftheulnarartery.
42.Inwalking,gravitytendstotiltpelvisandtrunktotheunsupportedside,major
factorinpreventingthisunwantedmovementis?
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a)Adductormusclesb)Quadriceps
c)Gluteusmaximus
d)Gluteusmediusandminimus
CorrectAnswer-D
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Thegluteusmediusmuscleabductsandmediallyrotatesthefemuratthehipjoint.Inaddition,thegluteusmediusholdsthepelvis
secureoverthestanceleg,preventingpelvicdropontheopposite
swingsideduringgait.Thesuperiorglutealnerve(L4,L5,S1)
innervatesthismuscle.
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Theactionofthegluteusminimusmuscleisthesameasthatofthegluteusmedius--itabductsthefemuratthehipjoint,holdingthe
pelvissecureoverthestancelegandpreventingpelvicdroponthe
oppositeswingsideduringgaitandhipmedialrotation.Theinferior
glutealnerve(L5,S1,S2)innervatesthismuscle.
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43.Siteofinjectioningluteus?
a)Inferomedial
b)Superomedial
c)Superolateral
d)Superomedial
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CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Superolateral
level Partofaxilla
Lymphnodes
I
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Upperarm(Deltoid)5cmdistaltotheacromionor
4cmproximaltotheinsertionof
deltoid.
Thisistopreventinjurytocircumflex
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humeralnerve.II
Glutealregion
Upperouter(superolateral)quadrant.
Thisistoavoiddamagetosuperior
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andinferiorglutealvesselsandsciaticnerve.
III
Thigh(lateralaspect) Infant:-Upperlateralquadrantof
(vastuslateralis)
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thighbelowGTAdult:-Middlethirdoflateralaspect.
44.Lockingofkneejointcanbecausedby:
a)OsgoodSchlatter
b)Loosebodyinkneejoint
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c)Tuberculosisofkneed)aandbboth
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is.d.aandbboth
Lockingofkneejoint(i.e.jointheldinflexion)isseeninmeniscus
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tear,loosebody(d/tosteochondralfracture)andfracturesoftibialspine
MechanismofLocking
Normallythemedialmeniscusoratleastitsanteriormovableportion
glidesslightlybackwardstowardstheinteriorofjointasthekneeis
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flexed.Ifthetibiaisatthesametimeabducted(valgus)andthemedial
compartmentofthekneethusopenedup,themobilityofthe
meniscusisstillfurtherincreased.
Suddenmedialrotationoffemuronthefixedtibiaforcesthemedial
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meniscustowardsbackofjointandcausesmedialligamenttobecometautanditmayundergovarietyoftransverseoroblique
tear.
Theinnerfragmentslipsintotheinteriorofthejointandwhen,
extensionisattemptedandthekneebeginstoscrewhome'the
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fragmentisnippedbetweenthecondylesandthejointis'locked'i.e.heldinflexion.
45.Whichstructure(s)passesbehindthe
inguinalligament:
a)Femoralbranchofgenitofemoralnerve
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b)Femoralveinc)Psoasmajor
d)All
CorrectAnswer-D
Ai.e.Femoralbranchofgenitofemoralnerve;Bi.e.Femoralvein;C
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i.e.Psoasmajor46.Deltoidligamentisattachedtoallexcept:
a)Medialmalleolus
b)Medialcuneiform
c)springligament
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d)sustentaculumtaliCorrectAnswer-B
Ans.Bi.e.Medialcuneiform
Medialcollateralligament(deltoidligament)attachestothemedial
malleolusofthetibiaandthenavicular,talus,andcalcaneusbones.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Thisligamentpreventsmedialdistraction(eversion)andexcessiverangeofmotion.Itissubdividedintofourparts:
Tibionavicularpartattachesthemarginoftheplantar
calcaneonavicularligament(springligament).
Tibiocalcanealpartattachestothesustentaculumtaliofthe
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calcaneusbone.Posteriortibiotalarpartattachestothemedialsideandmedial
tubercleofthetalus.
Anteriortibiotalarpartattachestothemedialsurfaceofthetalus.
47.Trueaboutpopliteusareallexcept?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Flexorofkneeb)Intracapsularorigin
c)Suppliedbytibialnerve
d)Causeslockingofknee
CorrectAnswer-D
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
PopliteusPopliteusisadeepmuscleofposteriorcompartmentofleg.
Featuresofpopletiusare-
Origin
Lateralsurfaceoflateralcondyleoffemur,originisintracapsular.
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Outermarginoflateralmeniscusofknee.Insertion
Posteriorsurfaceofshaftoftibiaabovesolealline.
Nervesupply
Tibialnerve
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ActionUlockskneejointbylateralrotationoffemurontibiapriorflexion.
Accessoryflexorofknee.
48.Tibialnerveinjury/palsycauses:
a)Dorsiflexionoffootatanklejoint
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b)Planterflexionofthefootatanklejointc)Lossofsensationofdorsumoffoot
d)Paralysisofmusclesofanteriorcompartmentofleg
CorrectAnswer-A
Ai.e.Dorsiflexionoffootatanklejoint
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*Tibialnerve(thelargercomponentofsciaticnerve)suppliesallmusclesofposteriorcompartmentofleg(gastrocnemius,soleus,
plantaris,popliteus,tibialisposterior,FHL&FDL)plantiflexingthe
ankle&foot.Therefore,tibialnerveinjuryresultsinlossofplanter
flexionalongwithcalcaneo-valgusattitudeoffoot(iedorsiflexion&
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eversiond/tunopposedanteriorcompartmentmuscles).-Deepperoneal(fibular)nervesuppliesallanteriorleg
compartmentmuscles(tibialisanterior,EHL,EDL,EDB,PT)
dorsiflexingtheankle&foot.
-Soleissuppliedbymedial&lateralplantarandsuralbranchesof
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tibialnerveQanteriorly(frommedialtolateral)andcalcanealbranchesoftibialnerve0posteriorly(i.e.overheel).
-ItthenpassesalonglateralsideoffootandlittletoeQsupplying
theoverlyingskin.
-Anterolateralaspectofleg,anddorsumoffootincluding2"-
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4thzvebspacesQaresuppliedbysuperficialperonealnerve.-Whereasdeepperoneal(fibular)nervesupplies1stwebspace(i.e.
adjacentsidesofgreatandsecondtoes)Q
49.Nervesupplyofcervicalesophagus?
a)Vagus
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b)Leftrecurrentlarynagealnervec)Rightrecurrentlarynagealnerve
d)Alloftheabove
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.isd'.,Alloftheabove
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[RefClinicalanatomy3'd/ep.2891Nervesupplyofesophagus:
Esophagusissuppliedbybothparasympatheticandsympathetic
fibers.
A)Parasympatheticsupply
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Itprovidessensory,motorandsecretomotorsupplytoesophagus.Completeparasympatheticinnervationisprovidedbyvagus
nerve:-
1. Cervicalesophagus:Throughboth(right&left)recurrentlaryngeal
nerve.
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2. Upperthoracicesophagus:Throughleftrecurrentlaryngealnerveandbydirectbranchesfromvagusnerve.
3. Lowerthoracicesophagus:Throughesophagealplexus.
B)Sympatheticsupply
Itprovidessensoryandvasomotorsupply.
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ItisprovidedbyTstoTcspinalsegments.50.Apatientwithnativeaorticvalvedisease
camewithrighthemiparesis.Whatwill
youdotopreventfurtherstroke?
a)Antiplateletonly
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b)Anticoagulantonlyc)Bothantiplateletandanticoagulant
d)Onedoseoflowmolecularweightheparinsub-cutaneously
followedbydualantiplatelettherapy
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Answer-A.Antiplateletonly*Aspirinistheonlyantiplateletagentthathasbeenproven
elfectivefortheacutetreatmentofischemicstroke;useofaspirin
within48hoarsofstrokeonsetreducedbothstrokerecurrencerisk
andmortalityminimally.
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*Asprinistheonlyantiplateletagentthathasbeenproveneffecfivefortheacutetreatmentofischemicstroke;thereareseveral
antiplateletagentsprovenforthesecondarypreventionofstroke.
*Twolayertrials,theInternationalStrokeTrial(IST)andthe
ChineseAcuteStrokeTrial(CAST),foundthattheuseofaspirin
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within48hoursofstrokeonsetreducedbothstrokerecurrenceriskandmortalityminimally.
51.Allformboundariesoftriangleof
auscultationexcept
a)Trapezius
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b)Latissmusdorsic)Scapula
d)Rhomboidmajor
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Rhomboidmajor
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TriangleofauscultationhasthefollowingboundariesSuperiorlyandmedially,bytheinferiorportionoftheTrapezius.
Inferiorly,bytheLatissimusDorsi.
Laterally,bythemedialborderofthescapula.
ThesuperficialfloorofthetriangleisformedbytheSerratusanterior
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andthelateralportionoftheerectorspinaemuscles.Deeptothesemusclesaretheosseousportionsofthe6"and7th
ribsandtheinternalandexternalintercostalmuscles.
Typically,theTriangleofAuscultationiscoveredbytheScapula.
Tobetterexposethetriangleandlistentorespiratorysoundswitha
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stethoscope,patientsareaskedtofoldtheirarmsacrosstheirchest,mediallyrotatingthescapulae,whilebendingforwardatthetrunk,
somewhatresemblingafetalposition.
52.Whichofthefollowingcomplicationsis
notseeninmitralvalveprolapse?
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a)Strokeb)Infectiveendocarditis
c)Mitralstenosis
d)Ventriculararrhythmia
CorrectAnswer-C
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Answer-C.MitralstenosisSurfacemarkingofthemitralvalveisBehindsternalendofleft
4thcostalcartilage.
Infectiveendocarditis
Mitralinsuficiency(mitralregurgitation)
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Strokeorothersystemicinfarctresultingfromembolismofleafletthrombi
Arrhythmias
53.IVCfilterisusedinfollowingexcept-
a)Toreducessymptoms
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b)Negligiblesizeofembolic)Toprolonglife
d)Topreventprogressofnativebloodvesseldisease
CorrectAnswer-B
Answeris'b'i.e.Negligiblesizeofemboli
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54.Waldeyer'sfascialies?
a)Infrontofthebladder
b)Behindtherectum
c)Betweenbladderanduterus
d)Betweenuterusandrectum
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CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'B'i.e.,Behindtherectum
*ThecaveofRetziusisafat-filledretropubicspacethatallowsfor
theaccommodationofadistendedbladder.
*TheWaldeyer'sfascia,alsoknownasthepresacralfascia,
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accommodatesthedistendedrectum.*ThepouchofDouglasisafoldofperitoneumbetweentheuterus
andtherectum.
*ThepouchofDunnisafoldofperitoneumbetweenthebladder
andtheuterus.
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*ThefasciaofDenonvillierliesbetweenthebladderinfrontandrectumbehind.
55.Rightcoronaryarterysuppliesall,except?
a)Anterior2/3ofventricularseptum
b)SAnode
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c)AVnoded)LBB
CorrectAnswer-A
Rightcoronaryarterysupplies
*SAnode(in65%),
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*wholeconductingsystem(AVbundle,bundleofhis,partofleftbundlebranch)exceptRBBandpartofleftbranchofAVbundle,
*posteriorpartofventricularseptum,
*mostofrightventricleexceptsmallpartadjoininganterior
interventriculargrooveandsmallpartofleftventricleadjoining
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posteriorinterventriculargroove.Leftcoronaryarterysupplies
*mostoftheleftatrium,
*mostoftheleftventricleincludingapex,
*smallpartofrightventricleodjoininganteriorinterventricular
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septum,*anterior2/3ofventricularseptum,
*RBB,LBB
*SAnodein35%ofcases.
56.Thethoracicductcrossesfromtheright
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totheleftatthelevelofa)T12vertebra
b)T6vertebra
c)T5vertebra
d)T2vertebra
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CorrectAnswer-CCi.e.T5vertebrae
Thoracicductbeginsascontinuationoftheupperendofthe
cisternachylinearthelowerborderofT12vertebraandentersthe
thoraxthroughtheaorticopeningofdiaphragm(atT12).
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ItthenascendsthroughtheposteriormediastinumandatT5levelcrossesfromrightsidetotheleftsideandascendsalongleftmargin
ofoesophagustoentertheneck
57.Whichofthefollowingstatementregardingloweresophagealsphincteris
TRUE?
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a)Ithasnotonicactivityb)Ithasatonewhichisprovidedbythesympatheticsystem
c)Relaxesonincreasingabdominalpressure
d)Relaxesaheadoftheperistalticwave
CorrectAnswer-D
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Duringswallowingwhentheperistalticwavesweepdowntheesophagusthegastroesophagealsphincterrelaxessothatthebolus
offoodcanpassintothestomach.
DistanceoftheLowerEsophagealSphincterfromtheupper
incisorsis37.5cm
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theloweresophagealsphincteristonicallyactivebutrelaxesonswallowing.ThistonicactivityoftheLESbetweenmealsprevents
refluxofgastriccontentsintotheesophagus.itstoneisunderneural
controlbytheparasympatheticnervoussystem.ContractionofLES
iscausedbythereleaseofacetylcholinefromthevagusand
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
releaseofNOandVIPfrominterneuronsinnervatedbyothervagalfiberscausesittorelax.
Ref:FundamentalsofHumanPhysiologyByLauraleeSherwood
page447.Ganong'sReviewofMedicalPhysiology,24eCHAPTER
27.
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58.Thetransversesinusispresentposterior
towhichstructures?
a)Rightatrium
b)Leftatrium
c)Upperpulmonaryartery
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d)AortaCorrectAnswer-D
Ans.'D'i.e.,Aorta
Pericardialsinuses
*Ontheposteriorsurfaceoftheheart,thereflectionoftheserous
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
pericardium(epicardium)aroundlargeveinsformsarecesscalledtheobliquesinus.
*Obliquesinusisboundedanteriorlybytheleftatrium,and
posteriorlybytheparietalpericardiumandesophagus.
*Thetransversesinusisashortpassagethatliesbetweenthe
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reflectionoftheserouspericardium(epicardium)aroundarterial(aortaandpulmonarytrunk)andvenousendsofthehearttube.
*Thetransversesinusisboundedanteriorlybyascendingaortaand
pulmonarytrunk,posteriorlybySVC,andinferiorlybytheleftatrium
59.Sympatheticsupplytotheheartarisesfromwhichofthefollowingspinal
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segments?a)T1toT5
b)T2toT6
c)T3toT7
d)T4toT8
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-ASympatheticnervecellssupplyingtheheartarelocatedinthe
intermediolateralhornofspinalsegmentsT1toT5.
Sympatheticsupplyiscardio-acceleratory,andonstimulation,they
increasetheheartrate,andalsodilatecoronaryarteries.
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Bothparasympatheticandsympatheticnervesformthesuperficialanddeepcardiacplexuses,thebranchesofwhichrunalongthe
coronaryarteriestoreachthemyocardium.
60.Surfacemarkingoftheobliquefissureof
thelungincludeallexcept
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)T3b)5thrib
c)7thrib
d)6thcostalcartilage
CorrectAnswer-C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'c'i.e.,7thribSurfacemarkingoffissures
Theobliquefissurecanbedrawnbyjoining:
Apoint8cmlateralto3rdthoracicvertebrae.
Anotherpointonthe5thribinthemidaxillaryline.
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Athirdpointonthe6thcostalcartilage7.5cmfromthemedianplane.
61.Leveloflowerborderoflungatmid
axillarylineis
a)6thrib
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b)8thribc)10thrib
d)12thrib
CorrectAnswer-B
Bi.e.8thrib
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62.Tributaryofcoronarysinus?
a)Anteriorcardiacvein
b)Thebesionvein
c)Smallestcardiacvein
d)Greatcardiacvein
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-DAns.(D)Greatcardiacvein
Coronarysinus
Itopensintheposteriorwallofrightatrium,intheposteriorpartof
coronarysulcus.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ItopensintherightatriumbetweenIVCandtricuspidorifices.CoronarysinusisguardedbyThebesianvalve(Thebesianvalve
(incompletesemilunarvalve)guardstheorificeofcoronarysinus.)
Tributariesofcoronarysinusare:
Greatcardiacvein:-Liesintheanteriorinterventriculargroove.Left
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
marginalveindrainsintoit.Middlecardiacvein:-Liesintheposteriorinterventriculargroove.
Posteriorveinofleftventricle.
Smallcardiacvein:-Itliesintheposteriorpartofcoronarysulcus
withRCA.Rightmarginnalveinmaysometimesopenintosmall
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cardiacvein,moreoften,however,rightmarginalveinopensdirectlyintorightatrium.
Obliqueveinofleftatrium(veinofmarshall):-Itiscontinuousabove
withligamentofIVC.Thesetwostructuresareembryological
remnantsofleftcommoncardinalvein(ductofcuvier).
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63.BoundaryoftheKoch'striangleisnotformedby?
a)Tricuspidvalvering
b)Coronarysinus
c)Tendonoftodaro
d)Limbusfossaovalis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-DKoch'sTriangleisatriangleenclosedbytheseptalleafletofthe
tricuspidvalve,thecoronarysinus,andthemembranouspartofthe
interatrialseptum.
Koch'striangle:WalterKarlKoch(1880?1962)wasadistinguished
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Germansurgeonwhodiscoveredatriangular-shapedareaintherightatriumoftheheartthatmarkstheatrioventricularnode(known
asKoch'striangle).
Thethreesidesofthetrianglearedefinedbythefollowingstructures
withintherightatrium:Theostiumofthecoronarysinus,posteriorly;
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Theanteriorportionofthetricuspidvalveannulus;andThetendonofTodaro(atendinousstructureconnectingthevalveof
theinferiorvenacavaostiumtothecentralfibrousbody),posteriorly.
Importance:
Usedasananatomicallandmarkforlocationoftheatrioventricular
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
nodeduringelectrophysiologyproceduressuchaspacingorablation.
64.Azygosveindrainsinto:
a)Leftbrachiocephalicvein
b)Inferiorvenacava
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Superiorvenacavad)Rightbrachiocephalicvein
CorrectAnswer-C
Theazygosveinendsbyjoiningtheposterioraspectofthesuperior
venacava
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
TheAzygosVeinTheazygosveinconnectsthesuperiorandinferiorvenaecavae,
eitherdirectlybyjoiningtheIVCorindirectlybythehemiazygosand
accessoryhemiazygosveins.
Theazygosveindrainsbloodfromtheposteriorwallsofthethorax
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
andabdomen.Itascendsintheposteriormediastinum
Itiscoveredanteriorlybytheoesophagusasitpassesposteriorto
therootoftherightlung.
ItthenarchesoverthesuperioraspectofthisroottojointheSVC.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Inadditiontotheposteriorintercostalveins,theazygosveincommunicateswiththevertebralvenousplexuses.
Thisveinalsoreceivesthemediastinal,oesophageal,andbronchial
veins.
65.
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Analvalveisfoundinwhichpartofanal
canal?
a)Upper
b)Middle
c)Lower
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)AtanusCorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Upper
66.Mainsupportofuterusisfrom-ligament:
a)Cardinal
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b)Broadc)Round
d)Pubocervical
CorrectAnswer-A
Cardinal
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67.Allofthefollowingarteriesarethebranchesofcoeliactrunk,EXCEPT?
a)Leftgastricartery
b)Rightgastricartery
c)Splenicartery
d)Hepaticartery
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-BBranchesofthecoeliactrunkareleftgastricartery,splenicartery,
andcommonhepaticartery.Thecoeliactrunkarisesfromthe
abdominalaorta,immediatelybelowtheaortichiatusofthe
diaphragmattheT12vertebrallevel.Rightgastricarteryisabranch
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ofcommonhepaticartery.Branchesofcommonhepaticarteryare:
Properhepaticartery
Rightgastricartery
Gastroduodenalartery:rightgastroomentalartery,superior
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
pancreaticoduodenalarteryarebranchesofgastroduodenalartery.Cysticartery
Branchesofsplenicartery:
Leftgastroepiploicartery
Shortgastricbranches
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Pancreaticbranches68.Whichofthefollowingstructuresseenin
thecavernoussinus?
a)MaxillarydivisionofVnerve
b)MandibulardivisionofVnerve
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Internalcarotidarteryd)Facialnerve
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.c.Internalcarotidartery
Contentsofthecavernoussinus
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
StructuresinthelateralwallofthesinusOculomotor(lll)nerve
Trochlear(lV)nerve
Ophthalmic(1stdivisionofV)nerve
Trigeminalganglion
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
InternalcarotidarteryAbducent(Vl)nerve
69.Anteriorrelationsoftherightkidneyare
allexcept?
a)Liver
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b)4thpartofduodenumc)Hepaticflexure
d)Adrenalgland
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,4thpartoftheduodenum
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Theposteriorsurfaceofbothkidneysisrelatedtothediaphragm,medialandlateralarcuateligament,psoasmajor,quadratus
lumborum,transversusabdominis,subcostalvessels,subcostal
nerve,iliohypogastricnerve,andilioinguinalnerve.
Inaddition,therightkidneyisrelatedtothe12thribandtheleft
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kidneyisrelatedto11thand12thribs.Themedialborderofeachkidneyisrelatedtothesuprarenalgland
abovethehilusandureterbelowthehilus.
Thelateralborderoftherightkidneyisrelatedtotherightlobeofthe
liverandhepaticflexureofthecolon.Ontheleftside,itisrelatedto
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spleenanddescendingcolon.70.Pancreasdivisumindicateswhichofthe
following?
a)Duplicationofthepancreas
b)Failureoffusionofdorsal&ventralpancreaticbuds
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c)Formationofmorethantwopancreaticbudsd)Formationofonlyonepancreaticbud
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-.is'b'i.e.,Failureoffusionofdorsal&ventral
pancreaticbuds[RefInderbirSinghHumanEmbryology8thlep.
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168]Anomaliesofpancreaticdevelopmentmaybe:
1.Annularpancreas:-Twocomponentsoftheventralbudfailto
fuseandgrowinoppositedirectionaroundtheduodenumandmeet
thedorsalpancreaticduct.
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2.Pancreaticdivisum(dividedpancreas):-Ventralanddorsalbudsfailtofusewitheachother.
3.Inversionofpancreaticduct:-Themainpancreaticductis
formedbytheductofdorsalbud,i.e.accessoryductislargerthan
themainductandthemaindrainageofpancreasisthroughthe
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minorduodenalpapilla.4.Accessorypancreatictissue:-Maybefoundas
*Wallofstomach,duodenum,jejunumorileum.
*Meckel'sdiverticulum
71.'ObstructionofInferiorvenacava'
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presents:a)Paraumblicaldilatation
b)Thoraco-epigastricdilatation
c)Oesophagusvaries
d)Haemorrhoides
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CorrectAnswer-A:BA.ParaumbilicusveindilationandBi.e.Thoraco-epigastricdilation
Thethoracoepigastricveinisuniqueinthatitdrainstoboth
theSuperiorVenaCava(SVC)andtotheInferiorVenaCava(IVC).
Hence,itservesasananastomoticcaval-cavallinkbetweenthe
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two.Furthermore,thethoracoepigastricveinisconnectedtotheportalveinviatheparaumbilicalveinandtherebyservesasa
portocavalanastomosisaswell.
Whenapatientexperiencesportalhypertension,therecanbe
congestion(backup)ofbloodthatentersintothecavalsystemvia
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thethoracoepigastricvein.Whenthisoccurs,therecanbeanexternallyvisibledilationoftheparaumbilical(andperhapseventhe
thoracoepigastricveins)whichleadstotheappearanceof"Caput
Medusae"
72.Rightovarianarteryisabranchof?
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a)Abdominalaortab)Rightinternaliliac
c)Commoniliac
d)Externaliliac
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.'a'i.e.,Abdominalaorta[RefBDC5th/eVolume.3p.343]Lateralbranches:
*Inferiorphrenicartery
*Middlesuprarenalartery
*Renalartery
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*Testicular/ovarianartery73.Structureimmediatelyposteriorto
pancreatichead?
a)Rightrenalvein
b)Splenicartery
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c)Inferiormesentericveind)Coeliactrunk
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Rightrenalvein[RefBDC5`Vevolume2p.306]
Terminalpartofrightrenalveinisposteriortoheadofpancreatic
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74.Whichofthesebestdescribestherenal
angle?
a)Theanglebetweenthelattissimusdorsiandthe12thrib
b)Theanglebetweentheerectorspinaeandtheiliaccrest
c)Theanglebetweenthe12thribandtheerectorspinae
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d)Theanglebetweenthe12thribandtherectusabdominisCorrectAnswer-C
Answer-.is'C'i.e.,Theanglebetweenthe12thribandthe
erectorspinae
Theanglebetweenthelowerborderofthe12thribandtheouter
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borderoftheerectorspinaeisknownastherenalangle.Overliesthelowerpartofthekidney.
Tendernessinthekidneyiselicitedbyapplyingpressureoverthis
area.
75.Renalveinthrombosisisassociatedwith
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allofthefollowingexcept:September2011
a)Trauma
b)Sicklecellanemia
c)Nephroticsyndrome
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d)DehydrationCorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B:Sicklecellanemia
ConditionsassociatedwithRVTare:Trauma,extrinsiccompression
(lymohnodes,aneurysm),invasionbyrenalcellcarcinoma,
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dehydration(infants),nephriticsyndromeandPregnancy/oralcontraceptives
RVT:
Acutecasesoccursinchildrenandpresentswithsuddenlossof
renalfunction
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Gradualthrombosisoccursinelderlyandonlymanifestationmayberecurrentpulmonaryemboliordevelopmentofhypertension
Definitivediagnosiscanbedonethroughselectiverenalvenography
withvisualizationoftheoccludingthrombus
Treatmentoptionsconsistsofanticoagulationandthrombectomy
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76.Inpatientswithpenileinjury,Colle's
fasciapreventsextravasationofurinein?
a)Ischiorectalfossa
b)Perineum
c)Abdomen
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d)NoneCorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Ischiorectalfossa[RefBDC5th/eVolumeHp.211]
77. Duringincision&drainageofischiorectal
abscess,whichnerveis/are
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affected/injured:a)Superiorrectalnerve
b)Inferiorrectalnerve
c)Superiorglutealnerve
d)Inferiorglutealnerve
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CorrectAnswer-BBi.e.Inferiorrectalnerve
Throughaposteriorhorseshoeshapedrecessbothischiorectal
fossaeareconnectedbehindtheanalcanal;soaunilateralabscess
maybecomebilateral.
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Duringdissectionofischiorectalfossa,inferiorrectal,pudendal,posteriorscrotalorlabialnerve&vesselsalongwithperforating
branchesofS2-S3andperinealbranchesofS4nervemayget
damaged.
78.Righthepaticveindrainswhichsegment
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oftheliver?a)I
b)II
c)IV
d)VII
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CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,VII
[RelGray's4fh/ep.1163-1167;Sabaton18h/ep.15841
Segmentalanatomyoftheliver:
Basedonthedistributionofportalveinandhepaticvein,Couinaud
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dividedeachphysiological(functional)lobeofliverinto4segmentseachandhenceliverisdividedinto8segments.
Thephysiologicalleftlobeiscomposedof4segmentsdesignatedI
toIVandissuppliedbyleftbranchofhepaticartery,Ieftbranchof
portalveinanddrainedbylefthepaticductandlefthepaticvein.
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ThephysiologicalrightlobeconsistsofsegmentV,VI,VIIandVIIIandissuppliedbyrighthepaticartery,rightbranchofportalveinand
drainedbyrighthepaticductandrighthepaticvein.
79.Allofthefollowingarestructures
associatedwithpterygopalatinefossa,
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EXCEPT:a)Pterygopalatineganglion
b)Midthirdofmaxillaryartery
c)Maxillarynerve
d)Greaterpetrosalnerve
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CorrectAnswer-BThepterygopalatinefossaistheregionbetweenthe
pterygomaxillaryfissureandthenasalcavity.
*Thefossaaccommodatesbranchesofthemaxillarynerve[cranial
nerve(CN)V-2],thepterygopalatineganglion,theterminal
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branchesofthemaxillaryartery,andgreatersuperficialpetrosalnerve.
80.Portalveinisformedbyunionofwhichofthefollowingveins?
a)Superiormesentericvein&Splenicvein
b)Superiormesentericvein&inferiormesentericvein
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c)Inferiormesentericvein&Splenicveind)inferiormesentericvein&Hepaticvein
CorrectAnswer-A
PortalveinisformedbytheunionofSuperiormesentericvein(SMV)
andsplenicveinposteriortotheneckofpancreas.Theinferior
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mesentericveindrainsintothesplenicvein.*Thehepaticportalveinpassposteriortothefirstpartofduodenum,
inthefreeedgeoflesseromentum.
*Attheportahepatis,itdividesintorightandleftbranches
supplyingtherightandleftlobesoftheliver.
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*Withinthesinusoidsoftheliver,hepaticportalbloodandoxygenatedbloodfromthehepaticarterymixtogetherandcome
intocontactwiththehepatocytes,wheremetabolitessuchas
productsofdigestionareexchanged.
*Bloodfromthesinusoidsemptiesintohepaticveinsdrainingthe
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liverandinturndrainintoIVC,andbloodisreturnedtoheart.81.Treatmentofanincidentallydetected
Appendicularcarcinoidmeasuring2.5cm
is:
September2002
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a)Righthemicolectomyb)Limitedresectionoftherightcolon
c)Totalcolectomy
d)Appendicectomy
CorrectAnswer-A
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Ans.Ai.e.Righthemicolectomy82.Neurovascularplaneinanterior
abdominalwall-
a)Betweenextobliqueandinternaloblique
b)Betweenint.obliqueandtransversusabdominis
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c)Belowtransversusabdominisd)Aboveext.oblique
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Betweenint.obliqueandtransverses
abdominis[Ref:Humananatomy5th/p.73]
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Themusclesoftheanteriorabdominalwallconsistofthreebroadthinsheetsthatareaponeuroticinfront,fromexteriortointeriorthey
areexternaloblique,internalobliqueandtransversus.
Thenerveandaccompanyingintercostalvesselsliebetweenthe
internalobliqueandtrannsverseabdominis.i.e.neurovascular
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plane.83.Celiacplexusblockallthefollowingis
trueexcept?
a)Relievedpainfromgastricmalignancy
b)Causehypotention
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c)Canbeusedtoprovideanesthesiaforintraabdominalsurgeryd)Canbegivenonlybyretrocrural(classic)approach
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Canbegivenonlybyretrocrural(classic)approach
Celiacplexusblockcanbedonebyfollowingthreeapproaches
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:Retrocrural(classic)approach,anterocruralapproachand
splanchnicnerveblock.
Seeexplanation-4ofsession-8ofAnaesthesiaofAllIndia2014-15
patternofthisbook.
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84.Structurecrossingdorsalsurfaceof
ischialspineareA/E:
a)Internalpudendalvessel
b)Pudendalnerve
c)Obturatornerve
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d)NervetoobturatorinternusCorrectAnswer-C
C.i.e.Obturatornerve
Psoasmajor,iliacus&pectineusmuscles,femoralvesselsand
nerve,femoralbranchofgenitofemoralnerve,lateralcutaneous
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nerveofthighandlymphaticspassbelowinguinalligament.'PIN'structuresi.e.Pudendalnerve,InternalPudendalvessels,
Nervetoobturatorinternuscomeoutofgreatersciaticforamen,
crossthedorsalsurfaceofischialspine&enterintolessersciatic
foramen.
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85.Inbladderinjury,painisreferredtoall
except?
a)Upperpartofthigh
b)Lowerabdominalwall
c)Flank
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d)PenisCorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Flank[RefB.D.C.VolII6th/ep.375;Clinical
Anatomy-912]
Painfibersfrombladderpassthroughbothparasympatheticand
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sympatheticpathwayandenterT11-L2andS2-S4cordsegments.Hencereferredpainisfeltinthelowerpartofanteriorabdominal
wall(hypogastrium),upperpartoffrontofthighs,scrotumorlabium
majus,penisorclitoris,andperineum.
86.StructurenotseenatL3level?
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a)Iliacvesselsb)Aorta
c)Coeliactrunk
d)IVC
CorrectAnswer-C
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Ans.is'C'i.e.,CoeliactrunkCoeliactrunkisatT12-L1level.
ThetransversesectionatthelevelofL3showslowerabdominal
organs.
87.Spleenextendsfrom?
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a)5thto9thribb)9thto11thrib
c)2ndto5thrib
d)11thto12thrib
CorrectAnswer-B
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Ans.is'b'i.e.,9thto11thrib[RefBDCVol.IISthIep.431]Surfacemarkingofspleen
1. Itismarkedontheleftsideoftheback,withitslongaxis
correspondingwiththatofthe10shrib.
2. Theupperbordercorrespondstoupperborderofrib,andthelower
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bordertothelowerborderofthe11"'rib.3. Medialendlies4-5cmfromthemidline,andthelateralendonthe
midaxillaryline.
88.Whichofthefollowingistrueabout
coeliacplexusblock?
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a)LocatedretroperitoneallyatthelevelofL3b)Usuallydoneunilaterally
c)Usefulforthepainfulconditionsoflowerabdomen
d)Mostcommonsideeffectisdiarrheaandhypotension
CorrectAnswer-D
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Answer-D(Mostcommonsideeffectisdiarrheaandhypotension)CeliacPlexusBlock:
LocatedretroperitoneallyatthelevelofLl
Usuallydonebilaterallv
Usefulforthepainfulconditionsofupperabdomen
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Mostcommonsideeffectisdiarrheaandhvpotension89.Ovarianfossaisformedbyallexcept?
a)Obliteratedumbilicalartery
b)Internaliliacartery
c)Ureter
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d)RoundligamentofovaryCorrectAnswer-D
Eachovaryliesinovarianfossaonlateralpelvicwallwhichis
bounded:?
1. Anteriorly:Obliteratedumbilicalartery
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2. Posteriorly:Ureterandinternaliliacartery90.Allarebranchesoftheinferiormesenteric
arteryexcept?
a)Leftcolic
b)Sigmoidalartery
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c)Middlerectald)Superiorrectal
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.'C'i.e.,Middlerectal
Inferiormesentericarterybranches:
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1. Leftcolicartery:Itdividesintodescendingandascendingbranches.2. Sigmoidalarteries:Theseare2or3innumberandsupply
descendingandsigmoidcolon.
3. Superiorrectalartery:Itisacontinuationofinferiormesenteric
arteryinthelesserpelvisandanastomoseswithbranchesofthe
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middleandinferiorrectalarteries.91.Lymphaticdrainageoflateralwallof
nose
a)Submandibularnodes
b)Retropharyngealnodes
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c)Deepcervicalnodesd)Alloftheabove
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Alloftheabove
LymphaticdrainageofnoseisBYAnteriorhalfofnasalcavity(Both
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septumandlateralwall)-sSubmandibularnodesPosteriorhalfofnasalcavity(Bothseptumandlateral
wall)Retropharyngealnodesandupperdeepcervicalnodes.
92.Bartholinglandsituatedin?
a)Superficialperinealpouch
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b)Deepperinealpouchc)Inguinalcanal
d)Ischiorecalfossa
CorrectAnswer-A
Superficialperinealpouch
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93.Lymphaticdrainageofcervixisto
a)Iliaclymphnodes
b)Paraaorticlymphnodes
c)Superficialinguinallymphnodes
d)Deepinguinallymphnodes
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CorrectAnswer-AA.i.e.Iliaclymphnodes
94.Maximumcontributiontotheflooroforbit
isby:
a)Maxillary
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b)Zygomaticc)Sphenoid
d)Palatine
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.Maxillary
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Themaxillaearethelargestofthefacialbones,otherthanthemandible,andjointlyformthewholeoftheupperjaw.Eachbone
formsthegreaterpartofthefloorandlateralwallofthenasalcavity,
andoftheflooroftheorbit
"Orbitalsurfaceofmaxillaissmoothandtriangular,andforms
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mostoftheflooroftheorbit"Alsoknow:
Maxillaisalsothemostcommonlyfracturedboneoforbitalfloor.
Thefloor(inferiorwall)isformedbytheorbitalsurfaceofmaxilla,the
orbitalsurfaceofZygomaticboneandtheorbitalprocessofpalatine
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boneThesevenbonesthatarticulatetotheorbitare
1. Frontalbone
2. Lacrimalbone
3. Ethmoidbone
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4. Zygomaticbone5. Maxillarybone
6. Palatinebone
7. Sphenoidbone
95.Posteriorcommunicatingarteryabranch
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ofa)Internalcarotid
b)Externalcarotid
c)Middlecerebral
d)Posteriorsuperiorcerebellar
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CorrectAnswer-AAi.e.Internalcarotid
96.Numberofvertebraeisusuallyconstantin
a)Cervical
b)Thoracic
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c)Lumbard)Sacral
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.a.CervicalAuthorpleaseprovide
*IllustratedEncyclopediaofHumanAnatomicVariation:OpusV:
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SkeletalSystems:Vertebralcolumn;NumericalVariationinVertebralColumnbyRonaldA.Bergman,PhD;AdelK.Afifi,MD,
MS;RyosukeMiyauchi,MD.
*Theusualgroupingformulaof7cervical,12thoracic,5lumbar,5
sacral,and4coccygealvertebraeisfoundinonlyabout
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*ThecervicalregionisreportedtobethemostconstantQ,thecoccygealthemostvariable20%ofindividualsstudied.
*Thenumberofelementsofthevertebralcolumnhasbeenreported
tovarybetween32and35.Additiontoagroupisfrequentlyseen,
whichoccursthroughthereductioninnumberofvertebraeofan
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adjacentgroup,thetotalnumberbeing*Thelocationofsuchavertebraispredominatelyattheendsofthe
columnandatthelevelsoftransitionbetweenitsregions.Thus,
sacralizationofthefifthlumbar,lumbar-likearticularprocessesinthe
elevenththoracic,andthoraciccostalfacetsontheseventhcervical
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areobserved.*unchanged.Inthisvariation,thevertebraaddedisusually
intermediateinformbetweentheadjacentgroups.
*Thelevelsoftransitionmaybeshiftedcephalad,resultingin23
mobilevertebrae,orshiftedcaudad,resultingin25presacral
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vertebrae.Suchvariationsmayoccurin2-11%ofthepopulation
*Thenumberofvertebraecomprisingthesacrummaybeincreased
tosix,resultingfromthefusionofthefirstcoccygeal(50%inwhites,
30%inNegroes)or,lessoften,ofthelastlumbar(sacralization)(8%
inwhites,11%inNegroes);oritmaybeincreasedtoseven,resulting
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fromthefusionofthefirstcoccygealandthelastlumbar(4%inwhites,1.5%inNegroes).Thenumbermaybereducedtofour,
apparentlybythelumbarizationofthefirstsacral(0.4%inwhites,
1.5%inNegroes).
Numberofvertebrae
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*Mostconstant:Cervicalregion?*Mostvariable:coccygealregion?
97.Ophthalmicarteryisabranchof?
a)CavernouspartofICA
b)CerebralpartofICA
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c)MCAd)Facialartery
CorrectAnswer-B
Thecommoncarotidarteriesbifurcateatthelevelofthethyroid
cartilageintotheexternalandinternalcarotidarteries.Theexternal
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
carotidarterysendsbranchestotheneckandface,whereastheinternalcarotidarteryascendstothebaseoftheskull,enteringthe
carotidcanal.Uponexitingthecarotidcanal,theinternalcarotid
arterycourseshorizontallyovertheforamenlacerumandentersthe
cavernoussinusand,afterturningsuperiorly,dividesintoitsterminal
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branches.Internalcarotidartery
Itisthemainarterysupplyingstructuresinsidethecranialcavityand
orbit.Itisdividedinto4parts:?
*Cervicalpart:-Itextendsfromupperborderofthyroidcartilageto
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thebaseofskull.Thispartgivesnobranch.*Petrouspart:-Itliesinbonycarotidcanalinthepetroustemporal
bone.Itgivestwobranches(i)Caroticotympanic,and(ii)pterygoid.
*Cavernouspart:-Itrunsthroughthemedialwallofcavernous
sinus.Itgivesthreebranches:(i)Meningealbranch,(ii)
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hypophysealbranchand(iii)cavernousbranch.*Cerebralpart:-Itisrelatedtoinferiorsurfaceofcerebrum.Itgives
followingbranches:(i)Ophthalmicartery,(ii)posterior
communicatingartery,(iii)anteriorchoroidalartery,(iv)anterior
cerebralarteryand(v)middlecerebralartery.
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98.Whatistrueaboutchordatympani?
a)Postganglionicsympathetic
b)Preganglionicsympathetic
c)Preganglionicparasympathetic
d)Postgalglionicparasympathetic
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CorrectAnswer-CChordatympaniarisesfromintratemporalpart(infallopioncanal)of
facialnerve.
*Itcarriespreganglionicsecretomotorfibers(notpostganglionic)to
submandibularandsublingualglands.
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*Itjoinslingualnerveininfratemporalfossa.*Itcarriestastesensationsfromanterior2/3oftongue.
99.Eustachiantubeopensinmiddleearin?
a)Floor
b)Anteriorwall
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c)Superiorwalld)Posteriorwall
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Anteriorwall
Themiddleearisshapedlikeacube.
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Whenseeninthecoronalsection,thecavityofthemiddleearisbiconcave.
Theboundariesofthemiddleearareasfollows:
1.Roofortegmentalwall
Separatesthemiddleearfromthemiddlecranialcavity.
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Itisformedbyathinplateofbonecalledtegmentympani.2.Floororjugularwall
Formedbyathinplateofbonewhichseparatesthemiddleearfrom
thesuperiorbulboftheinternaljugularvein.
Theflooralsopresentsthetympaniccanaliculuswhichtransmitsthe
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tympanicbranchoftheglossopharyngealnerve.3.Anteriororcarotidwall
Theuppermostpartbearstheopeningofthecanalofthetensor
tympani.
Themiddleparthastheopeningoftheauditorytube.
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Theinferiorpartofthewallisformedbyathinplateofbonewhichformstheposteriorwallofthecarotidcanal.Thisplateseparatesthe
middleearfromtheinternalcarotidartery.
4.Posteriorormastoidwall
Superiorly,istheaditusthroughwhichtheepitympanicrecess
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communicateswiththemastoidantrum.
Belowitisthefossaincudiswhichlodgestheshortprocessofthe
incus.
Belowitisthepyramidgivingattachmenttothetendonofstapedius.
Verticalpartofthefacialcanalforfacialnerve
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
5.LateralormembranouswallTympanicmembranealongwiththetympanicringandsulcus.
6.Medialorlabrynthinewall
Promontory-roundedbulgeproducedbythefirstturnofthe
cochlea.
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Ovalwindow-itisposterosuperiortothepromontory.Itisclosedbythefootplateofthestapes.
Horizontalpartofthefacialcanal-runsjustabovetheovalwindow.
Roundwindow-posteroinferiortothepromontory.Itisclosedbythe
secondarytympanicmembrane.
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Processuscochleariformis-formsapulleyforthetendonofthetensortympani.
Prominenceofthelateralsemicircularcanal-abovethefacialcanal.
100.Rouvierenodesaresituatedin?
a)Nasopharynx
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b)Oralcavityc)Retropharynx
d)Clavicularnodes
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Retropharynx
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
TheRouviere'snodeisthemostsuperiorofthelateralgroupoftheretropharyngeallymphnodes,andisfoundatthebaseoftheskull.
Thekrewse'snodesarelymphnodessituatedinthejugular
foramen.Enlargementofthesenodescompressoncranialnerves
IX,XandXI,causingjugularforamensyndrome.
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101.Passavantsridgeisformedby?
a)Palatoglossus
b)Superiorconstrictor
c)Salpingopharyngeus
d)Palatopharyngeus
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CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,Palatopharyngeus
Pharynxhastwogroupofmuscles:?
*Intrinsicmuscles:-Stylopharyngeous,salpingopharyngeous,
palatopharyngeous.
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*Extrinsicmuscles:-Superiorconstrictor,middleconstrictor,inferiorconstrictor.
-Allmusclesofpharynxaresuppliedbycranialaccessorythrough
branchesofvagusviapharyngealplexusexceptstylopharyngeus
whichissuppliedbyglossopharyngeal.
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-Inferiorconstrictormusclehastwoparts:-(i)Thyropharyngeouswithobliquefibres,and(ii)Cricophatyngeouswithtransversefibres.
-Betweenthesetwopartsofinferiorconstrictorexistsapotential
gapcalledKillan'sdehiscence.Itisalsocalledthegatewaytotear
asperforationcanoccuratthissiteduringesophagoscopy.Itisalso
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
thesiteforherniationofpharyngealmucosaincaseofpharyngealpouch.
-UpperfibersofpalatopharyngeusconstitutethePassavant's
musclewhichoncontractionraisesaridgecalledPassavant'sridge
onposteriorwallofnasopharynx.
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102.Lowerlimitofretropharyngealspaceis
at?
a)C7
b)Bifurcationoftrachea
c)4thesophagealconstriction
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d)NoneCorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Bifurcationoftrachea
Retropharyngealspaceisdividedintotwolateralspaces(spaceof
gillette)byafibrousband.
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Retropharyngealspaceislimitedabovebythebaseofskullandbelowwherethealarfasciafuseswithbuccopharyngealfasciaatthe
levelofT4andcarina(bifurcationoftrachea).
103.Killiandehiscenceisin?
a)Superiorconstrictor
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b)Inferiorconstrictorc)Middleconstrictor
d)None
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Inferiorconstrictor
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Inferiorconstrictormusclehastwoparts:-(i)Thyropharyngeouswithobliquefibres,and(ii)Cricopharyngeouswithtransversefibres.
Betweenthesetwopartsofinferiorconstrictorexistsapotentialgap
calledKillan'sdehiscence.Itisalsocalledthegatewaytotearas
perforationcanoccuratthissiteduringesophagoscopy.Itisalsothe
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siteforherniationofpharyngealmucosaincaseofpharyngealpouch.
104.Sensorysupplyofthepalmisfrom
whichnerves-
a)MediannerveandRadialnerve
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b)Radialnerveandulnarnervec)UlnarnerveandMediannerve
d)MusculocutaneousnerveandRadialnerve
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,UlnarnerveandMediannerve
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(RelBDC5'h/eVoLIp.108-111)OnPalmside:
Lateral2/3ofthepalmandlateralthreeandhalffibersMedian
nerve.
Medial1/3ofthepalmandmedialoneandhalffingersUlnar
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nerve.105.
Whichofthefollowingisnotthepartof
ethmoidbone?
a)Aggernasi
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b)Cristagallic)Uncinateprocess
d)Inferiorturbinate
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.d.Inferiorturbinate
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Inferiorturbinateisnotthepartofethmoidbone.`Lateralnasalwallhas3bonyprojectionscalledasturbinatesor
conchae.Frombelowupwards,theyareinferior,middleand
superiorturbinates.Theinferiorturbinateisaseparatebone,while
restoftheturbinatesarepartofethmoidallabyrinths.'
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Theaggernasiaircells,arethemostanteriorethmoidalaircells,lyinganterolateralandinferiortothefrontoethmoidalrecessand
anteriorandabovetheattachmentofthemiddleturbinate.Theyare
locatedwithinthelacrimalboneandthereforehaveaslateral
relationstheorbit,thelacrimalsacandthenasolacrimalduct.'
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Thecristagalliisamedianridgeofbonethatprojectsfromthecribriformplateoftheethmoidbone.Itiswherethefalxcerebri
attachesanteriorlytotheskull.Theolfactorybulbslieoneitherside
ofthecristagalliontopofthecribriformplate.'
Intheethmoidbone,acurvedlamina,theuncinateprocess,projects
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downwardandbackwardfromthispartofthelabyrinth;itformsasmallpartofthemedialwallofthemaxillarysinus,andarticulates
withtheethmoidalprocessoftheinferiornasalconcha.'
106.Whichofthefollowingisnotsuppliedby
theanteriordivisionofmandibularnerve
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(V3)?a)Temporalis
b)Medialpterygoid
c)Lateralpterygoid
d)Masseter
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CorrectAnswer-BBi.e.Medialpterygoid
Temporalis,messeterandlateralpterygoidmusclesQaresupplied
byanteriordivisionofmandibularnervewhereasmedialpterygoid
muscleQissuppliedbythemaintrunkofmandibularnerve.
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107.Nucleusambiguusisnotassociatedwith
whichcranialnerve:
a)X
b)XI
c)IX
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d)XIICorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D:XII
NucleusAmbiguus
Function:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
*Motorinnervationofipsilateralmusclesofthesoftpalate,pharynx,larynxandupperesophagus.
Pathway:
*Axonsofmotorneuronsinthenucleusambiguuscoursewiththree
cranialnerves:C.N.IX(glossopharyngeal),C.N.X(vagus),C.N.XI
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(therostralorcranialportionofspinalaccessory)toinnervatestriatedmusclesofthesoftpalate,pharynx,larynxandupper
esophagus.
Deficits:
*Lesionofnucleusambiguusresultsinatrophy(lowermotor
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
neuron)andparalysisofinnervatedmuscles,producingnasalspeech,dysphagia,dysphonia,anddeviationoftheuvulatowardthe
oppositeside(strongside).
*NoaffectionoftheSternocleidomastoidorTrapezius.These
musclesareinnervatedbycellsintherostralspinalcord(caudal
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portionC.N.XI).108.
WhichofthefollowingisNOTabranchof1stpartofmaxillaryartery?
a)Middlemeningealartery
b)Accessorymeningealartery
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c)Inferioralveolararteryd)Greaterpalatineartery
CorrectAnswer-D
Branchesofmaxillaryartery:
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Themaxillaryarteryconsistsofthreeparts;mandibularpart,pterygoidpart,pterygopalatinepart.
Branchesofmandibularpart:
Inferioralveolarartery
Middlemeningealartery
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DeepauriculararteryAnteriortympanicartery
Occasionallyanaccessorymeningealbranch.
Branchesofpterygoidpart:
Massetericartery
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DeeptemporalbranchesPterygoidbranches
Buccalartery
Branchesofpterygopalatinepart:
Posteriorsuperioralveolarartery
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
InfraorbitalarteryDescendingpalatineartery
Greaterpalatineartery
Lesserpalatineartery
Sphenopalatineartery
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Lateralposteriornasalarteries
Posteriorseptalbranches
109.Allofthefollowingaretrueabout
locationofoticgangliaexcept:
a)Inferiortoforamenovale
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b)Lateraltotensorvelipalatinic)Lateraltomandibularnerve
d)Anteriortomiddlemeningealartery
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans:C.Lateraltomandibularnerve
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(RefGray41/ep552.40/ep543)Mandibularnervelieslateraltooticganglion.
Ie.,Ganglionliesmedialtomandibularnerve.
Oticganglion:
Small,oval,flatreddish-greyganglion.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Situatedjustbelowforamenovate.Peripheralparasympatheticganglionlocatedintheinfratemporal
fosse.
Functionallyassociatedwithglossopharyngealnerve&innervates
parotidglandforsalivation.
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Connectedtochordatympaninerve&tonerveofpterygoidcanal.Pathwaysprovideanalternatepathwayoftastefromanteriortwo-
thirdsoftongue.
110.
Cranialpartofaccessorynervesuppliesallpalatalmuscles,EXCEPT?
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a)Palatoglossusb)Palatopharyngeus
c)Tensorvelipalatini
d)Tensorvelitympani
CorrectAnswer-C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Thecranialrootoftheaccessorynerveissmallerthanthespinalroot.Itexitstheskullthroughthejugularforamenandunitesfora
shortdistancewiththespinalroot.Itsfibersinnervatethe
pharyngealandpalatalmuscles,excepttensorvelipalatini.
Becausethecranialpartofaccessorynerve(CNXI)leavesthe
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jugularforamenasjoiningtheCNX,itissometimesconsideredpartoftheplexusaswell
Thetensorvelipalatiniissuppliedbythemedialpterygoidnerve,a
branchofmandibularnerve,thethirdbranchofthetrigeminalnerve
-theonlymuscleofthepalatenotinnervatedbythepharyngeal
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plexus111.Passavantridge?
a)Superiorconstrictorandpalatopharyngeus
b)Inferiorconstrictorandpalatopharyngeus
c)Superiorconstrictorandpalatoglossus
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d)InferiorconstrictorandpalatoglossusCorrectAnswer-A
Passavantridge
Nearthesuperiormarginofpharynx,afewfibresofsuperior
constrictorblendwithabandofmusclefibresbelongingtothe
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
palatopharyngeusmuscle.Thesefusedfibresformabandorringaroundtheposteriorwalland
sidewallsofthenasopharyngealisthumus.
Whenthesoftpalateiselevatedthismusclebandappearsasa
ridgeisknownaspassavant'sridge.
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112.Whichofthefollowinglaryngeal
cartilageishyaline?
a)Epiglottis
b)Comiculate
c)Cricoid
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d)CuneiformCorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Cricoid
Hyalinecartilages
Elasticcartilages(donotossify)
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ThyroidcartilageEpioglottis
Cricoidcartilage
Corniculate
Basalpartofarytenoidcartilage Cuneiform
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Processesofarytenoid113.Little'sareais?
a)Anteroinferiorlateralwall
b)Anteroinferiornasalseptum
c)Posteroinferiorlateralwall
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)Posteroinferiornasalseptum.CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Anteroinferiornasalseptum
Little'sareaissituatedintheanteriorinferiorpartofnasalseptum,
justabovethevestibule.
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Woodruff'splexusissituatedintheposteriorinferiorpartoflateralwall
114.Maxillarybonedoesnotarticulatewith:
a)Ethmoid
b)Sphenoid
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c)Frontald)Lacrimal
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans:B.Sphenoid
(RefGray's41/ep484,40/ep473-476)
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Maxillarybonedoesnotarticulatewithsphenoid.Articulationofmaxilla:
Eachmaxillaarticulateswithninebones:
Twoofcranium:Frontalðmoid.
Sevenoftheface:Nasal,zygomatic,lacrimal,inferiornasal
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concha,palatine,vomer&adjacentfusedmaxilla.Sometimesarticulateswithorbitalsurface&withlateralpterygoid
plateofsphenoid.
115.Primaryandsecondarypalatesare
dividedby
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a)Greaterpalatineforamenb)Canineteeth
c)Alveolararch
d)Incisiveforamen
CorrectAnswer-D
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D.i.e.IncisiveforamenTheincisiveforamenisdividinglandmarkbetweentheprimary&
secondarypalateQ;andanterior&posteriorcleftdeformities
116.Parotidductopensoppositeto:
a)Upper1stmolar
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b)Upper2ndmolarc)Upper2ndpremolar
d)Upper1stpremolar
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B:Upper2ndmolar
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117.Multiplesinusesfrominfectionofgreat
toeismainlycausedby:
September2007
a)Tuberculosis
b)Actinomycetes
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c)Trichosporumd)Histoplasmosis
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B:Actinomycetes
Mycetomaisachroniclocalizedgranulomatousinflammatorylesion
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
commoninthetropicsandsub-tropics.MultiplesiAuses,softtissueswellinganddischargeofcoloured
granulescharacterizeamycetomafoot.Chronicsinusesdischarging
granulesarecausedby(1)Eumycetes(truefungi),(2)
Schizomycetes,whichincludes
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Actinomycosis(aerobichigherfilamentousbacteria)andBotryomycosis(bacterialinfection).
-ActinomycosisisoftencausedbyActinomaduraorNocardia
specieswhereinitgainsentryafterpenetratingtrauma(splinter,
gravelorthornprick).
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Youngmalesarecommonlyaffectedand75%ofthelesionsoccurinthelowerlimbs.
Thediseaseslowlyprogressesfromanoduletomultiplesinuses
dischargingcolouredgranules.Involvementofboneislatefollowing
dermalandsofttissuespread.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
-Botryomycosis(amisnomer),achronicsuppurativeinfectioniscausedbybacteriainvolvingskinorviscera.Thisrarecondition
mimicsadeepmycoticinfectionandisoftencausedby
mimicsadeepmycoticinfectionandisoftencausedby
StaphylococcusorPseudomonasspeciesofbacteria.Thefeetand
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
handsarecommonlyaffectedandpenetratingtraumamaybeapredisposingfactor.Itusuallypresentsasanodule,sinusorulcer,
whichisinitiallylocalized.
Thediagnosisofactinomycosisisbasedonclinicalfindings,
demonstrationofcharacteristicgranulesandcultureoftheorganism
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
fromadeeptissuebiopsy.Immunologicalstudies(counterimmunoelectrophoresisandELISA)
arealsoused.Botryomycosisisdiagnosedbasedonapositive
gram'sstainandculture;negativefungalculturesanddemonstration
ofthecharacteristicbotryomycoticgranulesathistopathologyfroma
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deepbiopsy.Inendemicareas,subcutaneousswellingwithsinusesshouldbe
consideredasmycetomaunlessprovedotherwise.Thedifferential
diagnosisincludeschronicosteomyelitis,tuberculosisandchronic
abscesses.
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118.Risoriusisamuscleof?
a)Mastication
b)Deglutition
c)Facialexpression
d)Eyemovement
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CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Facialexpression[RefBDCVol.III,5th/ep.57]
Therisorius(alsorisoriusmuscle,latin:musculusrisorius)isa
muscleoffacialexpressionlocatedlaterallytothemouthopening,
whichpullstheangleofthemouthlaterally.
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*Origin-Therisoriusoriginatesfromthemassetericfascia.
*Insertion
-Therisoriusinsertsintotheskinoftheangleofthemouth.
*Action
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-Uponactivationtherisoriuspullstheangleofthemouthlaterally.-Contractionsoftherisoriusmuscleproducefacialexpressionof
pleasureandlaughter.
*Innervation
-Therisoriusisinnervatedbythebuccalbranchofthefacialnerve
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(CNVII).*Bloodsupply
-Therisoriusismainlysuppliedbythesuperiorlabialbranchofthe
facialartery.
119.Musclecausingflexionofhip?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Bicepsfemorisb)Psoasmajor
c)Gluteusmaximus
d)TFL
CorrectAnswer-B
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Ans.is'b'i.e.,Psoasmajor120.
Thethyrocervicaltrunkisabranchofwhich
partofsubclavianartery?
a)1st
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b)2ndc)3rd
d)None
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.'a'i.e.,1st
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Branchesofthesubclavianartery:?1. 1stPartVertebralartery,internalthoracicartery,thyrocervical
trunk,andonleftsidecostocervicaltrunk.
2. 2ndPartOnrightsidecostocervicaltrunk.
3. 3rdPartDorsalscapularartery.
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121.Biphasicactionpotentialofmixednerve
except?
a)Allornonephenomenon
b)Twoormorepositivepeaks
c)Refractoryperiod
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)RecordedonsurfaceCorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Twoormorepositivepeaks
Actionpotentialwhenrecordedbyputtingtwoelectrodesonthe
surfaceofaneuron(insteadofputtingonsurfaceandone
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
intracellularly),showsabiphasicresponse,i.e.Biphasicactionpotential.
Asthewaveofdepolarizationreachedthefirstelectrode,this
electrodebecomesnegativeandanupwarddeflection(Peak)is
recorded.
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Vagus,Glossopharyngeal,Facialaremixednerve.122.Nucleusfasciculatusisseenin?
a)Frontallobe
b)Medulla
c)Temporallobe
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d)MidbrainCorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Medulla[RefQuantitativeHumanphysiology:An
introductionp.327]
Ithasnotbeenmentionedinanytextbook.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Butaccordingtotheabovementionedreferencenucleusfasciculatusistheothernameofnucleuscuneatus.
"Thesensoryfibersofdorsalcolumntravelintracts,fasciculus
gracilisandfasciculusCuneatusintheCordandthesefibersmake
synapseswithsecondorderneuronsinthenucleusgracilisandthe
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nucleusfasciculatus".--QuantitativeHumanphysiology.Nucleusgracilisandnucleusfasciculusarefoundinthemedulla.
123.Whichofthefollowingisanoperculated
sulcus?
a)Calcarine
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b)Collateralc)Lunate
d)Central
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Lunate
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Operculatedsulcusseparatesbyitslipsintotwoareasandcontainsathirdareainthewallsofthesulcuse.g.lunatesulcusis
anoperculatedsulcus,separatingthestriateandparastriateareas.
AxialPosteriorpartofcalcarinesulcus
LimitingCentralsulcusAnteriorpartofcalcarinesulcus
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OperculatedLunatesulcusCompleteCollateralsulcus,Anteriorpartofcalcarinesulcus
124.Allthefollowingarecharacteristicsof
oculomotornerveexcept:
a)Carriesparasympatheticnervefibres
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Suppliesinferiorobliquemusclec)Entersorbitthroughtheinferiororbitalfissure
d)Causesconstrictionofpupil
CorrectAnswer-C
Ci.e.Entersorbitthroughtheinferiororbitalfissure
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Oculomotornerveentersorbitthroughthesuperiororbitalfissure.Thevisceralmotorcomponentcontrolsparasympatheticinnervation
(nervesrelatedtoinvoluntaryactions)oftheciliarymusclesand
constrictorpapillae,aidinginaccommodationandpupillarylight
reflexes.
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TheIIIcranialnervesuppliesallextraocularmusclesexceptLateralrectusandsuperiorobliquemuscle.
125.TrueaboutCorpuscallosum:
a)Unitefarareaoftwosidesofbrain
b)Connecttwofrontallobe
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c)Unitetwohemisphered)All
CorrectAnswer-D
Ai.e.Unitefarareaoftwosidesofbrain;Bi.e.Connecttwofrontal
lobe;Ci.e.Unitetwohemisphere
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126.Whatarethecellularcontentsofcerebellarcortex?
a)Corticalcells
b)Glomuscells
c)Principlecells
d)Intercalatedcells
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CorrectAnswer-AAns.ACorticalcells.
CELLSINCEREBRALCORTEX:
Corticalcells:
Majorityarepyramidalcells
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Pyramidalcells-"Sinequanon"forcerebralcortexAxonsofpyramidalcellsleavethecortex
Formsdescendingtract(e.g.Corticospinal,Corticobulbaretc).
127.Allarelateralbranchesofabdominal
aorta,EXCEPT
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Righttesticulararteryb)Leftrenalartery
c)Inferiormesentericartery
d)Middlesuprarenalartery
CorrectAnswer-C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
C.i.e.InferiormesentericarteryOvarianorTesticulararteryislateralbranchofabdominalaortaand
uterinearteryisabranchofinternaliliacartery(anteriordivision).
Lateralbranchesofabdominalaortaare-Inferiorphrenic,Middle
Suprarenal,Renal&Gonadal(testicularorovarian)arteries.
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Mnemonic-"InferiorMSRuinGonads"128.Chamberlainslineis?
a)Palatetoocciput
b)Palatetotemporal
c)Palatetoforamenmagnum
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d)PalatetoparietalCorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Palatetoforamenmagnum[Ref:Atlasof
radiographicmeasurement]
TheChamberlainlineisdrawnfromtheposteriorsurfaceofthehard
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
palatetothetipoftheopisthion(posterioraspectoftheforamenmagnum).
Itisusedtomeasurethedistanceofhowmuchtheodontoidtip
extendsabovethisline.Ifthetipofthedensextends>3mmabove
thislinethenithelpstorecognizethepresenceofbasilar
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invagination(acraniocervicaljunctionabnormalitywherethetipofthedensprojectupintotheforamenmagnum)
129.Osseocartilagenousjunctionispresent
at?
a)Nasion
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b)Rhinionc)Radix
d)Columella
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Rhinion[RefTextbookofgeneralanatomyp.10]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
NasionThedepressionatthejunctionofnosewithforehead.RhinionThepointlocatedattheosseocartilagenousjunction
overthedorsumofthenose.
RadixJunctionbetweenthefrontalboneandnasalbone.
ColumellaColumnbetweenthenostrilsatthebaseofthenose..
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130.Primordialgermcellsarederivedfrom:
a)Neuralcrest
b)Genitalridge
c)Somatopleuriticmesoderm
d)Yolksac
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-DFormationofprimordialgermcells
Structuresderivedfromneuralcrestareneuronsofspinalposterior
(dorsal)nerverootganglia,neuronsofsensorygangliaofthe5to
10thcranialnerves,neuronsandsatellitecellsofsympathetic
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
gangliaetc.Intheregionwheretestesistodevelop,thegerminalepithelium
getsthickenedandisknownasgenitalridge.
Thecellsofgerminalepitheliumproliferateandformssexcords
whichgetsconvertedintomedullarycordsandfinallygetscanalized
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
toformseminiferoustubulesChorionisformedbytheparital/somatopleuricextraembryonic
mesoderm(ontheinside)andtheoverlyingTrophoblast
Thecellsoftheovariesandthetestes,fromwhichgermcellsare
formed,arebelievedtobesegregatedearlyinthelifeoftheembryo.
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131.WhichofthefollowingdoesNOT
stimulateperipheralchemoreceptors:
a)Hypoxia
b)Hypocapnia
c)Acidosis
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d)LowperfusionpressureCorrectAnswer-B
Bi.e.Hypocapnia
132.Peripheralandcentralchemoreceptors
maybothcontributetotheincreased
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ventilationthatoccursasaresultofwhichofthefollowing?
a)Adecreaseinarterialoxygencontent
b)Adecreaseinarterialbloodpressure
c)Anincreaseinarterialcarbondioxidetension
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)AdecreaseinarterialoxygentensionCorrectAnswer-C
Thecentralchemoreceptorslocatedonorneartheventralsurfaceof
themedullacauseanincreaseinventilationinresponsetoan
increaseinPacO2andtoalesserextenttoadecreaseinarterialpH
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becausethebloodbrainbarrierisrelativelyimpermeabletohydrogenions.
Theperipheralchemoreceptorsinthecarotidbodiescausean
increaseinventilationinresponsetoanincreaseinPacO2a
decreaseinarterialpH,andadecreaseinPaO2.Neitherthecentral
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chemoreceptorsnorthecarotidbodiesarestimulatedbyadecreaseinarterialbloodpressureorO2content.
133.Transpulmonarypressureisthedifferencebetween:
a)Thebronchusandatmosphericpressure
b)Pressureinalveoliandintrapleuralpressure
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Atmosphereandintrapleuralpressured)Atmosphereandintraalveolarpressure
CorrectAnswer-B
Transpulmonarypressureisthepressuredifferencebetween
alveolarpressureandintrapleuralpressure.Beforethestartof
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inspirationorattheendofexpirationitisabout+5cmH2O.Positivetranspulmonarypressurekeepsthealveoliopen.
Intrapleuralpressureisthepressurebetweentwolayersofpleura.
Itisabout-5cmH2Obeforethestartofinspirationorattheendof
expiration.
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Alveolarpressureisthepressurewithintheterminalairspaces.Itisthesumofpleuralpressureandelasticrecoilpressureofthelung.
Itisatmosphericbeforethestartofinspirationorattheendof
expiration.
Transthoracicpressureisthepressuredifferencebetween
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alveolarpressureandpressureatthebodysurface.Ref:FundamentalsofRespiratoryPhysiologyByASChakrabarty,
Page32
134.Differenceintheamountof02inspired
andCO2expired?
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a)20ml/minb)50ml/min
c)75ml/min
d)100ml/min
CorrectAnswer-B
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Ans.B.50ml/min250mlofO2entersthebodyperminuteand200mlofCO2is
excreted.
135.Bohreffectisdescribedas:
September2009
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a)DecreaseinCO2affinityofhemoglobinwhenthepHofbloodrises
b)DecreaseinCO2affinityofhemoglobinwhenthepHofblood
falls
c)DecreaseinO2affinityofhemoglobinwhenthepHofblood
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risesd)DecreaseinO2affinityofhemoglobinwhenthepHofblood
falls
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D:DecreaseinO2affinityofhemoglobinwhenthepHofblood
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fallsThedecreaseinO2affinityofhemoglobinwhenthepHofbloodfalls
iscalledtheBohreffectandiscloselyrelatedtothefactthat
deoxygenatedhemoglobin(deoxyhemoglobin)bindsH+more
activelythandoesoxyhemoglobin.ThepHofbloodfallsasitsCO,
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contentincreases,sothatwhenthePCO2rises,thecurveshiftstotherightandtheP5,,rises.
136.Truestatementrelatingtocomplianceof
lung:
a)Increasedbysurfactant
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b)Decreasedinemphysemac)Atheightofinspirationcomplianceisless
d)Itcanbemeasuredbymeasuringintrapleuralpressureat
differentlungvolume
e)None
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CorrectAnswer-A:C:DAns.(A)Increasedbysurfactant(C)Atheightofinspiration
complianceisless(D)Itcanbemeasuredbymeasuring
intrapleuralpressureatdifferentlungvolume
[Ref:Ganong25th/629-32,24th/629-33;Guytonllth/473-75;A.K.
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Jain5th/437]Lungcompliance:
Measuredbymeasuringintrapleuralpressureatdifferentlung
volume.
Animportantfactoraffectingthecomplianceofthelungsisthe
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surfacetensionofthefilmoffluidthatlinesthealveoli.Deficiencyofsurfactant-lesscompliance;moresurfactant-more
compliance.
Compliancedecreaseswiththeinflationofthelungsasmore
pressureisrequiredtodistendthealreadydistendedlung.
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Thecurveisshifteddownwardandtotheright(complianceisdecreased)bypulmonarycongestionandinterstitialpulmonary
fibrosis;pulmonaryfibrosisisaprogressivediseaseofunknown
causeinwhichthereisstiffeningandscarringofthelung.
Thecurveisshiftedupwardandtotheleft(complianceisincreased)
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inemphysema.137.Venousbloodwithhighhematocritis
seenin?
a)RBChighchloride
b)PlasmahighNa
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c)PlasmahighHCO3d)RBChighK
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.RBChighchloride
Hematocritofvenousbloodisnormally3%greaterthanthatof
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arterialblood.138.
Whichofthefollowingis/areeffectof
increased2,3-DPGonoxygen-
hemoglobindissociationcurve?
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a)edaffinityofheamoglobintooxygenb)edaffinityofhaemoglobintooxygen
c)Leftshiftofoxygen-hemoglobindissociationcurve
d)Rightshiftofoxygen-hemoglobindissociationcurve
e)Nochangeinoxygen-hemoglobindissociationcurve
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CorrectAnswer-B:DAns.(B)edaffinityofhaemoglobintooxygen(D)Rightshift
ofoxygen-hemoglobindissociationcurve
[Ref:Ganong25th/ep.610-41;Guyton's12'h/ep.j56-57;AKlain
6'h/ep.430]
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*Oxygen-hemoglobindissociationcurveis2,3DPGinRBC.*DPGisanoptionalby-productoftheglycolyticpathway.
*DPGbindswithdeoxygenatedhemoglobinbutnotwithoxygenated
hemoglobin.
*RaisedDPGconcentrationreleasesoxygenfromoxyhemoglobin
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byshiftingthefollowingreversiblereactiontotheright.Mechanism:
*OnemoleculeofDPGbindswithonemoleofdeoxyhemoglobin.
*HenceanincreaseinDPGconcentrationshiftstheoxygen-
hemoglobindissociationcurvetotheright.
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*Thus2,3DPGcausesdelivery(unloading)ofO,tothetissues.*Fetalhemoglobinhasconsiderablylessaffinityfor2,3-DPGthan
doesadulthemoglobinthereforefetalhemoglobinhasagreater
affinityforoxygenthanadulthemoglobin.
Inhumanblood,theaffinityoffetalhemoglobinfor2,3-DPGisonly
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about4O%thatofadulthemoglobin.Thismakesfetalhemoglobinbehaveasif2,3-DPGlevelsarelow.
139.Stabilityofalveoliismaintainedby?
a)Lungcompliance
b)Negativeintrapleuralpressure
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c)Increaseinalveolarsurfaceareabythesurfactantd)Residualairinalveoli
CorrectAnswer-C
Ci.e.Increaseinalveolarsurfaceareabythesurfactant
140.Whichofthefollowingdefinesvital
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capacity?a)Airinlungafternormalexpiration
b)Maximumairthatcanbeexpiratedafternormalinspiration
c)Maximumairthatcanbeexpiratedaftermaximuminspiration
d)Maximumairinlungafterendofmaximalinspiration
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CorrectAnswer-CAns.C.Maximumairthatcanbeexpiratedaftermaximum
inspiration
Vitalcapacity(VC):
4700ml.
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Amountofairthatcanbeexhaledwithmaximumeffortaftermaximuminspiration(ERV+TV+IRV).
Usedtoassessstrengthofthoracicmusclesaswellaspulmonary
function.
141.HerringBreuerreflexisanincreasein?
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a)Durationofinspirationb)Durationofexpiration
c)Depthofinspiration
d)Depthofexpiration
CorrectAnswer-B
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Ans.is'b'i.e.,DurationofexpirationTheHering-Breuerinflationreflexisanincreaseinthedurationof
expirationproducedbysteadylunginflation,andtheHering-Breuer
deflationreflexisadecreaseinthedurationofexpirationproduced
bymarkeddeflationofthelung.
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142.Dailypancreaticsecretion?
a)1.5L
b)2.5L
c)5.0L
d)10L
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CorrectAnswer-AAns.A.1.5L
143.Microcirculationconsistsof?
a)Capillaries
b)Capillariesvenulesandarterioles
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c)Aortad)Arteriesandveins
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.,B.Capillariesvenulesandarterioles
Themicrocirculationconsistsofarteriolestovenules,i.e.arterioles,
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capillariesandvenules.144.Gasexchangeintissuestakesplaceat?
a)Artery
b)Capillary
c)Vein
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d)VenulesCorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Capillary
Siteofgasexchange=Capillaries
145.Allofthefollowingstatementsabout
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thirdHeartsound(S3)aretrue,except:a)Occursduetorapidfillingoftheventriclesduringatrialsystole
b)SeenininConstrictivePericarditis
c)SeeninAtrialSeptalDefect(ASD)
d)SeeninVentricularSeptalDefect(VSD)
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CorrectAnswer-AAnswerisA(Occursduetorapidfillingoftheventriclesduring
atrialsystole)
Thirdheartsoundoccursattheendofearlyrapidfillingphaseofthe
ventriclebutnotatthetimeofatrialsystole.Theheartsound
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associatedwithventricularfillingduringatrialsystoleisthefourthheartsound(S4)
FourthHeartsoundoccursinassociationwithaneffectiveatrial
contraction()(Itispresumablycausedbyin-rushofbloodintothe
ventricleswhentheatriacontractsandhenceitisalsocalledthe
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'AtrialHeartSound)PathologicalThirdHeartSound(S3)maybeassociatedwith
ASDandVSD
`ApathologicalS3isoftenpresentinlargelefttorightshuntsdueto
highflowacrossthemitralvalvewithVSDorpatentductus
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arteriosusandwithhighflowacrossthetricuspidvalvewithASD.Thepresenceofthissoundintheseconditionsdoesnotimply
congestiveheartfailure,andsuchpatientsmaymaintainnormal
myocardialcontractilityforyearsaftertheS3isdetected'-'Hurst:
TheHeart'11th/271
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CongenitalHeartDiseasesassociatedwithLoudS3VentricularseptalDefect(VSD)()
PatentDuctusArteriosus(PDA)Q
AtrialSeptalDefect(ASD)Q
PathologicalThirdHeartSound(S3)maybeassociatedwith
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ConstrictivePericarditisConstrictivepericarditisischaracterixsticallyassociatedwith
pericardialknockwhichisadistinctformofthirdheartsound(S3)
`PericardialknockisS3thatoccursearlier(0.1to0.12afterA2)
andishigherpitchedthannormal.Itspresencedependsupon
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therestrictiveeffectsoftheadherentpericardiumwhichhaltsdiastolicfillingabruptly'
146.Durationof2"heartsoundis?
a)0.15sec
b)0.12sec
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c)0.08secd)0.1sec
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.0.12sec
147.Trueaboutvolumereceptorsareall,EXCEPT:
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a)Theyarelowpressurereceptorsb)Theyprovideafferentsforthirstcontrol
c)Theyarelocatedincarotidsinus
d)Theymediatevasopressinrelease
CorrectAnswer-C
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Thelow-pressurebaroreceptorsarelocatedinthevenaecavaeandthepulmonaryveins,andintheatria.Theyarealsocalledvolume
receptors.Thesereceptorsrespondtochangesinthewalltension,
whichisproportionaltothefillingstateofthelowpressuresideof
circulation(below60mmHg).Theirimpulsesregulatethesecretion
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ofantidiuretichormone(ADH/Vasopressin),reninandaldosterone.Thelow-pressurebaroreceptorshavebothcirculatoryandrenal
effects;theyproducechangesinhormonesecretion,resultingin
profoundeffectsontheretentionofsaltandwater;theyalso
influenceintakeofsaltandwater.
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148.WhichoneofthefollowingistheCORRECTstatementregardingcoronary
bloodflow?
a)Coronarybloodflowisdirectlyrelatedtoperfusionpressureand
inverselyrelatedtoresistance
b)Coronarybloodflowisinverselyrelatedtoperfusionpressure
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anddirectlyrelatedtoresistancec)Coronarybloodflowisdirectlyrelatedtoperfusionpressureand
alsotoresistance
d)Coronarybloodflowisinverselyrelatedtobothpressureand
resistance
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CorrectAnswer-ACoronarybloodflowisdirectlyrelatedtotheperfusion
pressure(aorticdiastolicpressure)andthedurationof
diastole.Becausecoronaryflowdropstonegligiblevaluesduring
systole,thedurationofdiastolebecomesalimitingfactorfor
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myocardialperfusionduringtachycardia.Coronarybloodflowisinverselyproportionaltocoronary
vascularresistance.Resistanceisdeterminedmainlybyintrinsic
factors--includingmetabolicproductsandautonomicactivity--and
byvariouspharmacologicagents.Damagetotheendotheliumof
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coronaryvesselshasbeenshowntoaltertheirabilitytodilateandtoincreasecoronaryvascularresistance.
Ref:KatzungB.G.(2012).Chapter12.Vasodilators&theTreatment
ofAnginaPectoris.InB.G.Katzung,S.B.Masters,A.J.Trevor(Eds),
Basic&ClinicalPharmacology,12e.
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149.Einthovenslaw-
a)I+III=II
b)I-III=II
c)I+II+III=0
d)I+III=avL
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CorrectAnswer-AAns.A.I+III=II
Einthoven'sLawstatesthatiftheelectricalpotentialsofanytwoof
thethreebipolarlimbelectrocardiographicleadsareknownatany
giveninstant,thethirdonecanbedeterminedmathematicallyby
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simplysummingthefirsttwo(butnotethatthepositiveandnegativesignsofthedifferentleadsmustbeobservedwhenmakingthis
summation).
ThusthesumofthevoltagesinleadsIandIIIequalsthevoltagein
leadII.
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150.MechanismbywhichAchdecreases
heartrateisby:
a)Delayeddiastolicdepolarization
b)Increaseinplateau
c)Decreasepreload
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d)IncreaseafterloadCorrectAnswer-A
Ans:A.Delayeddiastolicdepolarization
Acetylcholinedecreasesheartrateprimarilybyinhibitingthe
spontaneousdepolarizationofcellsinSAnode;alsoknownas
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diastolicdepolarization.ThisisachievedbyinhibitionofthefunnycurrentintheSAnode.
Effectofacetylcholineoncardiovascularsystem
Heartrate
Achinhibitsfunnycurrentgenerationinthe
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decreasespacemakercellsofSAnode
AVconduction
AchblocksLtypecalciumchannelsintheAV
decreases
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nodeAtrialcontraction Atriumissuppliedbycholinergicfibersmorethan
decreases>
theventricles.Achopenspotassiumchannels
ventricular
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anddecreasescyclicAMPinthemyocardialcells.contraction
Achincreasescalciuminendothelialcells,which
Vasodilation
stimulatescalciumdependentENOSand
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releasesNOwhichcausesvasodilation.151.Meanarterialpressureiscalculatedas:
a)(SBP+2DBP)/3
b)(DBP+2SBP)/3
c)(SBP+3DBP)/2
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d)(DBP+3SBP)/2CorrectAnswer-A
Ai.e.(SBP+2DBP)/3
152.Calculatetheejectionfractionfromthe
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givenvolumepressurecurve:a)40%
b)50%
c)55%
d)60%
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CorrectAnswer-DAns:D.60%
(RefGunong25/ep54024/ep542)
Ejectionfractioncalculatedfromthegivenvolumepressurecurveis
60%.
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PressureVolumeLoop:ab:isovolumetriccontraction
bc:Ventricularcontractionduringsystole
cd:Isovolumetricrelaxation.
Calculation:
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End-DiastolicVolume(EDV)(Pointa)=130mLEndSystolicVolume(ESV)(Pointd)=50mL
StrokeVolume(SV)=EDV?ESV=80mL
EjectionFraction=SV/EDV=80/130=0.6i.e.%EF=60%.
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153.Preloadmeasures?a)Endsystolicvolume
b)Enddiastolicvolume
c)Peripheralresistance
d)Strokevolume
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CorrectAnswer-BEnddiastolicvolumeREF:Guyton'sphysiology22ndeditionpage
111,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preload_%28cardiology%29
"Forcardiaccontraction,thepreloadisusuallyconsideredtobethe
end-diastolicpressurewhentheventriclehasbecomefilled"
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Quantitatively,preloadcanbecalculatedasWhereLVEDP=Leftventricularenddiastolicpressure,LVEDR=
Leftventricularenddiastolicradius(attheventricle'smidpoint),and
h=thicknessoftheventricle.ThiscalculationisbasedontheLawof
Laplace.
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154.Strokevolumeisincreasedby?
a)Increasedend-diastolicandend-systolicvolumes
b)Decreasedend-diastolicandend-systolicvolumes
c)Increasedend-diastolicvolumeanddecreasedend-systolic
volume
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d)Decrasedend-diastolicvolumeandincreasedend-systolicvolume
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Increasedend-diastolicvolumeanddecreasedend-
systolicvolume
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Thestrokevolumeistheamountofbloodpumpedoutbyleftventricleineachstroke.
Strokevolumeisgivenbythedifferencebetweenend-diastolic
ventricularvolume(thevolumeofbloodintheleftventricleatthe
endofdiastole;normal120inl)andend-systolicventricularvolume
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(thevolumeofbloodattheendofsystole;normal50ml).Strokevolume(70ml)=End-diastolicventricularvolume(120ml)-
End-systolicventricularvolume(50ml)
155.Theplateauphaseofthisgraphisdue
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to:a)Themovementoffewersodiumionsacrossthecellmembrane
b)Thecalciumchannelsremainingopenlongerthanthesodium
channels
c)Theincreasedmembranepermeabilitytopotassiumion
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d)Adecreaseintheamountofcalciumdiffusingacrossthemembrane
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans:B.)Thecalciumchannelsremainingopenlongerthanthe
sodiumchannels.
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Actionpotentialofcardiacmuscles:Phase2/"Plateauphase":
*Calciumchannelsopenandfastpotassiumchannelsclose.
*Abriefinitialrepolarizationoccurs.
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Whyplateau-shaped?*Actionpotentialthenplateausasaresultof,
-Increasedcalciumionpermeability
-Decreasedpotassiumionpermeability.
Eventsduringphase2:
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*Thevoltage-gatedcalciumionchannelsopenslowlyduringphases1and0,andcalciumentersthecell.Potassiumchannelsthenclose,
andthecombinationofdecreasedpotassiumioneffluxand
increasedcalciumioninfluxcausestheactionpotentialto
plateau
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Noteonotherphases:1.Phase0/Depolarization:
*Fastsodiumchannelsopen.
*Whenthecardiaccellisstimulatedanddepolarizes,themembrane
potentialbecomesmorepositive.
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*Voltage-gatedsodiumchannels(fastsodiumchannels)openandpermitsodiumtorapidlyflowintothecellanddepolarizeit.
*Themembranepotentialreachesabout+20millivoltsbeforethe
sodiumchannelsclose.
2.Phase1/"InitialRepolarization":
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*Fastsodiumchannelsclose.*Cellularrepolarizationstarts,andpotassiumionsleavethecell
throughopenpotassiumchannels.
3.Phase3/"RapidRepolarization":
*Calciumchannelscloseandslowpotassiumchannelsopen.
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*Theclosureofcalciumionchannelsandincreasedpotassiumionpermeability.
*Thispermitspotassiumionstorapidlyexitthecell,ends
theplateauandreturnsthecellmembranepotentialtoitsresting
level.
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4.Phase4/"Restingmembranepotential":*Averagesabout"-90millivolts"
156.Vasoconstrictioninskin?
a)Sympathetic
b)Parasympathetic
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c)Whealandflared)Warmclimate
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.Sympathetic
Sympatheticstimulationactingviaalpha1and2arevasoconstrictor
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totheskinarterioles.157.Normalinterstitialpressureis?
a)10to15mmHg
b)-5to0mmHg
c)20to30mmHg
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d)-10to-20mmHgCorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.-5to0mmHg
Normalinterstitialfluidhydrostaticpressure(orsimplyinterstitial
pressure)isusually-1mHg.
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Howeveritvariesaccordingtotissuesandrangesfrom-5mmHgto-1mmHg.
Itisslightlysubatmosphericinmostofthetissues.
158.Striatumdamageaffectsprimarily?
a)Proceduralmemory
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b)Shorttermmemoryc)Longtermmemory
d)Explicitmemory
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.Proceduralmemory
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Proceduralmemoryisatypeofimplicitmemorythatenablesustocarryoutcommonlyleanedtaskswithoutconsciouslythinkingabout
them,e.g.,ridingabike,tyingashoeorwashingdishes.
Proceduralmemorylikelyusesadifferentpartofbrainthanepisodic
memory-withbraininjuryyoucanloseone'sabilitywithoutlosing
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other.That'swhyapersonwhohasexperiencedamnesiaandforgetmuch
abouthisorherpersonallifeoftenretainsproceduralmemoryi.e.,
howtodriveacaroruseaforketc.
Striatum(apartofbasalganglia)isresponsibleforprocedure
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memory.159.Somatosensorycortexlesionwillcause
?
a)Pain
b)Temperature
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c)Localizationd)Vibration
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans,C,Localization
Corticallesionsdonotabolishallthesomaticsensations.Cortical
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anesthesiamainlyinvolvelossofproprioceptionandtactilesensations(finetouch,twopointdiscrimination,astereognosisor
stereoanesthesia.
Painandtemperatureareleastaffected,buttheyarepoorly
localization.
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160.Settingposturebeforeplanned
movement?
a)Premotorcortex
b)Motorcortex
c)Frontal
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d)SupplementarymotorcortexCorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.Premotorcortex
Thepremotorcortexfunctionisstillincompletelyunderstood,butit
maybeconcernedwithsettingpostureatthestartofaplanned
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movementandwithgettingthelndividualpreparedtomove.Itismostinvolvedincontrolofproximallimbmusclesneededto
orientthebodyformovement.
161.Allthefollowingfeaturesareseeninneuronsfromdorsalrootganglia,
EXCEPT:
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a)Theyaremultipolarb)Theycontainlipofuscingranules
c)Theyhavecentrallylocatednuclei
d)Theyarederivedfromneuralcrestcells
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Dorsalrootganglionconsistofsensoryneuronswhicharepseudounipolarandhavenosynapticconnectionsintheganglion.
Theyareclassifiedaspseudounipolarbecauseitlacksdendrites
andhasasingleaxonthatbifurcateintoacentrallyefferentbranch
thatfunctionsasadendritetocarryafferentsensorysignals.
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162.Neuronsinsympatheticgangliaare?
a)Unipolar
b)Bipolar
c)Pseudounipolar
d)Multipolar
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CorrectAnswer-DAns,d.Multipolar
Ventral,lateralanddorsalhornsofspinalcordandsympathetic
chaingangliacontunmultigolarneuron,whereasdorsalrootganglia
containspseudounipolarneurons.
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163.Pt.isabletorecognisepersonbyname
butnotbyface.Lesionisin?
a)Postparietalregion
b)Occipital
c)Frontallobe
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d)TemporallobeCorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D.Temporallobe
Animportantpartofthevisualinputgoestotheinferiortemporal
lobe,whererepresentationsofobjects,particularlyfacesarestored.
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Inhumans,storageandrecognitionoffacesismorestronglyrepresentedintherightinferiortemporallobeinright-handed
individuals.
164.CSF/plasmaglucoseratiois?
a)0.2-0.4
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b)0.6-0.8c)1.2-1.6
d)1.6-2.2
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D.1.6-2.2
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165.Burningpainiscarriedbywhichtypeof
fibres?
a)Aalpha
b)Adelta
c)Abeta
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d)CCorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D.C
Painistransmittedviatwofibertypes:
*ThinlymyelinatedAdeltafibers(2-5mindiameter)whichconduct
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atratesof12-30m/s.*UnmyelinatedCfibers(0.4-1.2mindiameter)whichconductatlow
ratesof0.5-2m/s.
-Thermoreceptorsalsospanthesetwoflbertypes.
-ColdreceptorsareondendriticendingsofAdeltafibersandC
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fibers,whereaswarmth(heat)receptorslueonCfibers.166.Amansleptwithheadoverforearm,next
morninghecomplainsoftingling,
numbnessoverforearm.Itiscausedby
?
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a)SensitivitytohypoxiaisA>B>Cb)SensitivitytopressureisA>B>C
c)SensitivitytohypoxiaisC>B>A
d)SensitivitytopressureisB>A>C
CorrectAnswer-C
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Ans.C.SensitivitytohypoxiaisC>B>ATypeCfibers(TypeIVLloyd&Hunt)areleastsusceptibleto
hypoxia'
167.Transducinisaproteinfoundin:
a)Glomerulus
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b)Retinac)Skeletalmuscle
d)Adrenalmedulla
CorrectAnswer-B
RetinaREF:Ganong22ndedition,chapter8,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TransducinTransducin(alsocalledGt)isaheterotrimericGproteinthatis
naturallyexpressedinvertebrateretinarodsandcones.
Mechanismofaction:HeterotrimericTransducin(alpha-beta-gamma
subunits)isactivatedbyaconformationalchangeinrhodopsindue
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totheabsorptionofaphotonbyrhodopsin'sactivegroupretinal.ActivationcausestheGDPboundtothealphasubunittobe
exchangedwithGTPfromsolutionandresultsinactivatedalpha
dissociatingfrombeta-gamma.
ActiveTransducin-alphathencausescyclicGMP
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Phosphodiesterasetoincreaseitsactivity,therebyloweringtheconcentrationofcGMP,anintracellularsecond-messenger
molecule.DecreaseincGMPconcentrationleadstotheclosureof
cGMP-regulatedNa+andCa2+ionchannelsandahyperpolarized
membranepotential.Thischainofsignalingeventsisalsocalled
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"thevertebratephototransductioncascade"168.Lesionofpreopticnucleusof
hypothalamuscauses?
a)Hyperphagia
b)Hyperdypsia
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c)Hyperthermiad)Hyperglycemia
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Hyperthermia
Preopticnucleusisconcernedwithregulationofbodytemperature.
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Therefore,itslesionwillresultindefectivetemperature169.Shiveringiscontrolledby:
September2012,March2013
a)Dorsomedialnucleus
b)Posteriorhypothalamus
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Perifornicalnucleusd)Lateralhypothalamicarea
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.Bi.e.Posteriorhypothalamus
Shivering/Shuddering
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Itisabodilyfunctioninresponsetoearlyhypothermiainwarm-bloodedanimals.
Whenthecorebodytemperaturedrops,theshiveringreflexis
triggeredtomaintainhomeostasis.
Musclegroupsaroundthevitalorgansbegintoshakeinsmall
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movementsinanattempttocreatewarmthbyexpendingenergy.Shiveringcanalsobearesponsetoafever,asapersonmayfeel
cold,thoughtheircoretemperatureisalreadyelevated.
Locatedintheposteriorhypothalamusnearthewallofthethird
ventricleisanareacalledtheprimarymotorcenterforshivering.
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Thisareaisnormallyinhibitedbysignalsfromtheheatcenterintheanteriorhypothalamic-preopticareabutisexcitedbycoldsignals
fromtheskinandspinalcord.
170.
Sodiumchannelsaremaximuminwhichpart
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ofneuron?a)Soma
b)Axonhillock
c)Dendrites
d)Axon
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CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,Axonhillock
Inamotorneuron,theaxonhillockandtheinitialsegmentofaxon
havethelowestthresholdforexcitation.
Thisisbecausetheyhaveamuchhigherintensityofvoltagegated
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sodiumchannel.171.Thedistancebywhichtwotouchstimuli
mustbeseparatedtobeperceivedas
twoseparatestimuliisgreatestat?
a)Thelips
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b)Thepalmofthehandc)Thebackofscapula
d)Thedorsumofthehand
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Thebackofscapula
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Themagnitudeoftwopointdiscriminationthresholdsvariesfromplaceofplaceonthebodyissmallestwheretouchreceptorsare
mostabundant.
stimulationpointsonthebackmustbeseparatedbyatleast65mm
beforetheycanbedistinguishedasseparate,whereasonthe
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fingertipstwostimuliassrecognizediftheyareseparatedbyaslittleas2mm.
172.Purkinjefibresareinhibitoryfor?
a)Deepcerebellarnuclei
b)Climbingfibre
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c)Basketcellsd)Spinocerebellartracts
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.Deepcerebellarnuclei
Aftercomplexinhibitingandexcitatoryinteractionsofvariousfibers
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andcellsinthecortex,theoutputofcerebellarcortex,isprojectedtodeepcerebellarnucleibyaxonsofpyramidalcells(onlyoutputcells
ofcerebellarcortex).
TheoutputofthePurkinjecellsisinhibitoryinthedeepcerebellar
nuclei.
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However,theoutputofdeepcerebellarnucleitothebrainstemandthalamusisalwaysexcitatorybecause,besideinhibitoryinputsof
purkinjecells,deepcerebellarnucleialsoreceiveexcitatoryinputs
fromafferentmossyandclimbingfiberswhichusuallyaremore
prominent.
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173.Neurotransmitterinvolvedin
nigrostriatialpathwayis?
a)Serotonin
b)Dopamine
c)Cholinergic
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d)AdrenergicCorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Dopamine
Dopaminergicnigrostriatalprojectionfromthesubstantianigrapars
compacta(sNpc)tothestriatumCaudatenucleusandputrrnen)and
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correspondingGABAergicproiectionfromstriatumtosubstantianigraparsreticulate(SNPR).
Dopamineisthemajorneurotransmitterinsubstantianigra.
174.Lossofproprioception&finetouch?
a)Anteriorspinothalamictract
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b)Lateralspinothalamictractc)Dorsalcolumn
d)Corticospinaltract
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Dorsalcolumn
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175.Trueaboutspinocerebellartractis?
a)Equilibrium
b)Smoothensandcoordinatesmovement
c)Learninginducedbychangeinvestibuloocularreflex
d)Planningandprogramming
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CorrectAnswer-BAns.B.Smoothensandcoordinatesmovement
Spinocerebellumisconcernedwithsmootheningandcoordinationof
movements.
Itachievesthisbygettingamomenttomomentreportby
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spinocerebellartract.176.Vomitingcentreissituatedinthe:
September2008
a)Hypothalamus
b)Midbarin
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c)Ponsd)Medulla
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D:Medulla
Vomitingisbelievedtobecontrolledbytwodistinctbraincentres--
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thevomitingcentreandthechemoreceptortriggerzone--bothlocatedinthemedullaoblongata.
Thevomitingcentreinitiatesandcontrolstheactofemesis,which
involvesaseriesofcontractionsofthesmoothmusclesliningthe
digestivetract
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177.Chemoreceptorsarelocatedinwhich
area?
a)Medulla
b)Archofaorta
c)Bifurcationofcarotidartery
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d)AlloftheaboveCorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,AIIoftheabove
Centralchemoreceptors-VentralSurfaceOfMedulla.
Peripheralchemoreceptors-Atbifurcationofcommoncarotidartery
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(carotidbody)andarchofaorta(aorticbodies)178.Saltytaseisdueto?
a)Ca+2channels
b)Na+channels
c)G-protein
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d)H+channelsCorrectAnswer-B
Ans,B.Na+channels
Salty-tastingsubstancesdepolarizetastecellsbyactivating
amiloride-sensitiveNa+channels.
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179.Restingmembranepotentialinnerve
fibre
a)Isequaltothepotentialofventricularmusclefibre
b)Canbemeasuredbysurfaceelectrodes
c)IncreasesasextracellularK+increases
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d)DependsuponK+equilibriumCorrectAnswer-D
Di.e.Dependsonpotassiumionequilibrium
180.Epinephrinereducesinsulinby?
a)Alphaactionpredominantly
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b)Betaactionpredominantlyc)Alphaandbeta
d)Muscarinicreceptors
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.Alphaactionpredominantly
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Epinephrinedecreasesinsulinreleaseviaalpha-2actionaspancreaticbeta-cellshasalpha-2receptors.
181.Adrenalineeffectsinsulinby?
a)Stimulationofalphacells
b)Stimulationofbetacells
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c)Stimulationofdeltacellsd)Stimulationofgcells
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Stimulationofbetacells
Adrenalinedecreasesinsulinsecretionbyactingonalpha-2
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receptorsonbeta-cellsofpancreas.182.Smoothmusclephysiologydifferent
fromskeletalmuscle
a)K+requiresforcontraction
b)Ca2+requiredforcontraction
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c)Troponinisabsentd)Myosinisrequiredforcontraction
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Troponinisabsent
*Troponinisabsentinsmoothmusclebutrequiredinskeletal
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musclesforcontraction.*Ca+andMyosinarerequiredbybothsmoothmusclesandskeletal
muscles.
*K+hasnodirectroleinthecontractionofsmoothmuscleand
skeletalmuscle.
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Smoothmusclecontraction*Insmoothmuscle,thereisnotroponin.Thereforecalciuminitiates
contractionthroughamechanismdifferentfromthatemployedby
skeletalmuscle.Smoothmusclecontainsacalcium-bindingprotein
calledcalmodulin.Anincreaseincytoplasmic(sarcoplasmic)
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calciumleadstoitsbindingtocalmodulin.Thecalcium-calmodulincomplexactivatesmyosinkinase,alsocalledmyosinlightchain
kinase(MLCK).MLCKisaphosphorylasewhichphosphorylatesa
lightchainbelongingtomyosinchain,oftencalledcross-bridge
phosphorylation.Thephosphorylatedmyosinheadinteractswith
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actin,i.e.,cross-bridgingofmyosinwithactin.Thecross-bridgingleadstocontraction.
*Thereversalofcontractileresponsedependsonareductionin
sarcoplasmiccalciumbycalciumpumpsinthesarcoplasmic
reticulummembraneandsarcolemmawhichpumpcalciumintothe
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sarcoplasmicreticulumandextracellularfluidrespectively.Reductionincytoplasmic(sarcoplasmic)calciumlevelactivatesan
enzymemyosinphosphatase.Myosinphosphatase
dephosphorylatesthemyosinhead,therebyterminatingtheactin-
myosininteractionandproducesrelaxation.
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So,calciuminfluxhastwofunctionsinsmoothmuscles:-*Generationofactionpotential
*Essentialforcontractioninitiation(Excitationcontractioncoupling)
-Itisinterestingtoknowthatalthoughdephosphorylationofmyosin
headisnecessaryforrelaxation,thedephosphorylationofmyosin
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doesnotnecessarilyleadtotherelaxationofthesmoothmuscle.Thisisduetothelatchingeffect,i.e.,myosinbridgesholdontothe
actinfilamentlikealatch.Duetothissmoothmusclecontracts,and
itcanmaintainitscontractionforaprolongedperiod(sustained
contraction)foralongperiodwithminimalexpenditureofenergy
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Characteristicfeatureofsmoothmuscle.-Aswithskeletal,muscleATPisrequiredwhichishydrolyzedby
myosinheadwhichhasATPaseactivity(Inasimilarwayasin
skeletalmuscle).
183.Motormarchisseenin?
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a)Axontemesisb)Neurotemesis
c)Neuropraxia
d)Nerveregeneration
CorrectAnswer-A
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Ans.A.AxontemesisMotormarch(sequentialreinervationofmusclesfromproximalto
distal)isseeninaxontemesis.
InneuroPraxiathereisnoanatomicdisruption,somotormarchisnot
seen.
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Inneurotemesisthereisnorecovery,thusnomotormarch'184.Whenthetensioninamusclefibreis
maximum,itslengthiscalledas?
a)Equilibriumlength
b)Optimumlength
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c)Initiallengthd)None
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Optimumlength
Uptoalimitgreatertheinitiallength(i.e.,lengthatrelaxed-state)
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greateristheforceofcontraction.I.e.,thereisanoptimallength,atwhichtheforcegeneratedbya
muscleismaximal'
185.Tetaniccontractionisdueto
accumulationof?
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a)Na+b)Ca+
c)K+
d)Cl?
CorrectAnswer-B
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Ans.B.Ca+Tetaniccontractionisaboutfourtimesthetwitchtension,
Followingtheoryhasbeenputforwardforthishighertension
generatedduringmuscletetanus:-
Duringasingletwitch,theamountofCa+2isreleasedinto
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sarcoplasmisnotenoughtoproducetetanictension.Whenthemuscleisstimulatedinrapidsuccession,Ca+2comesout
intothesarcoplasmwitheachstimulusandthereisaprogressive
accumulationofCa+2,inthesarcoplasm.
TetanictensionisreachedwhensarcoplasmicCa+2levelsreach
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theirmaximum.186.WhichofthefollowingisNOTTRUEaboutCSF?
a)RemovalofCSFduringduraltapcausesintenseintracranial
headache
b)Normallycontainnoneutrophils
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c)Formedbyarachnoidvilliwithintheventriclesd)pHislessthanthatofplasma
CorrectAnswer-C
TheCSFisformedinthechoroidplexusesandtheremainderisformedaround
bloodvesselsandalongventricularwalls.CSFfillstheventriclesandsubarachnoid
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space.Inhumans,thevolumeofCSFisabout150mLandtherateofCSFproductionisabout550mL/d.ThustheCSFturnsoverabout3.7timesaday.ThecompositionofCSFis
essentiallythesameasthatofbrainextracellularfluid(ECF),whichinlivinghumansmakes
up15%ofthebrainvolume.pH(7.31-7.34)slightlylessthanplasma(7.35-7.45).CSF
containnoneutrophils.Itsdifferentialcountis:Lymphocyte-60-70%,Monocytes-30-50%,
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Neutrophils-None.Ref:BarrettK.E.,BarmanS.M.,BoitanoS.,BrooksH.L.(2012).Chapter33.Circulation
throughSpecialRegions.InK.E.Barrett,S.M.Barman,S.Boitano,H.L.Brooks(Eds),
Ganong'sReviewofMedicalPhysiology,24e.
187.Duringacclimitisation,decreased
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sweatingisduetodownregulationof?a)Epinephrinereceptors
b)Norepinephrinereceptors
c)Acetylcholinereceptors
d)Dopaminereceptors
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CorrectAnswer-CAns.C.Acetylcholinereceptors
Examinerjustwantstoknowthereceptorswhicharepresentin
sweatgland.
Sweatingisunderthecontrolofsympatheticsystem.Butthe
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neurotransmitterisacetylcholinewhichactsoncholinergicsympatheticreceptors.
188.Substancethatiscompletelyreabsorbed
fromthekidney?
a)Na+
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b)K+c)Urea
d)Glucose
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D.Glucose
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Onanormaldietmaximumsolutesarereabsorbedalmostcompletely:-Glucose,Aminoacids&HCO3-:100%
189.Substratewhichisbothsecreted&
filtered?
a)UricAcid
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b)Glucosec)Urea
d)Na+
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans,A.UricAcid
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SubstanceswhicharebothsecretedandfilteredareK+,uricacidandcreatinine.
190.ANPactsatwhichsite?
a)Glomerulus
b)LoopofHenle
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c)PCTd)Collectingduct
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D.Collectingduct
Theatrialnatriureticpeptides(ANPs)arepresentasgranulesinthe
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atrialmusclecells.ANPisreleasedinresponsetoincreasedplasma
Na+concentration.
Ingeneral,theeffectsofANParephysiologicallyantagonisticto
thoseofangiotensinII.
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ANPcausesnatriuresisduetoincreasedGFRbyrelaxingmesangialcellsofglomerulus.
ANPdecreasestheNa+reabsorptionfromthedistaltubuleand
collectingduct.
ANPdecreasesthesecretionofrenin,aldosterone,andADH.
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Inaddition,NPalsorelaxesthevascularsmoothmuscleinarteriolesandvenulesandthereforelowersBP.
191.AsfluidcomesdownthePCT,whatis
true?
a)Concentrationofureafalls
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b)ConcentrationofHCO3-fallsc)ConcentrationofNa'increases
d)Concentrationofinulindecreases
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D.Concentrationofinulindecreases
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192.Whichofthefollowingismostimportant
insodiumandwaterretention?
a)Renninangiotensinsystem
b)ANP
c)BNP
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d)VasopressinCorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D.Vasopressin
DespiteitseffectonNa+andwaterreabsorption,aldosteroneisa
weakregulatorofbodyNa,andwaterbalance,themajorregulator
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beingthe'thirst-ADH'mechanism.Aldosteroneisthesoleregulatorofexternalpotossiumbalance".
193.Cephalicphaseofgastricsecretion?
a)20%
b)70%
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c)10%d)100%
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.20%
Cephalicphaseaccountsfor20%ofgastricacidsecretionand
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gastricphaseaccounts70-80%ofgastricacidsecretion.194.Cephalicphaseofgastricsecretion?
a)Onfoodenteringstomach
b)Onfoodenteringintestine
c)Onseeingfood
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d)OnstressCorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Onseeingfood
Thecephalicphaseofgastricsecretionoccursevenbeforefood
entersthestomach,especiallywhileitisbeingeaten.
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Itresultsfromthesight,smell,thought,ortasteoffood,andthegreatertheappetite,themoreintenseisthestimulation.
195.Gastricsecretionis:
a)Inhibitedbycurare
b)Stimulatedbynoradrenaline
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c)Increasedbystomachdistentiond)Stimulatedbyanincreaseintonicactivity
CorrectAnswer-C
Ci.e.Increasedbystomachdistension
196.Whichinhibitsgastricsecretion?
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a)Secretinb)Insulin
c)HighgastricpH
d)Calcium
CorrectAnswer-A
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Ai.e.SecretinGastrinisahormonewhichisproducedbyG-cellsinthelateralwall
ofglandsintheantralportionofgastricmucose.Itisalsofoundin
pancreaticisletsinfetallife,gastrinomasofpancreas,andpituitary
glandQ,hypothalamus,medullaoblongataandinvagus&sciatic
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nerves.197.Motilinsecretiondecreasedin?
a)Thirsty
b)Starving
c)Ingestedmeal
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d)InterdigestivestateCorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Ingestedmeal
Whenamealisingested,secretionofmotilinissuppresseduntil
digestionandabsorptionarecomplete.
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198.WhichismaximallyabsorbedfromGIT?
a)Pentose
b)Hexose
c)Diasaccharide
d)Polysaccharide
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CorrectAnswer-BAns.B.Hexose
Hexosesarerapidlyabsorbedacrossthewallofthesmallintestine.
199.Pancreaticlipasehydrolysesester
linkageoftriacidglyceridesatposition?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)1&2b)1&3
c)2&3
d)Only3
CorrectAnswer-B
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.B.1&3Mostfatdigestionthereforebeginsintheduodenum,pancreatic
lipasebeingoneofthemostimportantenzymesinvolved.
Thisenzymehydrolyzesthe1-and3-bondsofthetriglycerides
(triacylglycerols)withrelativeeasebutactsonthe2-bondsatavery
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lowrate,sotheprincipalproductsofitsactionarefreefattyacidsand2-monoglycerides(2-monoacylglycerols).
Itactsonfatsthathavebeenemulsified.
200.Gastricsecretionsareessentialfor
absorptionof-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Cobalminb)Fat
c)Thiamine
d)Folicacid
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.A.CobalminVitaminB12isabsorbedintheileum.
Thisvitaminbindstointrinsicfactor,aproteinsecretedbythe
stomach,andthecomplexisabsorbedacrosstheilealmucosa.
201.EffectofaceytylcholineonLES?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Contractionb)Relaxation
c)Noeffect
d)Contractionfollowedbyrelaxation
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.A.ContractionThisbarrieragainstrefluxoftheharmfulgastricjuice(pepsinand
HCDisstrengthenedwhenthesplincterpressureisraisedby-
1. Acetylcholine
2. Adrenergicagonists
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3. Gastrin4. Motilin
5. Somatostatin
6. SubstanceP
7. Histamine
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8. PGF2-alpha.9. Proteinrichfood
10. Highintraabdominalpressure.
202.Ptylinissecretedby?
a)Gastricgland
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b)Salivaryglandc)Duodenalgland
d)Pancreaticgland
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Salivarygland
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Salivaryamylaseisalsocalledptylinwhichissecretedinsalivabysalivarygland.
203.PGsinsemenaresecretedby?
a)Prostate
b)Seminalvesicle
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c)Spermsd)Testes
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Seminalvesicle
204.17OHsteroid?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Androgenb)Progesterone
c)Estrogen
d)None
CorrectAnswer-B
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Ans.B.Progesterone205.GLUT2ispresentmainlyin?
a)Betacellsofpancreas
b)Placenta
c)Skeletalmuscle
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)CardiacmuscleCorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.Betacellsofpancreas
206.Glucosetransporterinvolvedininsulin
stimulatedglucosetransportisGLUT?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)1b)2
c)3
d)4
CorrectAnswer-D
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans,D.4207.Insulinisessentialforglucoseentryin?
a)Muscle
b)Corticalneurons
c)Renaltubularcells
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)BetacellsofpancreasCorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.Muscle
Glucoseenterscellsbyfacilitateddiffusionor,intheintestineand
kidneys,bysecondaryactivetransportwithNa+.
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Inmuscle,adipose,andsomeothertissues,insulinstimulatesglucoseentryintocellsbyincreasingthenumberofglucose
transporterslnthecellmembranes.
208.Wolff?Chaikoffeffectisdueto?
a)SuppressionofTSHsecretion
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b)DecreasediodinationofMITc)DecreasedT3toT4conversion
d)Iodineintake
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D.Iodineintake
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Iodineisthefastestactingthyroidinhibitor.Themostimportantactionisinhibitionofhormonerelease(thyroid
constipation),butallfacetsofthyroidsynthesismaybeaffected.
Excessiodideinhibitsitsowntransportinthyroidcellsandmayalter
theredoxpotentialofcells,thusinterferingiodinationreducedT3/T4
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synthesis(Wolff?Chaikoffeffect).209.Majoradrenalandrogenis?
a)Testosterone
b)11-hydroxyderivativeofandrostenedione
c)17-ketosteroiddehydroepiandrosterone
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)CortisolCorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.17-ketosteroiddehydroepiandrosterone
Themajoradrenalandrogenisthel7-ketosteroid
dehydroepiandrosterone,althoughandrostenedioneisalso
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secreted.Themajorandrogenoftestisistestosterone.
210.DiurnalvariationofACTHdependson?
a)Suprachiasmaticnucleus
b)Supraopticnucleus
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Ventrolateralnucleusd)Thalamus
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.Suprachiasmaticnucleus
ThebiologicclockresponsibleforthediurnalACTHrhythmis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
locatedinthesuprachiasmaticnucleiofthehypothalamus.211.Hypothalamusincreasesreleaseofall
hormonesfromthepituitaryexcept?
a)TSH
b)FSH
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)CRHd)Prolactin
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans,D.Prolactin
Formostoftheanteriorpituitaryhormones.
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ltisthereleasinghormonethatareimportantbutprolactinismainlyundertheinhibitorycontrol.
212.1stresponsetohypoglycemia?
a)Decreasedinsulin
b)Increasedglucagon
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c)Increasedcortisold)Increasednorepinephrine
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.Decreasedinsulin
Decreasedinsulinisthefirstresponsefollowedsuccessivelyby
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increaseinglucagon,epinephrine,cortisolandGH.213.Velocityofhumansperm-
a)1-3mm/min
b)4-6mm/min
c)6-9mm/min
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)10-13mm/minCorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.1-3mm/min
Humanspermmoveataspeedof-3mm/minthroughthefemale
genitaltract.
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Spermsreachuterinetubes30-60minutesaftercopulation.214.Acidophilssecrete
a)GH
b)TSH
c)ACTH
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)FSHCorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.GH
Acidophilsoftheanteriorpituitarysecretesgrowthhormone
andprolactin.
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215.Vasopressinissecretedby
a)Supraoptic
b)Preoptic
c)Paraventricular
d)Posteriornucleus
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAns.A.Supraoptic
ADHisformedprimarilyinthesupraopticnuclei,whereasoxytocinis
formedprimarilyintheparaventricularnuclei".
216.Growthhormoneleveldecreasedin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Hypoglycemiab)Fasting
c)Sleep
d)Exercise
CorrectAnswer-C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.C.SleepREMsleepdecreasesGHsecretionwhereasSlow-wavesleep(N3
ofNREM)causesanincreaseinGHsecretion.
217.Pituicytesareseenin?
a)Anteriorlobe
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Posteriorlobec)Intermediatelobe
d)All
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Posteriorlobe
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Pituicytesareglialcellsofposteriorpituitary.218.Sizeofsperm?
a)100microns
b)65nm
c)100nm
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)65micronsCorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D.65microns
219.cAMPactionmediatesallexcept?
a)Glucagon
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Folliclestimulatinghormonec)Leutinizinghormone
d)Estrogen
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D.Estrogen
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
220.InThyroidfollicleforhowlongThyroxine
isstored?
a)2-3weeks
b)2-3days
c)2-3months
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)2-3yearsCorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.2-3months
Thyroidhormonesarestoredinthefolliclesinanamountsufficient
tosupplythebodywithitsnormalrequirementsofthyroidhormones
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
for2to3months.221.Ghrelinfalseis?
a)Producedbystomachcells
b)Increasedappetite
c)Isrelatedtoregulationofthyroidhormone
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)StimulatesgrowthCorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Isrelatedtoregulationofthyroidhormone
Ghrelinissecretedprimarilybythestomachandappearstoplayan
importantroleinthecentralcontroloffoodintake.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ItalsostimulatesgrowthhormonesecretionbyactingdirectlyonrecePtorsinthepituitary.
Itisalsoproducedinthehypothalamusandhasmarkedgrowth
hormone-stimulatingactivity.
222.IsotopeusedtomeasureRBCvolumeis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?a)Cr51
b)H3
c)D20
d)I135
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAns.A.Cr51
BloodcellvolumeismeasuredbyCr51labeledRBC.
223.Glucoseistransportedinrenaltubular
cellsby
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Ksymportb)Kantiport
c)Naantiport
d)Nacotransport
CorrectAnswer-D
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.D.NacotransportSodium-dependentglucosetransporters,SGLTIandSGLT2,are
responsibleforthesecondaryactivetransportofglucoseinthe
intestineandrenaltubules.
GlucoseandNa+bindtothesodium-dependentglucosetransPorter
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(SGLT)2intheapicalmembrane,andglucoseiscarriedintothecellasNa+movesdownitselectricalandchemicalgradient.
224.Watertravellingfromextracellularto
intracellularisby?
a)Co-transport
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Diffusionc)Filtration
d)Activetransport
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Diffusion
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Bestanswerofthisquestionisnonebecausetransportofwater(solvent)acrossthecellmembraneiscausedbyosmosis.
Allthegivenoptionsarethetransportprocessesofsoluteacrossthe
cellmembrane(notforsolvent).
Howeveramongthegivenoptions,diffusionistheclosestone:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
"Diffusionofsolventtowardsanareawherethereishigherconcentrationofsoluteiscalledosmosis".
225.Osmolarityisdefinedas?
a)Numberofosmoleperlitre
b)Numberofosmoleperkg
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Weightofsoluteperlitred)Weightofsolventperlitre
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.Numberofosmoleperlitre
Osmolarity>Numberofosmoleperlitre.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Osmolality>Numberofosmoleperkg.226.Insensiblewaterlossperdayis?
a)100ml
b)300ml
c)700ml
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)1000mlCorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.700ml
Insensiblewaterloss-Thereiscontinuouslossofwaterby
evaporationfromrespiratorytractanddiffusionthroughtheskin,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
whichtogetheraccounts700ml/dayofwaterlossundernormalconditions.
Theinsensiblewaterlossfromskin(diffusionthroughskin)occurs
independentlyofsweatingandaccounts350mlofwaterlossper
day.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
So,intheabsenceofsweating,waterlossfromtheskinis350ml/day
227.Whichofthefollowingincreasesparticle
diffusionacrossthecellmembrane?
a)Increasingsizeofparticle
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Decreasinglipidsolubilityofsubstancec)Increasinglipidsolubilityofsubstance
d)Decreasingsizeofopeningincellmembrane
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Increasinglipidsolubilityofsubstance
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Simplediffusionisfavoredbysmallsize,lipidsolubilityandabsenceofpolarity(non-polarsubstance)andcharge(neutralmolecule)
throughathin,largemembranewheretheconcentrationgradientis
more.
228.MechanismofheatlossinmodernX-ray
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
tubeisa)Radiation
b)Evaporation
c)Conduction
d)Convection
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAns.A.Radiation
ThemechanismofheatlossinthemodernX-raytubeisradiation.
ClassicalX-raytube:
Theoutertubeismadeupofglass.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cathode-tungstenfilament.Ananodeisthetargetandismadeoftungsten.
Themechanismofheatlossisconduction.
Theatomicnumberoftungstenis74.
ModernX-raytube:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
TheoutertubeismadeupofstainlesssteelCathode-tungsten+thorium
Anode-tungsten+10%rhenium.Ananodeisrotatingandthe
mechanismofheatlossisradiation.
229.Mostpotentantioxidant?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)VitAb)VitK
c)VitE
d)VitC
CorrectAnswer-C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.C.VitEVitaminE(tocopherol)isthemostinpotentantioxidantinthebody,
actinginthelipidphaseofmembranesprotectingagainsttheeffects
offreeradicals.
230.Inmoderateexcercisetherespiratory
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
rateisincreasedduetoresponseof?a)Propioceptionreceptorinthejoints
b)PCO2inarterialblood
c)PO2inarterialblood
d)J-receptorstimulation
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAns.A.Propioceptionreceptorinthejoints
Inmoderateexercisetheabruptincreaseinventilationatthestartof
exerciseisduetopsychicstimuliandafferentimpulsesfrom
proprioceptorsinmuscles,tendonsandjoints.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
231.Myosinfilamenthasafixedlengthof
a)0.16nm
b)1.6micrometers
c)16nm
d)l.6mm
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-BAns.B.1.6micrometers
Thetotallengthofeachmyosinfilamentisuniform,almostexactly
1.6micrometers.
232.Plasmamembraneismainlycomposed
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
of?a)Cholesterol
b)Carbohydrate
c)Phospholipid
d)Protein
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-DAns.D.Protein
233.Onweightbasis,themembranecontains
proteinandlipidintheratioof?
a)1:2
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)1:1c)2:1
d)4:1
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.1:1
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Thecellmembranecontainsproteinsandlipidsina50:50ratio.Thisreferstotheratiooftheirmassesandnotnumbers".
Itisworthnotingherethatabovedescribedpercentageisintermsof
areaoccupied.However,intermsofmasses,thecellmembrane
containsproteinsandlipidsina50:50ratio.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
234.Whichofthefollowingisthecauseofnonshiveringthermogenesisin
adults?
a)Noradrenaline
b)Thyroidhormone
c)Musclemetabolism
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)BrownfatbetweentheshouldersCorrectAnswer-A
Nonshiveringthermogenesisreferstoincreaseinmetabolicratethatisnotaresultof
muscleactivity.Itappearstobeelicitedthroughsympatheticstimulationandcirculating
catecholamines.Epinephrineandnorepinephrinewhicharereleasedincreasesmetabolic
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
activityandheatgeneration.Ref:GuytonandHall-TextbookofMedicalPhysiology,10thEdition,Pages821,828-829;
MedicalPhysiology:PrinciplesforClinicalMedicineByRodneyA.Rhoades,4thEdition,
Page568;FundamentalsofHumanPhysiologyByLauraleeSherwood,Page489
235.Thethicknessofendometriumatthe
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
timeofimplantationis:a)3?4mm
b)20?30mm
c)15?20mm
d)30?40mm
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAns.isNone/ai.e.3-4mm
"7heEndometriumisinthesecretoryphasecorrespondingto20-
21daysofcycle"atthetimeofimplantation.
"Afterovulation,theendometriumnowdemonstratesacombined
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
reactiontoestrogenandprogesteroneactivity.Mostimpressiveisthattotalendometrialheightisfixedatroughlyitspreovulatory
extent(5-6mm)despitecontinuedavailabilityofestrogen."
Readingtheabovetextitisclearthatendometriumis-5-6mm
thickatthetimeofimplantation,whichisnotgivenintheoption.Still
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ifyouhavetomarkoneansweroption'a'i.e.3-4mmbeingclosestcouldberight.
ExtraEdge
Implantationoccurs7-9daysafterovulation?.
Inhuman,theblastocystburrowsintheuterinecavitytillwholeofit
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
lieswithinthethicknessofendometrium.Thisiscalledasinterstitialimplantation.
Afterimplantationoftheembryotheuterineendometriumiscalled
thedecidua".
Deciduabasalis-Thepartofdeciduawheretheplacentaistobe
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
formed.DeciduaCapsularis-Thepartofthedeciduathatseparatesthe
embryofromtheuterinelumen.DeciduaParietalis-Thepartofthe
embryofromtheuterinelumen.DeciduaParietalis-Thepartofthe
decidualiningrestoftheuterinecavity.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Attheendofpregnancy,thedeciduaisshedoffalongwithplacentaandmembranes.
236.Digestiveenzymesare
a)Hydrolases
b)Oxidoreductases
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Dehydrogenasesd)Ligases
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Hydrolases[RefHarper's29thlep.518-19]
Alldigestiveenzymesarehydrolases.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
237.Enzymesthatmoveamoleculargroup
fromonemoleculetoanotherareknown
as-
a)Ligases
b)Oxido-reductases
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Transferasesd)Dipeptidases
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.isC.i.e.,Transferase[RefChatterjea8th/ep.123;Harper
28th/ep.52]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
TransferasesCatalyzetransferofC-N-,orP-containinggroupfromonesubstratetoanother,
238.Glucose-6-phosphatedehydrogenase
need-
a)NAD
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)NADPc)FAD
d)FMN
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,NADP[Ref:Harper29th/ep.197]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
NAD*-linkeddehydrogenasesPyruvatedehydrogenase,isocitratedehydrogenase,malatedehydrogenase,a-ketoglutarate
dehydrogenase,glutamatedehydrogenase,glyceraldehyde-3-P
dehydrogenase,lactatedehydrogenase,p-hydroxyacylCoA
dehydrogenase,glycerol3-Pdehydrogenase(cytoplasmic).
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
NADP'-linkeddehydrogenasesGlucose-6-Pdehydrogenase,6-Phosphogluconatedehydrogenase,3-ketoacylreductase,Enoyl
reductase,gulonatedehydrogenase.
FAD-linkeddehydrogenasesSuccinatedehydrogenase,fattyacyl
CoAdehydrogenase,glycerol-3Pet*hydrogenase(mitochondrial).
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
239.WhichofthefollowingisNADPlinked
a)G6PD
b)APDH
c)a-ketoglutaratedehydrogenaes
d)None
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,G6PD[RefHarper28"lep.175]
Amongstthegivenoptions,onlyG6-PD(glucose-6-phosphate
dehydrogenase)isNADPlinkedenzyme.
240.AldehydedehydrogenaserequiresNAD
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
as?a)Cofactor
b)Apoenzyme
c)Coenzyme
d)None
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-CAns.isC.i.e.,Coenzyme[RefReadbelow]
Thecompleteenzyme,i.e.proteinpart(apoenzyme)withitsnon-
proteinpartiscalledHoloenzyme.
Alcoholdehydrogenaseistheenzyme(protein)partofcomplete
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
enzyme(Holoenzyme).Thus,alcoholdedydrogenaseitselfisapoenzyme.
Itrequiresnon-proteinpartNAD,whichisanorganiccomponent.
So,NADactsascoenzymeforalcoholdehydrogenase.
241.Apoenzymeis?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Cofactorb)Coenzyme
c)Proteinmoiety
d)None
CorrectAnswer-C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Proteinmoiety[RefHarper2815/ep.52]Thecompleteenzyme(Holoenzyme)ismadeofproteinportion
(apoenzyme)andcofactor/coenzyme.
242.Inxanthineoxidasecofactoris?
a)Selenium
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Znc)Molybdenum
d)Mg
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Molybdenum[Ref:Essentialbiochemistryp.786]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Twoimportantenzymesusingmolybdenumarexanthineoxidaseandsulfiteoxidase.
243.Whatareisoenzyme-
a)Physicallysameformsofdifferentenzymes
b)Physicallydisinctformsofsameenzyme
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Formsofsameenzymethatcatalyzedifferentreactionsd)Formsofdifferentenzymethatcatalyzesamereactions
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Physicallydisinctformsofsameenzyme
Isoenzymesarethephysicallydistinceformsofthesameenzyme.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Theycatalyzethesamechemicalreactionorreactionsbutdifferfromeachotherstructurally?,electrophoretically?and
immunologically.
Isoenzymespossessquaternarystructure,andaremadeupoftwo
orthreedifferentsubunit?(multimericQ).
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Thesubunitshaveslightlydifferentprimarystructures.Isoenzymescatalyzethesamereactionandactonsamesubstrate?,butwith
differentKm?andVmaxvalues,i.e.,isozymeshavedifferent
kinetics?.
Theisoenzymescanbeseparatedfromeachotherby
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
electrophoretic,chromatographicorimmunochemicaltechniques.Separationandquantitationofisoenzymescangiveinformationof
greatdiagnosticimportanceasthetissuedistributionofisoenzymes
isquitespecific
244.Enzymecausingcovalentbondcleavage
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
withouthydrolysis?a)Lyase
b)Ligase
c)Hydrolase
d)Transferase
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,Lyase[RefClassificationofenzymesfromyour
notes]
Cleavagebyhydrolysis(additionofwater)Hydrolases
Cleavagewithouthydrolysis(withoutadditionofwater)Lyases
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
245.Enzymesactby?
a)Increaseinactivationenergy
b)Decreaseinactivationenergy
c)Shiftequilbriumconstant
d)None
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,Decreaseinactivationenergy
Inachemicalreaction,thesubstratehastobeconvertedtoahigher
energyform(calledtransitionform)beforeitcanformthereaction
products.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Thetransitionstateisstructurallyanintermediatebetweenthesubstrateandtheproduct,andrepresentsthehighestenergy
arrangementofatoms.
Therefore,itisunstable;onceformed,itdecomposesalmost
immediatelytoformthereactionproduct.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
So,thishighenergyintermediateactsasenergybarrier,separatingthesubstratesandtheproducts.
Thisbarrier,calledthefreeenergyofaction,istheenergydifference
betweentheenergyofthesubstratesandhighenergy
intermediates.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Inotherwords,initiallysomeenergymustbeputintothesubstrateforconversionintotransitionstate(high-energyintermediate);thisis
thefreeenergyofactivation.
Theenzymesspeedupthechemicalreactionbyloweringthe
magnitudeoftheactivationenergybarrier,i.e.,freeenergyof
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
activation.246.Kmvalueisdefinedas:
a)SubstrateconcentrationatVmax/2
b)SubstrateconcentrationoftwiceVmax
c)SubstrateconcentrationofthriceVmax
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)SubstrateconcentrationofonethirdVmaxCorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.SubstrateconcentrationatVmax/2
247.ThepredominantisoenzymeofLDH
occuringinliverinjuryis?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)LDH-1b)LDH-2
c)LDH-4
d)LDH-5
CorrectAnswer-D
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'd'i.e.,LDH-5[Ref:Essentialsofbiochemistryp.756]PredominantforminliverisLDH5.
248.Specificactivityofenzymeis?
a)limo'ofenzymepergramofsubstrate
b)Enzymeunitspermgofprotein
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Conc.ofsubstratetransformedperminuted)None
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Enzymeunitspermgofprotein[RefLippincott's
3"1/ep.
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249.Typeofinhibitionofaconitaseby
Transaconitateis?
a)Non-competitive
b)Competitive
c)Allosteric
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)NoneCorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Competitive[RefEssentialsofBiochemistryp.
685]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
enzymescompetitiveinhibitors
1
Lactatedehydrogenase
Oxamate
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2Aconitase
Transaconitate
3
Succinate
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
MalanateQdehydrogenase
4
HMG-CoAreductase
HMG,Lovastatin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
5Dihydrofolatereductase
Amethopterin,Methotrexate
6
Xanthineoxidase
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Allopurinol7
Alcoholdehydrogenase
Ethanol
8
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CarbonicanhydraseAcetazolamide
9
Digoxin
Na-KATPase
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
105-Fluorouracil
Thymidylatesynthase
250.Functionalplasmaenzymeis?
a)Fibrinogen
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)LDHc)SGOT
d)SGPT
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Fibrinogen[Refharper's28th/ep.59]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Clotingfactors(includingfibrinogen)arefunctionalplasmaenzymes.251.Substratelevelphosphorylationisby
a)Pyruvatekinase
b)Phosphofructokinase
c)Hexokinase
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)ATPsynthaseCorrectAnswer-A
Ans.'A'Pyruvatekinase
SubstrateLevelPhosphorylation-
InGlycolysis-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
PhosphoglyceratekinasePyruvatekinase
InCitricAcidCycle-
Succinatethiokinase
252.Substratelevelphosphorylationoccurinstepcatalysedbywhichofthe
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
followingenzymeinTCAcycle?a)Isocitratedehydrogenase
b)Malatedehydrogenase
c)Aconitase
d)Succinatethiokinase
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-DSuccinatethiokinaseistheenzymethatgeneratesATPdirectlyby
substrate-levelphosphorylation.InKrebscyclesuccinatethiokinase
catalyzetheconversionofSuccinylCoAintosuccinate.Inthisstep
GDPisphosphorylatedtoGTP.GTPcanthenbeconvertedtoATP
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
byreactingwithanADPmolecule.Substrate-levelphosphorylationisatypeofmetabolismthatresults
intheformationandcreationofadenosinetriphosphate(ATP)or
guanosinetriphosphate(GTP)bythedirecttransferanddonationof
aphosphoryl(P03)grouptoadenosinediphosphate(ADP)or
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
guanosinediphosphate(GDP)fromaphosphorylatedreactiveintermediate.
Inglycolysissubstratelevelphosphorylationoccurintwosteps:
Conversionof1,3BPGto3Phosphoglyceratecatalyzedby
Phosphoglyceratekinase
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ConversionofPhosphoenolpyruvatetopyruvatecatalyzedbyPyruvatekinase
Ref:TextbookofBiochemistryByDMVasudevan,3rdEdition,
Page195
253.InETC,cyanideinhibits?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)ComplexIb)CytochromeCoxidase
c)ComplexIV
d)ComplexIII
CorrectAnswer-B:C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'b'i.e.,CytochromeCoxidase&'c'i.e.,ComplexIV[RefHarper29th/ep.127,28th/ep.108,109;Vasudevan6thlep.
234]
*ComplexI:-Barbiturates(amobarbital),piercidinA,rotenone,
chlorpromazine,guanithidine.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
*ComplexII:-Carboxin,TTFA,malonate.*ComplexIII:-Dimercaprol,BAL,actinomycinA,Naphthyloquinone.
*ComplexIV(cytochromecoxidase):-Carbonmonoxide(CO),
cyanide(CN-),H2S,azide(N')
254.NADPHviaglycerophosphateshunt
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
makeshowmanyATP?a)1
b)2
c)3
d)4
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-BAns.is>b'i.e.,2[Ref:Harper29"/ep.129-130]
Inglycerophosphateshuttle,themitochondrialenzymeislinkedto
respiratorychain(ETC)viaaflavoprotein,Soonly1.5molofATP
areproduced(Accordingtooldercalculations,2ATPmolofATPare
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
produced).Inmalateshuttle,themitochondrialenzymeislinkedtoETCvia
NAD,so2.5molofATPareproduced(accordingtoolder
calculations3molofATPareproduced).
255.Enzymeinvolvedinoxidative
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
phosphorylation?a)Pyruvatekinase
b)SuccinylCoAthiokinase
c)NADHdehydrogenase
d)None
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,NADHdehydrogenase[RefHarper29'/ep.126-
128,Vasudevan6thlep.234]
Oxidativephosphorylationtakesphasealongtheelectrontransport
chain(respiratorychain),wheretheATPissynthesizedindirectly
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
fromcreationofaproteingradientandmovementofprotiensacrossinnermitochondrialmembranehelpsinformationofATP.
Theproteingradientiscreatedbylargechangeinfreeenergydueto
transportofelectroninETC.ElectronsentertheETCviaNAD'or
FAD.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ComplexI(NADH-CoQreductase)catalyzesthetransferofelectronfromNADHtocoenzymeQ(CoQ).{NADH-CoQreductase
isalsocalledNADHdehydrogenase.}.
256.Amongthefollowing,themaximum
redoxpotentialisfor:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)NADH/NADb)Succinate/Fumarate
c)Ubiquinone
d)Fe+3/Fe+2
CorrectAnswer-D
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.Di.e.Fe+3/Fe+2Becauseelectronstendtoflowspontaneouslyfromcarriesoflower
redoxpotential(E?)tocarriesofhigherredoxpotential.Theorder
(sequence)ofelectroncarriersinETCofmitochondria(andsothe
increasingorderofredoxpotential)is
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Substrate-->NADP+/NADPH-->NADVNADH-->NADHdehydrogenase(FMN)/NADHdehydrogenase(FMNH2)-->
FAD/FADH2-->UbiquinoneorCoenzymeQ-->Fe3+/Fee*in
cytochromesb-->C-->a-+a3-->02
257.InETCNADHgenerates-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)1ATPsb)2ATPs
c)3ATPs
d)4ATPs
CorrectAnswer-C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'>c'i.e.,3ATPs[Ref:Harper28'"/ep.106,Vasudevan5thiep.231]
TheenergyliberatedofsiteI(complexI)isusedtosynthesize1
ATPmolecule,atsiteII(complexIII)isusedtosynthesize1ATP
moleculeandatsiteIII(ComplexIV)isusedtosynthesize1/2ATP
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
molecule.Thus,when1NADHmoleculeenterstherespiratorychain,it
produce2.5moleculesofATP?.WhenImoleculeofFADH2
enterstherespiratorychainonly1.5moleculesofATPare
produced?assiteIofenergyliberationisbypassed.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Note:PreviouslyitwasassumedtheNADHproduces3ATPsandFADgenerates2ATPs.Recentexperimentsshow-thattheseold
valuesareoverestimatesandNADHproduces2.5ATPs?and
FADH2produces1.5ATPs?.
258.Inglycolysis,inorganicphosphateis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
usedreaction,catalyzedby?a)Enolase
b)Pyruvatekinase
c)Glyceraldehyde-3-pdehydrogenase
d)Aldolase
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Glyceraldehyde-3-pdehydrogenase[RefHarper's
250/ep.171]
259.Trueaboutglycolysis?
a)HexokinaseproduceATP
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b)1cycleproduces2ATPc)Itproducesdirectly2moleculesoflactate
d)Aldolaseproducesirreversiblepolymerization
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Itproducesdirectly2moleculesoflactate[Ref
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Harper29th/ep.170-177]Eachcycleofanaerobicglycolysisproduces2moleculesoflactate
(lacticacid)whereasinaerobicconditionitproduces2moleculesof
pyruvate.
Optionbistrickyone.Eachglycolyticcycleproduces4ATPs(not
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2ATPs).Butoutofthese4ATPs,2areusedinthecycleitself.Therefore,thereisnetgainof2ATPs.So,:-
1. Eachcycleofglycolysisproduces-4ATPs.
2. Eachcycleutilizes2ATPs
3. Netgainineachcycle-2ATPs
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260.Enzymesofglycolysisarefoundin:
a)Cytosol
b)Cellmembrane
c)Mitochondria
d)Ribososmes
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CorrectAnswer-AAlloftheenzymesofglycolysisarefoundinthecytosol.
Ref:Harper28thedition,chapter18.
261.Theratelimitingstepinglycolysisis
catalyzedby?
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a)Pyruvatekinaseb)Enolase
c)Glucokinase
d)Phosphofructokinase
CorrectAnswer-A:C:D
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Ans.is'd>a&c'i.e.,Phosphofructokinase>Pyruvatekinase&Glucokinase[RefLippincott's5thlep.99]
Phosphofructokinase,glucokinaseandpyruvatekinasearerate
limitingenzymesofglycolysis.However,phosphofructokinaseis
themostimportantone.
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262.NumberofATPmoleculesandNADH
formedineachcycleofglycolysis?
a)4ATP,2NADH
b)2ATP,2NADH
c)4ATP,4NADH
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d)2ATP,4NADHCorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,4ATP,2NADH
Enegeticsofglvcolysis
Duringglycolysis2ATPareutilizedand4ATPareproducedat
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substratelevel.2reducingequalentsNADH'areproducedandreoxidizedbyelectrontransportchain,togenerata5ATPmolecules
(2.5ATPperNADH'molecule).Thustotal9ATPmoleculesare
producedand2areutilized,i.e.,Thereisnetgainof7ATP
moleculesinaerobicglycolysis.
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Inanaerobicconditions,thereoxidationofNADHbyelectrontransportchainispreventedandNADHgetsreoxidizedby
conversionofpyruvatetolactatebylactatedehydrogenase.Thus,in
anaerobicglycolysisonly4ATPareproducedatsubstratelevel.
Therefore,thereisnetgainof2ATPmoleculesinanaerobic
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glycolysis.Note:-PreviouscalculationsweremadeassumingthatNADH
produces3ATPsandFADH2generates2ATPs.Thiswillamountto
anetgenerationof8ATPsperglucosemoleculeduringglycolysis.
Recentexperimentsshowthattheseoldvaluesareoverestimates
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andNADHproduces2.5ATPsandFADH2produces1.5ATPs.Thus,netgenerationisonly7ATPsduringglycolysis.
263.Allareactivatedbyinsulinexcept?
a)Lipoproteinlipase
b)Pyruvatekinase
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c)Hormonesensitivelipased)Acetyl-CoAcarboxylase
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.isC.i.e.,Hormonesensitivelipase
Enzymes/Pathwaysactivatedbyinsulin
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Glycolysis:PFK-1,Pyruvatekinase,glucokinase,PDH.Glycogenesis:Glycogensynthase.
Lipogenesis:Acetyl-Co-carboxylase,Fattyacidsynthase.
Cholesterolsynthesis:HMG-CoAreductase.
Triglyceridesynthesis:Acyl-CoAglycerol-3-Ptransferase,glycerol
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kinase.Lipoproteindegradation:Lipoproteinlipase
264.Nonsensecodonsbringabout?
a)Elongationofpolypeptidechain
b)Pre-translationalmodificastionofprotein
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c)Initiationofproteinsynthesisd)Terminationofproteinsynthesis
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.isD.i.e.,Terminationofproteinsynthesis[RefHarper
28"lep.353,354]
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Stoporterminationornonsensecodons:-Threeofthe64possiblenucleotidetripletsUAAQ(amber0),UAGQ(Ochre)andUGAQ(opal)
donotcodeforanyaminoacid.Theyarecallednonsensecodons
thatnormallysignalterminationofpolypeptidechains0.Thus,though
thereare64possibletripletcodons,only61codesfor20amino
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acids(asremainingthreearenon-sensecodons).265.ATPisconsumedatwhichstepof
glycolysis
a)Enolase
b)Hexokinase
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c)Pyruvatekinased)Isomerase
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Hexokinase
ATPisconsumedatreactionscatalysedby-hexokinase,
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phosphofructokinaseI.ATPisproducedatreactionscatalyzedby->phosphoglycerate
kinase,pyruvatekinase.
266.MethioninecanentretheTCAcycleat
whichlevel?
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a)Fumarateb)Oxabacetate
c)Succinyl-CoA
d)Citrate
CorrectAnswer-C
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Ans.is'c'i.e.,Succinyl-CoA267.RatelimitingstepsinTCAcycle?
a)a?KetoglutarateSuccinylCoA
b)Citrate-Isocitrate
c)SuccinylCoA4Succinate
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d)Succinate-FumarateCorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,alpha-Ketoglutarade-SuccinylCoA[RefHarper's
28th/ep.147,154]
RegulatingstepsinTCACyclearecatalyzedby:a)Citrate
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Synthase:CatalyzescondensationofacetylCoA&oxaloacetatetofromcitrate.
Isocitratedehydrogenase:Catalyzestheconversionofisocitrateto
a-ketoglutaratebydecarboxylation.
a-ketoglutaratedehydrogenase:Catalyzestheconversionofa-
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ketoglutaratetosuccinylCoA268.RatelimitingstepinTCAcycleis
catalyzedby-
a)a-ketoglotaratesynthase
b)Fumarase
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c)Aconitased)Thiokinase
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,a-ketoglotaratesynthase[RefHarper28th/ep.
147,154]
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269.Fluroacetateinhibits?
a)Citratesynthetase
b)Aconitase
c)Succinatedehydrogenase
d)Alphaketoglutaratedehydrogenase
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CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,Aconitase[RefHarper28thIep.145]
270.Inhibitorsofglycolysisareallexcept?
a)Fluoride
b)Fluoroacetate
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Arsenited)Iodoacetate
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Fluoroacetate[RefHarper's28`"/ep151]
FluoroacetateisaninhibitorofTCAcycle.
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271.Thebiosynthesisoftheenzymepyruvate
carboxylaseisrepressedby?
a)Insulin
b)Glucagon
c)Cortisol
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d)EpinephrineCorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Insulin[Ref:Harper28th/ep.168]
Gluconeogenesisisregulatedbyfourkeyenzymes:(i)Pyruvate
carboxylase;(ii)Phosphoenolpyruvatecarboxykinase;(iii)Fructose-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1,6-bisphosphatase;and(iv)Glucose-6-phosphatase.Thehormoneglucagon,epinephrineandglucocorticoidsstimulate
gluconeogenesis,byinducingtheseenzymes.Conversely,insulin
inhibitsgluconeogenesisbyrepressingtheirsynthesis.
272.Wherecanglucose6phosphatenotbe
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convertedtoglucose?a)Muscle
b)Liver
c)Adiposetissue
d)Kidney
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CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,Muscle[Ref:Harper250lep.178-179]
Glucose-6-phosphataseisabsentinmusclestherefore,glucose-6-
phosphatecannotbedegradedtofreeglucoseinmuscles.
Moreover,glucose-6-phosphatecannotdiffuseoutofthemuscles.
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Therefore,musclecannotprovideglucosetomaintainbloodglucoselevel.Rather,muscleglycogenactsasasourceofenergy;the
glucose-6-phosphateenterstheglycolysistoproduceenergy.
273.Commonintermediatebetween
gluconeogenesisandfattyacid
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synthesis?a)Glucose-6-phosphate
b)Acetyl-CoA
c)Citrate
d)Succinyl-CoA
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CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Citrate[RefHarper29thlep.188]
CitrateinGluconeogenesis
Gluconeogenesisinvolvesglycolysis,thecitricacidcycleandsome
specialreactions.
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Citrateisanintermediarymetabolismofgluconeogenesis(throughTCAcycle).
274.Glycogensynthaseisactivatedby?
a)Insulin
b)Glucagon
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c)Epinophrined)AMP
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Insulin[RefHarper28th/ep.159-161,Lehinger
5th/ep.603,604]
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275.Glycogenstoragediseasewhich
presentsaslysosomalstoragedisease?
a)Vongierke'sdisease
b)Pompesdisease
c)Mcardle'sdisease
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d)Andersen'sdiseaseCorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Pompesdisease[RefLippincott's4th/ep.129-
131]
TypeIIglycogenstoragedisease(Pompesdisease)istheonly
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glycogenstoragediseasethatisalysosomalstoragedisease276.Aldolase-Bisinvolvedinmetabolismof
?
a)Galactose
b)Fructose
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c)Sucrosed)None
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Fructose[RefHarper's28th/ep.179)
277.Inhumans,ascorbicacidcannotbe
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
synthesizedbecauseof?a)DeficiencyofG6PD
b)Deficiencyofxylulosekinase
c)DeficiencyofL-gulonolactoneoxidase
d)Deficiencyofphosphoglucomutase
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,DeficiencyofL-gulonolactoneoxidase
Inman,otherprimatesandguineapigs,ascorbicacidcanbe
synthesizedduetoabsenceofL-glucanolactoneoxidase,an
enzymeusedinloweranimalstosynthesiseascorbicacidasa
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byproductofuronicacidpathway(glucuronicacidcycle).278.Glucoseoxidaseconvertsglucoseto?
a)Gluconicacid
b)Glucuronicacid
c)Iduronicacid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)GalacticacidCorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Gluconicacid[Ref:Internet]
Oxidase-peroxidaseenzymesystemisusedtodetermineglucosein
urine&blood.
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Glucoseoxidaseenzymeproduceshydrogenperoxide&gluconicacidfromglucose.PeroxidasecatalysesthereactionofH202with
colourlesspotassiumiodidetobrowniodide.Thisproducesacolour
change,theintensityofwhichmayindicateglucoseconcentrationin
sometests(suchasBoehringer,Diastix).
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279.Glucoseisconvertedtoglucuronateby?
a)Oxidationofaldehydegroup
b)Oxidationofterminalalcohol
c)Oxidationofboth
d)None
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CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,Oxidationofterminalalcohol[RefChatterjee8th/e
p.29]
Whenaldosesugarsareoxidizedtheymayformthreedifferent
sugaracid,dependinguponoxidationofaldehydegroup(atC-1)or
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terminalalcoholgroup(atC-6).1. Aldonicacid:-Oxidationofanaldosewithhypobromousacid
(HOBr)oxidisesonlyaldehydegroupandconvertittocarboxyl
grouptoformaldonicacid.Forexample,glucoseisoxidizedto
gluconicacid.
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2. Saccharicacid:-Oxidationofaldoseswithnitricacidconvertbothaldehydeandterminalprimaryalcoholgroupstocarboxylgroup,
formicsaccharicacid.Forexample,glucoseisoxidizeto
glucosaccharicacid.
3. Uronicacid:-Whenanaldoseisoxidizedinsuchawaythatthe
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terminalprimaryalcoholisconvertedistocarboxylwithoutoxidationofaldehydegroup,auronicacidisproduce.Forexample,glucoseis
oxidizedtoglucuronicacid.
280.Increaseduricacidlevelsareseenin
whichglycogenstoragedisease?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)TypeIb)TypeII
c)TypeIII
d)TypeIV
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'a'i.e.,TypeI[RefHarper29m/ep.339]PurineoverproductionandhyperuricemiainvonGierkedisease
(glucose-6-phosphatasedeficiency)occurssecondarytoenhanced
generationofPRPPprecursor,i.e.ribose-5-phosphate(apentose).
Inglucose-6-phosphatasedeficiency,glucose-6-phosphatecannot
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beconvertedtoglucose.Accumulatedglucose-6-phosphateisthenmetabolizedviaHMPshunt,whichinturngenerateslargeamounts
ofribose-5-phosphate,aprecursorofPRPP.Theincreased
synthesisofPRPPthenenhancesdenovosynthesisofpurine
nucleotides
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281.Gulonatedehydrogenaserequires?
a)NADP
b)NAD
c)FAD
d)FMN
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CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,NADP[RepHarper29t5/ep.201-204]
Gulonatedehydrogenaseisanenzymeinglucuronicacidpathway
(uronicacidpathway)thatrequiresNADP'.
282.Allarereducingsugarsexcept-
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a)Sucroseb)Lactose
c)Glucose
d)Fructose
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.A.SucroseDisaccharides
SugarUnits
Linkage
Trehalose(Sugarof
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DGlucose+1-------1linkage
insecthemolymph, DGlucose
yeastandfungi)
Sucrose(CaneSugar) DGlucose
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1-------2+DFructose
linkage
283.MutationinGLUT-2causes?
a)Dandywalkersyndrome
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b)Fanconibeckersyndromec)Beckwithsyndrome
d)Menke'sdisease
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Fanconibeckersyndrome[RefDiagnosticof
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Endocrinefunctionischildrenandadolescentsp.271]GLUT2isexpressedinpancreatic13-cells,hepatocytesandin
epithelialcellsofkidneyandintestine.
Fanconi-BickelsyndromeiscausedbyGLUT2mutation,adisease
characterizedbyproximalrenaltubulopathy,impairedglucose
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homeostasisandhepatomegaly.284.Aminosugarareformedforms?
a)Glucose-1-phosphate
b)Glucose-6-phosphate
c)Fructose-1-phosphate
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d)Fructose-6-phosphateCorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Fructose-6-phosphate[RefDineshpuri3rdlep.
170]
Aminosugarsaredervativesofmonosaccharidesinwhichanamino
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groupreplacesthe-OHresidueoncarbon-2ofhexose,suchasglucose,galactoseandmannose,Thecorrespondingcompounds
areglucosamine,galactosamineandmannosamine,respectively.
Theaminoacidgroupisusuallyacetylated,e.g.N-
acetylglucosamineorN-actylgalactosamine.
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Theaminosugarsarerequiredforthesynthesisofglycolipids,glycoproteinsandproteoglycans.
Theyaresynthesizedfromfructose-6-phosphate
285.Differencebetweenganglioside&
cerebroside,allexcept?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Chargeb)PresenceofNANA
c)Presenceofcarbohydrate
d)Nativetissue
CorrectAnswer-C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Presenceofcarbohydrate[RefLippincott's4th/ep.208-210]
Bothgangliosideandcerebrosidecontaincarbohydrateasbothare
glycolipids.
NANAispresentinganglioside(notincerebroside).
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286.1"acetylgroupdonorinfattyacid
synthesisis?
a)MalonylCoA
b)Palmitate
c)AcetylCoA
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d)CitrateCorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,AcetylCoA[Ref:Harper29"lep.216-217]
Acetyl-CoAactsasaprimertodonate1st2carbonatoms(C-15and
C-16)ofpalmitate.TheadditionofallthesubsequentC2unitsisvia
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malonyl-CoA.Propionyl-CoAactsasprimer(fordonatingfirst3carbonatoms)in
thesynthesisofodd-carbonnumberfattyacids.
287.Onlyvitaminthathelpincarbonfixation
?
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a)Folicacidb)Pantothenicacid
c)Niacin
d)Thiamine
CorrectAnswer-A
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Ans.is'a'i.e.,Folicacid288.Ratecontrollingenzymeoffattyacid
synthesis-
a)Thioesterase
b)Transacetylase
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Acetyl-CoAcarboxylased)Ketacylsynthase
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Acetyl-CoAcarboxylase[RefHarper29th/ep.217,
220]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Productionofmalonyl-CoAistheinitial?andratelimitingstepinfattyacidsynthesis.
Acetyl-CoAneedstobeconvertedtoactivatedform,whichwillserve
asthedonorofcarbonunitstogrowingfattyacidchain.
Malonyl-CoA?)a3-carboncompoundissuchactivatedform.
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Itisproducedbycarboxylationofacetyl-CoA,areactioncatalyzedbyacetyl-CoAcaroxylase?.Acetyl-CoAcarboxylaserequiresbiotin
asacofactor?.
289.Whichofthefollowingisrequiredfor
fattyacidsynthesis?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)NADPHb)NADH
c)FADH
d)None
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'a'i.e.,NADPH[RefHarper29th/ep.216-217]FattyacidsynthesistakesplaceincytosolQ.
Acetyl-CoAistheimmediatesubstrateforlipogenesisandsynthesis
alwaysendsinformationofplamiticacie.
Inhumans;liverandlactatingmammaryglandsarethemainorgans
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forlipogenesisQ.Althoughkidney,brain,lungsandadiposetissuearealsoinvolved,
toalesserextent.
CofactorrequirementsforfattyacidsynthesisareNADPH,ATP,
Mr1.2,biotinandHCO3-(asasourceofCO2).
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Becausemostfattyacidshavemultiplesoftwocarbons,theyaresynthesizedfromsuccessiveadditionoftwocarbonunits,thedonor
ofwhichisacetyl-CoA.
So,thebasicbuildingblockisacetyl-CoA?whichisthesourceofall
thecarbonatomsofthefattyacidbeingsynthesized.
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290.Citrateusedinfattyacidsynthesisuses
whichenzyme?
a)CitrateSynthase
b)ATPcitratelyase
c)Aconitase
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)MalicenzymeCorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,ATPcitratelyase[RefHarper's28th/ep.193,196]
Glucoseistheprimarysubstrateforlipogenesisandacetyl-CoA
(immediatesubstrateforfattyacidsynthesis)isformedfromglucose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
viaoxidationofpyruvatewithinthemitochondria.However,acetyl-CoAcannotpenetrateinnermitochondrial
membrane.
Thereforeitistransferredintheformofcitrate.
Citrateisformedinthemitochondrialmatrixbythecondensationof
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
acetyl-CoAwithoxaloacetate(firstreactionincitricacidcycle).Thencitrateistransportedintocytosolviathetricorboxylate
transporterinexchangewithmalate.
Incytosol,citrateiscleavedbyATP-citratelyasetooxaloacetate
andacetyl-CoA.
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291.Whichofthefollowingisw-6fattyacid-
a)Cervonicacid
b)Linoleicacid
c)Alphalinolenicacid
d)Elaidicacid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,Linoleicacid[RefHarper28th/ep.123]
AlphalinolenicacidLinoleicacidOleicacid
ClupandonicacidGamalinolenicacidNervonicacid
CervonicacidArachidonicacidElaidicacid
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292.Linoleicacidis-
a)w-3fattyacid
b)w-6fattyacid
c)w-9fattyacid
d)Saturatedfattyacid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-BAns.isb'i.e.,w-6fattyacid[RefHarper28thlep.123]
293.Lipogenesisoccursin?
a)Liver
b)Skeletalmuscles
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Myocardiumd)Lungs
CorrectAnswer-A:D
Ans.is'a>d'i.e.,Liver>Lungs
Fattyacidsynthesistakesplaceincytosol?.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Acetyl-CoAistheimmediatesubstrateforlipogenesisandsynthesisalwaysendsinformationofpalmiticacid.
294.Whichofthefollowingismonoenoicacid
?
a)Arachidonicacid
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b)Linoleicacidc)Oleicacid
d)Linolenicacid
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Oleicacid
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Inhumans;liverandlactatingmammaryglandsarethemainorgansforlipogenesisQ.
Althoughkidney,brain,lungsandadiposetissuearealsoinvolved,
toalesserextent.
CofactorrequirementsforfattyacidsynthesisareNADPH,ATP,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Mn.2,biotinandHCO3-(asasourceofCO).Becausemostfattyacidshavemultiplesoftwocarbons,theyare
synthesizedfromsuccessive
295.Whichofthefollowingfattyacidhas
maximumnumberofcarbonatoms?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Oleicacidb)Linolenicacid
c)Arachidonicacid
d)Cervonicacid
CorrectAnswer-D
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'd'i.e.,CervonicacidCervonicacidhas22carbonatoms,morethanoleicacid(18C),
linolenicacid(18C)andarachidonicacid(20C).
So,thebasicbuildingblockisacetyl-CoAQwhichisthesourceofall
thecarbonatomsofthefattyacidbeingsynthesized.
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296.Chylomicronremnantsareassociated
with?
a)Apo-A
b)Apo-B100
c)Apo-E
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)Apo-CCorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Apo-E
297.Apoprotein-C?
a)Activateslipoproteinlipase
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b)Inactivateslipoproteinlipasec)Facilitatestriglyceridetransport
d)Alloftheabove
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Alloftheabove[RefHarper28th/ep.213]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ApoC-IIisanactivatorofLPL,wherasapoA-IIandapoC-IIIactasinhibitorsofLPL.
Asapo-CisacomponentofchylomicronsandVLDL,itfacilitates
transportofTGs.
298.Whichisnottrueofchylomicrons?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Lowestdesnsityb)Max.contentisTGs
c)Max.contentischolesterol
d)Largestsize
CorrectAnswer-C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Max.contentischolesterol[Ref:Harper29th/ep.238,Chatterjea8thlep.445,446]
299.OxidisedLDLismoreathreogenic
because?
a)BindstoApoE
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)BindstoscavengerRc)BindstoATPbinding
d)Accumulatesinmacrophages
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Accumulatesinmacrophages[RefRobbin's8thle
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
p.837]MacrophagesengulfLDLcholesterolandformfoamcellsformation
ofearliestlesion,i.e.fattystreak.
Macrophagesalsoformoxygenfreeradicalsthatcauseoxidationof
LDLtoyieldoxidizedLDL(modifiedLDL).
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300.LCATdeficiencyincreasesthefollowing
a)HDL
b)LDL
c)VLDL
d)Chylomicron
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAnswer:A.HDL
Lecithincholesterolacyltransferasedeficiency(LCATdeficiency)isa
disorderoflipoproteinmetabolism.
AdeficiencyofLCATcausesaccumulationofunesterified
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cholesterolincertainbodytissues.CholesteroleffluxesfromcellsasfreecholesterolandistransportedinHDLasesterifiedcholesterol.
LCATistheenzymethatesterifiesthefreecholesterolonHDLto
cholesterolesterandallowsthematurationofHDL.
LCATistheenzymethatesterifiesthefreecholesterolonHDLto
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
cholesterolesterandallowsthematurationofHDL.LCATdeficiencydoesnotallowforHDLmaturationresultinginitsrapidcatabolismof
circulatingapoA-1andapoA-2.TheremainingformofHDL
resemblesnascentHDL.
301.Hormonesensitivelipaseisinhibitedby?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Thyroidhomoneb)Insulin
c)GH
d)ACTH
CorrectAnswer-B
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is`b'i.e.,Insulin[RefHarper29"Vep.246,247]302.Lecithinehydrolysisyeilds?
a)Choline
b)Pyruvate
c)Glycine
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d)NoneCorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Choline[RefHarper29th/ep.233]
303.Omegaoxidationoffathyacidsoccur?
a)ER
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Mitochondriac)Cytosol
d)None
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,ER[RefHarper's28th/ep.185,195]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Beta(a)MitochondriaAlpha(a)Endoplasmicreticulum,Mitochandria
Omega(w)Microsomalsystem(smoothER)
a-oxidationofverylongchainFAPeroxisomes
304.Whatistrueregardingmediumchain
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
fattyacids?a)Don'trequirepancreaticlipase
b)Notdepositedinadiposetissue
c)Diffusedirectlyintoportalcirculation
d)Alloftheabove
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,Alloftheabove[RefVasudevan6"p.160]
Metabolismofshortchainfattyacids(SCFAs)andmediumchain
fattyacids(MCFAs)isdrasticallydifferentfromlongchainfattyacids
(LCFAs).
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
SCFAsandMCFAsdonotrequirepancreaticlipaseandbilesaltsfordigestion,butrequiredforLCFAsdigestion.
SCFAsandMCFAsaredirectlyabsorbedfromintestineintoportal
circulation,whereasLCFAsaretakenbylymphatics,after
incorporationintochylomicrons.
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SCFAsandMCFAsareoxidizedbyperipheralcellsandarenotusedforstorage.LCFAsareesterifiedwithglyceroltoform
triacylglycerol,storageformoflipid
305.Whatwillyougivetostopchyluriain
diet?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)SmallchainFAb)MediumchainFA
c)LongchainFA
d)Omega3unsaturatedFA
CorrectAnswer-B
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'b'i.e.,MediumChainFA[RefHarrison's18thiep.294]Mediumchainfattyacidsdirectlyentertheportalveinon
absorption,bypassingthelymphatics.Hence,theyareusedinchyluria
306.Inapersonfastingovernightwith
carnitinedeficiency,followingchemicals
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increaseinquantityinblood?a)Glucose
b)Fattyacids
c)Aminoacids
d)Ketonebodies
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,Fattyacids[Ref:Harper29th/ep.208-209,214]
Instarvation,thereisincreasedhydrolysisofTGs(ofadipose
tissues)intoglycerolandfattyacids.Fattyacidsarefurtheroxidized
by[3-oxidationinthemitochondria.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Carnitineisrequiredfortransportedofactivatedfattyacidintomitochondriafor3-oxidation.
Ifcarnitineisdeficient,fattyacidscannotbetransferredintothe
mitochondria,buttheyarecontinuouslyproducedduetohydrolysis
ofTGs(instarvationthereisdecreasedinsulintoglucagonratio,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
whichstimulateshydrolysisofTGs).Thusfreefattyacidlevelisincreasedasthereisincreased
productionbutnoutilization(p-oxidation).
307.Serumappearymilkywhitein?
a)IncreasedLDL
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b)IncreasedHDLc)IncreasedVLDL
d)IncreasedChylomicrons
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,IncreasedChylomicrons[RefHarrison18thlep.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3151]"Thefastingplasmaisturbid,andifleftat4?C(39.2?F)forafew
hours,thechylomicronsfloattothetopandformacreamy
supernatant".
Chylomicronsarethelargestlipoproteinmoleculewithmaximum
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
lipidcontents.Therefore,theyhaveleastdensityandfloatonthetopgivingacreamy(milky)supernatant.
308.Adiposetissuefatmetabolismisdoneby
?
a)Lipoproteinlipase
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Hormonesensitivelipasec)Acidlipase
d)Acidmaltase
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'bi.e.,Hormonesensitivelipase[Ref:Harper29th/echap.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
16]Adiposetissuefat(TGs)metabolismHormonesensitivelipase
Lipoproteins(VLDL&chylomicrons)TGsmetabolism-Lipoprotein
lipase
309.EnzymedeficientinTypeI
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Hyperlipidemiais?a)HMGCoAreductase
b)Lipoproteinlipase
c)Cholesterolacyltransferase
d)Peroxidase
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,Lipoproteinlipase[Ref:Harper2e/ep.232table
(26.1)]
310.Apo-Edificiencyisseenin
a)TpyeIhypolipoproteinemia
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)TpyeIIhypolipoproteinemiac)TpyeIIIhypolipoproteinemia
d)TpyeIVhypolipoproteinemia
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,TpyeIIIhypolipoproteinemis[RefHarisonp.3149,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3150,Chatterjea8th/ep.45]311.Whichofthefollowingisnotaffectedin
Abetalipoproteinemia?
a)LDL
b)VLDL
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)HDLd)IDL
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,HDL[RefChatterjea8thlep.462,463&DineshPuri
3rdlep.248]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
HypolipoproteinemiaInthisgroupofdisordersconcentrationofoneormorelipoproteins
inplasmaisdecreased.Thecommonestofthesedisorders
areabetalipoproteinemia,
hypobetalipoproteinemiaandhypoalphalipoproteinemia.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Abetalipoproteinemia:-Thereisdefectivesynthesisorsecretionofapoprotein-B(apo-B)inintestineandliver.So,thereisdeficiencyof
apo-Bcontaininglipoproteinsi.e.chylomicrons?,VLDL?,IDL?
andLDL?.Asaresultextremelylowplasmalevelsofcholesterol
andtriacylglycerols?occurs.HDLlevelsarenormal?asHDLdoes
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
notcontainapo-B.Hypobetalipoproteinemia:-Thereisdecreasedsynthesisofapo-B
duetoapo-Bgenemutations.So,apo-Bcontaininglipoproteinsare
synthesizedatlowerrate.ThereisslightdecreaseinVLDL,IDLand
LDLlevels.HDLisnormal.Plasmacholesterolandtriglyceridesare
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
decreased.Hypoalphalipoproteinemia(Tangierdisease):-Thereismarked
deficiencyofmajorlipoproteinHDL(apo-A-Iandapo-A-II),
probablybecauseofacceleratedcatabolism.
312.InZellwegersyndrome,thereis?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Accumulationoflongfattyacidsb)Accumulationofshortchainfattyacids
c)Accumulationofverylongchainfattyacids
d)Accumulationofmediumchainfattyacids
CorrectAnswer-C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Accumulationofverylongchainfattyacids[RefHarper29m/ep.554;Chatterjea6thlep.412]
ZellwegerSyndromeisarareinbornerrorofperoxisomalfatty
acidoxidation?duetoabsenceoffunctionalperoxisomesinall
tissues.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Asaresult,thelongchainfattyacidsarenotoxidizedinperoxisomesandaccumulateintissuesparticularlyinbrain,liver,
kidneyandmuscleandusuallyresultindeathbyagesix.
313.Autooxidationisseenin?
a)Cholesterol
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Arachidonicacidc)Stearicacid
d)Palmiticacid
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Arachidonicacid[RefEssentialofbiochemistryp.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
736]Polyunsaturatedfattyacids(PUFAs)undergoperoxidation(auto-
oxidation).
Amongstthegivenoptions,onlyarachidonicacidisPUFA.
314.Whichofthefollowingisalipotropic
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factor:?a)Sphingomyelin
b)Histidine
c)Methionine
d)Bilirubin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Methionine[RefEssentialsofbiochemistry/p.761]
Lipotropicfactorsaresubstanceswhichpreventaccumulationof
fat(TGs)inliver.
Primarylipotropicfactorscholine,betaine,methionine,lecithine,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
inositol.Otherfactorswithsomelipotropicaction:-Vitamin-13,2,folic
acid,casein,glycine,essentialfattyacids,selenium,vitaminEand
serine.
315.Huntersyndromeisduetodeficiencyof
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Betagalactosidaseb)Sphingomyelinase
c)IduronateSulfatase
d)Hyaluronidase
CorrectAnswer-C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'c'i.e.,IduronateSulfatase316.Non-Essentialaminoacidis-
a)Tyrosine
b)Phenylalanine
c)Lysine
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)ThreonineCorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.Tyrosine
317.Indoleringispresentin?
a)Tryptophan
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b)Tyrosinec)Phenylalanine
d)Threonine
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Tryptophan[Ref:Lehninger4thIep.80]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Someaminoacidscontainaspecialfunctionalgroupintheirsidechainwhichprovidesomespecificfunctionstothatamino
acids.Theseare:-
Hydroxylgroupinserineand Guanidiniumin
Imidazolein
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
threoninearginineQ
histidine
Amidegroupinaspargineand Benzenein
Phenolin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
glutaminephenylalanine
tyrosine
Indoleringin
Pyrrolidinein
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ThioetherinmethioninetryptophanQ
proline
13-Carboxylin
E-aminoin
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Sulphydrylincysteineglutamicacid
lysine
y-carboxylinglutamicacid
318.Xanthoproteicreactioninvolves-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Carbolicacidb)H2SO4
c)HCL
d)Nitricacid
CorrectAnswer-D
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.'D'NitricacidXanthoproteictest:Theringsystemsinphenylalanine,tyrosineand
tryptophanundergonitrationontreatmentwithconcentratednitric
acidwhenheated.Theendproductisyellowincolorwhich
isintensifiedinstrongalkalinemedium.Thisreactioncausesthe
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
yellowstainintheskinbynitricacid.319.Taurineisbiosynthesizedby?
a)Arginine
b)Leucine
c)Valine
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)CysteineCorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Cysteine[RefHarper250/ep.298-99]
Taurineissynthesizedfromcysteineby3enzyme-catalyzed
reactions:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1. Cysteineisoxidizedtocysteinesulfinate.2. Cysteinesulfinateisdecarboxylatedtoformhypotaurine.
3. Hypotaurineisoxidizedtoformtaurine
320.Selenocysteineisassociatedwith?
a)Carbonicanhydrase
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Catalasec)Deiodinase
d)Transferase
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Deiodinase
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Selenocysteineisconsideredas21standardaminoacid.Itispresentattheactivesiteofsomeenzymesthatcatalyzeredox
reactions,e.g.thioredoxinreductase,glutathioneperoxidase,and
thedeiodinase(convertsthyroxintotriiodothyronine).
Biosynthesisofselenocysteinerequirescysteine,serine,ATPanda
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
specifict-RNA.Serineprovidesthecarbonskeletonofselenocysteine.
Selenocysteinehasastructuresimilartocysteine,butcontainingthe
traceelementseleniuminplaceofsulfuratomofcysteine.
321.Methylmalonylaciduriaisseenin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
deficiencyof?a)VitB12
b)VitB6
c)VitC
d)Folicacid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,VitB12[RefHarper29"Vep.537]
IsomerizationofmethylmalonylCoAtosuccinylCoA:
Inthisreaction,activeformofvitaminBI2isdeoxyadenosyl
cobalamine.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Propionyl-CoAisproducedascatabolicendproductofsomealipathicaminoacidsandn-oxidationofoddchainfattyacids.
PropionylCoAisthenconvertedtosuccinylCoAthrough
methylmalonyl-CoA.
Thusmethylmalonyl-CoAisaccumulatedandexcretedinurineas
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
methylmalonicacid(methylmalonate)invitaminB12deficiency0,i.e.methylmalonicacidurie
322.Carnitineissynthesisedfrom-
a)Lysine
b)Agrinine
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Histidined)Choline
CorrectAnswer-A
Trimethyllysineand-butyrobetainehydroxylasesarerequiredfor
thesynthesisofcarnitine
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
323.Tyrsoineistheprecursorofallexcept?
a)Thyroxine
b)Melanin
c)Dopmine
d)Nicotinicacid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,Nicotinicacid[Ref:Harper's28th/ep.266,268,
254]
Tyrosineisaprecursorofmanyimportantcompoundssuchas
catecholamines(epinephrineQ,norepinephrineQ),dopamine),
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
thyroxineQ,triiodothryonine,melanin0.324.Whichofthefollowingenzymeisnot
usedbyliverinureacycle?
a)CPS-I
b)CPS-II
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Arginased)Arginosuccinate
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,CPS-II[RefHarper29th/ep.277-278]
CarbmoylphosphatesynthaseII(CPSII)isinvolvedinpyrimidine
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
synthesis(notinureacycle).325.Aminoacidusedbyliverinureacycle?
a)Glutamine
b)Glutamate
c)Aspartate
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)FumarateCorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Aspartate[RefHarper29`"/ep.276-278]
Thesourceoftwonitrogenatomsofurea->onefromammonia?and
onefromaminogroupofaspartate?.SourceofcarbonisCO,Q.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Thusoutofallaminoacidsinvolvedinureacycleaspartateisconsumed,whilethereisnonetlossorgainofornithine,citrulline,
arginosuccinateorarginine.Thereisproductionoffumarateasby
product?.
3moleculesofATPareconsumed(2infirstreactionand1inthird
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
reaction).However,4highenergyphosphatebondsareutilizedas3rdATPisconvertedtoAMP+PPi.
326.Hydrolysisoccursatwhichstepofurea
cycle?
a)Cleavageofarginine
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)FormationofArginosuccinatec)Formationofcitrulline
d)Formationofornithine
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.'A',Cleavageofarginine
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ureasynthesisisa5stepcyclicprocess,with5distinctenzymes.Thefirst2enzymesarepresentinmitochondriawhilethe
restarelocalizedinthecytosol
Step1.FormationofCarbamoylPhosphate-Onemoleculeof
ammoniacondenseswithCO2inthepresenceoftwomoleculesof
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ATPtoformcarbamoylphosphate.Itiscatalyzedbycarbamoylphosphatesynthetase-I(CPS-I).
Step2.FormationofCitrulline-Thecarbamoylgroupistransferred
totheNH2groupofornithinebyornithinetranscarbamoylase.
Step3.FormationofArgininosuccinate-Onemoleculeofaspartic
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
acidaddstocitrullineformingacarbontonitrogenbondwhichprovidesthe2ndnitrogenatomofurea.Argininosuccinate
synthetasecatalyzesthereaction.
Step4.FormationofArginine-Argininosuccinateiscleavedby
argininosuccinatelyase(argininosuccinase)toarginineand
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
fumarate.Theenzymeisinhibitedbyfumarate.ThefumarateformedmaybefunneledintotheTCAcycletobeconvertedto
malateandthentooxaloacetatetobetransaminatedtoaspartate.
ThustheureacycleislinkedtotheTCAcyclethroughfumarate.
Step5.FormationofUrea-Thefinalreactionofthecycleisthe
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
hydrolysisofargininetoureaandornithinebyarginase.327.Urea&Kreb'scyclearelinkedat?
a)Arginine
b)Ornithine
c)Oxaloacetate
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)FumarateCorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Fumarate[RefHarper250/ep.276-277]
Fumarateisreleasedduringureacycle,whichisanintermediateof
Kreb'scycle,thuslinkingthetwo.
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328.Whichwillactivatecarbomoylphosphate
synthaseI?
a)Alanine
b)N-acetylglutamate
c)Ornithine
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)NoneCorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,N-acetylglutamate
Carbamoylphosphatesynthase-I(CPS-I),amitochondrialenzyme,
catalyzestheformationofcarbamoylphosphate?bycondensationof
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CO2andammonia.TwomoleculesofATParerequiredforthereaction.CPS-IistheratelimitingenzymeofureacycleQ.Itisan
allostericenzymeandallostericallyactivatedbyN-acetylglutamate
329.TransaminationofAlanineresultsin
formationof?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Oxaloacetateb)Pyruvate
c)Aspartate
d)Arginine
CorrectAnswer-B
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Pyruvate330.Cofactorsforglutamatedehydrogenase?
a)NAD+
b)FAD
c)FMN
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)FADH2CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.'A'NAD+
AnaerobicDehydrogenasesaretheenzymesthatcatalyzethe
removalofhydrogenfromasubstratebutoxygencannotactasthe
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
hydrogenacceptor.They,therefore,requirecoenzymesasacceptorsofthehydrogenatoms.
Whenthesubstrateisoxidized,thecoenzymeisreduced.
NAD+isderivedfromnicotinicacid,amemberofthevitaminB
complex.TheNAD+linkeddehydrogenasesare-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphatedehydrogenaseIsocitratedehydrogenase
Malatedehydrogenase
Glutamatedehydrogenase
BetahydroxyacylCoAdehydrogenase
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
PyruvatedehydrogenaseAlpha-ketoglutaratedehydrogenase
331.Hyperammonemiatype-1isdueto
deficiencyof
a)Arginase
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Arginosuccinatelyasec)Arginosuccinatesynthase
d)CPS-1
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,CPS-1[RefDineshPuri3'/ep.275]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
DisorderscausedbygeneticdefectsofureacycleenzymesHyperammonemiatype-IHyperammonemiatype-IICitrullinemia
ArgininosuccinicaciduriaArgininemia
Defectiveenzyme
Carbamoylphosphatesynthase-IOrnithinetranscarbamoylase
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ArgininosuccinatesynthaseArgininosuccinatelyaseArginaseProductsaccumulated
AmmoniaAmmoniaCitrullineArgininosuccinateArginine.
332.Neonataltyrosenemiaisdueto
deficiencyof?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Tyrosinaseb)Fumarylacetoacetatehyroxyase
c)Hydroxyphenylpyruvatehydroxylase
d)Tyrosinetransminase
CorrectAnswer-C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Hydroxyphenylpyruvatehydroxylase[RefHarper's28th/ep.266,268]
Tyrosinemia
Itisadefectinmetabolismoftyrosine.Itmaybeoffollowing
types.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1. Tyrosinemiatype-I(tyrosinosis/hepatorenalsyndrome):-Itisduetodefectinfumarylacetoacetatehydroxylasedeficiency.Patientswith
chronictyrosinosisarepronetodevelopcirrhosisandhepatic
carcinoma?.Thereiscabbagelikeodorinacutetyrosinosis.
2. Tyrosinemiatype-II(Richer-Hanhartsyndrome):-Itisdueto
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
deficiencyoftyrosinetransaminaseQ(tyrosineaminotransferase).3. Neonataltyrosinemia:-Itisduetodeficiencyof
hydroxyphenylpyruvatehydroxylase.
333.Separationofproteinsbytheirmass?
a)Electrophoresis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Saltingoutc)SDS-PAGE
d)Ionexchangechromatography
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,SDS-PAGE[RefVasudevan6"diep.600]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
334.Twosamechargedproteinscanbe
separatedbyallexcept-
a)Agarose
b)DEAECellulose
c)Sephadex
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)NoneoftheseCorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,DEAECellulose[RefEssentialsofBiochemistryp.
670,795]
DEAEcellulosechromatography(anionexchange)separates
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
moleculesbasedonmolecularcharge.Therefore,itcannotseparatetwoproteinswithsamecharge.
Agarose(sepharose)anddextran(sephadex)areusedingel
filtrationchromatography,whichisbasedonmolecularsize.Thus,
theycanseparateproteinsofsamecharge.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
335.250nmlightisabsorbedby?
a)Arginine
b)Alanine
c)Tyrosine
d)Histidine
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Tyrosine
Aminoacidsdonotabsorbvisiblelightandthusarecolourless.
However,aromaticaminoacidsQ(tryptophan,tyrosine,
phenylalanine)absorbhigh-wavelength(250-290nm)UVlight.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Trypytophanhasthegreatestabsorptionmaximainthisregionthanothertwoaromaticaminoacids.
Thus,aromaticaminoacidsareresponsibleforUVabsorption
ofmostproteins0,maximumabsorptionbeingat280rim.
336.Inglycolysis,inorganicphosphateis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
usedreaction,catalyzedby?a)Enolase
b)Pyruvatekinase
c)Glyceraldehyde-3-pdehydrogenase
d)Aldolase
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Glyceraldehyde-3-pdehydrogenase
337.AboutDenaturationofprotein,whichis
true?
a)Biologicalpropertypersists
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Primarystructurelostc)Alwaysirreversible
d)Mostlyrendersproteininsoluble
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Mostlyrendersproteininsoluble[RefLippincott's
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
4thIep.57]Thetermdenaturationreferstodisruptionofhigherorder
(secondary,tertiaryandquaternary)structureofprotein.
Allnon-covalentbondsthatmaintainhigherorderstructureare
disrupted,butpeptidebond(covalentbond)remainsintact.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Thus,theprimarystructureisnotalteredduringdenaturation,i.e.,aminoacidsequenceisnotaltered,butdenaturationmay
completelydisruptsecondary,tertiaryandquaternary
structure,e.g.,denaturatedoligomericproteinsdissociatedinto
subunits,eachwitharandamcoilformation.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Denaturationisalwaysaccompaniedbyalossofbiologicalfunction,e.g.,enzymesareinactivatedandantibodiesfailtoact
withantigens.
Denaturationisgenerallyirreversible,e.g.,boiledeggdoesnot
regainitsoriginalformwhenkeptincold.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Denaturedproteinsarelesssolubleandinmanycasestheyprecipitate.
338.Ochronosisisduetoaccumulationof?
a)Homogentisicacid
b)Phenylpyruvate
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Xanthurenated)Glyoxylate
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Homogentisicacid[Ref:Harper29th/ep.287-289]
Alkaptonuria
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Itisduetodeficiencyofhomogentisateoxidase.Asaresulthomogentisicacid(homogentisate)isexcreted
execessivelyinurine.Therearethreeimportantcharacteristic
featuresinalkaptonuria?
1. UrinebecomesdarkafterbeingexposedtoairQ.Itisdue
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
spontaneousoxidationofhomogentisateintobenzoquinoneacetate,whichpolymersetoformblack-brownpigment
alkaptonwhichimpartsacharacteristicblack-browncolourto
urine.
2. Alkaptondepositionoccursinsclera,ear,nose,cheeksand
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
intervertebraldiscspace.Aconditioncalledochronosis.TheremaybecalcificationofintervertebraldiscsQ.
3. Onchronosisarthritisaffectingshoulder,hips,knee.
4. Benedict'stestisstronglypositiveinurineandsoistheferric
chloride(Pea)testQ.Benedict'sreagentgivesagreenishbrown
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
precipitatewithbrownishblacksupernatent.Fehling'sreagent(FeC13)givesbluegreencolour.
339.Trueaboutalkaptonuria?
a)DeficiencyofTyrosinase
b)Urineisblack
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Banedicttestisnotusefuld)Fecl,testgivesredcolour
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Urineisblack[RefNelson18thiep.1812]
340.EnzymedeficientinIsovalericacidemia
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)IsovalerylCoAdehydrogenaseb)Phenylalaninehydroxylase
c)Arginase
d)None
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'a'i.e.IsolvalerylCoAdehydrogenase-Isovalericacidemiaisduetothedefectinthemetabolismof
leucine.
-TheenzymedefectiveisisovalerylCo-Adehydrogenase.
-Acharacteristicodorofsweatyfeetispresent.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
-Vomiting,acidosis,andcomafollowtheingestionofexcessprotein.Accumulatedisovaleryl-CoAishydrolyzedtoisovalerateand
excreted.
341.Whichofthefollowingmetabolitesis
involvedinglycogenolysis,glycolysis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
andgluconeogenesis?a)Galactose-l-phosphate
b)Glucose-6-phosphate
c)Uridinediphosphoglucose
d)Fructose-6-phosphate
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CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,Glucose-6-phosphate[RefHarper28thlep.166,
158]
Glucose-6-phosphateisthemetabolitewhich:?
1. Joinsglycolysiswithglycogenesisandglycogenolysis
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2. Joinsglycogenolysistopentosephosphatepathway(PPP)3. Isinvolvedinglycolysis,glycogenesisandgluconeogenesis,
glycogenolysis,gluconeogenesis,PPP
342.Whycitricacidcyclecalledamphibolic
pathway?
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a)Bothexergonicandendergonicreactionstakesplaceb)Metabolitesareutilizedinotherpathways
c)Itcanproceedbothinforwardandbackwarddirection
d)Sameenzymescanbeusedinreversedirections
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Bothexergonicandendergonicreactionstakesplace[Ref:Harper29th/ep.151,166]
Citricacidcycleiscalledamphibolicpathwaybecauseitactsasa
linkbetweenanabolic(endothermic)andcatabolic(exothermic)
pathways.
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343.Instarvation,nitrogeniscarriedfrom
muscletoliverandkidneyby:
a)Alanine
b)AsparticacidandSerine
c)Glycine
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d)AsparaginesCorrectAnswer-A
Ai.e.Alanine
Instarvation,alanineandglutaminearequantitativelythemost
importantgluconeogenicaminoacidsQ.Soalaninecarriesnitrogen
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frommuscletoliver&kidneyforfurthermetabolism&energyproductionduringstarvation.
344.Allofthefollowingoccurin
mitochondriaexcept
a)Citricacidcycle(Kreb'scycle)
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b)Glycogenolysisc)Fattyacidoxidation
d)Electrontransportchain
CorrectAnswer-B
Bi.e.Glycogenolysis
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345.HMG-CoAinlivermitochondriais
inhibitedby?
a)Insulin
b)Glucagon
c)Glucocorticoid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)EpinephrineCorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Insulin
Thisquestionisalittletricky.
Effectofinsulinonketogenesis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ketogenesisisusuallyassociatedwithexcessivefattyacidoxidation(lipolysis)whichprovidesthesubstrate(acetyl-CoA)forketogenesis.
Thus,factorswhichinhibitlipolysiswillinhibitketogenesis(andalso
productionofHMG-CoA).
Insulinisanantilipolytichormone.Itinhibitslypolysisandtherefore
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ketogenesis.ThusitdecreasesthesynthesisofHMGCoAinketogenesis.
So,insulininhibitsaswellasstimulatesproductionofHMG-CoA.
Thenwhyisinsulintheanswerofthisquestion?
Herecomesthetrickypartofthisquestion.Readthequestion
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
carefullyexaminerhasaskedaboutHMG-CoAproductioninlivermitochondria.
Ketogenesisoccursinmitochondria.
CholesterolsynthesisoccursincytosolandsmoothER.
ThusinsulininhibitsHMG-CoAproductioninmitochondriabut
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stimulatesitincytosol.346.Organwhichcanutilizeglucose,FAand
ketonebodiesis-
a)Liver
b)Brain
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c)Skeletalmuscled)RBC
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Skeletalmuscle[RefHarper28th/ep.141]
Skeletalmusclescanutilizeglucose,glycogen,fattyacidsand
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ketonebodies.Livercannotutilizeketonebodies.
Brainanderythrocytesareexclusivelydependentonglucoseexcept
inprolongedstarvationwherebrainutilizesketonebodies
predominantly
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347.Majorsourceofenergyforbrainin
fasting/starvation?
a)Glucose
b)Glycogen
c)Fattyacids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)KetonebodiesCorrectAnswer-D
Thereisnostoredfuelinthebrain,butitutilized60%oftotalenergy
underrestingconditions.
Glucoseisvirtuallythesolefuelforthebrain,exceptinprolonged
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starvingwhenketonebodiesarethemajorsource.Fattyacidsdonotserveasfuelforthebrain,becausetheyare
boundtoalbumininplasma;hencecannotcrosstheblood-brain
barrier.
348.Fattyacidmetabolismgives?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)AcetylCoAb)MalonylCoA
c)Ketonebodies
d)Cholesterol
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'a'i.e.,AcetylCoA[RefHarper250/ep.208-210]Acetyl-CoAhasaspecialcentralrole.Acetyl-CoAisthecommon
degradationproductofglucose(byglycolysisQandPDHcomplex),
fattyacidsandketogenicaminoacids.
Itsacetylgroupcanbeutilizedinsynthesisoffatty
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
acidsQ,cholesterolQandothersteroidsQ,ketonebodiesQ;orcanbeoxidizedviaTCA(citricacidcycle).
Infedstateacetyl-CoAisoxidisedviaTCAcycleandusedfor
synthesisoffattyacidsandcholesterolQ,whereasinstarvationitis
usedtosynthesizeketonebodiesQ
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349.Whichoneofthefollowingstatements
concerninggluconeogenesisiscorrect?
a)Itoccursinmuscle
b)Itisstimulatedbyfructose2,6-bisphosphate
c)ItisinhibitedbyelevatedlevelsofacetylCoA
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d)Itisimportantinmaintainingbloodglucoseduringthenormalovernightfast.
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Itisimportantinmaintainingbloodglucose
duringthenormalovernightfast[RefMark'sBasicmedical
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
biochemistryp.566]Duringfasting,manyofthereactionsofglycolysisarereversedas
theliverproducesglucosetomaintainbloodglucoselevels.This
processofglucoseproductioniscalledgluconeogenesis.
Duringovernightfast,bloodglucoselevelsaremaintainedbyboth
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gluconeogenesisandglycogenolysis.However,afterapproximately30hoursoffasting,liverglycogenstoresaremostlydepleted.
Subsequently,gluconeogenesisistheonlysourceofbloodglucose.
350.Chemiosmoticcouplingofoxidation
phosphorylationisrelatedto?
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a)FormationofATPatsubstratelevelb)ATPgenerationofpumpingofproton
c)ATPgenerationofpumpingofneutron
d)ATPformationbytransportof0,
CorrectAnswer-B
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'b'i.e.,ATPgenerationofpumpingofproton[RefHarper29'diep.125-127]
Chemoiosmotictheory
Itstatesthat"freeenergyofelectrontransport"isconservedby
pumpingprotonsfrommitochondrialmatrixtotheintermembrane
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space,soastocreateanelectrochemicalprotongradientacrosstheinnermitochondrialmembrane,withoutersideofmembraneis
positivelychargedascomparedtoinside.Electrochemicalpotential
ofthisgradientisusedtosynthesizeATPbyATPsynthase
351.Whichofthefollowingistrue?
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a)Glucokinasehashighaffinityforglucoseb)Hexokinasehaslowaffinityforglucose
c)Glucokinasehaslowaffinityforglucose
d)Hexokinaseisinducedbyinsulin
CorrectAnswer-C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Glucokinasehasloweffinityforglucose[RefHarper28`"/ep.151-152]
Glucokinase,isspecificforglucose.IthashighKinQ(i.e.,lowaffinity
forglucose),highVmaxandunlikehexokinase,itisnotinhibitedby
glucose-6-phosphateQ.Asithaslowaffinityforglucose(highkm),it
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comesintoplayonlywhenintracellularglucoseconcentrationishigh.Itisinducedbyfeedingandinsulin.Glucagoninhibits
glucokinase.
Functionofhexokinaseistoprovideglucose-6-phosphateata
constantrate,accordingtheneedsofcells,i.e.,functionof
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
hexokinaseistoprovideconstantglucoseutilizationbyalltissuesofbodyevenwhenbloodsugarislow.Functionofglucokinaseinthe
liveristoremoveglucosefrombloodafterameal,providing
glucose-6-phosphateinexcessofrequirementforglycolysissothat
itcanbeusedforglycogensynthesisandlipogenesis.
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352.Lipogenesisisstimulatedby?
a)Insulin
b)Glucagon
c)Epinephrine
d)Corticosteroids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,Insulin[RefDineshPuri3rdiep.318]
353.Anapleroticreactioniscatalyzedby?
a)Pyruvatecarboxylse
b)Enolase
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c)Pyruvatekinased)G6PD
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Pyruvatecarboxylse[RefDineshPuri3`diep.177]
Conversionofpyruvatetomalatebythecytoplasmicmalic-enzyme.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
MalatecanthenenterthemitochondrionasasubstratefortheTCAcycle.
Pyruvatemayreactwithaspartateorglutamateintransaminase
reactions,producingtheTCAcycleintermediatesoxalocetateanda-
ketogluarate,respectively.
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SeveralglycogenicaminoacidsmayserveassourceofTCAintermediates
354.Substancewithhighestthermogenic
effect?
a)Fat
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b)Proteinsc)Carbohydrate
d)Allarethesame
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is`b'i.e.,Proteins[RefProgressinobesityresearch-397]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Thermogeniceffect(thermiceffect)offoodreferstotheincreaseinmetabolicratethatoccursafteringestionofparticularfood.
Thisresultsinanincreaseintheamountofheatgeneratedbythe
body.
Proteinisatthetopofthehierarelyofmacronutrients,asforasthe
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thermogeniceffectinconcerned.About25-30%ofenergyisconsumedtodigesttheprotein.
Carbohydratescomeinthemiddleandlipids(fats)areinthirdplace.
355.Whichofthefollowingisnotthesource
ofcytosolicNADPH?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Isocitratedehydrogenaseb)ATPcitratelyase
c)Malicenzyme
d)G6PD
CorrectAnswer-B
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Answer.B.ATPcitratelyaseNADPHisacofactorusedinanabolicreactions,suchaslipidand
nucleicacidsynthesis,whichrequireNADPHasareducingagent.
ThemajorsourceofNADPHinanimalsandothernon-
photosyntheticorganismsisthepentosephosphatepathway.
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Thekeyenzymesintheseprocessesare:NADP-linkedmalicenzyme,NADP-linkedisocitratedehydrogenase,NADP-linked
glutamatedehydrogenaseandnicotinamidenucleotide
transhydrogenase.
356.RQisleastin?
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a)Brainb)RBC
c)Adipose
d)Heart
CorrectAnswer-D
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Ans.is'd'i.e.,Heart[RefReadbelow]Respiratoryqnotient(RQ)of:
1. Carbohydrateis1
2. Fatis0.70
3. Proteinis0.82
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Undernormalconditionthemajorfuelofheartisfattyacids,whileotherthreeorgans(giveninoptions)utilizeglucose.
ThusRQvalueisminimumforheart.
357.Overnightfastingwhatoccurs?
a)Glucosedecreases
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b)FFAincreasesc)Increasedgluconeogenesis
d)Increasedbeta-hydroxybutyrate
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Increasedgluconeogenesis[RefVasudevan&hie
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
p.85,86,Harper28th/ep.240,241]Inovernightfastingglucoselevelismaintaineddueto
glycogenolysisandgluconeogenesis.
FFAandketonebodies(p-hydroxybutyrate)startsrisingafter2-3
days,i.e.inlaterpartofinitialstageofprolongedstarving
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358.WhichofthefollowingisaFatSoluble
vitamin?
a)Thiamine
b)Niacine
c)VitaminA
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)RibaflavinCorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,VitaminA[RefHarper's296/ep.335]
359.Ascorbicacidisrequiredforsynthesisof
?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Phenylserineb)Homoserine
c)Hydroxylysine
d)Selenocysteine
CorrectAnswer-C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Hydroxylysine[RefHarper's29th/ep.540]Hydroxylationofprolineandlysineresiduetakesplaceduringpost-
translationalmodificationinroughER.
Theenzymecatalyzingthereactionsareprolylhydroxylase(for
proline)andlysylhydroxylase(forlysine).
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Boththeseenzymesaredioxygenases?usingmolecularoxygen(02)andcofactorforboththeseenzymesisvitaminC(ascorbicacid)?.a-
Ketoglutatrateisacoreductant,whichisoxidizedtosuccinate.
360.Whichofthefollowingvitaminsdoesnot
participateinoxidativedecarboxylation
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ofpyruvatetoacetylCoA?a)Thiamine
b)Niacine
c)Riboflavin
d)Biotin
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CorrectAnswer-DAns.is`d'i.e.,Biotin
361.VitaminKisrequiredfor:
March2005
a)Chelation
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b)Transaminationc)Carboxylation
d)Noneoftheabove
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C:Carboxylation
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ThefunctionofvitaminKinthecellistoconvertglutamateinproteinstogamma-carboxyglutamate(gla).Withinthecell,vitaminK
undergoeselectronreductiontoareducedformofvitaminK(called
vitaminKhydroquinone)bytheenzymevitaminKepoxidereductase
(orVKOR).
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AnotherenzymethenoxidizesvitaminKhydroquinonetoallowcarboxylationofGlutamatetogammacarboxyglutamate;this
enzymeiscalledthegamma-glutamylcarboxylaseorthevitaminK-
dependentcarboxylase.
Thecarboxylationreactionwillonlyproceedifthecarboxylase
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enzymeisabletooxidizevitaminKhydroquinonetovitaminKepoxideatthesametime;thecarboxylationandepoxidation
reactionsaresaidtobecoupledreactions.
362.Pantothenicacidisneededfordonating
thefollowingmoiety?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Acetyl(oracyl)CoAb)Carboxyl
c)Hydroxyl
d)Amino
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Acetyl(oracyl)CoA[RefHarper29th/ep.540]Pantothenicacidfunctionsascoenzymebyprovidingbuildingblock
ofcoenzymeAandACP
1. Coenzyme-Aparticipatesinreactionsofcitricacidcycle,fattyacid
oxidation,acetylation,andcholesterolsynthesis.
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2. ACPtakespartinfattyacidsynthesis363.Mostpotentantioxidant?
a)VitA
b)VitK
c)VitE
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)VitCCorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,VitE[Ref:Harper29thiep.532,541,543]
Amongstgivenoptions,vitaminA,EandCareanti-oxidants.
However,VitaminE(tocopherol)isthemostimportantantioxidantin
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thebody,actinginthelipidphaseofmembranesprotectingagainsttheeffectsoffreeradicals.
364.Coenzymeformofpyridoxineis?
a)ADP
b)NAD
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c)PLPd)FAD
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,PLP[RefGuyton12thiep.854]
365.ThecofactorvitaminB12isrequiredfor
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
thefollowingconversion:a)DopaminetoNorepinephrine
b)PropionylCoAtomethylmalonylCoA
c)MethylmalonylCoAtosuccinylCoA
d)Cysteinetohomocysteine
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-CAns:C.MethylmalonylCoAtosuccinylCoA
(Ref:Harper30/ep550,558,28iep346)
VitaminB12asCofactorfor:
MethylmalonylCoAmutase-Isomerizationofmethylmalonylco-Ato
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succinylco-A.Methioninesynthase-Methylationofpyrimidineringtoform
thymine.
Homocysteinemethyltransferase-Methylationofhomocysteineto
methionine
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Metabolismofdiol.Inbacteriaforinterconversionofglutamate&beta-methylaspartate?
366.VitaminB1isrequiredforwhichreaction
a)Transamination
b)Oxidativedecarboxylation
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Carboxylationd)Alloftheabove
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Oxidativedecarboxylation[RefHarper29th/ep.
534]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
*Activeform(coenzymeform)ofthiamineisthiaminepyrophosphate(TPP),alsocalledthiaminediphosphate(TDP).
*TPPactsascoenzymefor
-Oxidativedecarboxylation:-Pyruvatedehydrogenase,a-
ketoglutaratedehydrogenase,brached-chainketoacid
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dehydrogenase.-TransketolaseinPPP.
367.Pyridoxinedeficiencyleadstoaltered
metabolismof?
a)Phenylalanine
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Tryptophanc)Methionine
d)Tyrosine
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Tryptophan[RefDineshpuri3rdlep.378]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Tryptophanloadtestisusedforpyridoxin.Inpyridoxin(vitaminB6)deficiency,xanturenicacidexcretionis
increasedaftergivingtryptophanloaddose.
368.Thepyruvateutilizationintissuesis
decreasedin?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Perniciousanemiab)Scurvy
c)Beriberi
d)Pellagra
CorrectAnswer-C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Beriberi[RefHarper29th/ep.534]Pyruvateutilizationisdecreasedinthiaminedeficiency.Beriberiis
duetothiaminedeficiency.
Inthiaminedeficiency,pyruvatecannotbeconvertedtoacetyl-CoA
asthiaminepyrophosphateisacoenzymeforpyruvate
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dehydrogenasewhichcatalyzestheconversionofpyruvatetoacetyl-CoA.Hence,excessofpyruvateismetabolizedtolactateby
lactatedehydrogenase
369.Whichofthefollowingrequiresvitamin
BIZ?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Serinetolysineb)Homocysteinetomethionine
c)Serinetoglycine
d)Glutaminetoglutamate
CorrectAnswer-B
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Homocysteinetomethionine[Ref:Harper2967ep.537-539]
ConversionofhomocysteintomethionineInthisreaction,active
formismethylcobalamine.Thisistheonlyreactionwhichrequires
bothvitaminB,2(asmethylcobalamine)andfolicacid(asN5-methyl-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Hdolate).Thereactioniscatalyzedbytheenzymecobalamin-dependentmethioninesynthasealsocalled5-
methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteinemethyltransferase
370.Whichmicronutrientdeficiencycauses
anemia?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Copperb)Molybdenum
c)Selenium
d)Flurine
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'a'i.e.,CopperCoppercontainingproteinceruloplasminisnecessaryfortransport
ofironintheFerricformacrossmembranes
CopperisanintegralcomponentofALAsynthase,whichis
necessaryforhemesynthesis
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Copperhelpsintheuptakeofironacrossnormoblasts371.Adeninephosphoribosyltransferaseis
involved?
a)Denovopurinesynthesis
b)Purinedegradation
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Salvagesynthesisofpurinenucleotidesd)None
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Salvagesynthesisofpurinenucleotides[Ref
Harper29thiep.334-335]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
SalvagepathwayofpurinenucleotidesynthesisFreepurinebases(adenine,guanineandhypoxanthine)andpurine
nucleosidesareformedincellsduringthemetabolicdegradationof
nucleicacidsandnucleotides.Thesefreepurinebasesandpurine
nucleosidesarereusedintheformationofpurinenucleotides.This
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
iscalledsalvagepathway(salvagemeanspropertysavedfromloss).Salvagesynthesisrequiresfarlessenergythandenovo
synthesis.
372.Uricacidisformedby?
a)Catabolismofproteins
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Catabolismofketonesc)Catabolismofpurines
d)Catabolismfopyrimidines
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Catabolismofpurines
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
373.Beta-alanineisderivedfrom?
a)Adenosine
b)Guanosine
c)Thymine
d)Uracil
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,Uracil[Ref:Harper29illep.339,340]
374.Purineareformedby?
a)Asparticacid,glycine,uricacid
b)Aspartate,glycine,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Aspartate,glutamated)Aspartate,glycine,glutamine
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Aspartate,Glycine,Glutamine[RefHarper29thie
p.332]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
AminoacidsinvolvedinpurinesynthesisGlycine,aspartate,glutamine.
AminoacidsinvolvedinpyrimidinesynthesisGlutamine,aspartic
acid(aspartate).
375.Whichofthefollowingisnotinvolvedin
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synthesisofpyrimidines?a)Glutamine
b)CO
c)Asparticacid
d)Glycine
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,Glycine[RefHarper29th/ep.336-337]
AminoacidsinvolvedinpurinesynthesisGlycine,aspartate,
glutamine.
AminoacidsinvolvedinpyrimidinesynthesisGlutamine,aspartic
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acid(aspartate)376.WatsoncrickmodelisforwhichDNA?
a)BDNA
b)ADNA
c)CDNA
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)ZDNACorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,BDNA[Ref:Harper250/ep.344]
DNAistherepositoryofgeneticinformation.DNAislocatedin
nucleus.DNAisalsopresentinmitochondria
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
377.
Theanticodonregionisanimportantpartof
the
a)r-RNA
b)m-RNa
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)t-RNad)hn-RNa
CorrectAnswer-C
Ci.e.t-RNA
378.Shinedalgarnosequenceisrelatedto?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Transcriptionb)Translation
c)DNAreplication
d)None
CorrectAnswer-B
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'b'i.e.,TranslationShinedalgarnosequenceinprokaryotesandKozakconsensus
sequencesineukaryoteshelpsininitiationofproteinsynthesis
(Translation)
Inprokaryotes,asequenceofnucleotidebasesonmRNAknown
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
asShine-Dalgarnosequence(SDsequence)facilitatesthebindingofmRNAtothepreinitiationcomplex.SDsequenceisa
purine-richsequenceofnucleotidebases,whichislocated-6to-10
bpfromAUGcodon?.
InEukaryotes,'Kozakconsensus'sequencesurroundsAUG
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(initiationcodon)anddeterminestheinitiatingcodonofmRNA.379.Nucleotideconsistsofallexcept?
a)Sugar
b)Phosphate
c)Fattyacid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)BaseCorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Fattyacid[RefHarper's28"/ep.286]
Nucleotidesaremonomericunitsofnucleicacids.Theyarerequired
forsynthesisofnucleicacid.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Eachnucleotideismadeupof:(i)Anitrogenousbase,(ii)Asugar(pentosesugar)and(iii)Aphosphategroup(phosphoric
acid).Nitrogenousbasecombineswithasugarto
formnucleosides.Thenucleosidecombineswithphosphoricacidto
formanucleotide.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
380.CentralDogmaofmolecularbiology
indudesallexcept?
a)Transcription
b)Translation
c)RNAreplication
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)DNAreplicationCorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,RNAreplication
DNAstoresgeneticinformation:-Informationaboutaminoacid
sequenceofalltheproteinsispresentintheformofgenesinDNA.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
TheentiregeneticmaterialpresentintheDNAofanorganismisknownasgenome.TheimportantroleofDNAintransferof
informationinlivingcellsiscalledcentraldogmaofmolecular
biology.Accordingtothecentraldogma,informationflowsfrom
DNAtoRNAtoprotein.
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381.WhatisthefunctionofDNAligase?
a)Unwinding(denaturation)ofdsDNAtoprovideanssDNA
template
b)Sealsthesinglestrandnickbetweenthenascentchainand
Okazakifragmentsonlaggingstrand
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)InitiationofDNAsynthesisandelongationd)InitiatessynthesisofRNAprimers
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Sealsthesinglestrandnickbetweenthenascent
chainandOkazakifragmentsonlaggingstrand[RefHarper
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2501ep.367]382.Primasefunctionsas?
a)JoiningDNAfragments
b)SynthesiningsmallRNAfragmentsduringDNAsynthesis
c)SynthesisingsmallRNAfragmentsduringtranslation
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d)UnwindingofDNACorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,SynthesiningsmallRNAfragmentsduringDNA
synthesis[RefHarper's29th/ep.366,367]
383.Whatisattatchedto3'endofmRNAafter
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transcription?a)PolyAtail
b)CCA
c)Intron
d)7-methylguanosine
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CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,PolyAtail[Ref:Harper's29`h/ep.392]
MammalianmRNAmoleculescontaina7-methylguanosinecap
structureattheir5'terminal,andmosthaveapoly(A)tailatthe3'
terminal.
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ProkaryoticmRNAisfunctionalimmediatelyuponsynthesis,i.e.prokaryoticprimarytranscriptofmRNAisfunctional.
Thusitdoesnotrequirepost-transcriptionalmodification.
InEukaryotestheprimarytranscriptofmRNAisthehnRNA
(hetrogeneousnuclearRNA).
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AftertranscriptionhnRNAisextensivelymodifiedtoformfunctionalmRNA.
384.WhichRNAisusedinRNAsplicing?
a)mRNA
b)SmallnuclearRNA
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c)SmallcytosolicRNAd)tRNA
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'B'i.e.,SmallnuclearRNA[RefHarper29th/ep.378,390]
SplicesomeSplicesomeisanassemblymadeupofsmallnuclear
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RNA(snRNA),someproteinsandhnRNA.snRNAcombineswithproteinstoformsmallnuclearribnonucleoproteinparticles(snRNPs
orsnurps)thatmediatesplicing.ItissnRNAcomponentofsnurps
thatcatalyzessplicing?.SnurpsareU,,U,,U3,U4,U5andU6
385.Whichofthefollowingisaribozyme?
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a)Peptidyltransferaseb)Elongationfactor2
c)Primase
d)RNApolymerase
CorrectAnswer-A
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Ans.is'a'i.e.,Peptidyltransferase[RefHarper29thIep.405]SomeRNAmoleculeshaveintrinsiccatalyticactivity.
Theactivityoftheseribozymesofteninvolvesthecleavageof
nucleicacid.
TwoimportantRNAenzymesorribozymesare:?
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ThepeptidyltransferasethatcatalyzespeptidebondformationontheribosomeandRibozymesinvolvedintheRNAsplicing.
386.Primerfunctionisin?
a)Transcription
b)Translation
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c)InitiationofDNAreplicationd)TerminationofDNAreplication
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,InitiationofDNAreplication[RefHarper's29thlep.
366,367]
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DNAsynthesiscannotcommencewithdeoxyribonucleotidesbecauseDNApolymerasecannotaddamononucleotidetoanother
mononucleotide.
Thus,DNApolymerasecannotinitiatesynthesisofcomplementary
DNAsynthesisstrandofDNAonatotallysinglestrandedtemplate.
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Forthis,theyrequireRNAprimer,whichisashortpieceofRNAformedbyenzymeprimase?(RNApolymerase?)usingDNAasa
template.
RNAprimeristhenextendedbyadditionofdeoxyribonucleotides.
Lateron,theribonucleotidesoftheprimerarereplacedbydeoxyribo
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nucleotides.387.Chargaff'srulestatesthat?
a)A=T,G=C
b)A=G,T=C
c)A=C,G=T
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d)AnycombinationpossibleCorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,A=T,G=C[Ref:Harper29th/ep.344&28thlep.302;
Essentialsofbiochemistryp.915]
ChargaffsrulestatesthatinDNAofallspeciesquantitiesofpurines
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isthesameasthatofpyrimidines,i.e.A+G=T+C388.Inglycolysis,NADHisproducedat?
a)Pyruvatekinase
b)Enolase
c)Glyceraledehyde-3-P-dehydrogenase
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d)PFK-1CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Glyceraledehyde-3-P-dehydrogenase[RefHarper
28th/ep.151-152]
Reducingequivalent(NADH)productioniscatalyzedby:
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Glyceraldehyde3-phosphatedehydrogenase389.Reversetranscriptioninvolves?
a)RNAdependentDNAsynthesis
b)DNAdependentRNAsynthesis
c)DNAdependentDNAsynthesis
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d)RNAdependentRNAsynthesisCorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,RNAdependentDNAsynthesis[RefHarper29thle
p.348]
SynthesisofRNAfromDNAiscalledtranscription.
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Intranscription,RNAissynthesizedbyRNApolymerase.RNApolymeraseisalsocalledDNAdependentRNApolymerase
becauseitisdependentonDNA(non-codingstrand)forRNA
synthesis.
Reversetranscription,asthenamesuggests,isthereverseof
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transcriptioni.e.synthesisofDNAformRNA.InreversetranscriptionDNAissynthesizedbyreversetranscriptase.
ReversetranscriptaseisalsocalledRNAdependentDNA
polymerasebecauseitisdependentonRNAforDNAsynthesis.
390.Enzymerequireforcuttingthestrand
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DNAsynthesis?a)DNApolymerase
b)DNAligase
c)Topoisomerase
d)Helicase
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CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Topoisomerase[RefLippincott's5thiep.400,401]
AsthetwostrandsofDNAareseparatedaproblemisencountered,
i.e.appearanceofpositivesupercoils(supertwists)intheregionof
DNAaheudofreplicationform.
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Theaccumulationofpositivesupercoilinginterfereswithfurtherunwindingofthedoublehelix.
Tosolvethisproblem,thereisagroupofenzymescalledDNA
topoisomeraseswhichareresonsibleforremovingsupercoilsinthe
helix.
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DNAtopoisomerasesarenickandsealenzymes,i.e.theyhavebothnuclease(strand-cutting)andligase(strand-resealing)activities.
391.Whichdoesnotplayaroleinprotein
synthesis?
a)Exon
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b)Intronc)m-RNA
d)ATP
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Intron[RefLippincott's5tvep.426]
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Primarytranscriptcontainsintrons&exons.Splicingremovesintrons(segmentofgenethatisnotrepresentedinmaturem-RNA)
fromprimarytranscript.
SynthesisofproteinfrommRNAiscalled
translation.Translationistheprocessbywhichribosomesconvert
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theinformation(geneticcode)carriedbymRNAtothesynthesisofnewprotein.
Translationoccursinribosomes.Basicrequirementsfor
translationincludemRNA,tRNAs,ribosomes,energy(ATPand
GTP),enzymes,andspecificproteinfactorslikeinitiationfactors,
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elongationfactorsetc.392.Functionofexonuclease-
a)Polymerization
b)Proofreading
c)Chainelongation
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d)TerminationCorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Proofreading[RefDineshpuri3rd/ep.455,456]
Nucleasesreferstoanenzymethatcatalyzeshydrolysisof
phosphodiesterbondinanucleicacid.
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Thenuclesesareoftwotypes:*Endonucleases:Cleavetheinternalphosphodiesterbonds.
*Exonucleases:Cleavebondsatends.Someexonucleasescleave
onlyatthe3'end(the3'-exonucleaseactivity)whileothercleaveat
the5'end(the5'-exonucleaseactivity).
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-31-exonucleaseactivityisresponsibleforproofreading.3'-exonucleaseactivityispresentinDNApolymeraseI,IIandIII.
-51-exonucleaseactivityisresponsibleforerrorcorrectionin
damagedDNA.
393.Insicklecellanemia,translocationon
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codon6isduetosubstitutionof?a)Valineforglutamate
b)Glutamateforvaline
c)Isoleucineforvaline
d)Valineforisoleucine
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CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,Valineforglutamate[RefHarper's29th/ep.444]
Sicklecelldisease,iscausedbymutationofasinglebaseoutofthe
3x109inthegenome,aT-to-ADNAsubstitution,whichinturn
resultsinanA-to-UchangeinthemRNAcorrespondingtothesixth
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codonofthe13-globingene.Thealteredcodonspecifiesadifferentaminoacid(valineratherthanglutamicacid),andthiscausesa
structuralabnormalityofthep-globinmolecule.
394.Whichofthefollowingusuallyrequirea
RNAintermediatefor
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cloning/replication?a)Transposons
b)Plasmids
c)Phages
d)Cosmids
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CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,Transposons[Ref:Lippincot4th/ep.461&Harper
29tVep.436,437]
Transposons(Tn)aremobilesegmentsofDNAthatmoveinan
essentiallyrandommannerfromonesitetoanotheronthesameor
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adifferentchromosome.Movementismediatedbytransposase,anenzymeencodedbyTn
itself.Movementcanbe:-(i)direct,inwhichtransposasecutsout
andtheninsertsTnatanewsite,or(ii)replicative,inwhichtheTnis
copiedandthecopyinsertedelsewherewhiletheoriginremainsin
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place.Ineukaryotes,includinghumans,replicativetranspositionfrequently
involvesaRNAintermediate,inwhichcasethetransposoniscalled
aretrotransposoni.e.tronsposonsthatinvolveaRNAintermediate
arecalledretrotransposons
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395.Chromosomalstudyisbestcarriedout
in?
a)Prophase
b)Metaphase
c)Telophase
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d)AnaphaseCorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is`b'i.e.,Metaphase[Ref:Anderson10thlep.225,226,
Robbins8thiep.158]
Methodofkaryotyping
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Karyotypingisthestudyofcoromosone.Dividingcellsarearrestedinmetaphasebyadditionofcolchicineor
colcemid(deacetylmethylcolchicine).
Subsequently,cellsareexposedtoahypotonicsolutiontoinduce
swellingofthecellforenhancingspreadingofthechromosomes.
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Themetaphasecellsarethenfixedwithmethanol/glacialaceticacidmixtureandstainedbyoneoftheseveralbandingtechniques.
Afterstainingchromosomesareanalysedunderamicroscopeand
photographed.
Finally,akaryotypeisconstructedbymanualorautomatedpattern.
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Chromosomesarearrangedinpairsanddecreasingorderoflength396.Terminationcodonis?
a)AUG
b)UAA
c)AUA
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d)AGGCorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,UAA
Initiationcodon.4AUG
Stopcodons(terminationcodonsornonsensecodons)UAA,
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UGA,UAG397.DNAmicroarraysallowdetectionofGene
mutationsusing?
a)PolymerasechainReaction
b)Cloning
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c)SouthernBlottingd)Hybridization
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Hybridization[RefBiologybyRavenTatap.331]
DNAMicroarray(DNA-Chips)
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DNAmicroarrayscontainthusands(500-5000)ofimmobilizedDNAprobes/sequences(fewdozentohundredsofnucleotidelong)from
knowngenesorganizedinanareanolongerthanamicroscope
slide.DNAsegments(fromDNAlibraries)areamplifiedbyPCRand
placedonsmallwellsinasolidpolystyreneplates,usingrobotic
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devices.Uptomillionsuchspotsaredepositedinapredesignedarrayonasurfaceareaofjustfewcm'.Analternatewayisto
synthesizeDNAdirectlyonthesolidsurfaceusingphotolithography.
C-DNA(obtaineddirectlyorfrommRNAofpatientsparticularcell
typeorstage)isaddedtoeachwell,hybridizeandfluorescenceis
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assessedtoassessgenesbeingexpressedinthosecells/stage.Thisisbasedonprinciplesofnucleicacidhybridizationlikesouthern
ornorthernblottestsbutallowssimultaneousstudyofmultiple
genesorentiregenomeratherthansingle.
Hybridizationmeansbindingofcomplementarystrandsofnucleic
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acidaccordingtoWatson-Crickrules(i.e.A=TandG=Cbinding).SouthernblotforDNAandNorthernblotforRNAallowsthe
study/detectionofsinglegenewhereasmicroarraytechnique(for
DNA&RNA)allowsdetectionofmultiplegenesorentiregenome.
SoitcanbeconsideredasmultipleSouthernorNorthernblot
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analysisrunninginparallel.398.Whichoffollowingisananalouge
guanosine?
a)Abacavir
b)Allopurinol
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c)Bromodeoxyuridined)None
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Abacavir[RefEssentialsofbiochemistryp.888]
399.IdentificationofindividedbytheirDNA
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wasinventedby?a)Shapiro
b)Lewis
c)Jeffreys
d)Pasture
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CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Jeffreys[RefLippicott'sSthiep.83,474,Lehniger
5thiep.319-21]
TheDNAfingerprintingwasfirstreportedin1984bySirAlec
Jeffreys?attheuniversityofleicesterinEngland.
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400.Whichofthefollowingstatements
regardingmaturecytoplasmic
messengerRNAistrue?
a)TranscribedfromNuclearDNA
b)HasThiamineinplaceofUracil
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c)SugarisDeoxyRibosed)Itsmolecularweightismorethanhn-RNA
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,TranscribedfromNuclearDNA[Ref:Lippincott's
Biochemistry5thp.428;FundamentalsofCytogenetics&Genetics
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(2010)p.444]MesengerRNA(mRNA)isformedbytheprocessof'transcription'
fromoneofthestrandsofdoublestrandednuclearDNA
andcarriesgeneticinformationfromthenuclearDNAtothecytosol
whereitisusedasatemplateforproteinsynthesis.
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mRNAcomprisesonly5-10%oftotalcellularRNA.Itcarriestheinformation(massage)fromthenucleustotheribosome.mRNAis
synthesizedinthenucleusaslieterogenousRNA(hnRNA)',which
isprocessedintofunctionalmRNA.
401.Thefoldsincollagenisdueto?
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a)Glycineb)Alanine
c)Arginine
d)Histidine
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Glycine[RefEssentialsofbiochemistyp.868]Inordertoformatriple-helixapolypeptidechain(a-chain)must
containglycineaseverythirdresidueinthesequence.
Thisisbecauseonlytheglycineissmallenoughtobe
accommodatedinthelimitedspaceavailabledownthecentralcore
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ofthetriplehelix.Eachturnofpolypeptidechain(a-chain)containsthreeaminoacid
residues,andglycine(Gly)ispresentateverythirdpositions.
Thusglycineconstitutes33%ofthetotalaminoacidresidues.
Therepeatingaminoacidresidues,representedas(Gly-X-Y)n,isan
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absoluterequirementforformationoftriplehelix.XandYcanbeanyaminoacids,butmostofthetimeXisproline
(10%ofthetotalaminoacidresidues)andmostofthetimeYis
hydroxyproline.
402.WhichofthefollowingGAGisnot
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sulphated?a)Chondroitin
b)Dermatan
c)Keratan
d)Hyaluronicacid
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CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,Hyaluronicacid[Ref:Harper's29thlep.596]
AGlycosaminoglycan(GAG)isanunbranchedpolysaccharidemade
upofrepeatingdisaccharides,onecomponentofwhichisalwaysan
aminosugar(hencethenameGAG),eitherD-glucosamineorD-
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galactosamine.Theothercomponentoftherepeatingdisaccharide(exceptinthe
caseofkeratansulfate)isauronicacid,eitherL-glucuronicacid
(GlcUA)orits5'-epimer,L-iduronicacid(IdUA).
Proteoglycansareproteinsthatcontaincovalentlylinked
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glycosaminoglycans.Theproteinsboundcovalentlytoglycosaminoglycansarecalled
"coreproteins".
Withtheexceptionofhyaluronicacid,alltheGAGscontainsulfate
groups,eitheras0-estersorasN-sulfate(inheparinandheparan
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sulfate).Hyaluronicacidaffordsanotherexceptionbecausethereisnoclear
evidencethatitisattachedcovalentlytoprotein,asthedefinitionof
aproteoglycangivenabovespecifies.
403.Repeatitivechainsofglucosaminewith
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uronicacidareseenin?a)NANA
b)Heparansulphate
c)Keratansulphate
d)Noneofthese
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CorrectAnswer-BAns.is`b'i.e.,Heparansulphate[RefDineshpuriYalep.31,32]
Proteoglycansaremadeupofcoreprotein,coretrisaccharideand
glycosaminoglycans.
Proteoglycans=Glycosaminoglycans+Coretrisaccharide+Core
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protein.Glycosaminoglycans(mucopolysaccharides)aremadeupof
repeatingdiasaccharideunits.Eachdiasaccharideunitcontains?
404.Acuteintermittentporphyriaisdueto
deficiencyof?
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a)UroporphyrinogenIsynthaseb)UroporphyrinogenIIIsynthase
c)Ferrochelatase
d)ALAsynthase
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'a'i.e.,UroporphyrinogenIsynthase[RefHarper29tVep.313]
405.Myoglobincontains?
a)Iron
b)Copper
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c)Zinkd)Selenium
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Iron[RefHarper29th/ep.308,Vasudevan6th/ep.
242]
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Hemoproteinsareproteinswhichhavehemeasprostheticgroup.Importanthemoproteinsarehemoglobie,myoglobinQ,
cytochromesQ(cytochromeCQ,cytochromeP450Q),catalaseQ,
peroxidase,tryptophanpyrrolaseandnitricoxidesynthase.
Allhemoproteinscontainironasironisthecentralcomponentof
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heme406.Reversefoldingofproteinsiscarriedout
by?
a)Valine
b)Threonine
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c)Chaperoned)Aspartate
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Chaperone[RefHarper's29th/ep.558,559]
Certainproteinsplayaroleintheassemblyorproperfoldingofother
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proteinswithoutthemselvesbeingcomponentsofthelatter.Suchproteinsarecalledmolecularchaperones.
MostchaperonesexhibitATPaseactivityandbindADPandATP.
Thisactivityisimportantfortheireffectonfolding
407.Ratelimitingenzymeinhemesynthesis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?a)ALAsynthase
b)Hmgcoareductase
c)ALAdehydratase
d)Uroporphyrinogen1synthase
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,ALAsynthase[RefHarper's29'lep.309]
Hemesynthesistakesplaceinallcells,butoccurstogreatestextent
inbonemarrowandliver.Thefirststepinthesynthesisofhemeis
thecondensationofglycineandsuccinylCo-Atoform6-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
aminolevulinicacid(6-ALA),whichoccursinmitochondria.Thisreactioniscatalyzedby6-ALAsynthasewhichrequirespyridoxal
phosphate(PLP)ascofactor.Thisistheratelimitingstepinheme
synthesis.
408.Proteinglycosylationoccursin?
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a)ERb)Golgibodies
c)Mitochondria
d)Peroxisomes
CorrectAnswer-A:B
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'b>a'i.e.,Golgibodies>ER[RefHarper's29th/ep.549,572]
TheendoplasmicreticulumandtheGolgiapparatusarethemajor
sitesinvolvedinglycosylationprocesses.
However,0-glycosylationoccursonlyintheGolgiapparatusandso
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itistheorganellewherealltypesofglycosylationreactionscantakeplace
409.Thisattachestoproteinbefore
destruction?
a)Ubiquitin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)RNAseFc)Zymase
d)Chaperone
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Ubiquitin[RefHarper291Vep.560-561]
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UbiquitinIsaKeyMoleculeinProteinDegradationTherearetwomajorpathwaysofproteindegradationineukaryotes.
OneinvolveslysosomalproteasesanddoesnotrequireATP.The
otherpathwayinvolvesubiquitinandisATP-dependent.
Itplaysthemajorroleinthedegradationofproteins,andis
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particularlyassociatedwithdisposalofmisfoldedproteinsandregulatoryenzymesthathaveshorthalf-lives.
410.Weakestbondis?
a)Covalent
b)Hydrogen
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Electrostaticd)Vanderwall
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Vanderwall[Ref:Harper28thlep.9;Basicsof
molecularbiologyp.786]
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StrongestbondCovalentWeakestbond-4Vanderwallsforces
Covalent(strongest)?>Electrostatic0(ionicorsaltlinkage)>
hydrogen>hydrophobic>Vanderwaal's(weakest)?
411.Proteinsegregationoccursin?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Golgiappparatusb)Peroxisomes
c)ER
d)Mitochondria
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Golgiappparatus[RefHarper29th/ep.549]Golgiapparatusplaysamajorroleinsortingofproteins.
412.Whichofthefollowingtripeptide?
a)Glutathione
b)Angiotensin
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c)Glucagond)Oxytocin
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Glutathione[RefHarper28thlep.679-680]
AngiotensinIII Heptapeptide(6aminoacids)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
AngiotensinII Octapeptide(8aminoacids)Oxytocin
Nonapeptide(9aminoacids)
Bradykinin
Nonapeptide(9aminoacids)
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Vasopressin Nonapeptide(9aminoacids)Glucagon
Decapeptide(10aminoacids)
AngiotensinI Decapeptide(10aminoacids)
413.Shortestpeptide?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)AngiotensinIIb)AngiotensinIII
c)Oxytocin
d)Vasopressin
CorrectAnswer-B
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'b'i.e.,AngiotensinIII[RefEssentialsofbiochemistryp.627]
414.InFITCthecoloremittedafterbluelight
absorption?\
a)Yellowgreen
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Orangeredc)Applegreen
d)Goldenbrown
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Yellowgreen
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fluoresceinisothiocyanate(FITC)isaderivativeoffluoresceinusedinwide-rangingapplicationsincludingflowcytometry.FITCisthe
originalfluoresceinmoleculefunctionalizedwithanisothiocyanate
reactivegroup(-N=C=S),replacingahydrogenatomonthebottom
ringofthestructure.Thisderivativeisreactivetowardsnucleophiles
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includingamineandsulfhydrylgroupsonproteins.FITC(fluoresceinisothiocyanate)isafluorochromedyethatabsorbs
ultravioletorbluelightcausingmoleculestobecomeexcitedand
emitavisibleyellowgreenlight.Thisemissionceasesuponremoval
ofthelightcausingtheexcitation.
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415.Oxidativedeaminationoccursin?
a)Cytoplasmofallcells
b)Mitochondriaofallcells
c)Cytoplasmofhepatocytes
d)Mitochondriaofhepatocytes
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,MitochondriaofHepatocytes[Ref:Harper29'/ep.
274]
Deaminationmeansremovalofaminogroupofaminoacidinthe
formofammonia.Thus,anaminoacidisconvertedtoaketoacid.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Deaminationcoupledwithoxidationiscalledoxidativedeamination.Itoccursinthemitochondria.
Oxidativedeaminationoccursprimarilyintheliver(majororgan)and
kidney.
416.WhichisoformofLDHisraisedin
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Anemia?a)LDH5
b)LDH4
c)LDH3
d)LDH2
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,LDH2[RefChatterjea7th/ep.600-605,Harper
28th/ep.59]
LDH-2isfoundinRBCsandisincreasedinmegaloblasticanemia.
417.Inapoptosis,cytochromeCactsthrough
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-a)Apaf1
b)Bcl-2
c)FADD
d)TNF
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,Apaf1
Oneoftheseproteinsiscytochromec,wellknownforitsrolein
mitochondrialrespiration.Inthecytosol,cytochromeCbindstoa
proteincalledApaf-1(apoptosisactivatingfactor-1),andthe
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complexactivatescaspase-9.(Bc1-2andBcl-xmayalsodirectlyinhibitApaf-1activation,andtheirlossfromcellsmaypermit
activationofApaf-1).
418.Whenstemcellstransformstoformcells
characteristicofothertissues,the
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processiscalledas-a)De-differentiation
b)Re-differentiation
c)Trans-differentiation
d)Sub-differentiation
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CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Trans-differentiation
Transdifferentiation
*Transdifferentiationtakesplacewhenanon-stemcelltransform
intoadifferenttypeofcell,orwhenanalreadydifferentiatedstem
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cellcreatescellsoutsideitsalreadyestabilisheddifferentiation.*Rememberveryimportantfactthatitisthenon-stemcellor
alreadydifferentiatedstemcell(i.e.maturecell)thatistransformed
intoothertypeofcell.Itisnotstemcellthatistransforming.
*Transdifferentiationisatypeofmetaplasia.
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*Then,whatisthedifferencebetweentransdifferentiationandmetaplasia.
*InTransdifferentiationonlydifferentiatedstemcellistransformed
intoothercelltype,whileinmetaplasiaanyofthetwo,eitherstem
cellordifferentiatedcellcantransformintoothercelltype.
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*So,alltransdifferentiationprocessesaremetaplasia,butnotallmetaplasiaaretransdifferentiation.oMostlikelyquestionhasbeen
wronglyframedhere,thereshouldbenon-stemcellinsteadofstem
cellinthequestion.Anywaysanswerremainsthesame,asnoother
optionisrelatedtothistypeoftransformation.
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419.Cellsmostsensitivetohypoxiaare?
a)Myocardialcells
b)Neurons
c)Hepatocytes
d)Renaltubularepithelialcells
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CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,Neurons
Thesusceptibilityofatissuetohypoxiainfluencesthelikelihoodof
infarction.
Neuronsaremostsensitivetohypoxia(irreversiblechangesdevelop
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in3-4minutes)followedbymyocardialcells(irrversiblechangesdevelopin20-40minutes).
Fibroblastsareamongstthemostresistentcellstohypoxia.
420.LinesofZahnoccurin-
a)Postmortemclot
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b)Infarctc)Embolus
d)Corallinethrombus
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Corallinethrombus
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ItisseeninPrimaryplateletthrombi.421.Dohlebodies-
a)DilatedEndoplasmicReticuluminNeutrophils
b)Mitochondria
c)Golgiapparatus
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d)LysosomesCorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Dilatedendoplasmicreticuluminneutrophils
Dohlebodiesarelightbluegray,bosophilicinclusionsinthe
peripheralcytoplasmofneutrophils.oTheyarethoughttobe
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remnantsoftheroughendoplasmicreticulumcontainingRNA.422.whichofthefollowingdoesnotbelongto
thefamilyofselectin?
a)Pselectin
b)Lselectin
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c)Aselectind)Eselectin
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Aselectin
Leukocyteandendothelialadhesionmolecules
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Leukocyteadhesionandtransmigrationareregulatedlargelybybindingofcomplementaryadhesionmoleculesontheleukocyte&
endothelialsurface,andbychemicalmediators.
Cytokinesaffecttheseprocessesbymodulatingtheexpressionof
adhesionmoleculessothatleukocytescanfirmlyadhereto
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endothelium.Therearefourmolecularfamiliesofadhesionreceptors.
1.Selectin
Selectinsfunctioninthecelltocellinteractioni.e.,adhesionof
leukocytestotheendothelium.
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E-selectin(CD-62E)ispresentonendothelialcellsanditbindstosialyl-lewis.(asialylatedformofoligosaccharideonleukocytes).
EndothelialcellexpressionofE-selectionisahallmarkofacute
cytokine-mediatedinflammation.
P-selectin(CD-62P)ispresentonendotheliumandplateletsandit
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bindstosialyl-Lewisonleukocytes.L-selectin(CD-62L)ispresentonleukocytesanditbindstomucin-
likeglycoproteinG1yCAM-Iontheendothelium.
2.Immunoglobulinfamily
Presentonendothelium
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ICAM-1(intracellularadhesionmolecule-1)bindsto132-integrins(VLA-4)ofleukocytes.
Plateletendothelialcelladhesionmolecule(PECAMorCD-31)is
presentonbothendotheliumandleukocytes.Itisthemajor
adhesivemoleculefordiapedesis.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3.IntegrinsIntegrinspromotecell-cellorcell-matrixinteraction(incontrastto
selectinsthatpromoteonlycell-cellinteraction)i.e.,integrinshelpin
adhesionofleukocytestoendotheliumandadhesionofleukocytes
toanextracellularmatrixsuchasfibronectin,vitronectin,activated
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compliment.Presentonleukocytes
integrins(VLA-4)bindtoVCAM-1oftheendothelium.
P2-integrins(LFA-1andMAC-1)bindtoICAM-1ofthe
endothelium.
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4.MucinlikeglycoproteinTheseglycoproteinsarepresentintheextracellularmatrixandon
thecellsurface.
AnexampleisHeparansulfate,thatservesasaligandforthe
leukocyteadhesionmoleculeCD-44.
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423.Cell-matrixadhesionsaremediatedby?
a)Cadherins
b)Integrins
c)Selectins
d)Calmodulin
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CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,Integrins
Cell-matrixadhesions,areusuallymediatedbyintergrins
Cell-celladhesionsinAnchoringjunctionsaremediatedby
cadherins.
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424.Followinginjurytoabloodvessel,
immediatehaemostasisisachievedby-
a)Fibrindeposition
b)Vasoconstriction
c)Plateletadhesion
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d)ThrombosisCorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Vasoconstriction
Hemostasis
*Hemostasisisaphysiologicalprocesswherebybleedingishalted,
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thusprotectingtheintegrityofthevascularsystemaftertissueinjury.*Itisresponsibleforminimizingbloodloss.
*Itiscommonlyreferredtoasstoppageofbleeding.
Thehemostaticmechanismshaveseveralfunctions:?
*l.Maintainbloodinfluidstatewhilecirculatingwithinthevascular
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system.*Arrestbleedingatthesiteofinjurybyformationofhemostaticplug.
*Ensuretheremovalofhemostaticplugwhenhealingiscomplete.
Thecomponentsofnormalhemostasisinclude:?
-Bloodvessels(endothelium)
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-Platelets-Plasmacoagulationfactorsandtheirinhibitors.
-Fibrinolyticsystem.
Whenabloodvesselisinjured,severalstepsoccurinhemostasisat
thesiteofinjury:?
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Vasoconstriction*Afterinitialinjury,thereisabriefperiodarteriolarvasoconstriction,
minimizingvesseldiameterandslowingbleeding.
*Thisisduetoreflexneurogenicmechanismandaugmentedbya
potentendotheliumderivedvasoconstrictorendothelin.
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*Howeverthiseffectistransient,bleedingwouldresumeiftherewillnoactivationofplateletandcoagulationsystem.
Primaryhemostasis
*Endothelialinjuryexposeshighlythrombogenicsubendothelial
extracellularmatrixtobind(adhere)withcollegenofECM.
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*Bindingofplateletsactivatesthesecellsandplateletsreleasesecretorygranules.
*Thesesecretoryproducts(fromsecretorygranules)recruite
additionalplateletsto(plateletplug).
C.Secondaryhemostasis
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*Coagulationsystemisactivatedandthrombinisgenerated.*Thrombinconvertsfibrinogentofibrin.
*Ultimatelytheseeventsformsanireversiblyfusedmassof
platelets,thrombinRBCsandfibrinogen-->Definitivesecondary
hemostaticplug.
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D.Repairofvesselsanddissolutionofclot*Theclotattractsandstimulatesthegrowthoffibroblastandsmooth
musclecellswithinthevesselwall,andbeginsrepairprocess.
*Atthisstagefibrinolyticsystemisalsoactivated,resultingin
dissolutionoftheclot.
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425.Maximumcollageninwoundhealingis
seenat-
a)Endoffirstweek
b)Endofsecondweek
c)Endofthirdweek
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d)Endof2monthsCorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Endofsecondweek
Duringsecondweekthereiscontinuedaccumulationofcollagen
andproliferationoffibroblast.Maximumcollagenisseeninsecond
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week.426.MostpotentstimulatorofNaiveT-cells-
a)Maturedentriticcells
b)Folliculardentriticcells
c)Macrophages
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d)B-cellCorrectAnswer-A
MatureDendriticcells
MatureB-cellsandT-cellsbeforeantigenicexposurearecalled
naive-BandTcellsrespectively.Sequenceofeventsinactivationof
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naiveTcells.Immaturedendriticcellsintheepidermisarecalledlangerhanscell.
Theseimmaturedendriticcells(langerhanscells)capturethe
antigenintheepidermis.
Aftercapturingtheantigenthesecellssecretecytokines.
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Thesecytokinescauselossofadhesivenessoflangerhanscells.Langerhanscellsseparatefromeachotherandmigrateinto
lymphaticvessels.
Inlymphaticvessel,maturationoflangerhanscellstakesplace.
ThenthesematurelangerhansdendriticcellsreachtonaiveTcells
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inthelymphnodesandpresentantigentothesecellsandactivatethem.
427.Commonvariable
hypogammaglobulinemiashows?
a)DecreasedBcellcount
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b)IncreasedBcellcountc)Complimentopsinization
d)Neutropenia
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,NormalBcells
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Mostpatientswithcommonvariableimmunodeficiencyhavenormalornear-normalnumbersofBcellsinthebloodandlymphoidtissues.
TheseBcells,however,arenotabletodifferentiateintoplasma
cells.
Theclinicalmanifestationsarecausedbyantibodydeficiency.
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Thefeaturecommontoallpatientsishypogammaglobulinemia,generallyaffectingalltheantibodyclassesbutsometimesonlyIgG.
428.Amyloidosisismostcommonlyseenin?
a)MaturityonsetDM
b)TypeIDM
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c)TypeIIDMd)HTN
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,TypeIIDM
ThetwobestexamplesoflocalizedamyloidosisareAlzheimer's
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diseaseandtype2diabetesmellitus.Localizedamyloiddepositionresultsfromtheproductionofaunique
polypeptide,whichcontainsanamyloidogenicsequenceandis
capableofformingabeta-pleatedsheetstructurenecessaryfor
thesedepositstoaggregate.
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Intype2diabetesitistheisletamyloidpolypeptide(IAPP)alsoknownasamylin.
InAlzheimer'stheuniquepeptideisthebeta-amyloidprotein(A
beta).
429.WhichtypeofAmyloidosisiscausedby
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mutationofthetransthyretinprotein?a)FamilialMediterraneanfever
b)Familialamyloidoticpolyneuropathy
c)Dialysisassociatedamyloidosis
d)Prionproteinassociatedamyloidosis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,Familialamyloidoticpolyneuropathy
Transthyretin(TTR)isnormalserumproteinthatbindsandtransport
thyroxineandretinol.
TTRcancausefollowingtypesofamyloidosis:?
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MutantTTR:-MutationinTTRcancausesyndromeoffamilialamyloidoticpolyneuropathyorfamilial
amylodoticcardiomyopathy.
Wild(non-mutant)TTR:-ThereisnomutationofTTRandwildtype
TTRformsfibrilswhichresultsinsenilesystemicamyloidosis(senile
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
cardiacamyloidosis).430.TruestatementaboutinheritenceofanX
linkedrecessivetraitis-
a)50%ofboysofcarriermotherareaffected
b)50%ofgirlsofdiseasedfatherarecarrier
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c)Fathertransmitsdiseasetothesond)Mothertransmitsthediseasetothedaughter
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,50%ofboysofcarriermotherareaffected
allX-linkeddisordersareX-linkedrecessive.
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AsmalehasonlyoneX-chromosome,themalewithaffectedgeneonX-chromosomewillalwaysmanifestthedisease.
Ontheotherhand,femalehas2X-chromosomes,heterozyogous
femalewillbecarrierbecauseofexpressionofnormalallelonthe
otherX-chromosome.
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50%boysofthecarriermotherwillbeaffected.FatherwillnottransmittthediseasetosonasboysdonotinheritX-
chromosomefromfather.
431.Neurofibromatosistrueall,except-
a)Autosomalrecessive
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b)Associatedwithcataractc)Scoliosis
d)Multiplefibroma
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Autosomalrecessive
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Neurofibromatosiscomprisesoftwodistinctdisorders-*NeurofibromatosisI
*NeurofibromatosisII
*Thegenesforthesearelocatedondifferentchromosomes.
*Bothareinheritedinanautosomaldominantpattern.
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*TheclassicalformofthediseasewithmultipleneuromasiscalledNeurofibromatosisIandiscausedbyamutationofthegene
neurofibrominonchromosome17
432.ThetumorsuppressorgeneP53induces
cellarrestat-
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a)Mphaseb)S-G2phase
c)G1-Sphase
d)Go-phase
CorrectAnswer-C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'c'i.e.,G1-SphaseFactorsactingatG,Spointare:?
Stimulatorofcycle:CyclinD-CDK4(phosphorylateRB
gene);cyclinE-CDK-2.
Inhibitorsofcycle:TheCip/kipfamily(p21,p27,p57);INK4a/ARF
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family(p16INK4a,p14ARF,p16,p17,p18,p19433.Maletomaletransmissionisseenin-
a)Autosomaldominantdiseases
b)Autosomalrecessive
c)X-linkeddominant
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d)MitochondrialdiseaseCorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Autosomaldominantdisease
Xchromosomeisnottransmittedfromfathertoson(optioncis
excluded)andmitochondrialdisordersarealwaysmaternally
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inherited(optiondisexcluded).Autosomalrecessivedisordercanbetransmittedfromfathertoson,
butonlyifthemotherisalsoaffectedoratleastsheiscarrier.Ifonly
maleisaffected,autosomalrecessivedisordercannotbe
transmittedtoson.
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Autosomaldominantdisordercanbetransmittedinanydirection:-Fromfathertosonordaughter.
Frommothertosonordaughter.
434.Femaleisaffected,maleisnot.Disease
isautosomaldominant,whatisthe
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chanceinchildren?a)50%affected
b)25%affected
c)75%affected
d)Allaffected
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CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,50%Affected
Ifoneoftheparent(motherorfather)isaffectedinautosomal
dominantdisorder,everychildhas50%ofchanceofhavingthe
diseaseand50%ofchancenothavingthedisease.
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435.Overgrowthofaskinstructureata
localisedregion-
a)Hamartoma
b)Malignanttumor
c)Choriostoma
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d)AllCorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Hamartoma
Aberrantdifferentiationmayproduceamassofdisorganizedbut
maturespecializedcellsortissueindigenoustotheparticularsite,
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referredtoasahamartoma.Anectopicrestofnormaltissueiscalledachoristoma.egarestof
adrenalcellsunderthekidneycapsule.
Whenaneoplasm,benignormalignant,producesamacroscopically
visibleprojectionaboveamucosalsurfaceandprojects,itistermed
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apolyp.436.Radiationexposureduringinfancyhas
beenlinkedtowhichoneofthefollowing
carcinoma-
a)Breast
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b)Melanomac)Thyroid
d)Lung
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Thyroid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
"Differentiatedthyroidcarcinomaparticularlypapillaryvarietyfrequentlyfollowsaccidentalirradiationofthyroidininfancyand
childhood"-Bailey
Radiationinducedcancers
Radiationmayinducesomenon-lethalchangesinDNAsequences
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whichmaycausemalignanttransformation437.Li?Fraumenisyndromeisdueto
mutationofwhichgene-
a)P21
b)P53
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c)P41d)P43
CorrectAnswer-B
CancerarisesthroughaseriesofsomaticalterationsinDNAthat
resultinuncontrolledcelldivision.
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Humancancershavefollowingimportantetiologicalfactors?Geneticpredispositiontocancer
Non-hereditarypredisposingconditions
Geographicandenvironmentalfactors
Genetic(Hereditaryorinherited)predispositiontocancer
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Alargenumberofcancershavehereditarypredispositions.Geneticpredispositionmaybeofthreetypes.
AutosomaldominantInheritedcancersyndromes
Thisisthemostcommontypeofgeneticpredisposition.
Themechanisminvolvesuncontrolledcelldivisionduetogermline
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mutationofcancersuppressorgene.Gene
Inheritedpredisposition
RB
Retinoblastoma
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p53Li-fraumenisyndrome
pl6INK4A
Melanoma
Familialadenomatouspolyposis/colon
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APCcancer
NF-1,NF-2
Neurofibromatosis1and2
BRAC-1,BRAC-2
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Neurofibromatosis1and2BRAC-1,BRAC-2
Neurofibromatosis1and2
MEN1,RET
Multipleendocrineneoplasia
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MSN2,MLH1,MSHHeriditarynonpolyposiscoloncancer
6
PATCH
Nevoidbasalcellcarcinomasyndrome
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2.DefectiveDNArepairsyndromeBesidethedominantlyinheritedprecancerousconditions,agroupof
cancerpredisposingconditionsiscollectivelycharacterizedby
defectsinDNArepair.
Normally,iftheDNAdamageispresentitisrepairedatcell-cycle
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checkpoints.IfDNArepairmechanismisdefective,cellsreplicatewithdefective
DNAandmutationsorchromosomalbreaksaretransferedinthe
progenyofcellsthatcanleadtouncontrolledreplication.
Mostoftheseconditionsareinheritedasautosomalrecessive,e.g?
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1. Xerodermapigmentosa2. Fanconisyndrome
3. Bloomsyndrome
4. Ataxiatelangectasia
Oneconditioninthisgroupi
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sautosomaldominantheriditorynonpolypidcoloncancer(HNPCC).3.Familialcancers
Besidestheinheritedsyndromesofcancersusceptibility,some
cancersoccurathigherfrequencyincertainfamilieswithouta
clearlydefinedpatternoftransmission.
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Thatmeans,thereisfamilialclusteringofcases,butroleofinheritedpredispositionisnotclearforeachindividual.
Example-Breast,ovarian,andpancreaticcancers.
438.Regardingdesmoidtumourwhichisnot
correct?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Oftenseenbelowtheumbilicusb)Unencapsulated
c)Morecommoninwomen
d)Highlyradiosensitive
CorrectAnswer-D
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is`d'i.e.,HighlyradiosensitiveDesmoidtumourisanaggressivefibromatosisor
musculoaponeuroticfibromatosisisamonoclonalfibroblastic
proliferationarisinginmusculoaponeuroticstructures.
Histologicallythesetumoursareconsistofspindleshapedcellsin
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collagenousmatrixandlackthepleomorphic,atypicalorhyperchromaticnucleiofmalignancy.
AminorityofdesmoidtumoursareassociatedwithGardener
syndromeandmutationsoffamilialadenomatouspolyposis(FAP)
gene.
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Mostspontaneousdesmoidtumoursareassociatedwithmutationsofbeta-cateningene.
439.Carcinomaoflung,breastmarkeris-
a)CEA
b)AFP
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)11CGd)CA-15-3
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,CEA
Carcinoembryonicantigenisamarkerincancerofcolon,pancreas,
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lung,breast,andovary.440.Telomerase-
a)RNApolymerase
b)Causescarcinogenesis
c)Presentinsomaticcells
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)AbsentingermcellsCorrectAnswer-B
TelomeraseisaDNApolymerase(RNAdependentDNA
polymerase)whichispresentingermcellsandisabsentfrommost
somaticcells.
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Thustelomeraseactivityandmaintenanceoftelomerelengthareessentialforthereplicativepotentialincancercells.
441.7dayoldMIthemostsensitive
biochemicalmarker
a)TroponinIT
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)CPKMBc)LDH
d)Myoglobin
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,TroponinIT
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
TroponinTorIisasensitivememberandreturntonormalafter7-10days(seepreviousexplanations).
442.Vegetationsinlibmansacendocarditis
are?
a)Largeandfragile
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b)Smallwartyalongthelineofclosureofvalvec)Smallormediumsizedoneitherorbothsidesofvalve
d)Smallblandvegetations
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Smallormediumsizedoneitherorbothsidesofvalve
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
SLE,mitralandtricuspidvalvulitiswithsmall,sterilevegetations,calledLibman-Sacksendocarditisisoccasionallyencountered.
Thelesionsaresmallsingleormultiple,sterile,granularpink
vegetationsrangingfrom1to4mmindiameter.Thelesionsmaybe
locatedontheundersurfacesoftheatrioventricularvalves,onthe
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valvularendocardium,onthecords,oronthemuralendocardiumofatriaorventricles.
Anintensevalvulitismaybepresent,characterizedbyfibrinoid
necrosisofthevalvesubstancethatisoftencontiguouswiththe
vegetation.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
SubsequentfibrosisandseriousdeformitycanresultthatresemblechronicRHDandrequiresurgery.
443.Atheromatouschangesofbloodvessels
affectsearlyin-
a)Kidney
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Heartc)Liver
d)Spleen
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Heart
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
SitesofAtherosclerosisAtheroscleroticplaquesdevelopprimarilyinelasticarteries(e.g.,
aorta,carotidandiliacarteries),andlarge&mediumsizedmuscular
arteries(e.g.,coronaryarteryandpoplitialarteries).
Indescendingorder,thevesselsmostcommonlyinvolvedare-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Abdominalaorta(mostcommon)CausinganeurysmCoronaryarteries(heart)CausingMI
PoplitealarteriesCausingischemicgangreneoflowerlimbs.
InternalcarotidarteriesCausingstrokeaCircleofwillis
Vesselsusuallysparedare
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
VesselsofupperextremitiesMesentricandrenalvessels,exceptattheirostia.
444.Whichoneofthefollowingsetsof
componentsofcigarettesmokeisa
causalagentofcoronaryarterydisease-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Tarandnicotineb)Nicotineandcarbonmonoxideandtar
c)CarbonmonoxideandTar
d)Carbondioxide
CorrectAnswer-B
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is`b'i.e.,NicotineandcarbonmonoxideandtarMechanismsforsmoking-inducedCoronaryheartdisease
Carbonmonoxideinducesatherogenesis.
NicotinestimulationofadrenergicdriveraisingbothBPand
myocardialoxygendemand.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lipidmetabolismwithfallinprotectivehigh-densitylipoproteins.Note:
Tarisassociatedwithcarcinogenesis(notatherosclerosis).But
amongstthegivenoptionsoptionbisthebestanswerasitconsists
ofbothnicotineandCO.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
445.AllistrueaboutGiantcellarteritis
except?
a)Involveslargetosmallsizedareteries
b)Granulomatousinflammation
c)Mostcommonlyinvolvedarteryisabdominalaorta
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)SegmentalnatureoftheinvolvementCorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Mostcommonlyinvolvedarteryisabdominalaorta
Itisthemostcommonformofsystemicvasculitisinadults,isan
acuteandchronic,oftengranulomatous,inflammationofarteriesof
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
largetosmallsize.Itaffectsprincipallythearteriesinthehead-especiallythetemporal
arteries--butalsothevertebralandophthalmicarteriesandthe
aorta,whereitmaycausethoracicaorticaneurysm
446.Mostcommoncauseofdissecting
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
hematomaisbecauseof-a)Hypertension
b)Marfan's
c)Iatrogenic
d)Kawasaki
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,Hyertension
Morethan90%ofdissectionsoccurinmenbetweentheagesof40
and60withantecedenthypertension.
447.PyogenicgranulomtrueA/E
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Bacterialinfectionb)Bleeding
c)Benigntumour
d)Capillaryhemangioma
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Answer-A.BacterialinfectionPyogenicgranuloma(PG)orlabularcapillaryhemangiomaisa
benignvasculartumouroftheskinormucousmembrane
characterizedbyrapidgrowthandfriablesurface.
Angiogenicgrowthfactorssuchasvascularendothelialgrowth
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
factors(VEGE)anddecorin,transcriptionfactors,andsignaltransductionpathways(MAPK)areoverexpressedinpyogenic
granulomas
448.Cysticmedialnecrosisisseenin-
a)Marfanssyndrome
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b)FriedrichsataxiaPatternc)Downssyndrome
d)Kawasakidisease
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Marfan'ssyndrome
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Cysticmedialnecrosis(CMN)isadisorderoflargearteries,characterizedbyanaccumulationofabasophilicgroundsubstance
inthemediawithcyst-likelesions.
Itisknowntooccurincertainconnectivetissuediseasessuchas
Marfansyndrome,Ehlers-Danlossyndrome,andannuloaortic
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ectasia,whichusuallyresultfromdegenerativechangesintheaorticwall.
TherelationshipsbetweenCMNandcongenitalheartdefectsaswell
asotherdisordershavebeenevidenced.Themechanismsarestill
controversial,eventhoughmanymolecularstudieshavebeen
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conducteditischaracterizedbyelastictissuefragmentationandseparationof
theelasticandfibromuscularelementsofthetunicamediabysmall
cleftlikespaceswherethenormalelastictissueislost;theseareas
arefilledwiththeamorphousextracellularmatrixofconnective
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tissueandresemblebutarenottrulycysts.449.Medialcalcificationisseenin-
a)Atherosclerosis
b)Arteriolosclerosis
c)Monckebergssclerosis
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d)DissectinganeurysmCorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Monckebergssclerosis
Firstseetypesofarteries
Basedontheirsizeandstructuralfeatures,arteriesaredividedinto
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threetypes.LargeorElasticarteries
Aorta
Itslargebranches,eg.-Innominate,Subclavian,commoncarotid,
iliac.
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Pulmonaryarteries.Mediumsizedormusculararteries
SmallbranchesofaortaCoronary,Renal
Smallarteriesandarterioles
Withinsubstanceofthetissue
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Nowseetheiraffection?Arteriosclerosis
Dontgetconfusewithatherosclerosis.
Arteriosclerosismeanshardeningofarteriesbythickeningandloss
ofelasticityofarterialwall.oTherearethreepatternsof
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arteriosclerosis.Atherosclerosis
Characterizedbyintimallesions,i.e.atheromas,whichprojectinto
vascularlumenandmayobstructit.oThisisthemostcommon
patternofarteriosclerosis.
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Itinvolveselasticarteries,andlarge&mediumsizemusculararteries.
Arteriolosclerosis
Seeninarteriolesofpatienswithhypertensionanddiabetes.
Twoanatomicvariantsarecommon-->hyalineandhyperplastic
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arteriolosclerosis.Monkebergmedialcalcificsclerosis
Itisseeninsmallandmediumsizedmusculararteries.
Itisadegenerativeandapparentlynon-inflammatorydisease.
Mediaofthesearteriesbecomescalcified.
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Itoccursinpatientsolderthan50years.450.Visceralaneurysmismostcommonly
seenin
a)Splenic
b)Renal
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c)Hepaticd)Coronary
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Splenic
Mostcommonvisceralarteryaneurysmissplenicarteryaneurysm.
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2ndmostcommonvisceralarteryaneurysmishepaticarteryaneurysm.
451.Raynaud'sphenomenonwhatchangeis
seeninvesselsinitialstage-
a)Nochange(Fibrinoid,Thrombosis)
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b)Thrombosisc)Fibrinoidnecrosis
d)Hyalinesclerosis
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Nochange
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Structuralchangesinthearterialwallsareabsentexceptlateinthecourse,whenintimalthickeningcanappear.
452.Pulmonaryinfarctionoccurswithall
except-
a)Saddleembolusatbifurcation
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b)Blockageof2ndand3rdgenendarteriesc)Arteriolesareblocked
d)None
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,None
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Themorphologicconsequencesofembolicocclusionofthepulmonaryarteriesdependonthesizeoftheembolicmassandthe
generalstateofthecirculation.
Largeembolimayimpactinthemainpulmonaryarteryoritsmajor
branchesorlodgeatthebifurcationasasaddleembolus.Sudden
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deathoftenensues,owinglargelytotheblockageofbloodflowthroughthelungs.Deathmayalsobecausedbyacutefailureofthe
rightsideoftheheart(acutecorpulmonale).
Smallerembolicantraveloutintothemoreperipheralvessels,
wheretheymaycauseinfarction.Inpatientswithadequate
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cardiovascularfunction,thebronchialarterialsupplycanoftensustainthelungparenchymadespiteobstructiontothepulmonary
arterialsystem.Underthesecircumstances,hemorrhagesmay
occur,butthereisnoinfarctionoftheunderlyinglungparenchyma.
Onlyabout10%ofemboliactuallycauseinfarction.Althoughthe
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underlyingpulmonaryarchitecturemaybeobscuredbythesuffusionofblood,hemorrhagesaredistinguishedbythepreservationofthe
pulmonaryalveolararchitecture;insuchcases,resorptionofthe
bloodpermitsreconstitutionofthepreexistingarchitecture.
453.Creolabodiesareseenin-
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a)Bronchialasthmab)Chronicbronchitis
c)Emphysema
d)Bronchiectatsis
CorrectAnswer-A
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Ans.is'a'i.e.,BronchialasthmaCreolabodiesareahistopathologicfindingindicativeofbronchial
asthma.
Foundinapatient'ssputum,theyareciliatedcolumnarcells
sloughedfromthebronchialmucosaofapatientwithasthma.
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OthercommonfindingsinthesputumofasthmapatientsincludeCharcot-Leydencrystals,Curschntann'sSpirals,and
eosinophils.
454.Bronchogenicsequestrationisseenin
whichlobe-
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a)Leftlowerlobeb)Rightupperlobe
c)Leftmiddlelobe
d)Leftupperlobe
CorrectAnswer-A
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Ans.is'a'i.e.,LeftlowerlobeBronchogenicsequestrationreferstothepresenceofadiscrete
massoflungtissuewithoutanynormalconnectiontotheairway
system.
Intralobarsequestrationsarefoundmostfrequentlyintheposterior
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basalsegmentoftheleftlowerlobe.Bloodsupplytothesequesteredareaarisesnotfromthepulmonary
arteriesbutfromtheaortaoritsbranches.
Extralobarsequestrationsareexternaltothelung.Foundmost
commonlyininfantsasabnormalmasslesions,theymaybe
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associatedwithothercongenitalanomalies.Intralobarsequestrationsarefoundwithinthelungsubstanceand
areusuallyassociatedwithrecurrentlocalizedinfectionor
bronchiectasis.
455.Cysticfibrosisisassociatedwithall
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except?a)Infertility
b)Azoospermia
c)Nasalpolyps
d)Renalfailure
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CorrectAnswer-DAns.isdi.e.,Renalfailure
Thickviscidplugsofmucusmayalsobefoundinthesmallintestine
ofinfants.Sometimesthesecausesmall-bowelobstruction,known
asmeconiumileus.
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Chronicsinopulmonarydiseasemanifestedby:Persistentcolonization/infectionwithtypicalcysticfibrosis
pathogens,includingStaphylococcusaureus,nontypeable
Hemophilusinfluenzae,mucoidandnonmucoidPseudomonas
aeruginosa,Burkholderiacepacia;Chroniccoughandsputum
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production,nasalpolyps.Azoospermiaandinfertilityarefoundin95%ofthemaleswho
survivetoadulthood;congenitalbilateralabsenceofthevas
deferensisafrequentfindinginthesepatients.
456.InthestageofGreyhepatization-
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a)WBC'sfillthealveolib)RBC'sfillthealveoli
c)Organismsfillthealveoli
d)Accumulationoffibrin
CorrectAnswer-D
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Ans.is'd'i.e.,AccumulationoffibrinPathologicalchangesofbacterialpneumonia
A.Lobarpneumonia
Largeconfluentareaofthelungorentirelobesareconsolidated.
Thelowerlobesareaffectedmostcommonly.
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Therearefourstagesoftheinflammatoryresponse(Laennec'sstages)?
Stageofcongestion(initialphase)
Theaffectedlobeisenlarged,heavy,darkredandcongested.
Cutsurfaceexudesblood-stainedfrothyfluid.
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Thereisdilatationandcongestionofalveolarcapillaries.Therearefewneutrophilsandnumerousbacteriainthealveolar
fluid.
Stageofredhepatization(earlyconsolidation)
Thetermhepatizationreferstoliver-likeconsistencyoftheaffected
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lobeoncutsection.oTheaffectedlobeisredandfirm.Theedemafluidofprecedingstageisreplacedbystrandsoffibrin.
Thereismarkedcellularexudateofneutrophilswithextravasationof
redcells.
Stageofgrayhepatization(lateconsolidation)
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Theaffectedlobeisgrayishbrown,firmanddry.Thefibrinstrandaredenseandmorenumerous.
Thereisprogressivedisintigrationofredcellsandneutrophils.
Themacrophagesbegintoappearintheexudate.
Theorganismsarelessnumerousandappearasdegenerated
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forms.Resolution
Thepreviouslysolidandfibrinousconstituentisliquefiedby
enzymaticaction.
Granularandfragmentedstrandsoffibrininthealveolarspacesare
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seenduetoprogressiveenzymaticdigestion.Thereisprogressiveremovaloffluidcontentaswellascellular
exudatefromtheairspaces,resultinginrestorationofnormallung
parenchymawithareation.
B.Bronchopneumonia
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Patchyareasofredorgreyconsolidation,moreoftenmultilobarandfrequentlybilateralandbasal(lowerzones)becauseoftendencyof
secretionstogravitateintolowerlobes.
Thereissuppurativeexudate,consistingchieflyneutrophils,filling
bronchi,bronchiolesandadjacentalveolarspaces.
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Alveolarseptathickenduetocongestedcapillariesandleucocyticinfiltration.
457.Markerofsmallcellcanceroflungis-
a)Chromogranin
b)Cytokeratin
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c)Desmind)Vimentin
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Chromogranin
Smallcellcarcinomacontains.
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Polypeptidehormoree.g.PTHlikepeptide.Neuroendocrinemarkers-4chromogranin,Synaptophysin,Leu7
458.Collapseoflungiscalled-
a)Emphysema
b)Bronchiactasis
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c)Atelectasisd)Bronchitis
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Atelectasis
Atelectasis(collapse)
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Atelectasisrefersto:-1. IncompleteexpansionoflungsNeonatalatelectasis.or
2. CollapseofpreviouslyinflatedlungAcquiredatelectasis.
Thisresultsinareasofrelativelyairlesspulmonaryparenchyma.
Acquiredatelectasismaybedividedinto
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Resorption(obstruction)atelectasisItisconsequenceofcompleteobstructionofanairway.
Withtimetrappedoxygenintheaffectedalveoliisresorbedand
collapseoccurs.
Resorptionatelectasisiscausedprincipallybyobstructiondueto
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excessivesecretions(mucusplug)orexudateswithinsmallbronchiolesasseeninBronchialasthma,chronicbronchitis,
Bronchiactasisandforeignbodyaspiration.
Compressionatelectasis
Collapseoflungoccursduetoexternalperssureonlung.
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Itisseenmostcommonlyinpatientswithcardiacfailurewhodeveloppleuraleffusionandinpatientswithneoplasticpleural
effusion.
Contractionatelectasis
Thecollapseisduetocontractureinthelungbecauseoffibroctic
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changes.
Exceptforcontractionatelectasis,atelectasisisareversible
disorder,i.e.collapsedlungparenchymacanbere-expanded.
459.FrequencyofrenalinvolvementinHSP?
a)20-40%
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b)>80%c)40-60%
d)10%
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,40-60%
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ThereportedincidenceofrenalinvolvementinHSPvariesconsiderablybetweendifferentstudies.
Thismaybebecauseofthedifferentcriteriausedtodescribethe
involvement&thevariabilityofthelengthusedtofollowup.
IndifferentstudiesincidenceofpediatricrenalinvolvementinHSP
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wasbetween20-56%andinadults50-78%460.Mostimportantprognosticfactorof
wilmstumour-
a)Histopathology
b)Ploidyofcells
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c)Age<1yrd)Mutation,ofclpgene
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Histopathology
Anaplasticnuclearchangeistheonlycriterionof"unfavourable"
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histologyinWilm'stumorandallWilm'stumorlackingthisfeaturearedesignatedashaving"favourablehistology".
Anaplasticnuclearchangereflectsextremepolypoidy&isusually
apparentunderlowmagnification.
"Anaplastichistologyremainsacriticaldeterminantofadverse
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prognosis.Evenanaplasiarestrictedtokidneyconfersanincreasedriskofrecurrence&death,underscoringthe
needforcorrectlyidentifyingthishistologicfeatures."
461.Renalpapillarynecrosisisalmostalways
associatedwithoneofthefollowing
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conditions:March2004
a)Diabetesmellitus
b)Analgesicnephropathy
c)Chronicpyelonephritis
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d)PoststreptococcalglomerulonephritisCorrectAnswer-A
Ans.Ai.e.Diabetesmellitus
`Renalpapillarynecrosis,anaccompanimentofacutepyelonephritis
ismostoftenseenindiabeticsandischaracterisedbynecrosisof
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renalpapillaeofoneorbothkidneyswithsharpeddemarcationbetweennecroticandlivingtissue'--Dorlands
Thuswhilepapillarynecrosisisafeatureofmorethanone
conditionsmentionedinthequestion,itismostcommonlyseenwith
diabetesmellitus.
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462.Oncocyticcarcinomaarisesfrom-
a)Perivascular
b)Glomerulus
c)Loopofhenle
d)Collectingduct
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CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,Collectingducts
OncocyticorChromophoberenalcarcinomarepresents5%ofrenal
cellcancers.
Itiscomposedofcellswithprominentcellmembranesandpale
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eosinophiliccytoplasm,usuallywithahaloaroundthenucleus.Theyare,likethebenignoncocytoma,thoughttogrowfrom
intercalatedcellsofcollectingducts.oTheyhaveanexcellent
prognosiscomparedwiththatoftheclearcellandpapillarycancers.
463.
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Mostcommoncauseofnephroticsyndromeinadults?
a)Membranousglomerulonephritis
b)Minimalchangedisease
c)AcuteGN
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d)FocalGNCorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Membranousglomerulonephritis
MostcommoncauseofNephroticsyndrome
Inadultsmembranousglomerulonephritis
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Inchildrenminimalchangedisease(lipoidnephrosis)CausesofNephroticsyndrome
I. PrimaryGlomerulonephritis
V
Malignancy
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Minimalchangedisease(mostcommonin1.
1. Carcinomas
children)
2. MembranousGN(mostcommoninadults) 2. Myeloma
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Hodgkin's3. MembranoproliferativeGN
3. disease
4. Focalsegmentalglomerulosclerosis
VI Pregnancy
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Toxaemiaof5. FocalGN
pregnancy
VIICirculatory
6. IgAnephropathy
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Disturbances1.Renalvein
II Systemicdiseases
thrombosis
Constrictive
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1. Diabetesmellitus2. pericarditis
2. Amyloidosis
VIII.Hereditary
diseases
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1.Alport's3. SLE
disease
M. SystemicInfections
2. Fabry'sdisease
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Nail-patella1. Viralinfections(HBV,HCV,HIV)
3. syndrome
Bacterialinfections(bacterialendocarditis,
2.
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syphilis,leprosy)Protozoaandparasites(P.falciparum
3.
malaria,filariasis)
IV. HypersensitivityReactions
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1. Drugs(heavymetalcompoundslikegoldandmercury,otherdrugs
likepenicillamine,trimethadioneand
tolbutamide,heroinaddiction)
2. Beestings,snakebite,poisonivy
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464.Mostcommoncauseofnephritic
syndromeinadults?
a)Membranoproliferativeglomerulonephritis
b)FSGN
c)Membranousglomerulonephritis
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d)NoneCorrectAnswer-D
Ans.isNone
MostcommoncauseofNephriticsyndromeisrapidlyprogressive
glomerulonephritis(Poststreptococcalandnonstreptococcal
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glomerulonephritis).Membranousglomeruulonephritisisthemostcommoncauseof
nephroticsyndrome(notnephriticsyndrome)inadults.
Minimalchangediseaseisthemostcommoncauseofnephrotic
syndromeinchildren.
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CausesofAcuteNephriticSyndromePrimary
SystemicDisease
Glomerulonephritis
1.
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AcuteGN1.
SLE
Post-streptococcal
2.
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PolyarteritisnodosaWegener's
Non-streptococcal
3.
granulomatosis
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Henoch-Schonlein2.
RapidlyprogressiveGN 4.
purpura
Membranoproliferative
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3.5 Cryoglobulinaemia
GN
4.
FocalGN
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5.IgAnephropathy
5.
IgAnephropathy
465.Podocytesareseenin-
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a)Bowman'scapsuleb)Proximalconvolutedtubule
c)Distalconvolutedtubule
d)Collectingtubuleofthekidney
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Bowman'scapsuleTheBowman'scapsule(capsulaglomeruli/glomerularcapsule)isa
cup-likesacatthebeginningoftubularcomponentofanephron.
Aglomerulusisenclosedinthesac(Bowman'scapsule).
FluidsfrombloodintheglomerulusarecollectedinBowman's
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capsule(i.e.glomerularfiltrate)andfurtherprocessedalongthenephrontoformurine.
OutsidetheBowman'scapsuletherearetwopoles.
VascularpoleThesidewithafferentandefferentarterioles.
UrinarypoleThesidewithproximalconvulutedtubule.
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InsidetheBowman'scapsule,thelayersareasfollows,frominsidetooutside?
Thinlayeroffenestratedendothelium
Glomerularbasementmembrane
Partoftheglomerulus
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Visceralepithelium(Podocytes)Parietalepithelium
466.Crescentsarederivedfrom-
a)Epithelialcells+fibrin+macrophage
b)Mesangium+fibrin+macrophage
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c)Tubule+mesangiaum+fibrind)Mesangiaum+fibrin
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Epithelialcells+fibrin+macrophage
RenalfeaturesinRPGN
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Crescentformation-crescentsareformsby?*CellsParietalepithelialcells+WBCs(monocytesand
macrophages)
*Fibrinstrandsareprominentbetweenthecellularlayersinthe
crescents.
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-RuptureofGBM-SubepithelialdepositsintypeIIRPGN
-LineardepositsintheGBMintypeIRPGN.
467.Transitionalcellcarcinomabladder
causedby-
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a)Schistosomiasisb)Ascariasis
c)Malaria
d)None
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'a'i.e.,SchistosomiasisTransitionalcellcarcinoma(TCC).Thisisthecommonestcancerof
thebladder.
Morethan90%ofbladdertumorsarisefromtransitionalepithelial
(urothelium)liningofthebladderincontinuitywiththeepithelial
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liningoftherenalpelvis,ureters,andthemajorpartoftheurethra.etiology:
Industrialoccupations:Workersinindustriesthatproduceaniline
dyes,rubber,plastic,textiles,andcablehaveahighincidenceof
bladdercancer.
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Schistosomiasis:Thereisanincreasedriskofbladdercancer,particularlysquamouscellcarcinoma,inpatientshavingbilharzial
infestation(Schistosomahaematobium)ofthebladder.
Dietaryfactors:Certaincarcinogenicmetabolitesoftryptophanare
excretedintheurineofpatientswithbladdercancer.
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Locallesions:Severallocallesionsinthebladderpredisposetothedevelopmentofbladdercancer.Theseincludeectopiavesicae
(atrophiedbladder),vesicaldiverticulum,leukoplakiaofthebladder
mucosaandurinarydiversioninthedefunctionalizedbladder.
Smoking:Tobaccosmokingisassociatedwitha2to3fold
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increasedriskofdevelopingbladdercancer,probablyduetoincreasedurinaryexcretionofcarcinogenicsubstances.
Drugs:Immunosuppressivetherapywithcyclophosphamideand
patientshavinganalgesic-abuse(phenacetin-)nephropathyhavea
highriskofdevelopingbladdercancer.
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468.Starryskyappearanceisseenin-
a)Burkittslymphoma
b)CIL
c)DiffuselargeBcelllymphoma
d)ALCL
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,Burkittslymphoma
Burkittslymphoma
Itincludes(1)African(endemic)Burkittlymphoma,(2)sporadic
(nonendemic)Burkittlymphoma,and(3)asubsetofaggressive
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lymphomasoccurringinindividualsinfectedwithHIV.Theinvolvedtissuesareeffacedbyadiffuseinfiltrateof
intermediate-sizedlymphoidcellscontainingroundorovalnuclei
withcoarsechromatin,severalnucleoli,andamoderateamountof
faintlybasophilicoramphophiliccytoplasm.
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Thenuclearsizeapproximatesthatofbenignmacrophageswithinthetumor.
Ahighmitoticindexistypical,asisapoptotictumorcelldeath,
accountingforthepresenceofnumeroustissuemacrophageswith
ingestednucleardebris.
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Thesebenignmacrophagesarediffuselydistributedamongthetumorcellsandhaveabundantclearcytoplasm,creatinga
characteristic"starrysky"pattern.
AllformsofBurkittlymphomaareassociatedwithtranslocationsof
thec-MYCgeneonchromosome8.Thepartnerinthetranslocation
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isusuallytheIgHlocus(t(8;14))butmayalsobetheic(t(2;8))ory(t(8;22))lightchainlocus.
EssentiallyallendemictumorsarelatentlyinfectedwithEBV.
469.BALLiSdueto-
a)Tcells
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b)ImmatureBcellsc)ImmatureTcells
d)BothT&Bcells
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,ImmatureBcells
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InBALL,precursorcellsarearrestedatstagesprecedingsurfaceexpressionoflg.Theleukemicblastsalmostalwaysexpressthepan
B-cellmoleculesCD19andCD10.
Inveryearlypre-BcellALL;CD19istheonlyBcell-specificmarker
present.
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Earlypre-BALLisdistinguishedfromlatepre-BALLbytheabsenceofcytoplasmicIgMheavychainintheformer.
470.Whatisthechromosomaltranslocation
inAMLM3-
a)T(18,21)
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b)T(15,17)c)T(8,21)
d)T(9,11)
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,T(15,17)
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Class ChromosomalabnormalitiesMz
t(8:21)
M3
t(15:17)
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M4inv(16)
471.D.I.C.isseenin:
a)>Acutepromyelocyticleukemia
b)>Acutemyelomonocyticleukemia
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)>CMCd)>Autoimmunehemolyticanemia
CorrectAnswer-A
Acutepromyelocyticleukemia[Ref.Harrison16'11/ep636]
Disseminatedintravascularcoagulationisassociatedwith
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promyelocyticleukemiaAcutepromyelocyticleukemia(AML-M3)constitutes5-10%ofall
casesofAML
Theleukemiccellsofthesetypeofanemiaarehypergranular.
Granulesoftheseleukemiccells(promyelocytes)contain
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thromboplastinlikematerialresultinginwidespreaddisseminatedintravascularcoagulation.
Alsoknow
MajorityofM3casesdemonstrateareciprocaltranslocation
involvingchromosome15and17,t(15;17)
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472.Helmetcellsarecharacteristicofanemia
of?
a)Hemolyticuremicsyndrome
b)Polysplenia
c)Spherocytosis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)AcanthocytosisCorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Hemolyticuremicsyndrome
Schistocytes,helmentcells,trianglecells,burrcellsareseenin
microangiopathichemolyticanemia(MAHA).Changesinerythrocyte
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morphology473.Schistocyteis/arefoundin-
a)TTP
b)DIC
c)Severeirondeficiency
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d)AllCorrectAnswer-D
Ans.isall
Schistocytes
Aschistocyteisdefinedasanirregularlyshapederythrocyte
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fragmentcausedbymechanicaltraumaoranintrinsicabnormalityoferythrocytes.
Schistocytes:MechanismsandDiseases
Shearingbyfibrinstrands:
Microangiopathichemolyticanemia
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DisseminatedintravascularcoagulationHemangiosarcomaoGlomerulonephritisoMyelofibrosis
Hemolyticuremicsyndrome
HyperspleenismTurbulentbloodflow
CongestiveheartfailureoValvularstenosis
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CavalsyndromeinheartwormdiseaseHemangiosarcomaIntrinsicabnormalities
Chronicdoxorubicintoxicosis
evereirondeficiencyanemia
Pyruvatekinasedeficiency
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CongenitalandacquireddyserythropoiesisMicroangiopathichemolyticanemiacanoccurin:-oExternalimpact
:Marchhemoglobinuria
Cardiachemolysis:Prostheticcardiacvalves
Fibrindepositinmicrovasculature:TTP,DIC,HUS
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474.Lacunarcellsisseeninwhichtypeof
HodgkinsLymphoma:
September2010
a)Mixedcellularitytype
b)Lymphocytepredominant
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c)NodularSclerosisTyped)Alloftheabove
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C:NodularSclerosisType
Reed-Sternbergcells(alsoknownaslacunarhistiocytesforcertain
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types)aredifferentgiantcellsfoundonlightmicroscopyinbiopsiesfromindividualswithHodgkin'slymphoma(akaHodgkin'sdisease;a
typeoflymphoma),andcertainotherdisorders.Theyareusually
derivedfromBlymphocytes.
475.Russellbodiesarefoundin-
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a)MultipleMyelomab)Gonadaltumor
c)Parkinsonism
d)Intracranialneoplasms
CorrectAnswer-A
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Ans.is'a'i.e.,MultipleMyelomaPlasmacelltumoursarecharacterizedbydysregulatedsynthesis
andsecretionofimmunoglobulin.
Thissometimesleadstointracellularaccumulationofintactor
partiallydegradedimmunoglobulins.Thisproducescertainvariants
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ofplasmacellswhichare:FlamecellsCharacterizedbypresenceoffieryredcytoplasm.
MOTTcellsCharacterizedbypresenceofmultiplebluegrapelike
cytoplasmicdroplets.
Besidesthesetherearecellscontainingvarietyofotherinclusions
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including.Fibrils
Russelbodies(cytoplasmic)
Crystallinerods.
Dutcherbodies(nuclear)
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476.CDmarkerofhistiocytosisis-
a)CD1A
b)CD1B
c)CDIC
d)CD1D
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CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,CD1A
oCHIAisaTcellsurfaceantigenimportantindendriticcell
presentationofglycolipidsandlipopeptideantigens.oItisusedto
diagnoseLangerhanscellhistiocytosis.
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477.Shapeofbirbeckgranulesis?
a)Tennisracket
b)Hockeystick
c)Bat
d)Ball
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CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,Tennisracket
Undertheelectronmicroscope,Birbeckgranuleshavea
pentalaminar,rodlike,tubularappearanceandsometimesadilated
terminalendresemblingtennis-racketappearance.
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478.Theprimarydefectwhichleadstosickle
cellanemiais-
a)Anabnormalityinporphyrinpartofhemoglobin
b)Replacementofglutamatebyvalineinn-chainofHbA
c)AnonsencemutationintheI3-chainofHbA
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d)Substitutionofvalinebyglutamateinthea-chainofHbACorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Replacementofglutamatebyvalinein13chainof
HBA
Sicklecellanemia
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Sicklecellanemiaisahereditaryhemoglobinopathy,i.e.,thetypeofdiseasecharacterizedbyproductionofdefectivehemoglobin.
Sicklecellanemiaresultsfrommutationin13-globingene.
Itiscausedbyapointmutationatthesixthpositionofthef3-globin
chainleadingtosubsitutionofavalineresidueforaglutamicacid
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residueresultinginsicklehemoglobin(HbS).Sicklecellanemiaisanautosomalrecessivedisorder.
oIfanindividualishomozygousforthesicklecellmutation,almost
allthehemoglobinintheredcellisHbS.oInheterozyogotes,only
about40%ofthehemoglobinisHbS,theremainderbeingnormal
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hemoglobins.479.Intravascularhemolysisoccursin-
a)Hereditaryspherocytosis
b)AcuteG6PD
c)Sicklecellds
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d)bandcCorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'b'i.e.,AcuteG6PD;'c'i.e.,Sicklecelldis
Extravascularhemolysis
Hereditaryspherocytosis
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ThalassemiaSicklecellanemia
Autoimmunehemolyticanemia3Druginducedimmunehemolytic
anemia
G-6-PDdeficiency
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IntravascularhemolysisParoxysmalnocturnalhemoglobinuriaoG-6-PDdeficiency
Clostridialtoxin
Falciparummalaria
Mechanicalinjurytoredcells
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DefectivecardiacvalvesThrombininmicrocirculation
Sicklecellanemia(minor)
Note:-InG-6-PDdeficiencybothextravascularandintravascular
hemolysisoccur.
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InSicklecellanemia,usuallythereisextravascularhemolysisbutintravascularhemolysiscanalsooccur.
480.Allofthefollowingprovideprotection
againstmalariaexcept-
a)Duffybloodgroup
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b)Sicklecellanemiac)Hereditaryspherocytosis
d)PNH
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.PNH
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PNHisahemolyticanemiacausedbyanacquiredintrinsicdefectinthecellmembrane.
PNHresultsfromacquiredmutationthatinhibitsthesynthesisof
Glycosylphospatidylinositol(GPI).
481.PNHpatientswillbehavingdeficientsurfaceproteinsthatnormallyprotect
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theredcellsfromactivatedcompliments.Whatarethetwodeficientsurfaceproteins?
a)CD45andCD59
b)CD51andCD59
c)CD55andCD59
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d)CD58andCD59CorrectAnswer-C
ThedefinitivediagnosisofPNHisbasedonthedemonstrationthata
substantialproportionofthepatient'sredcellshaveanincreased
susceptibilitytocomplement(C),duetothedeficiencyontheir
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surfaceofproteins(particularlyCD59andCD55).Reference:HarrisonsPrinciplesofInternalMedicine,18thEdition,
Page884
482.Coldagglutininis-
a)IgG
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b)IgMc)IgA
d)IgD
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,IgM
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ColdagglutininhemolyticanemiaThisformofhemolyticanemiaiscausedbycoldagglutininIgM
antibodies.
AntibodiesreactwithRBCat0?to4?C.
Bothintravascularandextravascularhemolysismayoccur.
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IgMantibodybindtoRBCandfixcomplementonRBCbeforecomplementmediatedhemolysisoccur.Thistransientreactionwith
IgMdepositC3bonRBC.C3bactsasanopsoninisthatenhances
thephagocytosisofRBCsinmononuclearphagocyticsystemofliver
andspleenextravascularhemolysis.
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HoweverifIgMremainsattachedtoRBC,sustainedactivationofcomplementresultsinformationoflargeamountofmembrane-
attackcomplexthatdestroysRBCdirectly-->Intravascular
hemolysis.
Causesofcoldagglutininimmunohemolyticanemia:-Mycoplasma
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infection,IMN,CMV,Influenza,HIV,Malignantlymphoma483.Theanaemiaassociatedwithleukaemia
is?
a)Irondeficiency
b)Megaloblastictype
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c)Myelophthisictyped)Allofabove
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Myelophthisistype
Myelophthisicanemia
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Space-occupyinglesionsthatdestroysignificantamountofbonemarrowordisturbthemarrowarchitecture,depressitsproductive
capacity.Thisformofanemiaisreferredtoasmyelophthisic
anemia.
Characteristically,immatureerythroidandmyeloidprogenitors
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appearsintheperipheralblood-->Leukoerythroblastosis.Causesare
Metastaticcancer(M.C.cause)
Granulomatousdiseaseinfiltratingbonemarrow.
Myeloproliferativedisorders(suchasmyeloidleukemia)
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Myelofibrosis484.Maximumspherocytesisseenin-
a)Autoimmunehaemolyticanemia
b)VitB12deficiency
c)Aplasticanemia
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d)NoneCorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Autoimmunehemolyticanemia
Mostcommoncauseofspherocytesisimmunehemolyticanemia.
485.InDIC,followingareseenexcept-
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a)Fibrinogendecreasedb)Thrombocytopenia
c)NormalAPTT
d)PTelevation
CorrectAnswer-C
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Ans.is'c'i.e.,NormalAPTT486.Nottrueregardingfreshfrozenplasma?
a)Suppliesmajorcoagulationfactors
b)ABOmatchnotrequired
c)ShouldbeusedinreplacementoffactorsinDIC/trauma
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d)Tobeusedwithin30minutesofhavingtraumaCorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Tobeusedwithin30minutesofhavingtrauma
Freshfrozenplasmacontainscomponentsofthecoagulation,
fibrinolyticandcomplementsystemsandotherproteins.
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FFPcanbegivenwithoutbloodtype-matchedalthoughagglutinationreactionsarepossible,thoughveryrare.oThereisnomentionof
timeperiodwithinwhichFFPshouldbegivenaftertrauma.
TherisksofFFPincludediseasetransmission,anaphylactoid
reactions,alloimmunization,andexcessiveintravascularvolume,as
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wellastransfusionrelatedacutelunginjuryandanincreaseininfections
487.Whatisthevenoushematocritlevelat
whichyouwilldiagnosepolycythemiain
anewborn?
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a)55%b)60%
c)65%
d)70%
CorrectAnswer-C
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Definitionofpolycythemia:a.Venoushaematocritofover65%.
b.Venoushaematocritofover64%at2hoursage.
c.Anumbilicalvenousorarterialhaematocritover63%ormore.
Themeanvenoushaematocritofterminfantsis53incordblood,60
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at2hoursofage,57at6hoursofageand52at12-18hoursofage.Asthehaematocritincreases,thereisincreasedviscosityand
decreasedbloodflow.Whenhaematocritincreasestomorethan
60%thereisafallinO2transport.
Definitionofhyperviscosity:Viscositygreaterthan14.6centiposeat
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ashearrateof11.55asmeasuredbyaviscometer.(normalis1.4-1.8centipoise).
488.Ecadheringenedeficiencyisseenin-
a)Gastricca
b)Intestinalca
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c)Thyroidcad)Pancreaticca
CorrectAnswer-A
Themajorityofgastriccancersarenothereditary,themutations
identifiedinfamilialgastriccancerhaveprovidedimportantinsights
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intomechanismofcarcinogenesisinsporadiccancers.GermlinemutationsinCDHI,whichencodesEcadherin,aprotein
thatcontributestoepithelialintercellularadhesionareassociated
withfamilialgastriccancers,whichareusuallyofdiffusetype.
MutationsinCDH1arepresentinabout50%ofsporadiccasesof
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diffusegastriccancers,whileEcadherinexpressionisdrasticallydecreasedintherest,oftenbymethylationoftheCDHIpromotor.
Lobularcarcinomaofbreastwhichalsotendstoinfilterateassingle
cells,&individualswithBRCA2mutationsareatincreasedriskof
developingdiffusegastriccancers.
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489.MostcommonsiteofGISTis-
a)Ileum
b)Esophagus
c)Colon
d)Stomach
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CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,Stomach
?
50-
Stomach
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--> 70%?Small
20-
intestine
--> 30%
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Colon&5-
rectum
-3 15%
Esophagus ---> <5%
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490.Pathologicalmanifestationofchronic
alcoholismincludeallofthefollowing
except-
a)Piecemealnecrosis
b)Balloningdegeneration
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c)Microvesicularfattychangesd)Centralhyalinesclerosis
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Piecemealnecrosis
Steatosis(fattyliver)
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?Microvesicularfattychange?Laterchangestomacrovesicularfattychange
Alcoholichepatitis
?Hepatocellularnecrosis
?Ballooningdegeneration
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?Mallorybodies?Neutrophilicinfiltration
?Perivenularandperisinusoidolfibrosis-->centralhyaline
Alcoholiccirrhosis
?Nodularity
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?Fibrosis491.Thoriuminducedtumor
a)Angiosarcomaofliver
b)Renalcellcarcinoma
c)Lymphoma
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d)AstrocytomaCorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Angiosarcomaofliver
Thorotrost(thoriumdioxide)iscommonlyassociatedwithliver
neoplasm.
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ThemostcommonliverneoplasmassociatedwiththoriumexposureAngiosarcomaoftheliver
Cholangiocarcinoma
Hepatocellularcarcinoma
492.Klatskintumoris-
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a)Nodulartypeofcholangiocarcinomab)Fibrolamellarhepatocellularcarcinoma
c)Gallbladdercarcinoma
d)Hepatocellularcarcinoma
CorrectAnswer-A
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Ans.is'a'i.e.,NodulartypeofcholangiocarcinomaoAccordingtotheirlocalization,cholongiocarcinomasareclassified
into
1.Intrahepatic(10-20%)
2.Extrahepatic(80-90%)
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oTheextrahepaticformsincludeperihilartumorsknownasKlastkintumors,whicharelocatedatthejunctionoftherightandlefthepatic
ductsformingthecommonhepaticduct,anddistalducttumors.
oAsubgroupofdistaltumorsariseintheimmediatevicinityof
ampullaofvater.Tumoroftheseregionalsoinclude
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adenocarcinomaofduodenalmucosaandpancreaticcarcinomaandarecollectivelyreferredtoasperiampullarycarcinomas.
493.Allofthefollowingareriskfactorsfor
carcinomagallbladder,EXCEPT-
a)Typhoidcarriers
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b)Adenomatousgallbladderpolypsc)Choledochalcysts
d)Oralcontraceptives
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.isdi.e.,OralContraceptives
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RiskfactorsforCaGallbladderare:i)Gallstones
ii)Adenomatousgallbladderpolyps(particularlypolypslarger
than10mm)
iii)Calcified(porcelain)gallbladder
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iv)Choleduochalcystv)Estrogens
vi)Anomalouspancreaticobiliaryductjunction
vii)Exposuretocarcinogens(azotoulene,nitrosamine)
viii)Typhoidcarriers
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ix)Sclerosingcholangitis494.Nutmegliverisseenin-
a)Rightsidedheartfailure
b)Leftsidedheart,failure
c)Increasedpulmonarypressure
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d)DecreasedpulmonarypressureCorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Rightsidedheartfailure
oThecombinationofhypoperfusionandretrogradecongestion
(Chronicpassivecongestion)actssynergisticallytogenerate
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centrilobularhemorrhagicnecrosis.Thelivertakesonavariegatedmottledappearancereflectinghemorrhageandnecrosisinthe
centrilobularregions,knowasnutmegliver.
oChronicpassivecongestionisseeninRHF.
495.Centralstellatescarisseenin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Focalnodularhyperplasiab)Chronicregenerativehyperplasia
c)Hepatoblastoma
d)None
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Answer-A.FocalnodularhyperplasiaFocalnodularhyperplasiaisararetumor-likecondition
predominantlyfoundinwomenduringtothirdtothefifthdecadeof
life.
Mostcommonlyitisincidentallydiscoveredasasymptomaticmass.
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Thepathognomonicmicroscopicfeature.Acentralstellatescarseeninliverimagingstudiesisahighly
characteristicfeatureoffocalnodularhyperplasia.
ItisalsoseeninRenalcellcarcinoma(RCC).
496.Histopathologyofchronichepatitis-
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a)Balloningb)Councilmanbodies
c)Bridgingnecrosis
d)All
CorrectAnswer-C
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Ans.is'c'i.e.,Bridgingnecrosis.Portaltractsshowseverechronicinflammationwith
inflammatorycellsextendingintotheliverlobulesdisrupting
thelimitingplateofhepatocytes.
-Piecemealnecrosis-Portalfibrosis
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.Bridgingnecrosis-Interfacehepatitis497.Spongiformdegenerationofcerebral
cortexoccursin-
a)Creutzfeldt-Jakobdisease
b)Subacutesclerosingpanencephalitis
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c)Fatalfamilialinsomniad)Cerebraltoxoplasmosis
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Creutzfeldt-Jakobdisease
oOnmicroscopicexamination,inCreutzfeldt-Jakobdiseasethe
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pathognomonicfindingisaspongiformtransformationofthecerebralcortexand,often,deepgraymatterstructures(caudate,
putamen);thisconsistsofamultifocalprocessthatresultsinthe
unevenformationofsmall,apparentlyempty,microscopicvacuoles
ofvaryingsizeswithintheneuropilandsometimesintheperikaryon
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ofneurons.Inadvancedcases,thereissevereneuronalloss,reactivegliosis,andsometimesexpansionofthevacuolatedareas
intocystlikespaces("statusspongiosus").
oKuruplaquesareextracellulardepositsofaggregatedabnormal
protein;theyareCongored-positiveaswellasPAS-positiveand
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occurinthecerebellumincasesofGerstmann-Striiussler-Scheinkersyndrome;theyarepresentinabundanceinthecerebralcortexin
casesofvariantCJD.
oInallformsofpriondisease,immunohistochemicalstaining
demonstratesthepresenceofproteinase-K-resistantPrPscin
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tissue.oFatalfamilialinsomniadoesnotshowspongiformpathology.
Instead,themoststrikingalterationisneuronallossandreactive
gliosisintheanteriorventralanddorsomedialnucleiofthethalamus;
neuronallossisalsoprominentintheinferiorolivarynuclei.
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498.Whatisthehistologicalappearanceof
braininCreutzfeldt-Jakobdisease-
a)Neuronophagia
b)Spongiformchangeinbrain
c)Microabscesses
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d)DemyelinationCorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Spongiformchangeinbrain
oTheclassichistologicappearanceinCreutzfeldt-Jakobdiseaseis
spongiformchangeinthegraymatter:inallsixcorticallayersinthe
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cerebralcortexorwithdiffuseinvolvementofthecerebellarmolecularlayer.Thesevacuolesappearglassyoreosinophilicand
maycoalesce.Neuronallossandgliosisarealsoseen.
499.Whichofthefollowingtumorsisnot
derivedfrommeninges-
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a)Hemangioblastomab)Meningioma
c)Fibroustumor
d)Hemangiopericytoma
CorrectAnswer-A
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Ans.is'a'i.e.,HaemangioblastomaMeningealtumors
oMeningothelialtumor:Meningioma(mostcommonmeningeal
tumor).
oMesenchymalnon-meningothelialtumors:Meningealsolitary
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fibroustumor,hemangiopericytoma,meningealsarcoma,fibroushistiocytoma,meningealmelanocytoma,(melanocytictumor).
500.Whichofthefollowingismostreliable
featureofmalignanttransformationof
pheochromocytoma?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Presenceofmitoticfiguresb)Capsularinvasion
c)Vascularinvasion
d)None
CorrectAnswer-D
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Ans.isNone"Becausebenignandmalignantpheochromocytomasmayhavean
identicalhistologicalappearance,theonlyabsolutecriterionof
malignancyismetastasis."
"Thediagnosisofmalignantpheochromocytomaismadeonlywhen
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metastasisisdemonstrated."501.Tumorthatfollowsruleof10is-
a)Pheochromocytoma
b)Oncocytoma
c)Lymphoma
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d)RenalcellcarcinomaCorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Pheochromocytoma
oPheochromocytomasusuallysubscribetoaconvenient"ruleof
10s":-
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10%ofpheochromocytomasariseinassociationwithoneofseveralfamilialsyndromes.TheseincludetheMEN-2A&MEN-2B
syndromes,typeIneurofibromatosis,vonHippel-Lindausyndrome&
Sturge-Webersyndrome.
10%ofpheochromocytomasareextra-adrenal,occurringin
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sitessuchasorganofZuckerkandl&carotidbody,wherethesechromaffin-negativetumorsareusuallycalledparagangliomasto
distinguishthemfrompheochromocytomas.
10%ofnonfamilialadrenalpheochromocytomasarebilateral;
thisfiguremayriseto70%incasesthatareassociatedwithfamilial
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syndromes.10%ofadrenalpheochromocytomasarebiologicallymalignant,
althoughtheassociatedhypertensionrepresentsaserious&
potentiallylethalcomplicationofeven"benign"tumors.
10%ofadrenalpheochromocytomasariseinchildhood,usuallythe
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familialsubtypes,andwithastrongmalepreponderance.Thenonfamilialpheochromocytomasmostoftenoccurinadultsbetween
40&60yearsofage,withaslightfemalepreponderance.
502.TrueaboutPsammomabodiesareall
except?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Seeninmeningiomab)Concentricwhorledappearance
c)ContainsCalciumdeposits
d)Seeninteratoma
CorrectAnswer-D
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'd'i.e.,SeeninteratomaoPsammomabodiesrepresentaprocessofdystrophiccalcification.
oSinglenecroticcellsmayconstituteseedcrystalsthatbecome
encrustedbythemineraldeposits.Theprogressiveacquisitionof
outerlayersmaycreatelamellatedconfigurations,called
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psammomabodiesbecauseoftheirresemblancetograinsofsand.oPsammomabodiesareseenin:papillarycancerofthyroid,
meningioma,papillaryserouscystadenocarcinomaofovary.
503.Inthymoma,allareseenexcept-
a)Hypogammaglobulinemia
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Hyperalbuminemiac)Redcellaplasia
d)MyaestheniaGravis
CorrectAnswer-B
Ansis(b)i.e.hyperalbuminemia
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ThymomaisthemostcommonAnteriormediastinalmass.Thymomasareseentobeassociatedwith
Myastheniagravis
Acquiredhypogammaglobulinemia
PureredcellaplasiaGrave'sds
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
-Perniciousanemia-Dermatomyositis-polymyositis
-Cushingsyndrome
504.Orphanannieeyenucleiappearanceis
characteristicof-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Papillarycarcinomathyroidb)Carcinomapituitary
c)Paraganglioma
d)Meningioma
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'a'i.e.,PapillarycarcinomathyroidoThenucleiofpapillarycarcinomacellscontainfinelydispersed
chromatin,whichimpartsanopticallyclearoremptyappearance,
givingrisetothedesignationgroundglassorOrphanAnnieeye
nuclei.
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505.Mostcommonmalignancyoffallopian
tube
a)SCC
b)SerousCA
c)Teratoma
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d)ChoriocaCorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.SerousCA
Serous-49.5%-83.3%
506.Rokitanskiprotruberencesareseenin-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Mucinouscarcinomab)Teratoma
c)Epidermalcystoidsadenoma
d)Papillarycarcinoma
CorrectAnswer-B
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'b'i.e.,TeratomaTeratoma
oTeratomasaredividedintothreecategories:
(1)Mature(benign):
Mostbenignteratomasarecysticandareknownasdermoid
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cysts.Theseneoplasmsarepresumablyderivedfromthe
ectodermaldifferentiationoftotipotentialcells.
Theyarebilateralin10%to15%ofcases.
Characteristically,theyareunilocularcystscontaininghair
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
andcheesysebaceousmaterial.Onsection,theyrevealathinwalllinedbyanopaque,gray-white,wrinkled,apparentepidermis.
Generally,inoneareaofthecystwall,asolidprominenceis
seenknownasRokitansky'sprotuberancewheretissueelements
suchastooth,bone,cartilage&variousotheroddtissuesare
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present.Onhistologicexamination,thecystwalliscomposedofstratified
squamousepitheliumwithunderlying
sebaceousglands,hairshafts,andotherskinadnexalstructures.In
mostcases,structuresfromothergermlayerscanbeidentified,
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suchascartilage,bone,thyroidtissue,andotherorganoidformations.
Dermoidcystsaresometimesincorporatedwithinthewallof
amucinouscystadenoma.
About1%ofthedermoidsundergomalignanttransformation
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ofanyoneofthecomponentelements(butmostcommonly,squamouscellcarcinoma).
(2)MonodermalorSpecializedTeratomas
Theraregroupoftumors,themostcommonofwhichare
strumaovariiandcarcinoid.
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Theyarealwaysunilateral,althoughacontralateralteratomamaybepresent.
Strumaovariiiscomposedentirelyofmaturethyroidtissue.
Interestingly,thesethyroidalneoplasmsmayhyperfunction,causing
hyperthyroidism.
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Theovariancarcinoid,whichpresumablyarisesfromintestinalepitheliuminateratoma,mightinfactbefunctioning,
particularlyinlargetumors,producing5-hydroxytryptamineandthe
carcinoidsyndrome.
(3)ImmatureMalignantTeratomas
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Theseareraretumorsthatdifferfrombenignteratomasinthatthecomponenttissueresemblesthatobservedinthefetusor
embryoratherthanintheadult.
Thetumorisfoundchieflyinprepubertaladolescentsand
youngwomen.
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Thesegrowrapidlyandfrequentlypenetratethecapsulewithlocalspreadormetastases.
Onmicroscopy,therearevaryingamountsofimmaturetissue
differentiatingtowardcartilage,glands,bone,muscle,nerve,and
others.
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Animportantriskforsubsequentextraovarianspreadisthehistologicgradeoftumor,whichisbasedontheproportionoftissue
containingimmatureneuroepithelium.
507.Whichisnotariskfactorofendometrial
carcinoma-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Obesityb)Smoking
c)Infertility
d)Tamoxifen
CorrectAnswer-B
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Ans.is'b'i.e.,SmokingEndometrialcarcinoma
Endometrialcarcinomaisthemostcommoninvasivecancerofthe
femalegenitaltractandaccountsfor7%ofallinvasivecancerin
women.
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Thepeakincidenceisinthe55-to65-year-oldwoman.Clinicopathologicalstudies&molecularanalysissupportits
classificationintotwomajorbroadcategories.
Type-ICarcinoma
Mostcommontype.
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Majorityarewelldifferentiated&mimicproliferativeendometetrialglands.
Theyareassociatedwith-obesity,diabetes,hypertension,infertility
andunopposedestrogenstimulation.Tamoxifenalsoincreasesthe
riskofendometrialcancer.
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Endometrialhyperplasiaisaprecursortoendometroidcarcinoma.MutationinPTENtumorsuppressorgenehavebeenseenin30-
80%ofendometeriodcarcinoma&20%patientswithendometrial
hyperplasia.
Additionalmolecularchangesthatarecommonaremicrosatellite
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instability&mutationsinKRAS&betacateninoncogenes.Type-HCarcinoma
TheseoccurinwomenadecadelaterthantypeIcarcinoma.
Theseusuallyariseinsettingofendometrialatropy.
Theyarepoorlydifferentiated.Themostcommonsubtypeisserous
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carcinoma,clearcelltype&malignantmixedmulleriantumor.Themostfrequentalterationdescribedismutationinp53tumor
suppressorgene.
508.Whichofthefollowinggermcelltumoris
malignant?
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a)Leydigcelltumorb)Sertolicelltumor
c)Seminoma
d)Dermoidcyst
CorrectAnswer-C
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Ans.is'c'i.e.,SeminomaoAmongthegivenoptionsonlyoptionsc&daregermcelltumors.
Seminomaismalignantwhiledermoidcystisbenign.
Germcelltumors
oMalignant-Germinoma(seminoma,dysgerminoma),embryonal
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carcinoma,endodermalsinustumor(yolksactumor),choriocarcinoma,immatureteratoma.
Benign-Matureteratoma,dermoidcyst.
509.ERpositivestatusinCaBreastindicates
-
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a)Prognosisb)Etiology
c)Site
d)None
CorrectAnswer-A
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Ans.is'a'i.e.,PrognosisoEstrogenreceptor(ER)positivebreastcarcinomasaregenerally
slowgrowingandrespondwelltohormonaltreatment.
oGeneexpressionprolifing,whichcanmeasuretherelative
quantitiesofmRNAforessentiallyeverygene,hasidentifiedfive
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majorpatternsofgeneexpressionininvasiveductalcarcinoma.LuminalA
oThisisthelargestgroup(40-55%)whichhascharacteristicsof
normalluminalcells.
oThistypeisERpositiveandHER2/neunegative.
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oThesecancersaregenerallyslowgrowingandrespondtohormonaltreatment.Converselyonlyasmallnumberwillrespondto
standardchemotherapy
LuminalB
oThesetumorsareERpositive,hasahigherproliferativerateand
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overexpressesHER2/neu--->Triple-positivecancer.oTheycomposeamajorgroupofER-positivecancersthataremore
likelytohavelymphnodemetastasesandmayrespondtostandard
chemotherapy.
Normalbreastline
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oTheseareERpositive,HER2/neunegativeandcharacterizedbythesimilarityoftheirgeneexpressionpatterntonormaltissue.
Basalline
oTheseareERnegative,PRnegative,HER2/neunegativeTriple
negative.
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oThesearecharacterizedbyexpressionofmarkerstypicalofmyoepithelialcells(e.g.,basalkeratins,Pcodherins,p63,orlaminin),
progenitorcells,orputativestemcells(e.g.cytokeratins5and6).o
ManycarcinomaarisinginwomenwithBRACImutationsareofthis
type.
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oTheseareaggressivetumors,frequentmetastasistovisceraandbraincanbeseen--->havepoorprognosis.
HER2positive
oTheseareERnegativeandoverexpressHER2/neuprotein.
510.Proliferatingbreastmassis-
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a)Ductectasiab)Fibroadenoma
c)Adenosis
d)Papilloma
CorrectAnswer-D
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Ans.is'd'i.e.,PapillomaExamplesincludeatypicalductalhyperplasia,atypicallobular
hyperplasia,andintraductalpapillomas.
511.Tadpolecellscommashapedcellson
histopathologyareseenin-
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a)Trichoepitheliomab)Spideroma
c)Rhabdomyosarcoma
d)Histiocytoma
CorrectAnswer-C
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Ans.is'c'i.e.,RhabdomyosarcomaHistologyofrhabdomvosarcoma
Thediagnosticcellofrhabdomyosarcomaisrhabdomyoblast.
Rhabdomyoblastcontainseccentriceosinophilicgranularcytoplasm
richinthickandthinfilaments.oTherhabdomyoblastsmaybe?
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i)RoundElongatedTadpoleorStrapcells.
Ithasthreevariants
ii)Embryonal
Alveolar
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iii)PleomorphicRhabdomyoblastsarepositivefordesmin,MYOD1andMyogenin.
512.Glomustumorisseenin-
a)Retroperitoneum
b)Softtissue
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c)Distalportionofdigitsd)Proximalportionofdigits
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Distalportionofdigits
oItisabenignbutpainfultumorthatarisesfromthemodified
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smoothmusclecellsoftheglomusbody,aspecializedarteriovenousanastomosisthatisinvolvedinthermoregulation.
oTheyaremostcommonlyfoundinthedistalportionofthedigits,
especiallyunderthefingernails.
513.Ewingssarcomaarisesfrom-
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a)Gcellsb)Totipotentcells
c)Neuroectodermalcells
d)Neurons
CorrectAnswer-C
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Ans.isci.e.,NeuroectodermalcellsoHistologically,Ewing'ssarcomahasacertainresemblanceto
primitiveneuroectodermalcells,andthetumorarisesfromsuch
cells.
oItisararemalignancyprimarilyaffectingchildrenandadolescents.
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Itarisesmainlyinboneandlesscommonlyinsofttissues.oInthese,thereisacharacteristicreciprocalchromosomal
translocation,whichleadstoanin-framefusionbetweentheEWS
geneandoneoftheETSfamilygenemembers.
514.Medulloblastomamostcommon
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metastasisisto?a)Lung
b)CNS
c)Liver
d)Spleen
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CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,CNS
oMedullablastomaspreadthroughCSFandfrequentlymetastasizes
todifferentlocationsinthebrainandspine.
oExtraneuralmetastasistotherestofthebodyisrare.
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515.Mutationinmalignantmelanoma-
a)N-myc
b)CDK2A
c)RET
d)None
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CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,CDK2A
"Inmelanomacells,numbersofmutationsand/ordysregulated
expressionofB-RofN-Ras,CDK2A,MDM2,PTEN,p53havebeen
recognized".
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516.Perivascularlymphocytesµglial
nodulesareseenin-
a)Multiplesclerosis
b)HIVencephalitis
c)CMVmeningitis
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d)BacterialmeningitisCorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,HIVencephalitis
oPerivascularinfiltrateoflymphocytes(andmacrophages)with
microglialnodulesisseeninHIVencephalitis.
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oPerivascularinfiltrateoflymphocytes(andmonocytes)isalsoseeninmultiplesclerosis.But,microglialnodules
arecharacteristicofHIVencephalitis.
517.Glomuscellsarefoundin-
a)Bladder
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b)Brainc)Chemoreceptors
d)Kidney
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Chemoreceptors
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Arterialchemoreceptorsconsistofglobularaggregationsofchemoreceptivecells(glomuscells),andsupportivecells,separated
fromoneanotherbyfibroustissuesepta.
Inthesesetpaandbetweenglomuscells,numerouscapillariesand
nervefibersareseen.
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Theglomuscellshavethestructureofendocrineaminehormonesecretingcells.
518.Commonesttumoroffaceinchidrenis-
a)Rhabdomyosarcoma
b)Sq.cellcarcinoma
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c)Basalcellcarcinomad)Mixedparotidtumor
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Rhabdomyosarcoma
Rhabdomyosarcoma
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oThemostcommonsofttissuesarcomainchildrenisrhabdomyosarcoma.
oThecommonsiteofinvolvementare:-
oHead&Neck(25%)2"dmostcommonExtremities
Genitourinary(22%)-->2ndmostcommon
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Retroperitoneum519.Mostcommonsiteformedulloblastoma
is-
a)Cerebellum
b)Pituitary
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c)Cerebrumd)Pinealgland
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Cerebellum
oMedulloblastomaisaninfratentorialtumorandoccursexclusively
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incerebellum.520.TypeBadversedrugreaction-
a)Augmentedeffectofdrug
b)UnpredictableBizzarereaction
c)Effectseenonchronicuseofdrug
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d)DelayedeffectofdrugCorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,UnpredictableBizzarereaction
Typesofadversedrugreaction
1. TypesA(Augmented)reaction.
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2. TypesB(Bizzare)reaction3. TypesC(Chronic)reaction
4. TypesD(Delayed)effects
5. TypesE(Endingofuse)reaction
521.Dopamineallofthefollowingistrue
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Except?a)CausesincreaseinGIIsehemia
b)Positiveionotropic
c)Improvesrenalperfusion
d)CausesVasoconstriction
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CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,CausesincreaseinGIIschemia
oDopamineactsondopamine(Di&D2)andadrenergic(a1+a2+
[31)receptors,withnoactiononp,receptors.
oAtlowesteffectivedoseitstimulatesD1receptorsinrenal&
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mesentricbloodvessels-->improvesrenalandmesentricperfusion.
oAtmoderatelyhighdosesitactsas13,agonist-->positive
ionotropic.
oAthighdosesitactivatesa-adrenoreceptors-->vasoconstriction.
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522.Allarealpha-blockerexcept?
a)Atenolol
b)Prazosin
c)Indoramine
d)Idazoxan
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CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,Atenolol
523.Whichofthefollowingpotassium
sparingdiureticalterscardiacmortality-
a)Spironolactone
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b)Amiloridec)Triamterene
d)Epleronone
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Spironolactone
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oAmongpotassiumsparingdiuretics,aldosteroneantagonists(Spironolactone,eplerenone)reducemortalityinCHF.
524.Antiandrogenusedinheartfailure?
a)Carvedilol
b)Sampatrilat
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c)Spironolactoned)Abiraterone
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Spironolactone
oSpironolactoneandeplerenonearethealdosteroneantagonists.
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Theyareusedaspotassiumsparingdiuretics.Theirdiurecticeffectisquitefeeble,butinCHFthesedrugsreducethemortality(at
doseslowerthandiureticdoses)byantagonizingtheeffectof
aldosterone(reversalofremodelling).Spironolactonealso
possessesanti-androgeniceffects.
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525.Fosphenytoindifferentfromphenytoinin
whichofthefollowing-
a)Canbeusedinabsenceseizures
b)Canbemixedwithsaline
c)Canbegivenorally
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d)ItisthedrugofchoiceformyoclonicseizuresCorrectAnswer-B
Ans.'b'i.e.,Canbemixedwithsaline
Whilephenytoincannotbeinjectedinadripofglucosesolution,
fosphenytoincanbeinjectedwithsalineandglucose.
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526.Iodinecontentinamiodarone-
a)10-20%
b)20-40%
c)40-60%
d)60-80%
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,20-40%
527.Whichofthefollowingcausesincreased
renninonprolongeduse?
a)Clonidine
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b)Enalaprilc)Methyldopa
d)Blocker
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'bi.e.,Enalapril
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528.Centrallyactingantihypertensivedrugis
?
a)Phenoxybenzamine
b)Methyldopa
c)Propanolol
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)PrazosinCorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Methyldopa
oCentrallyactingsympatholyticantihypertensivesareclonidine,
methyldopa,guanabenz,guanfacine,moxonidineandrilmenidine.
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529.TrueregardingConivaptanis-
a)VasopressinAntagonist
b)V2selectiveaction
c)Givenorally
d)All
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CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,VasopressinAntagonist
530.Guanethidineisusedinthetreatmentofwhichofthefollowingcondition?
a)Thyrotoxicophthalmopathy
b)Ptosis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Bell'spalsyd)Horner'ssyndrome
CorrectAnswer-A
Guanethidine(10%)eyedropsisusefulindecreasinglidretractioninThyrotoxicophthalmopathy.
Itisanadrenergicneuronblockerwhichactsbyinhibitingthereleaseofnoradrenalineinresponseto
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nervestimulation.531.5HT1agonistsusedas?(
a)Antianxietydrugs
b)Antipsychoticdrugs
c)GERD
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)ChemotherapyinducedvomitingCorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Antianxietydrugs
5-HTIAagonists(Buspiron,ipsapirone)actasantianxietydrugs.
532.Mechanismofactionoftheophyllinein
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BronchialasthmaincludeallofthefollowingExcept?
a)Phosphodiesteraseinhibition
b)Adenosinereceptorantagonism
c)Increasedhistonedeacetylation
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)Beta-2receptorstimulationCorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Beta-2receptorstimulation
Proposedmechanismsofactionoftheophylline
Phosphodiesteraseinhibition(Nonselective)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Adenosinereceptorantagonism(A1,A2)IncreasedhistoneDeacetylaseactivity(redefficacyof
corticosteroids)
Inhibitionofintracellularcalciumrelease
Stimulationofcatecholaminerelease
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
InhibitionofNF-alphaBetatranslocationintothenucleus(nucleartranslocation)
Mediatorinhibition(Prostaglandins,TNFalpha)
533.Omalizumabisusedintreatmentof:
a)Breastcarcinoma
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Asthmac)Rheumatoidarthritis
d)Noneoftheabove
CorrectAnswer-B
OmalizumabisablockingantibodythatneutralizescirculatingIgEwithoutbindingtocell-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
boundIgE;itthusinhibitsIgE-mediatedreactions.Thistreatmenthasbeenshowntoreducethenumberofexacerbationsinpatientswith
severeasthmaandmayimproveasthmacontrol.However,thetreatmentisvery
expensiveandonlysuitableforhighlyselectedpatientswhoarenotcontrolledonmaximal
dosesofinhalertherapyandhaveacirculatingIgEwithinaspecifiedrange.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ref:Harrison'sprincipleofinternalmedicine17thedition,chapter248.534.Efficacyofsalmeterolisincreasedifitis
givenalongwith-
a)Theophylline
b)Corticosteroid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Ipratropiumd)Sodiumcromoglycate
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Corticosteroid
oConcurrentuseofinhaledsalmeterolwithinhaledglucocorticoid
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produceseffectsequivalenttodoubledoseofthecorticoidalone.535.Whichdrugdoesn'tincludeDMARD:
a)Chloroquine
b)Vincristine
c)Azathioprine
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)LeflunomideCorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Vincristine
oDiseasemodifyingantirheumaticdrugs(DMARDs):?
1. ImmunosuppresantsMethotrexate,azathioprine,cyclosporine
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2. Sulfasalazine3. Choloroquineorhydroxychloroquine
4. Leflunomide
5. Goldsod.thiomalate,Auranofin
6. d-Penicillamine
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
536.Whichofthefollowingdrugsactdirectly
withoutsexualstimulation?
a)Sildenafil
b)Tadalafil
c)Alprostadil
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)TestosteroneCorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Alprostadil
Alprastadil(pGEl)isdirectlyinjectedintocorporacavernusafor
erectiledysfunction'
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Itactsbyincreasingarterialinflow"byvasodilationandreducingoutflowbycontractingthecarporalsmoothmusclethatoccludes
drainingvenules.
537.PGE2causeallexcept-
a)Waterretention
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b)Uterinecontractionc)Flushing
d)None
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Waterretention
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oPGE2causesincreaseinwaterexcretionbyinhibitingADHaction.538.Dinoprostis-
a)PGEl
b)PGE2
c)PGF2alpha
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)PGI2CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,PGF2alpha
oDinoprost-PGF2alpha,intraamnioticallyformidtermabortion.
oDinoprostone-PGE2,intravaginallyformidtermabortion.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
539.Whichenzymeisirreversiblyinhibitedby
aspirin?
a)Lipooxygenase
b)Cyclooxygenase
c)Thromboxanesynthase
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)PhospholipaseCorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Cyclooxygenase
540.Indiabetesinsipidus,diureticshowing
paradoxicalantidureticactivity-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Thiazideb)Triamterene
c)Spironolactone
d)Furosemide
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'a'i.e.,ThiazideThiazidediureticsparadoxicallydecreaseurineoutputinDIdueto
formationofcAMPindistaltubuleseffectiveinbothcentraland
nephrogenicDI.
541.Sideeffectofthiazidediureticsareall
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
except?a)Hyponatremia
b)Hypokalemia
c)Erectiledysfunction
d)Hypocalcemia
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'A'i.e.,Hypocalcemia
Thiazidescausehypercalcemia(seeaboveexplanation).
542.Desmopressinispreferredover
vasopressinbecausedesmopressin-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Morepotentb)MoreselectiveforVireceptor
c)Haslittlevasconstrictoractivity
d)aandc
CorrectAnswer-D
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Morepotent;'c'i.e.,HaslittlevasconstrictoractivityoDesmopressinislongeracting
oDesmopressinisV2selective--)NoV,mediated
vasoconstriction.
oDesmopressinis12timesmorepotentthanvasopressin.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
543.Whichofthefollowingisaselective
serotonin&norepinephrinereuptake
inhibitor?
a)Fluoxetine
b)Venlafaxine
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Sertalined)Arnoxipine
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Venlafaxine
oImportantSNRIsare:-Venalafaxine,Milnacipram,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
desvenalafaxine,Duloxetine.544.Allareneuralplateinducersexcept
a)Notochordappearance
b)HighBMP
c)FGFupregulation
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)PrechordalmesodermCorrectAnswer-B
Bi.e.HighBMP
545.Toxicdoseoflithium-
a)0.6
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)12c)2.6
d)<0.6
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,2.6
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
546.Extrapyramidalsyndromelikeside
effectsareseenin-
a)Haloperidol
b)Clozapine
c)Tetracycline
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)KetoconazoleCorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Haloperidol
Drugscausingextrapvramidaleffects
oButyrophenones(Haloperidol)oMethyldopao
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
OCP'SoReserpineoLevodopaoMetoclopromideo
PhenothiazinesoTricyclicAntidepressants
547.TrilenewhenusedwithSodalimecauses
?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Renaldamageb)ARDS
c)Myocardialdepression
d)Hepatitis
CorrectAnswer-B
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'b'i.e.,ARDSoFollowingagentsreactwithsodalime:
SevofluraneisdegradedbycontactwithCO2absorbant(sodalime)
inanaesthesiamachine,yieldingavinylethercalledCompoundA
whichcancauserenaldamage.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Trileneproducesphosgene(causingARDS)anddicholoroacetylene(causesneurotoxicity)whenusedwithsodalime.
548.Cardiotoxicityofbupivacaine-
a)Depressedpacemakeractivity
b)Toxiccompounddamagingmyocardialcells
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Depressedneuralcontrolonheartd)VascularthrombosisandMyocardialischemia
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Depressedpacemakeractivity
oLocalanaestheticsblockcardiacsodiumchannelsandthus
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
depressabnormalcardiacpacemakeractivity,excitability,andconduction.Atextremelyhighconcentrations,localanaestheticscan
alsoblockcalciumchannels.
549.Shortactingnondelpolarizingblocker?
a)Rocurorium
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Suxamethoniumc)Mivacurium
d)Pancuronium
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Mivacurium
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
550.Whichisanintermediateactinginsulin?
a)Insulinlispro
b)Regularinsuin
c)NPHinsulin
d)Insulinglargine
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,NPHinsulin
551.Steroidingestedforlongtimeleadstoall
ofthefollowingexcept-
a)Avascularnecrosisofheadoffemur
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Cataractc)Glaucoma
d)Growthretardation
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Glaucoma
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glaucomaoccursaftertopicaltherapy(notsystemic)552.Leastglucocorticoidactionisseenwith
?
a)Fludrocortisone
b)Cortisone
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Dexamethasoned)Betamethasone
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Cortisone
Leastpotentglucocorticoid-->Cortisone
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
553.Steroidwithmaxmineralocorticoid
activity?
a)Fludrocortisone
b)DOCA
c)Prednisolone
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)TriamsinoloneCorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e,Fludrocortisone
554.Intakeofexogenoussteroidcauses:
a)Addison'sdisease
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Cushing'ssyndromec)Pheochromocytoma
d)Conn'ssyndrome
CorrectAnswer-B
AnswerisB(Cushing'ssyndrome):
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ThemostcommoncauseofCushing'ssyndromeisiatragenicadministrationofsteroidsforavarietyofreasons.-Harrison
555.Whichofthefollowingisaselective
progesteronereceptormodulator-
a)Onapristone
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Ulipristalc)Nomegestrol
d)Toremifene
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Ulipristal
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
oUlipristalisaSPRMapprovedforuseasanEmergencyContraceptive.
oSPRM(selectiveprogesteronereceptormodulators):Asoprisnil,ul
ipristal,onapristone,mifepristone.
556.Tiboloneisa?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Naturalsteroidalestrogenb)Naturalnon-steroidalestrogen
c)Syntheticsteroidalestrogen
d)Syntheticnon-steroidalestrogen
CorrectAnswer-C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.C.Syntheticsteroidalestrogen[RefKDT7Vep.306,311]
Syntheticestrogens
SteroidalEthinylestradiol,mestranol,tibolone.
NonsteroidalDiethylstilbestrol,hexestrol,dienestrol.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
557.Finasterideisa:
a)5alphareductaseinhibitor
b)PDEinhibitor
c)Alphalablocker
d)Androgenreceptorblocker
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AFinasterideisacompetitiveinhibitoroftheenzyme5-alphareductasewhichisresponsible
fortheconversionoftestosteroneintoamoreactivedihydrotestosteroneresponsibleforthe
androgenaction.
Whenusedinbenignprostatichypertrophy,itreducestheprostatesizeandincreasedpeak
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
urinaryflowrate.Itisalsousedinmalepatternbaldnessandasapalliativetreatmentinprostaticcarcinoma.
Ref:KDTripathiTextbookofPharmacology,5thEdition,Page272
558.Whichofthefollowingisasynthetic
estrogen?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Estroneb)Estriol
c)Estradiol
d)Diethylstibestrol
CorrectAnswer-D
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'd'i.e.,DiethylstibestrolSyntheticprogesterones
1.Progesteronederivatives-->Medroxyprogesterone,Megestrol,
Dydrogesterone,Hydroxyprogesterone,Nomegestrol.
2.19-Nortestosteronederivatives-->Norethindrone,Lynesternol,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Allylesterone,Levonorgestrel,Desogestrel,Norgestimate,Gestodene.
Syntheticestrogens
1. Steroidal---->Ethinylestradiol,mestranol,tibolone.
2. Nonsteroidal---->Diethylstilbestrol,hexestrol,dienestrol
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
559.Sideeffectofoxytocinisallexcept?
a)Placentalabruption
b)Fetaldistress
c)Peripheralvasculardisease
d)Waterintoxication
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Peripheralvasculardisease
oSideeffectsofOxytocinaredueto:
i)ADHlikeaction-Waterintoxication
ii)Excessiveuterinecontractions,priortolabour-Fetaldistress,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Placentalabruption,Uterinerupture.560.WhichisnotaS/EofCimetidine?
a)Impotence
b)Gynaecomastia
c)Atrophicgastritis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)GalactorrheaCorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Atrophicgastritis
561.Antilipidemicdrugsthatprevent
hypercholesterolemiabyinhibiting
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
absorption-a)Ezetimibe
b)Orlistat
c)Cholestyramine
d)Statins
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,Ezetimibe
Ezetimibeinhibitstheabsorptionofcholesterolbybidningto
transporter[NPC-1L1(NiemannPickCl,likel)SRBl,145KDa]
locatedinintestinalbrushborder.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Note:Orlistatalsoreducescholesterolabsorption,butitisananti-obesity
drug(notanantilipidemicdrug).
562.Antifungalwhichcanbeusedorallybut
notivis?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Voriconazoleb)AmphoterecinB
c)Terbinafine
d)Noneoftheabove
CorrectAnswer-C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Terbinafine563.Mostpotentstatin-
a)Simvastatin
b)Pravastatin
c)Rosuvastatin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)SimvastatinCorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Rosuvastatin
oTwomostpotentstatinsare
Pitavastatin(mostpotent)androsuvastatinmostpotent).
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
564.An86yearsoldladypresentedwith
severeconstipation.Shewasaknown
hypertensiveonmedicationsfor10
years.Inclinic,herBPwas157/98mm
Hgwithaheartrateof58/min.Ontaking
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
hereBPinthesupinepositionitwasfoundtobe90/60mmHg.Shehadthe
recenthistoryofdepression.Sheis
takingatenolol,thiazide,imipramine,
haloperidolanddocusate.Whatwillbe
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
thenextbeststepinthemanagement?a)Changeatenololandthiazidetocalciumchannelblockerand
ACEinhibitorandaddbisacodylforconstipation
b)Changeimipramineandhaloperidoltofluoxetineand
risperidoneandaddbisacodylforconstipation
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Onlyaddbisacodylforconstipationandcontinuerestofthemedications
d)Discontinueallhermedicationsandstartheronsteroids
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans:B.Changeimipramineandhaloperidoltofluoxetineand
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
risperidoneandaddbisacodylforconstipation(RefHarrison19/ep1623-1624,18/ep3531:GoodmanGilman12/e
p410.1333)
EffectsofImipramine:
Posturalhypotension-DuetoalphablockadebyImipramine&
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
thiazidesinteraction.Anti-cholinergicside-effect.
Hence,Imipramine(TCA)mustbediscontinued.
ShouldbestartedonSSRI,fluoxetin&laxative(existing
constipation).
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Effectofhaloperidol:Anti-cholinergicsideeffects.
ShouldstartonatypicalantipsychoticRisperidone.
565.ProphylacticdoseofvitaminKgivento
newborninfantsatdeliveryis?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)1mgb)5mg
c)10mg
d)15mg
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'a'i.e.,1mgVitaminKDeficiencyinNewborns
ThesymptomsofvitaminKdeficiencyareduetohemorrhage
NewbornsareparticularlysusceptibletovitaminKdeficiency
becauseoflowfatstores,lowbreastmilklevelsofvitaminK,sterility
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
oftheinfantileintestinaltract,liverimmaturity,andpoorplacentaltransport.
Intracranialbleeding,aswellasgastrointestinalandskinbleeding,
canoccurinvitaminK-deficientinfants17daysafterbirth.
Thus,vitaminK(1mgIM)isgivenprophylacticallyatthetimeof
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
delivery.566.Lowmolecularweightheparinmainly
inhibitswhichfactor:
September2009
a)FactorIlia
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)FactorVIIIac)FactorXa
d)FactorXIIa
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C:FactorXa
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
567.Allofthefollowinghaveinteractionwith
warfarinexcept-
a)Barbiturate
b)Oralcontraceptive
c)Cephalosporins
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)BenzodiazepensCorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Benzodiazepenes
568.Clopidogrelmechanismofaction-
a)ThromboxaneA2inhibition
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)InhibitADPmediatedcAMPactivationc)GPIIb/Inainhibitors
d)None
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,InhibitADPmediatedcAMPactivation
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
569.Romiplostimactsonwhichofthefollowingreceptors:
a)Thrombopoeitin
b)IL6
c)IL8
d)PGE1
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-ARomiplostim:GeneticallyengineeredproteininwhichtheFccomponentofahuman
antibodyisfusedtotwocopiesofapeptidethatstimulatesthethrombopoietinreceptors;
approvedfortreatmentofidiopathicthrombocytopenicpurpura
Ref:Katzung11theditionChapter33.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
570.Mechanismofactionofquinolonesis?
a)DNAgyraseinhibitors
b)Bindto30sunit
c)Bindtobacterialcellmembrane
d)Bindtotetrahydofolatereductase
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-DDNAgyraseinhibitorsREF:GoodmanGillman's11thedp.722
ThequinoloneantibioticstargetbacterialDNAgyraseand
topoisomeraseIV.Formanygrampositivebacteria,topoisomerase
IVistheprimarytarget.Formanygram-negativebacteria,DNA
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
gyraseistheprimaryquinolonetarget.571.Druginhibitingbacterialprotein
synthesisareallexcept-
a)Aminoglycosides
b)Chloramphenicol
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Clindamycind)Sulfonamides
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is`d'i.e.,Sulfonamides
oSulfonamidesaffectintermediarymetabolismbyinhibitingfolate
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
synthase.572.Longestactingsulphonamideis-
a)Sulfadiazine
b)Sulphadoxine
c)Sulfamethoxazole
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)SulfamethiazoleCorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Sulfadoxine
Sulfadoxineandsulfamethopyrazinearelongactingsulfonamides.
573.Widestspectrumaminoglycosideis-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Streptomycinb)Amikacin
c)Framycetin
d)Netilmicin
CorrectAnswer-B
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Amikacin574.Doseofoseltamivirinachildaged9monthsis:
a)2mg/kgtwicedailyfor5days
b)2.5mg/kgtwicedailyfor5days
c)3mg/kgtwicedailyfor5days
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)3.5mg/kgtwicedailyfor5daysCorrectAnswer-C
Agegroups
Recommendeddoseofoseltamivir
0to1month
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2mg/kgtwicedailyfor5days>1monthto3months
2.5mg/kgtwicedailyfor5days
>3monthsto12months
3mg/kgtwicedailyfor5days
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ref:Park21stedition,page148Chapter:Epidemiologyincommunicablediseases.
575.IndicationofAcyclovirinpregnancy:
a)Disseminatedherpes
b)Chicken-poxinfirsttrimester
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Prophylaxisinrecurrentherpesd)Alloftheabove
CorrectAnswer-D
Alloftheabove
576.Whichofthefollowingantimalarialisa
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
slowactingschizonticide-a)Artemether
b)Mefloquine
c)Pyrimethamine
d)Quinine
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Pyrimethamine
oAntimalarialsthatactonerythrocyticphaseofschizogonyare
callederythrocyticschizontocides.Theavailabledrugscanbe
dividedinto?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1.Fastacting-Chloroquine,amodiaquine,quinine,mefloquine,halofantrine,lumefantrine,atovaquone,artemisinin.
2.Slowacting-Pyrimethamine,Proguanil,sulfonamides,
tetracyclines.
577.Redmansyndromeisdueto-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Vancomycinb)Polymyxin
c)Rifampicin
d)Teicoplanin
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'a'i.e.,VancomycinVancomycincancauseredmensyndrome.
578.Bleedingisseenwiththeuseof-
a)Cefaloridine
b)Cefazolin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Moxalactumd)Ceftazidime
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Moxalactam
oCeftriaxone,cefoperazone,moxalactam&cefamandolecancause
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
hypoprothrmbinemiaandbleeding.579.Sulphonamideinjectioncausesdecrease
infolicacidby?
a)Competitiveinhibition
b)Noncompetitiveinhibition
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Uncompetitiveinhibitiond)Allostericinhibition
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Competitiveinhibition
Bacteriasynthesizetheirownfolicacidofwhichparaaminobenzoic
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
acid(PABA)isaconstituent-Sulfonamides,beingstructuralanaloguesofPABA,inhibitbacterialfolatesynthasecompetitively.
580.Allaretrueaboutciprofloxacinexcept?
a)C/Iinpregnancy
b)DNAinhibition
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Mostpotent1stgenerationfluoroquinoloned)MoreactiveatacidicpH
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,MoreactiveatacidicpH
CiprofloxacinisthemostpotentfirstgenerationFQ.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
oCiprofloxacininhibitDNAgyraseandiscontraindicatedinpregnancy.
ItislessactiveatacidicpH.
581.Whichofthefollowingisnotusedas
treatmentforlymphaticfilariasis-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Ivermectinb)DEC
c)Praziquantel
d)Albendazole
CorrectAnswer-C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'c'i.e.,PraziquanteloDrugsusedinlymphaticfiliriasisareDEC,ivermectin,albendazale
anddoxycycline.
582.Aboutvincaalkaloidstrueis?
a)Inhibitsmitoticspindle
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Enhancespolymerizationoftubulinc)InhibitstopoisomeraseI
d)InhibitstopoisomeraseII
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Inhibitsmitoticspindle
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Vincaalkaloids(vincristine)inhibitmitoticspindlesbypreventingpolymerizationoftubulin
583.WhichofthefollowingAntineoplastic
drugsSHOULDNOTbegivenbyrapidIV
infusion?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Cyclophosphamideb)Cisplatin
c)Bleomycin
d)Cytosinearabinoside
CorrectAnswer-B
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is`b'i.e.,CisplatinoCisplatinisthemostcommonculpritcausingchemotherapy
inducednauseaandvomiting,thereforecisplatinisgivenasslowi.v.
infusion(neverbolus)topreventvomiting.
584.Modeofactionofazathioprine?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)IL-2b)T-cellblockade
c)Decreasedlymphophagocyticactivity
d)Wide-spreadantitumoractivity
CorrectAnswer-B
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'b'i.e.,T-cellblockade585.ResistancetoMethotrexatedevelopsdue
to?
a)RapidCancercellmultiplication
b)Deficiencyofthymidylatekinase
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Deficiencyofthymidylatesynthetased)Increasedproductionofdihydrofolatereductase
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Increasedproductionofdihydrofolatereductase
Methotrexateresistance
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
oMethotrexateresistancemaybeduetoanyofthefollowingmechanism:?
i)Defectivetransportintocells
ii)ProductionofalteredformofDHFRthathavedecreased
affinityformethotrexate
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
iii)IncreasedconcentrationsofintracellularDHFRthroughgeneamplificationoralteredgeneregulation
iv)Decreasedabilitytosynthesizemethotrexatepolyglutamates
v)Increasedexpressionofadrugeffluxtransporter,oftheMRP
(multidrugresistanceprotein)class
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
586.Whichofthefollowingpoisoning
presentswithabdominalpain,diarrhea,
Meeslineonnailsand
myelosuppression:
September2011
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Leadb)Arsenic
c)Alcohol
d)Mercury
CorrectAnswer-B
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.B:ArsenicInchronicarsenicpoisoning,aclassicalstateofillhealthresultsare
representedby4stages.Firststageofnutritionaland
gastrointestinaldisturbances(diarrhoeaiscommon)
Thirdstage(ofskinrashes)showswhitebandsknownasMeesline
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
crossingthenailoffingersandtoesInadditiontothis,theremaybeevidenceofliverdamage,kidney
damageandbonemarrowdepressionatsomestageArsenic
poisoning
Increasedlevelsoftheelementarsenicinthebody.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Arsenicinterfereswithcellularlongevitybyallostericinhibitionofanessentialmetabolicenzyme.
Symptomsofarsenicpoisoningincludeheadache,confusion,
convulsion,diarrhea,vomiting,andinseverecasecomaanddeath
Routesofexposureincludecontaminatedwater,air,andfood.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Occupationalexposuretoarsenicmayoccurwithcopperorleadsmeltingandwoodtreatmentandamongworkersinvolvedinthe
productionorapplicationofpesticides
Symptomsofarsenicpoisoningbeginwithheadaches,confusion,
severediarrhea,anddrowsiness.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Asthepoisoningdevelops,convulsionsandchangesinfingernailpigmentationcalledleukonychiamayoccur.
Whenthepoisoningbecomesacute,symptomsmayinclude
diarrhea,vomiting,bloodintheurine,crampingmuscles,hairloss,
stomachpain,andmoreconvulsions.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Theorgansofthebodythatareusuallyaffectedbyarsenicpoisoningarethelungs,skin,kidneys,andliver.
Chronicarsenicexposurecanremaininthebodysystemsfora
longerperiodoftimethanashortertermormoreisolatedexposure
andcanbedetectedinalongertimeframeaftertheintroductionof
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
thearsenic,importantintryingtodeterminethesourceoftheexposure.
Hairisapotentialbioindicatorforarsenicexposureduetoitsability
tostoretraceelementsfromblood.
Incorporatedelementsmaintaintheirpositionduringgrowthofhair.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Thusforatemporalestimationofexposure,anassayofhaircompositionneedstobecarriedoutwithasinglehair
whichisnotpossiblewitholdertechniquesrequiringhomogenization
anddissolutionofseveralstrandsofhair.
Thistypeofbiomonitoringhasbeenachievedwithnewer
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
microanalyticaltechniqueslikeSynchrotonradiationbasedXrayfluorescence(SXRF)spectroscopyandMicroparticleinducedXray
emission(PIXE).
Dimercaprolanddimercaptosuccinicacidarechelatingagentswhich
sequesterthearsenicawayfrombloodproteinsandareusedin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
treatingacutearsenicpoisoning.Themostimportantsideeffectishypertension.
Dimercaprolisconsiderablymoretoxicthansuccimer
587.AllaretrueregardingSunitinibexcept-
a)Itinhibitstyrosinekinasereceptors
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Itisusedforrenalcellcarcinomac)ItisusedforthetreatmentofGIST
d)Itisexcretedprimarilyinurine
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Itisexcretedprimarilyinurine
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
SunitinibinhibitsmultipleTyrosinekinasereceptors.ItinhibitsPDGF,VEGFandc-kit.
oSunitinibandsorafinibareusedinrenalcellcarcinoma(inRCC
thereisoverexpressionofVEGF)andGIST(inGISTthereisover
expressionofC-Kit&PDGF).
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
oItiseliminatedprimarilybyhepaticroutewithexcretioninfaeces.588.Whichofthefollowingdrugcauses
hirsutism?
a)Phenytoin
b)Valproate
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Carbamazepined)Phenobarbitone
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Phenytoin
589.Notaselectiveserotoninreuptakeinhibi-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
tora)Fluoxitine
b)Fluoxamine
c)Buspirone
d)Citaloforamin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-CBuspirone
590.Whichofthefollowingdrugcrosses
BBB?
a)Glycopyrrolate
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Neostigminec)Physostigmine
d)Alloftheabove
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Physostigmine
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
[RefKDTp.07,117]Physostigmine-RapidlyabsorbedfromGITandparenteralsites,
penetratescorneafreelyandcrossesBBB(bloodbrainbarrier).
Neostigmine-Itisaquarternaryammoniumcompoundwhichis
poorlyabsorbedorallywithpoorcornealpenetrationanddoesn't
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
crossBBB.Glycopyrrolate-Itisapotentandrapidlyactinganti-muscarinic
lackingcentraleffectsandisusedasapre-anaestheticmedication.
591.Juvenilejusticeactdefinesajuvenile
whichis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Malebelow16yearsb)Femalebelow16years
c)Malebelow18years
d)Noneoftheabove
CorrectAnswer-C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Malebelow18years592.CrPC26?
a)Divisionofoffence
b)Divisionofnegligence
c)Divisionofmalpractice
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)NoneCorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Divisionofoffence
AccordingtoSec26ofCrPC,1973,OffencesundertheCriminal
ProcedureCode(hereinafterthe"CrPC")aredividedinto:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1. OffencesunderIndianPenalCode(IPC)(triablebyHC,SessionsCourtandothercourtshowninthe1stScheduletotheCrPC)
2. Offencesunderanyotherlaw(empowersHC,whennocourtis
mentionedforanyoffenceunderanylawotherthanIPC,totrysuch
offences)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
593.
Whichsectionbelongstomaritalrape?
a)375A
b)376A
c)376B
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)375BCorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,376A[RefReddy30"Vep.377]Maritalrape
Itisforcefulsexualintercoursewithwifewhoislivingseparately
fromhimunderadecreeofseparation,oranycustomorusage
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
withoutherconsent.Itispunishablewithimprisonmentupto2yearsprovidedtheageof
wifeisnotbelow12years-Section376A,I.P.C.
594.Policeinquestisrequiredinallexcept:
b)Accidentaldeath
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Dowrydeathd)Murder
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C:Dowrydeath
Inpoliceinquest,sub-inspectororofficerinchargeofthepolice
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
stationconductstheinquestinsuicide,murder,accidentaldeathsordeathundersuspiciouscircumstances.
Magistrateinquestisdonein:
Custodialdeath
Deathduetopolicefiring
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
DeathinprisonDeathinapsychiatrichospital
Dowrydeaths
Exhumation
Indowrydeaths,inquestshouldbecarriedoutbyamagistrateor
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
policeofficer,notbelowtherankofdeputysuperintendentofpolice.595.Plantiffisapersonwho?
a)Filescaseincivilcourt
b)Actsasdefender
c)Givesjudgement
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)NoneCorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Filescaseincivilcourt[RefInternet]
Plaintiffisapersonwhofilesacaseincivilcourt.?
596.Incriminalcases,conductmoneyispaid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
by:NEET13
a)Court
b)Oppositeparty
c)Judge
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)NoconductmoneyisgivenCorrectAnswer-D
Ans.Noconductmoneyisgiven
597.Oralevidenceismoreimportantthan
writtentestimonyas:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
NEET13a)Oralevidencecannotbecross-examined
b)Oralevidencecanbecross-examined
c)Documentaryevidencerequiresnoproof
d)None
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-BAns.Oralevidencecanbecross-examined
598.Contributorynegligenceisnegligence
dueto:
NEET13
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Doctoronlyb)Patientonly
c)Bothdoctorandpatient
d)Hospitaladministratoranddoctor
CorrectAnswer-C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.Bothdoctorandpatient599.Ina3monthfetus,characteristicfeature
seenis:
NEET13
a)Nailsarevisible
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Limbswellformedc)Anusisseenasdarkspot
d)Meconiumisfoundinduodenum
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.Nailsarevisible
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
600.RuleofHasseisusedtodetermine:
a)Theageoffetus
b)Heightofanadult
c)Raceofaperson
d)Identification
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAns.isai.e.Theageoffetus
Hasse'sruleisemployedincalculatingtheageoffetusbyits
length
Duringthefirstfivemonthsofpregnancy,thelengthincmsissquare
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
oftheageinmonthsi.e.Lengthincms=(Ageinmonths)?Ageinmonths=Qlengthincms
Duringsecondfivemonthsofpregnancy,lengthincmsdividedby5
istheageinmonths.Lengthinems
Ageinmonths5
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
601.Cruralindexis:
a)Lengthoftibia/femurx100
b)Lengthofradius/humerusx100
c)Lengthoffibula/tibiax100
d)Lengthofradius/ulnax100
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAns.Lengthoftibia/femurx100
602.Whichofthefollowingisnotseenin
fingerprints?
a)Loop
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Circlesc)Whorl
d)Arch
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Circles[RefReddy30`h/ep.75-76]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Classificationoffingerprints:Loops(60-70%)-radial,ulnar
Whorls(25-35%)-concentric,spiral,doublespiral,almondshaped
Arches(6-7%)-plain,tented,exceptional
Composite(1-2%)-centralpocketloops,lateralpocketloops,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
twinnedloops,accidentalsMostcommontype-Loops.
Leastcommontype->Composite.
603.Methodofidentificationusinglips:
a)Dactylography
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Poroscopyc)Cheiloscopy
d)Tricology
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.Cheiloscopy
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
604.Whatisfirstexternalsignof
decompositionofdeadbody-
a)Decompositionofliverandintestine
b)Greenishdiscolourationoverrightiliacfossa
c)Greenishdiscolourationoverdependentparts
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)BloodstainedfrothfrommouthCorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Greenishdiscolourationoverrightiliacfossa
[RefReddy30th/ep.150-152]
Firstexternalsignofputrefaction-Greendiscolorationinrightiliac
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
fossa.FirstinternalsignofputrefactionGreendiscolorationunderliver.
Theseareduetoinvolvementofcaecumwhichcontainsmoregas
andisfullofbacteria.
605.Invitrouswhatismeasuredfortime
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
sincedeath-a)Sodium
b)Potassium
c)Proteins
d)Chloride
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,Potassium[Ref:Reddy30th/ep.139]
Postmortemchangesineyeare:
Lossofcornealreflex
Opacityofcornea-corneabecomesopaquein2to4hours.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Flaccidityofeyeball-withinminutesafterdeathduetodecreasedintraoculartension.
Pupilsaredilatedwithinoneminuteofdeath,pupilsreacttoatropine
foraboutonehour.
Retina-fragmentationofbloodcolumninretinalvesselsoccurwithin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
minutestoonehour.Chemicalchange-asteadyriseinthepotassiumvaluesoccurinthe
virtoushumorafterdeathupto100times.
606.Postmortemcaloricityisseeninall,
except:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
AP06;Bihar12;BHU12a)Burns
b)Sunstroke
c)Tetanus
d)Septicemia
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAns.Burns
607.Colorofpostmortemlividityin
hypothermicdeaths:
NEET13
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Purpleb)Deepred
c)Cherryred
d)Brightpink
CorrectAnswer-D
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.Brightpink608.Inhowmanyhoursdoesadeadbody
floatinIndiainsummer?
a)6hours
b)12hours
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)24hoursd)48hours
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,24hours
Timeoffloatationofdeadbodyindrowiningisordinarily24
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
hoursafterdeathinsummerand2to3daysincoldseason.1. Thebodyfloatsquickerinsummerduetoearlyputrefaction)
2. Itfloatsupsoonerinshalloworsalinewaterbecauseofitshigher
specificgravity)
3. Floatationisquickerinpollutedwaterduetoquickerdecomposition)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
4. Bodiesofwomenandfattypersonsfloatearlierastheyarehighter.Bodiesofthechildrenfloatupearlierasbonesarelighter.
609.Foamyliverisseenin:
TN08;UP08;NIMS11;NEET13
a)Arsenicpoisoning
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Electrocutionc)Hanging
d)Putrefaction
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.Putrefaction
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
610.Inmedicolegalautopsy,cavitytobe
openedfirstis?
a)Thoracic
b)Abdomen
c)Cervical
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)AnyoftheaboveCorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Anyoftheabove[RefReddy30thlep.97]
Dependingontypeofcase,anyofthebodycavitycanbeopened
first.Spinalcordisroutinelynotopened.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Itisconvenienttostarttheexaminationwiththecavitychieflyaffected
611.Incisedlookinglacerationisseenat?
a)Forehead
b)Hand
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Thoraxd)Abdomen
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Forehead
LACERATIONS(TearorRupture)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lacerationsaretearsorsplitsofskin,mucousmembraneandunderlyingtissue(e.g.,muscleorinternalorgans).Lacerationsare
producedbyapplicationofbluntforcetobroadareaofthebody,
whichcrushorstretchtissuesbeyondthelimitsoftheirelasticity.
Localizedportionsoftissuearedisplacedbytheimpactoftheblunt
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
force,whichsetsuptractionforcesandcausestearingoftissues.Featuresoflacerationsare:?
i)Hairandhairbulb,nervesandbloodvesselsarecrushedThere
maybeparalysis(nervecrushed)andhemorrhageisnot
pronounced(bloodvesselscrushed).
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ii)Siteofinjuryisthesiteofimpact.iii)Shapeofinjuryisirregular,marginsareirregularand
contused/abradedandshowtagsoftissue.
iv)Sizeofinjurydoesnotcorrespondstoimpactingsurface.
Therearefollowingtypesoflaceration:?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1)Splitlaceration:Splittingoccursbycrushingofskinbetweentwohardobjects.Bluntforceonareaswheretheskinisclosetorigid
structureslikebonewithscantysubcutaneoustissue,mayproduce
awoundthatbylinearsplittingoftissuemaylooklikeincisedwound,
i.e.,incisedlikeorincisedlookingwound.Examplesofsucharea
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
arescalp,eyebrows,cheekbones(zygomatic),lowerjaw,iliac
crest,perineumandskin.Awoundproducedbyafallonkneeor
elbowwithlimbflexedandbyasharpstonealsosimulatesincised
wound.
2)Strechlacerations:Overstretchingoftheskin,ifitisfixed,will
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
causelaceration,forexample,bykicking,suddendeformityofboneoccursafterfracture,makingitcompound.
3)Avulsion(shearinglaceration):Anavulsionisalaceration
producedbysufficientforce(shearingforce)deliveredatanacute
angletodetach(tearoff)aportionofatraumatizedsurfaceorviscus
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
fromitsattachment,theshearingandgrindingforcebyaweight.Flayingistypeofavulsioninwhichshearingandgrindingforceby
weight(suchasoflorrywheelpassingoveralimb)mayproduce
avulsion(separationofskinfromunderlyingtissue/deglovingofa
largearea).
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
4)ears:Tearsoftheskinandtissuescanoccurfromimactbyaagainstirregularorsemi-sharpobjects,suchasdoorhandleofa
car.Thisisanotherformofoverstretching.
5)Cutlaceration:Cutlacerationsmaybeproducedbyaheavy
sharpedgedinstrument.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
612.Incisedlookinglacerationisseeninall,
except
AFMC11;NEET13
a)Iliaccrest
b)Zygomaticbone
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Shind)Chest
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.Chest
613.Blackeningofeyemostcommon
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
becauseof:NEET13
a)Frictionabrasion
b)Patternedabrasion
c)Imprintabrasion
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)ContusionCorrectAnswer-D
Ans.Contusion
614.Ectopicbruiseismostcommonlyseen
in:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
NEET13a)Leg
b)Eye
c)Pinna
d)Scalp
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-BAns.Eye
615.Inacaseofhangingneckligaturemarks
areexampleof
a)Contussion
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Printedabrasionc)Laceration
d)Bruise
CorrectAnswer-B
Bi.e.Printedabrasion
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
616.TrueaboutStabWounds?
a)DepthisgreaterthanBreadth
b)Breadthisgreaterthandepth
c)Lengthisgreaterthanbreadth
d)Ithaswoundofentryandexit
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,Depthisgreaterthanbreadth[RefReddy30thle
p.179]
Stab/puncturewoundisaninjurycausedbypointedweaponssuch
asdagger,knife,needle,arrow,scissoranditsdepthisthegreatest
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
dimension.617.Marshallstriadisseenin?
a)Explosiveinjury
b)Gunshotinjury
c)Drowninginjury
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)NoneCorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Explosiveinjury[Ref
epository.up.ac.za/bitstream/handle/2263/19400/Blumenthal_Does(2012).pdj]
Marshall'striadincludespunctate-bruises,abrasionsandsmall
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
punctatelacerationsallofwhicharetypicallyfoundinanexplosivebombblast.
618.Kennedyphenomenonisseenin:
NEET13
a)Roadtrafficaccident
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Gunshotinjuryc)Burns
d)Contusion
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.Gunshotinjury
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
619.Gunshotresidueonhandscanbe
detectedby:
DNB10;NEET13
a)Phenolphthaleintest
b)Dermalnitratetest
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Benzidinetestd)H2activationtest
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.Dermalnitratetest
620.Shotgundoesnotcontainuse:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
NEET13a)Barrel
b)Chokebore
c)Bullets
d)Muzzle
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-CAns.Bullets
621.Dirtcollarorgreasecollarisseen
in:
NEET13
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Puncturedwoundbysharpweaponb)Laceratedwound
c)Firearmentrywound
d)Stabwound
e)None
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-CAns.Firearmentrywound
Smudgering/Leadring/Greasecollar/Dirtcollar
Thisisduetothewipeofthesoftmetalofthebullet,ordirtpresent
onit,orgreasecarriedfromthebarrel&isdepositedroundthe
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
entrancewoundinternaltotheabradedcollarThesmudgeringmaythereforebeabsentwhenthejacketedbullet
haspassedthroughclothing
Thesmudgingincaseofleadshotorunjacketedbulletscan
bedetectedmicrochemicallyonthetarget(skin/cloth)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Theforensicvalueofbulletwipeistoestablishaholeasabullethole,todeterminetheentrysite,&onoccasionthesequenceof
shotsorbullet'spassagethroughmultipleobjects.
622.Lafaciessymapthiqueisseenin?
a)Hanging
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Strangulationc)Myocardialinsufficiency
d)Railwayaccident
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Hanging[RefReddy30th/ep.526]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lafaciessymapthique:eyeonthesideoftheknotinhangingremainsopen,duetooverstretchingofcervicalsympatheticchainof
theneckonthisside.
Itoccursinhangingduetopressureofligatureknotonthecervical
sympatheticchain.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
623.Burkingincludes:
NEET13
a)Choking
b)Ligature
c)Overlaying
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)TraumaticasphyxiaCorrectAnswer-D
Ans.Traumaticasphyxia
624.Hyoidbonefracturemostcommon
occursin?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Manualstrangulationb)Hanging
c)Smothering
d)Traumaticasphyxia
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'a'i.e.,ManualstrangulationAsmanualstrangulation(throttling)isamongthemostviolentform
ofasphyxia,hyoidfractureandotherinjurytoneckstructuresis
morecommon.
625.Victimwaschokedwithmouth&nose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
coveredwithelbowaroundneck.Itiscalledas?
a)Mugging
b)Garrotting
c)Bansadola
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)NoneoftheaboveCorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Mugging[RefReddy30th/ep.321]
Mugging:Strangulationiscausedbyholdingtheneckofthevictimin
thebendoftheelbow.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Garrotting:Thevictimisattackedfrombehind.Thethroatmaybegraspedoraligatureisthrownovertheneck&quicklytightened,by
twistingitwithalever,whichresultsinsuddenlossinconsciousness
andcollapse.
Bansdola:onestrongbambooorstickisplacedacrossthebackof
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
theneck&anotheracrossthefront.Boththeendsaretiedwitharopeduetowhichthevictimissqueezedtodeath
626.Causeofdeathfordrowningincold
water:
NEET13
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Vagalinhibitionb)Asphyxia
c)Lossofconsciousness
d)Ventricularfibrillation
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.Vagalinhibition627.Insexualassaultofachild,thehymenis
usuallynotruptureddueto:
NEET13
a)Deepseated
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Underdevelopedc)Tootoughtorupture
d)Distensible
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.Deepseated
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
628.Mostcommonhymenruptureinavirgin
is?
a)Anterior
b)Anterolateral
c)Posterolateral
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)PosteriorCorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Posterolateral
Hymenrupture:
Congenital:anterior
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Duetointercourseorforeignbody:posterolateral(4/8or5/70'clock)>posterior(60'clock).
Invirginrupture(tears)ofhymenduetosuddentretchingoccursin
posteriorhalfofmembraneusuallyatthesides(i.e.posterolaterally)
in4or8'Oclockor5or7'Oclockposition,orinthemidlineofhymen
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(6'Oclockposition).Withfirstintercoursetearsusuallyoccurinposteriormidline
becausethehymenliessuspendedacrossapotentialspacehere,
whereasanteriorlyperiurethraltissuesbuttressthehymen.
Morethan2tearsareunusual,Semilunarhymenoftenruptureson
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
bothsides.Annularhymenwhichnearlyclosesupthevaginalorificemaysufferseveralhymenallacerationsindicatefirstsexual
intercourse.
Onedeep'Vshapedcleft/tearat6'0clockoranumberofclefts
usuallyinposteriorhafthymenmembraneindicatepassageofany
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
objectthroughhymeorificewhichislargeritsoriginalopening.'Inprepubertalchildrenposteriortearmayinvolvefourchette
producingadeepUshapeddefect.Fourchetteistorn,fossa
navicularisdisappearandposteriorcommissuremayberuptured.
Thelatterinjuryusuallydoesnotoccurinconsentingsexual
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
intercourseunlessthereismuchdisproportionbetweenthemaleandfemaleparts.
629.Frotteruismis?
a)Sexualpleasureisobtainedbywitnessingtheactofurination
b)Sexualgratificationbyrubbingprivateparts
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Sexualpractiseinvolvingthreepeopled)None
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Sexualgratificationbyrubbingprivateparts[Ref
Reddy30thiep.395]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Frotteurism:iscontactwithanotherpersoninordertoobtainsexualgratification.Sexualgratificationbyrubbingprivatepartsagainsta
femalebodyincrowd.ItispunishableunderSection290I.P.C.,
withfineuptoRs200.
630.Disputedmaternitycanbesolvedby
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
usingthefollowingtests,EXCEPT:a)Bloodgrouping
b)HLAtyping
c)Preciptintest
d)DNAfingerprinting
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-CPrecipitintestisanantigen-antibodyreactiontest,usedto
distinguishbetweenspecies.
Itusesspeciesspecificantiserum.
Itwillnotbeusedfordisputedmaternity.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ref:TextbookofMedicalJurisprudence,ForensicMedicineandToxicologyByParikh,6thEdition,Pages7-21;TheEssentialsof
ForensicMedicineandToxicologyByKSNarayanReddy,27th
Edition,Pages402
631.Gastriclavageiscontraindicatedin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
whichofthefollowing:September2010
a)Arsenicpoisoning
b)Kerosenepoisoning
c)OrganophosphorusPoisoning
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)DhaturapoisoningCorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B:KerosenePoisoning
Lavageiscontraindicatedwhenpatientshaveacompromised,
unprotectedairwayandinpatientsatriskofgastrointestinal
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
hemorrhageorperforation.Relativecontraindicationsincludewhenthepoisoningisduetoa
corrosivesubstance,hydrocarbons,orforpoisonsthathavean
effectiveantidote.
632.Whatactsasbothpoison&antidote?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)CuSO4b)HgC12
c)Ar203
d)Thalliumarsenate
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'a'i.e.,CuSO4[Ref:Reddy30th/ep.500,503]Coppersulphateactsasapoison&anantidoteforphosphorus
poisoning.
Coppersulphatewheningestedcausesburningpaininstomach
withcolickyabdominalpain,vomiting.Inseverecases,hemolysis,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
hemoglobinuria,methemoglobinemia,jaundice,pancreatitis&cramps&convulsions.Deathcanoccurduetohepatic&renal
failure.
Itisgiveningastriclavageforphosphorouspoisoningasitcoatsthe
particlesofphosphorouswithafilmofcoppersulphidewhichis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
harmless.633.Firstaidshouldbegiveninacidcontact
?
a)Washwithnormalwatersoap
b)Washwithmildalkaliagent
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Washwithstrongalkalid)Refertohighercentre
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Washwithmildalkaliagent[RefReddy30Thlep.
485]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Themostcriticalaspectofacidburncareistheconstantandprolongedwashingoftheareawithwaterataroomtemperatureto
gettheacidoutimmediately.
Totryandminimizethedamage,theeffectsofacidshouldbe
neutralizedbyapplyingamildalkalisolutiontotheaffectedarea
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(solutionofsodiumbicarbonateandwater.634.Amotivationalsyndromeisseenwith:
Maharashtra10;NEET13
a)Heroin
b)Cannabis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Cocained)Clonidine
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.Cannabis
635.Cyanideodourisof?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Rotteneggb)Fish
c)Fruity
d)Bitteralmond
CorrectAnswer-D
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Bitteralmond[RefReddy30th/ep.578]Odorsassociatedwithpoisoning
Garliklike:Phosphorus,arsenic,zincphosphide,aluminium
phosphide(celphos),arsinegas,tellurium,parathion,malathion,
arsenic.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Rotteneggs:Hydrogensulphide,mercaptans,disulphiram.Fishyormusty:Zincphosphide.
Bitteralmonds:Cyanide,HCN.
Acrid:Paraldehyde,chloralhydrate.
Burntrope:Cannabis.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Kerosenelike:Keroseneandorganophosphates.Phenolicsmell:Carbolicacid.
636.Instrychnosnuxvomicapoisoning,
patient:
NEET13
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Becomesunconsciousimmediatelyb)Becomesunconsciousin1horso
c)Becomesunconsciousatendstage
d)Remainsconsciousthroughout
CorrectAnswer-D
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.Remainsconsciousthroughout637.Innuxvomicapoisoning,posture
commonlyassumedbythespineis:
NEET13
a)Opisthotonus
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Emprosthotonusc)Pleurosthotonus
d)BandC
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.Opisthotonus
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
638.Phossyjawiscausedby?
a)Whitephosphorus
b)RedPhosphorus
c)Arsenic
d)Antimony
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,WhitePhosphorus
Phossyjawiscausedbyphosphoruspoisoning.Allphosphorus
poisoningarecausedbywhite(yellow)phosphorus(Red
phosphorusisnontoxic).
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
PhosphoruspoisoningPhosphorusisaprotoplasmicpoisonaffectingcellularoxidationand
causinganoxicnecorbiosis,classicallyaffectingliver.Itincreasesfat
depositionandinhibitsglycogendepositioninliver.Itisusedinfire
works(Diwalipoisoning)andasratpoison.Lethaldoseis60-120
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
mg.Phosphorusoccursintwoforms:?
1)White/yellowphosphorus:Itiswhite,andbecomesyellowon
exposuretoair.Itistranslucent,waxy,luminousandcrystalline
cylinders.Ithasgarliclikeodor.Itisinsolubleinwaterandluminous
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
indark.Itsfumesshowphosphorescence.2)Redphosphorus:Itisreddishbrown,inert,odourlessand
tasteless.Itisnontoxic(thuspoisoningoccursonlyduetowhite
phosphorus).Itisputonthesides(strikingsurface)ofmatchbox
(alongwithpowderedgalss).
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
AcutepoisoningIthasfollowingstages:
i)1stStage(GIirritation):Thereisnausea,vomiting,diarrheaand
garlicodor.Thisstagelastsfor8hoursto3days.
garlicodor.Thisstagelastsfor8hoursto3days.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ii)2ndStage(Asymptomatic):Thisstagelastsfor3days.iii)3rdStage:Thereisliverandkidneydamageduetoabsorbed
phosphorus.Initiallyliverisenlargedduetoacutefattyinfiltration.
Laterlivershruksduetonecrosis,i.e.acuteyellowatrophy.
Chronicpoisoning
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Toothacheisthefirstsymptomwhichisassociatedwithlooseningofteeth,necrosisofgumsandosteomyelitisofjaw.Thereforechronic
phosphoruspoisoningisalsoknowasphossyjaw(orglassjaw).
Postmortemappearance
Thereisgarlicodor.Visceraandstoolglowindark(dueto
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
luminosity).Topreserveluminosity,visceraarepreservedinsaturatedsaline
solution.Rectifiedspiritisnotusedasitcauseslossofluminosity.
639.Mutteringdeliriumisseenwith:
NEET13
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Ricinusb)Dhatura
c)Cocaine
d)Aconite
CorrectAnswer-B
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.Dhatura640.Ethyleneglycolwheningestedaffects
kidneybyforming:
NEET13
a)Formaldehyde
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Oxalatesc)Phytates
d)Phosphates
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.Oxalates
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
641.Chronicarsenicpoisoningdoesnot
cause:
NEET13,15
a)Mixedsensoryandmotorneuropathy
b)Mesothelioma
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Hyperkeratosisofskind)Anemia
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.Mesothelioma
642.Raindroppigmentationiscausedby?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Clofazimineb)Dapsone
c)Minocycline
d)Arsenic
CorrectAnswer-D
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Arsenic643.Brutonianlinesongumsisseenin
poisoningwith?
a)Lead
b)Mercury
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Mercuryd)Zinc
CorrectAnswer-A:B
Ans.is'a>b'i.e.,Lead>Mercury[RefReddy306/ep.497-498]
Burtonianlineisblueline,whichisseenonuppergumsinlead
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
poisoning.Similarblueline(butnotcalledburtonianlineinthesecases)isalso
seeninpoisoningwithMercury(Hg),Copper(Cu),Silver(Ag),
bismuth(Bi),andIron(Fe).
644.Oochronosisisseeninwhichpoisoning
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?a)Hydrochloricacid
b)Carbolicacid
c)Oxalicacid
d)Formicacid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,Carbolicacid[RefReddy30th/ep.489]
Chroniccarbolicacidpoisoning/phenolmarasmus
Thepoisoningischaracterisedbyanorexia,weightloss,headache,
vertigo,darkurineandpigmentationofskin&sclera.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Carbolicacid/Phenolisconvertedintohydroquinone&pyrocatecholinthebodybeforebeingexcretedintheurine.
Hydroquinoneerpyrocatecholmaycausepigmentationinthe
corneaandvariouscartilages-Oochronosis.
Oochronosisiscommonlyassociatedwithalkaptonuria,inwhich
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
homegentisicacidgetsdepositedincartilages,ligaments&fibroustissues.
645.Opiumisderivedfrom:
NEET13
a)Leaf
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Rootc)Poppyseed
d)Unripecapsule
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.Unripecapsule
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
646.Mechanismofcyanidepoisoningisby
inhibiting:
NEET13
a)DNAsynthesis
b)Cytochromeoxidase
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Proteinbreakdownd)Proteinsynthesis
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.Cytochromeoxidase
647.Meaningoftermvitriolageis:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Usingvitriolforsuicideb)Usingvitriolformurder
c)Vitriolthrowing
d)PerforationofstomachcausedbyH2SO4
CorrectAnswer-C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ci.e.VitriolthrowingVitriolage(Vitriolthrowing)isthrowingofanycorrosive,not
necessarilysulphuricacid(H2SO4)onanotherpersonQ.Eyesare
themostaffectedorgans.
648.Antidoteforstrychninepoisoning
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
is:NEET13
a)Fomepizole
b)Physotigmine
c)Barbiturates
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)NaloxoneCorrectAnswer-C
Ans.Barbiturates
649.Bariumcarbonatepoisoning
causes:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
NEET13a)Respiratorydistress
b)Gastrointestinalirritation
c)Muscularweakness
d)Cyanosis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-CAns.Muscularweakness
650.Oximesarecontraindicatedinwhich
poisoning:
NEET13
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Malathionb)Diazinon
c)Phorate
d)Carbamate
CorrectAnswer-D
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.Carbamate651.EthyleneGlycolantidoteis?
a)Barbiturates
b)Acetycysteine
c)Ferricchloride
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)FomipizoleCorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Fomipizole[RefReddy30th/ep.533]
Antidoteforethyleneglycolpoisoningisfomipizole.
652.Tetanyiscausedbypoisoningwith:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
NEET13a)Oxalicacid
b)Carbolicacid
c)Sulphuricacid
d)Nitricacid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAns.Oxalicacid
653.Widmark'sformulahelpsinthe
measurementsofbloodlevelof:
a)Barbiturates
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Cocainec)Alcohol
d)Benzodiazepines
CorrectAnswer-C
Ci.e.Alcohol
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
654.Fatheroftoxicology
is:
NEET13
a)Paracelsus
b)Galen
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Galtond)Orfila
CorrectAnswer-A
Paracelsusiscalledfatheroftoxicology.Mathieuorfilais
thoughtofasfatherofmoderntoxicology
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
655.MostcommondrugabuseinIndia?
a)Cannabis
b)Amphetamine
c)Cocaine
d)Heroine
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,Heroin
Amongstthegivenoptions,heroinisthemostcommonly
abusedsubstance:
Alcohol43.9%
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Opioids(includingheroin)26%Cannabis11.6%
656.Blackpapperadultrantis?
a)Khesaridal
b)Driedpapayaseed
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Finesandd)None
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is`b'i.e.,Driedpapayaseed
657.Hydrogenperoxideisusedinallofthe
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
followingchemicaltestsforbloodexcept:
NEET13
a)Benzidinetest
b)KastleMayertest
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Orthotoludinetestd)Teichmanntest
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.Teichmanntest
658.Whichsnakebitecauseshematologic
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
abnormalities?a)Cobra
b)Crait
c)Viper
d)Seasnake
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Viper[RefParikh&Yep.9.44]
Hematotoxic Vipers
Myotoxic
Seasnakes
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
NeurotoxicElapids-cobra,Krait,coral
659.Whichofthefollowingshouldnotbe
donewhiledealingwithapatientof
snakebite?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Tightbandappliedb)Reassuarance
c)Localincision
d)Cleanwithsoapandwater
CorrectAnswer-C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'c'i.e.,LocalincisionTreatmentofsnakebite
Reassuranceshouldbegiventopatient.
Applicationofpressureoverbittenareawhichdelaysabsorptionof
venom.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Tieabroadfirmbandage(tourniquet)proximaltothebittenareaandaroundthelimbwhichwouldoccludevenousandlymphatic
drainagebutnotarterialordeepvenousflow.
Limbimmobilization.
Localincisionandsuctionshouldnotbedoneasitcancauselocal
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
injuryandnervedamage.Cleanthewoundwithsoapandwateroriodineandcoverwith
steriledressing.
Polyvalentsnakeantivenomisgiven.Howeveritisgivenonlyin
followingsituations:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
i. Rapidlyprogressiveandseverelocalfindings.ii. Therearemanifestationsofsystemictoxicity.
660.DNAfingerprintingcannotbetakenfrom
?
a)Saliva
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Toothc)Buccalmucosa
d)Blood
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Tooth[RefParikh6thlep.7.2-7.15]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
DNAfinger-printing/DNAprofilingIsatechniqueemployedbyforensicscientiststoassistinthe
identificationofindividualsbytheirrespectiveDNAprofile
itisafoolproofmethodtoconclusivelyfixthepaternity/maternity.
Themostdesirablemethodofcollectingareferencesampleisthe
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
useofabuccalswab.Whenthisisnotavailable(e.g.becauseacourtordermaybeneededandnotobtainable)other
methodsmayneedtobeusedtocollectasampleofblood,
saliva,semen,orotherappropriatefluidortissuefrompersonal
items(e.g.toothbrush,razor,etc.)orfromstored
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
samples(e.g.bankedspermorbiopsytissue)661.Notagrievousinjury:
September2005
a)Multiplescarsofface
b)Fractureoffemur
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Emasculationd)Contusionofbreast
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D:Contusionofbreast
Sec320IPC:anyofthefollowinginjuresaregrievous?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
EmasculationPermanentprivationofsightoreithereye
PermanentprivationofHearingoreitherear
Permanentprivationofanymemberorjoint
Permanentdisfigurationoftheheadorface
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Destructionorpermanentimpairingofthepowerofanymemberorjoint
Fractureordislocationofaboneortooth
Anyhurtswhichendangerslife,orwhichcausesthevictimtobein
severebodilypainorunabletofollowhisordinarypursuitsfora
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
periodoftwentydays662.Lendrumstainisdonefor?
a)Airembolism
b)Fatembolism
c)Amnioticfluidembolism
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)NoneCorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Amnioticfluidembolism[RefHandbookof
autopsypractise3rdlep.283]
Amnioticfluidembolismdiagnosis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
SectionsoflungsandotherorgansarestainedusingPhloxine-Tartrazine(Lendrumstaining)todetectsquames,
AlcianBluetodetectmucin.
SudanBlackorOilRedtodetectvernixcaseosa.
663.Malarialparasitewasdiscoveredby-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Ronaldrossb)Paulmuller
c)Laveran
d)Pampania
CorrectAnswer-C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Laveran.Thespecificcausativeagentofmalariawasdiscoveredinthered
bloodcellsofapatientin1880byAlophonseLaveran,aFrench
armysurgeoninAlgeria.
Remember
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
.Romanowskydevelopedamethodofstainingmalariaparasitesinbloodfilms.
664.Whichofthefollowingisaprotista-
a)Algae
b)Fungi
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Protozoad)Bacteria
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Protozoa
665.Katayamafeveriscausedby-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)F.hepaticab)C.sinensis
c)S.haematobium
d)A.lumbricoides
CorrectAnswer-C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'c'i.e.,S.haematobiumKatayamafever(AcuteSchistosomiasis)occursinaboutamonth
afterinfecionwithS.japonicumandS.mansoniandrarelywithS.
haematobium.
666.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Whichpartofbacteriaismostantigenic?
a)Proteincoat
b)Lipopolysaccharide
c)Nucleicacid
d)Lipids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAns.isdi.e.,Lipids
Proteinsaremostimmunogenic,whilelipids&nucleicacidsare
leastimmunogenic.
Polysaccharides(carbohydrates)arelessimmunogenicthanprotein
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
antigens,butaremoreantigenicthanlipids&nucleicacids.667.Thecorrectorderofgramstainingis
a)GentianvioletIodineCarbolfuchsin
b)IodineGentianvioletCarbolfuchsin
c)CarbolfuchsinIodineGentianviolet
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)CarbolfuchsinGentianvioletIodineCorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A-GentianvioletIodineCarbolfuchsin
1. Applicationoftheprimarystain(crystalviolet).Gentianvioletalso
knownascrystalvioletstainsallcellsblue/purple
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2. Applicationofmordant:Theiodinesolution(mordant)isaddedtoformacrystalviolet-iodine(CV-I)complex;allcellscontinueto
appearblue.
3. Decolourizationstep:Thedecolourizationstepdistinguishesgram-
positivefromgram-negativecells.Theorganicsolventsuchas
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
acetoneorethanolextractsthebluedyecomplexfromthelipid-rich,thin-walledgram-negativebacteriatoagreaterdegreethanfromthe
lipid-poor,thick-walled,gram-positivebacteria.Thegram-negative
bacteriaappearcolourlessandgram-positivebacteriaremainblue.
4. Applicationofcounterstain(safranin):Thereddyesafraninstains
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
thedecolourizedgram-negativecellsred/pink;thegram-positivebacteriaremainblue.
NOTEIfyouarestrugglingtorememberthestainingreagents
usedinthisprocedureandtheirorderyoucanrememberthis
sentence"ComeInAndStain"i.e.theorderisCrystalviolet,Iodine,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Alcohol/AcetoneandthefinaloneisSafranin.668.Flagellanottrue-
a)Locomotion
b)Attachment
c)Proteininnature
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)AntigenicCorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Attachment
669.Innutrientagarconcentrationofagaris-
a)1%
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)1.5%c)3%
d)4%
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,1.5%
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
NutrientAgarisageneral-purpose,nutrientmediumusedforthecultivationofmicrobessupportingthegrowthofawiderangeofnon-
fastidiousorganisms.Nutrientagarispopularbecauseitcangrowa
varietyoftypesofbacteriaandfungi,andcontainsmanynutrients
neededforthebacterialgrowth.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Nutrientagarismadebyadding1.5%agartothenutrientbroth.0.5%Peptone
0.3%beefextract/yeastextract.
0.5%NaCl
Distilledwater
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
pHisadjustedtoneutral(7.4)at25?C.670.Enrichmentmediaforcholera?
a)VRmedium
b)TCBSmedium
c)Cary-Blairmedium
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)AlkalinepeptonewaterCorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Alkalinepeptonewater
671.Bloodagarisanexampleof?
a)Enrichedmedia
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Indicatormediac)Enrichmentmedia
d)Selectivemedia
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Enrichedmedia
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
672.Indonovanosis-
a)Pseudolymphadenopathy
b)Penicillinisusedfortreatment
c)Painfululcer
d)Suppurativelymphadenopathy
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAns.is`a'i.e.,Pseudolymphadenopathy
Donovanosis
CausedbyCalymmatobacteriumgranulomatis.
C.granulomatisis?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
GramnegativeEncapsulated
Nonmotile
Intracellular
Itsharesmanymorphologicandserologiccharacteristic(antigenic)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
and>99%homologyatthenucleotidelevelwithKlebsiella.Clinicalmanifestations
IP1-4weeks
Beginsasoneormoresubcutaneousnodulesthaterodethrough
skintoproduceclean,granulomatous,sharplydefined,usually
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
painlesslesions.Thegenitaliaareinvolvedin90%ofcases.
Genitalswelling,particularlyoflabia,iscommon.
Indonovanosis,heaped-upgranulomatoustissuemayfollowandvia
subcutaneousextensiontoinguinalareamayform"pseudo-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
buboes";however,theabsenceoftruelymphadenopathyisthehallmarkofthisinfection.
ComplicationsPseudoelephantiasis,phimosisandparaphimosis.
Diagnosis:
Thepreferreddiagnosticmethodinvolvesdemonstrationoftypical
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
intracellularDonovanbodieswithinlargemononuclearcellsvisualizedinsmearspreparedfromlesionsorbiopsyspecimens.
Stainusediswright-Giemsa
Treatment:
Azithromycin(DOC)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Doxycycline(2'dchoice)Chloramphenicol
673.Necrotizingfascitisiscausedby-
a)Staphylococcusaureus
b)Betahemolyticstreptococci
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Clostridiumperfringensd)Pneumococcus
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Betahemolyticstreptococci
Thespectrumofinfectionsofthedeepsofttissuesrangesfrom
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
localizedbacterial,viralandparasiticlesionstorapidlyspreading,tissuedestructiveinfectionssuchasnecrotizingfascitisand
myonecrosis.
A)Pyomyositis:-Itiscommonintropics,thereforealsocalled
tropicalpyomyositis.Itisalocalizedinfectionofskeletalmuscles.It
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
iscausedmostcommonlybystaphylococcusaureus.B)NecrotizingfascitisNecrotizingfascitisisaninfectionofthe
deeperlayersofskinandsubcutaneoustissues,easilyspreading
acrossthefascialplanewithinthesubcutaneoustissues.Thereare
twotypesofnecrotizingfascitis:?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
i)Type1:-Itisapolymicrobialinfection,i.e.mixedaerobicandanaerobicinfection.Itoccursmostcommonlyaftersurgical
proceduresindiabeticpatientsorinthosewhohaveperipheral
vasculardisease.
ii)Type2:-Itiscausedmostcommonlybystreptococcus
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
pyogenes(GroupAbetahemolyticstreptococci).C)Clostridialmyonecrosis(Gasgangrene):-Itischaracterizedby
rapidandextensivenecrosisofmuscleaccompaniedbygas
formationandsystemictoxicity.ItiscausedbyC.perfringens(most
common),C.novyi,C.septicumandC.histolyticum.Itisalsocalled
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
typeIIInecrotizingfascitis.
674.Staphaureuscauses-
a)Erythrasma
b)Chancroid
c)Acnevulgaris
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)BullousimpetigoCorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Bullousimpetigo
Impetigoisdividedintotwotypes:?
i)Non-bullousimpetigo(Impetigocontagiosum):-Causedby
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
staphylococcusaureusandstreptococcuspyogenes.ii)Bullousimpetigo:-Causedbystaphylococcusaureus.
675.TRUEaboutmycoplasmais-
a)Causeslunginfection
b)Penicillinisdrugofchoice
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Thickcellwalld)Thalliumacetateinhibitsthegrowth
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Causeslunginfection
Mycoplasmainfections
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
.Mycoplasmapneumoniaecausesinfectionofupperandlowerrespiratorytract.
.Highestattackratesin5-20yearsold.
.Children<5yrsUpperrespiratorysymptoms
.Children>5yrs--0.Bronchitisandpneumonia
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
.disease.Aboutotheroptions.Penicillinisnotactiveagainstmycoplasmas.
.Mycoplasmaslackcellwall.
Mycoplasmasareresistanttothalliumacetateinaconcentrationof
1:10000
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
676.Achildcomewithfever,cold,cough,
membraneovertonsils;nasalswabis
taken,cultureshouldbedoneonwhich
mediumforearliestdiagnosis?
a)Loffelersserumslop
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)L.J.mediac)MCConkey'sAgar
d)Citratemedia
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Loffelersserumslop[Ref:Ananthanarayanelep.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
233]Fever,cold,coughwithmembraneontonsilssuggestthediagnosis
ofdiphthesia.
ForrapidgrowththespecimenisinoculatedonLoeffer'sserumslop.
DiphtheriabacilligrowonLoeffler'sserumslopeveryrapidlyand
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
coloniescanbeseenin6-8hours,longbeforeotherbacteriagrow677.Botulismismostcommonlydueto-
a)Egg
b)Milk
c)Meat
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)PulsesCorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Meat
Followingnewtypesofbotulismhavebeenaddedin18th/eof
Harrison
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
.Adultintestinaltoxemiabotulism:-resultsfromabsorptionoftoxinproducedinsituafterrarelyoccuringintestinalcolonizationwith
toxigenicclostridia.
.Iatrogenicbotulism:-resultsfrominjectionofbotulismtoxin.
678.Trueaboutchlamydiaareallexcept:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Obligateintracellularorganismb)Grampositive
c)Reticulatebodyismetabolicallyactive
d)Replicatebybinaryfission
CorrectAnswer-B
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is.'b'i.e.,Grampositive679.Whichgroupofstreptococcusgrowat>
60?C
a)A
b)B
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Cd)D
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,D
Amongstreptococci,enterococcus(groupDstreptococcus)isheat
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
resistant.680.Pigmentproducingatypical
mycobacteria?
a)M.fortutionandM.chelonae
b)M.xenopiandMAC
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)M.gordonaeandM.szulgaid)M.ulcerans
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,M.gordonaeandM.szulgai
Non-tubercularmycobacteria(alsocalledatypicalmycobacteria)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
havebeenclassifiedintofourgroupsbyRunyonbasedonpigmentproductionandrateofgrowth.
1)GroupI(photochromogens):-Theseproducepigmented
colonies(yellow-orange)onlywhenexposedtolight,butnotindark.
ExamplesofphotochromogensareM.asiaticum,M.kansasii,M.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
marinum,andM.simiae.2)GroupII(scotochromogens):-Thesealwaysproduce
pigmentedcolonies(yellow-orange-red),i.e.indarkaswellasin
light.ScotochromogensareM.flovescens,M.gordonae,M.
scrofulaceumandM.szulgi.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3)GroupHI(Nonchromogens):-Thesedonotproducepigment.NonchromogensareM.aviumcomplex(MAC),M.haemophilum,M.
gastri,M.ulcerans,M.xenopiandM.nonchromogenicum.
4)GroupIV(rapidgrowers):-Thisisheterogeneousgroupof
mycobacteriacapableofrapidgrowth,coloniesappearingwithin7
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
daysofincubation.Withinthegroup,photochromogenic,scotochromogenicandnonchromogenicspeciesoccur.
Chromogenic(pigmentproducing)rapidgrowersaremostly
saprophytic,e.g.M.phleiandM.smegmetis.M.fortuitumandM.
cheloneidonotproduceanypigment.OtherrapidgrowersareM.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
abscessus,M.vaccae,M.genevense,M.confluentis,andM.intermedium.
681.Sevensheathedflagellaisseenin-
a)Vcholera
b)Hpylori
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Psaeroginosad)Spirochetes
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,H.pyroli
H.pylorihasfivetosevensheathedpolarflagella.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
VibriocholeraeandPseudomonasaeruginosahavesinglepolarflagellum.Occasionalstrainsofpseudomonasmaycontain2or3
flagella.
Spirochetes(Treponema)ismotilebyendoflagella.
682.TrueaboutHinfluenza-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Grownonsheepbloodagar&CO2b)itisnotcapsulated
c)Invasivestrainismostcommon
d)Grampositive
CorrectAnswer-C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'c'i.e.,InvasivestrainismostcommonInvasivediseaseismorecommonthannon-invasivedisease.
H.influenzaedoesnotgrowonbloodagar.
Itisgramnegativeandcapsulated.
683.Meningococcidifferfromgonococciin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
thatthey?a)Areintra-cellular
b)Possessacapsule
c)Causefermentationofglucose
d)Areoxidasepositive
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,Possessacapsule
684.Choleratoxinisdueto-
a)Chromosome
b)Plasmid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Phaged)Transposons
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Phage
.Choleratoxinproductionisdeterminedbyafilamentousphage
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
integratedwithbacterialchromosome.685.Whichofthefollowingisthemechanism
ofactionoftetanospasmin?
a)InhibitionofreleaseofGABAandglycine
b)InhibitionofAchreleasefromsynapse
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Inhibitionofproteinsynthesisd)Activationofadenylylcyclase
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,InhibitionofreleaseofGABAandglycine
Pathogenicity
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CLtetanihaslittleinvasivepropertyandisconfinedtotheprimarysiteoflodgment.Tetanusresultsfromtheactionofthepotent
exotoxinitproduces.
686.Virulenceofgonococciisdueto-
a)Pili
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Endotoxinc)Exotoxin
d)None
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Pili
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
.Majorvirulencefactorforgonococciispill(fimbriae).
687.Tabesdorsalisisseenin-
a)Primarysyphilis
b)Secondarysyphilis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Tertiarysyphilisd)Latentsyphilis
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Tertiarysyphilis
688.Meningitiswithrashisseenin-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Neisseriameningitidisb)H.influenzae
c)Strepto.agalactae
d)Pneumococcus
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Neisseriameningitidis689.Ehrlichiachaffeensisiscausativeagents
of
a)HME
b)HGE
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Glandularfeverd)None
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.a.HME
690.Invasiveinfectionscausedbyallexcept
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?a)Shigella
b)Salmonella
c)V.cholerae
d)Yersinia
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,V.cholerae[RefHarrisontelep.1084]
691.AchildwithfeverwithABCs&pusin
stools,causativeorganismis?
a)ETEC
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)EHECc)EPEC
d)EAEC
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,EHEC[RefHarrison18thlep.1084]
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FeverwithRBCandpusinstoolssuggestinflammatorydiarrhea.AmongstthegivenoptionsEHECcausesinvasion.
692.WhatisNOTtrueaboutyersiniosis-
a)Gram-negativebacillus
b)CausedbyYpestis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Byyersiniaenterocoliticad)Byyersiniapseudotuberculosis
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Causedbyyersiniapestis
Yersiniosisisaninfectiousdiseasecausedbyabacteriumofthe
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
genusYersinia.YersiniaenterocoliticaisaGram-negativebacillus-
shapedbacterium,belongingtothefamilyYersiniaceae.It
ismotileattemperaturesof22?29?C(72-84?F),butbecomes
nonmotileatnormalhumanbodytemperature.[1][2]Y.
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enterocoliticainfectioncausesthediseaseyersiniosis,whichisananimal-bornediseaseoccurringinhumans,aswellasinawide
arrayofanimalssuchascattle,deer,pigs,andbirds.
Infectioncausedbyyersiniagenusaredividedinto:-
i)Plague:-Itisadeadlyinfectiousdiseasecausedbyyersinia
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pestis.ii)Yersinosis:-Itischaracterizedbyinfectiousdiarrhea,
enteritis,ileitisandoccasionallysepticemia.Itiscausedbyyersinia
enterocolitica(mostcommon)andyersiniapseudotuberculosis.
693.AllaretrueaboutB.Quintanaexcept-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Causestrenchfeverb)Notdetectedbyweilfelixreaction
c)Recurrenceiscommon
d)Tickisthevector
CorrectAnswer-D
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'd'i.e.,TickisthevectorTrenchfever
Trenchfever,alsocalled5-dayfeverorquintanfever,iscausedby
Bartonellaquintana(Rochalimaeaquintana).
Thehumanbodylouce(Pediculushumanscorporis)isthevector
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andhumansistheonlyknownreservoir.ClinicalmanifestationsTheincubationperiodis15-25days(range,3-38days).
'Classical'trenchfeverpresentsasfebrileillness.Feveris
exceedinglyvariable,butcommonlylastsforabout5days.Thefever
isfollowedbyaremissionandarecurrenceafter5days.These
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recurrencesmaybesingleormultipleandupto12recurrencesevery5-6daysarenotuncommon.
Othersymptomsandsignsincludeheadache,backandlimbpain,
profusesweating,shivering,myalgia,arthralgia,splenomegaly,a
maculopapularrashinoccasionalcases,andnuchalrigidityinsome
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cases.Diagnosis
DefinitivediagnosisrequiresisolationofB.quintanabyblood
culture.
Weil-Felixtestusedfordiagnosisofricketssialinfectionisnegative
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intrenchfever.Treatment
Itistreatedwithgentamycinalongwithdoxycycline.
694.Painlessgenitalulcerinmalewith
evertedmarginisseenin?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Syphilisb)Chancroid
c)Herpes
d)LGV
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Syphilis[RefHarrison18th/ep.1382,Jawetz22"/ep.642]
Painlessinduratedulcerwithevertedmargins,h/oofsexual
exposureandlackofsystemicsymptomsfavoursthediagnosisof
syphilis.
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695.Leptospirosisistransmittedby:
a)Rat
b)Cat
c)Dog
d)Fish
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAns.is.'a'i.e.,Rat
696.Fishtankgranulomaisseenin-
a)Mfortuitum
b)Mkansasi
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Mmarinumd)Mleprosy
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,M.Marinum
'Fishtankgranuloma',alsocalledswimmingpoolgranuloma',is
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causedbyM.marinum.697.Actinomycosisissensitiveto?
a)Streptomycin
b)Nystatin
c)PenciIlin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)Iodox-uridineCorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Pencillin
698.Allcausefourniergangreneexcept-
a)Staphylococcus
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Streptococcusc)Clostridium
d)Bacteroides
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Clostridium
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Fournier'sgangreneisanecrotisingfascitisofgenitalia,usuallyaffectingthescrotumandpenis.
Therehavebeenmanytypesofbacteriologicalcultureencountered
inFournier'sgangrene,bothsinglestrainandpolymicrobialculture.
Majorityofcasesareduetomixedinfectioncausedbybothaerobic
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andanaerobicbacteria.Followingarecommoncausativeorganisms:Staphylococcus
aureus,streptococcuspyogenes((3-hemolyticstreptococci),
enterobacteriaceae(E.coli,klebsiella,proteus),enterococci,
pseudomonas,andanaerobeslikebacteroidesand
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peptostreptococcus.699.Reactivetuberculararthritis:
a)Spinaventusa
b)Pott'sdisease
c)Poncet'sdisease
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)NoneCorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is.'c'i.e.Poncet'sdisease
700.Schistosomiasisistransmittedby?
a)Cyclops
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b)Fishc)Snaile
d)Cattle
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Snails
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Intermediatehostforschistosomasp.issnail.701.Trueabouttrematodes
a)Twohostrequired
b)Segmented
c)Anuspresent
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)BodycavitypresentCorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Twohostrequired
Medicallyimportantmemberoftheclasstrematodabelongto
subclassDigenea,astheyaredigenetic,i.e.requiretwohosts.The
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
definitivehostinwhichtheypassthesexualoradultstagearemammals,humansoranimals,andtheintermediatehostsinwhich
theypasstheirasexualorlarvalstagesarefreshwatermolluscsor
snails.
Trematodesareunsegmented,andhavenoanusandbodycavity.
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702.
Whichorganismcanbeisolatedfrom
stool&sputum-
a)Paragnomus
b)Fasciola
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Chlornchisd)P.carini
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Paragnomus[RefRajeshkaryakartep.212]
Twoorganismcanbeisolatedfrombothsputumandstool:-
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1. TrophozoiteofE.histolytica2. EggsofParagonimus
703.Trueaboutdiphyllobothrium:
a)Manissinglehost
b)Irondeficiencyanemiaisseen
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Operculatedeggisdiagnosticd)Fishisthedefinitivehost
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.c.Operculatedeggisdiagnostic
704.Cercariaeareinfectiveformof-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)S.hematobiumb)P.westermanii
c)F.hepatica
d)T.solium
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'a'i.e.,S.hematobiumCercariaofSchistosomahematobiumistheinfectiveform.
705.Unsegmentedeggsareinwhich
parasite?
a)Trichuristrichura
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Ancylostomac)Necatoramericanus
d)Dracunculus
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.a.Trichuristrichura
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706.Inmalaria,sexualcycleis-
a)Sporozoitetogametocytes
b)GametocytestoSporozoite
c)Occursinhuman
d)Responsibleforrelapse
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,Gametocytestosporozoite
LIFECYCLEOFPLASMODIUM
Plasmodiumpassesitslifecycleintwodifferenthosts?
1. Human(intermediatehost)
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2. Femaleanaphelinemosquito(Definitivehost)Humancycle
.Humancyclestartswiththeintroductionofsporozoitesbythe
biteofaninfectedanaphelinemosquito.
.Itcomprisesthefollowingstages.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1)Pre-erythrocyticschizogony-Occursinsidetheparenchymacellsoftheliver.
-Duringthisphasetheparasitesarenotfoundinthe
peripheralblood(bloodissterile).
-Thelibratedmerozoitesarecalledcryptozoites.
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-MicromerozoitesenterthecirculationandstartErythrocyticschizogony,whilemacromerozoitesre-enterthelivercellsandstart
exoerythrocyticycle(exoerythrocyticcycledoesnotoccurinP
falciparum).
-Durationofpre-erythrocyticschizogony
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
P.vivax-->8daysP.malariae--f15days
P.falciparum-->6daysP.ovale--
>9days
2)Erythrocyticschizogony
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-ParasiteresidesinsidetheRBCs.-Passesthroughthestagesoftrophozoite,Schizontandmerozoite.
-Theparasiticmultiplicationduringtheerythrocyticphaseis
responsibleforbringingonaclinicalattackofmalaria.
-Duration
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
P.vivax,P.ovale,P.falciparum-->48hrsP.malariae-->72hours
3)Gametogony
Aftererythrocyticschizogony,someofthemerozoitesdevelopinto
gametocytes.
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Theindividualwhoharboursthegametocytesisknownasacarrier.4)Exoerythrocyticschizogony
Someofmerozoites,afterpre-erythrocyticschizogony,reinfectliver
parenchymacellstostartexoerythrocyticschizogony.
Merozoitesliberatedfromexo-erythrocyticschizogonyarecalled
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phanerozoites.ItisabsentinP.falciparum.
Itisresponsiblefortherelapse.
Mosquitocycle
SexualcycleoccursinfemaleAnopheles.
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Gametocytesaretransferredtotheinsect.Gametocytesdevelopintosporozoitesaftercompletesexualcycle.
Sporozoitesareinfectivetoman.
707.Whichtypeofmalariaisassociatedwith
renalfailure-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Falciparumb)Vivax
c)Malariae
d)Ovale
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'a'i.e.,FalciparumNephroticsyndrome-->quartamalaria(P.malariae)
Acutetubularnecrosis(renalfailure)malignanttertianmalariaor
perniciousmalaria(causedbyPfalciparum).
708.Malariacausingnephroticsyndrome-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)P.vivaxb)P.falciparum
c)P.malariae
d)P.ovale
CorrectAnswer-C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'c'i.e.,P-malariaeNephroticsyndromeisseeninQuartanmalarialnephropathy,
causedbyrepeatedorchronicinfectionwithP.malariae.
709.Hangingdropmethodisusedfor-
a)T.trichomonas
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b)Plasmodiumc)Toxoplasma
d)Cryptosporidium
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,T.trichomonas
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Hangingdropmethodisusedforexaminingmotilityofmicro-organisms.
Motilityoftrichomonasvaginalismayalsobeobservedbythis
method.
710.Rhaditiformlarvaeisseenin?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Teniasoliumb)Strongyloides
c)D.latum
d)Trichenella
CorrectAnswer-B
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is`b'i.e.,Strongyloides[RefPanikar6th/ep.171]Rhabditiformlarvaisthefirststagefeedinglarvafoundinsome
nematodes.Itisnon-infective.
Filiformlarvaisthenonfeedinginfectivelarvainsomenematodes.
Rhabditiformlarvaandfiliformlarvaarefoundinfollowingimportant
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nematodes711.Wucheriabancrofti,trueis-
a)Unsheathed
b)Tailtipfreefromnuclei
c)Non-periodic
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d)AllCorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Tailtipfreefromnuclei
W.bancroftiissheathedandperiodicwithtailtipfreefromnuclei.
712.Flamecellsareseenin:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Protozoab)Cestode
c)Nematodes
d)None
CorrectAnswer-B
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.b.CestodeFlamecell(alsocalledsolenocyte)istheexcretorycellin
cestodesandtrematodes,thenumberandarrangementofwhichis
usedasabasisforidentification.
Thecellhasatuftofcilia,whosebeatingresemblestheflickeringof
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
aflame.Theflamecellsopenintoacollectingtubule.
713.Whichofthefollowingistoxicto
parasite-
a)Peroxidase
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Interferonc)IL-2
d)IL-6
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Peroxidase
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Neutrophilsandmonocytescontainaperoxidase(myeloperoxidase),thathasbeenimplicatedinantiparasiticactivity.However,
monocyteslosethisenzymewhentheymatureintomacrophages.
Eosinophilsalsocontainperoxidasethatdiffersfrom
myeloperoxidaseofneutrophils.However,likemyeloperoxidase,
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eosinophilperoxidasecombineswithH20,andahalidetoformanantiparasitesystem.
ParasiteEggsize
1)Fasciolagigantica190X100m
2)Echinostomailiocanum100X70m
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3)Gastrodiscoideshominis150X70-100m4)Opisthorcisviverni<30X15m
714.Toxoplasmainchildrencauses:
a)Chorioretinitis
b)Conjunctivities
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Keratitisd)Papillitis
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.a.Chorioretinitis
715.Whichofthefollowingisonlyyeast?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Candidab)Mucor
c)Rhizopus
d)Cryptococcus
CorrectAnswer-D
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.isdi.e.,Cryptococcus716.Regardingfungalcellwallallaretrue
except:
a)Containschitin
b)Preventosmoticdamage
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Azolesactonthemd)Doesnotcontainpeptidoglycan
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.c.Azolesactonthem
717.RenauldBraudphenomenonisseenis:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Candidaalbicansb)Candidapscitasi
c)Histoplasma
d)Cryptococcus
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.a.Candidaalbicans718.Largestintestinalprotozoais?
a)E.coli
b)Balantidiumcoli
c)Giardia
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)T.gondiiCorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Balantidiumcoli[RefPanikerp.111]
Largestprotozoa
Balantidumcoli
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Smallestintestinalamoeba DientamoebafragilisSmallesttapewormfoundin
H.nana
humanintestine
Largesthelminth(largest
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T.saginata(beeftapeworm)worm)
Largestliverfluke F.hepatica
Largesttrematodeinfectingman Fasciolopsisbuski
LargestNematode
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
AscarisSmallestNematode-
Trichinella
Onlyprotozoanparasitefoundin
Giardialamblia
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
smallintestineofmanOnlyciliateprotozoanparasiteof
Balantidumcoli
man-
Parthenogenicworm(femaleis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Strongyloidesstercoralis.abletoproducefertile
eggsorlarvaewithoutfertilization)
719.Trichophytonspecieswhichiszoophilic
?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)T.tonsuransb)T.violaceum
c)T.schoenleinii
d)T.mentagrophytes
CorrectAnswer-D
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'd'i.e.T.mentagrophytesZoophilicdermatophytesarethespecieswhichprimarilyinfect
animalsandoccasionallytransmittedtohumans.
ZoophilicspeciesoftrichophytonareT.montegrophytesandT
verrucosum.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
OtherzoophilicspeciesofdermatophytesisM.canis.720.Aseptatehyphaeisnotseenin-
a)Rhizopus
b)Mucor
c)Aspergillus
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)NoneCorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Aspergillus
Non-septate(aseptate)hyphae-->Rhizopus,mucor.
Septatehyphae-->Aspergillus.
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721.Whichofthefollowingisprimarycellline
?
a)Chickembryofibroblast
b)Helacells
c)Verocells
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)WI-38CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Chickembryofibroblast
Chickembryofibroblastisprimarycellculture.
722.Virusquantificationisdoneby-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Egginoculationb)Hemadsorption
c)Plaqueassay
d)Electronmicroscopy
CorrectAnswer-C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'c'i.e.,PlaqueassayPlaqueassayandPockassayarequantitativeinfectiveassays.
723.Whichisenvelopedvirus-
a)Denguevirus
b)Norwalkvirus
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)HepAvirusd)Adenovirus
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Denguevirus
Denguevirus(amemberofflavivirodae)isanenvelopedvirus.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Adenovirus,norwalkvirus(calciviridae)andhepatitisAvirus(Picornaviridae)arenon-envelopedviruses.
724.Coxsackievirusis-
a)Harpesvirus
b)Poxvirus
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Enterovirusd)Myxovirus
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Enterovirus
725.Serologicaltestingofpatientshows
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
HBsAg,IgManti-HBcandHBeAgpostive.Thepatienthase-
a)ChronichepatitisBwithlowinfectivity
b)AcutehepatitisBwithhighinfectivity
c)Chronichepatitiswithhighinfectivity
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)AcuteonchronichepatitisCorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is`b'i.e.,AcutehepatitisBwithhighinfectivity
726.Congenitalvaricellainfectioncausesall
except:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Macrocephalyb)Limbhypoplasia
c)Corticalatrophy
d)Cicatrix
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.a.Macrocephaly727.Diagnosisofrotavirusisby:
a)Stoolantigen
b)Stoolantibody
c)Stoolculture
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)BloodantibodyCorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Stoolantigen[Ref:Hanison18n/ep.1591,
1592;Greenwood1&/ep.5251
InRotavirusdiarrhoea,largeno.ofvirusesareshedinfaeces(atthe
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
peakofthedisease,asmanyasl0rrvirusparticlescanbedetectedpermloffeces).Thesevirusescanbeeasilydetectedby
thefollowingmethods:
i)Enzymeimmunoassay(ELISA)
Itoffersapproximately90%specificity&sensitivityfordetection
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ofvirusinstools.ii)Latexagglutination
iii)Immuneelectronmicroscopy
-->Viralsheddingdetectablebythesemethodsusually
subsideswithinaweek
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
-->VirusinstoolscanbedetectedforlongerperiodsbyusingtechniquesfordetectingviralRNAs,suchasPCR,Gel
electrophoresis,
probehybridization.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
728.Bollingerbodiesareseenin?a)Chickenpox
b)Cowpox
c)Fowlpox
d)Smallpox
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Fowlpox
729.Followingvirusisofpoxvirus-
a)Variola
b)Coxsachie
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)ECHOd)HSV
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Variola
730.Amplifierhostis-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)PiginJEb)Doginrabies
c)ManinJE
d)CattleinJE
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'a'i.e.,PigJE731.Falseaboutp24is
a)Seenafter3weeksofinfection
b)Cantbeseeninfirstweek
c)Cantbedetectedafterseroconversion
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)aandcCorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'a>c'i.e.,Seenafter3weeksofinfection>Cantbe
detectedafterseroconversion
AntigendetectioninHIV
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Followingasinglemassiveinfection,asbybloodtransfusion,thevirusantigensmaybedetectableinbloodafterabouttwoweeks.
Themajorcoreantigen,p24istheearliestvirusmarkertoappearin
thebloodandistheonetestedfor.IgMantibodiesappearinabout
4-6weeks,tobefollowingbyIgGantibodies.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Iftheinfectingdoseissmall,asfollowinganeedle-stickinjury,theprocessmaybeconsiderablydelayed.
Theappearanceofp24antigenemiaandviremia,followedbyIgM
antibodyresponse,coincideswithacuteorseroconversionillness.
Afterwards,freep24antigendisappearsfromcirculationand
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
remainsabsentduringthelongasymptomaticphase,toreappearonlywhensevereclinicaldiseasesetsin.
Howeverantibody-boundp24antigencontinuestobedemonstrable,
afterdissociation.Thep24antigencaptureassay(ELISA)which
usesanti-p24antibodyasthesolidphasecanbeusedforthis.The
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
testispositiveinabout30%ofHIVinfectedpersons.Withpriordissociationofantigen-antibodycomplex,thepositivityrate
increasestoabout50%.
Thetestismostusefulinpersonsrecentlyexposedtoriskof
infection,inwhomtheantibodytestisnegative.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
NowcomingtothequestionOptionb&darestraight-forward.p24antigenisdetectedbyELISA
(enzymeimmuno-assayorenzymelinkedimmuno-assay)andisnot
detectableinfirstweekaftertheinfection.
Option'a'incorrectbecausethoughthep24antigencanbedetected
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
after2weeksofinfection:"Thep24antigentestcandetectthep24antigenonaverage10-14daysafterinfectionwithHIV".
"Followingasinglemassiveinfection,thevirusantigensmaybe
detectableinbloodafterabouttwoweeks".
Option'c'ispartlycorrectandpartlyincorrectbecause:-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
i)Freep24antigenisnotdetectableafterseroconversion.However,in30-50%ofinfectedpersons,antibody-boundp24
antigencanbedetectedafteritsdissociationfromantibody.
732.Whichpoxwontgrowinegg,animal
cells:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Cowpoxb)Vaccinia
c)Variola
d)Molluscum
CorrectAnswer-D
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.d.Molluscum733.AppearanceofcowdrytypeAinclusion
bodies?
a)Granular
b)Circumscribed
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Inpoliod)None
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Granular
Intranuclearinclusionbodieswereclassifiedintotwotypesby
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
cowdry:a)CowdrytypeA:-Theseareofvariablesizeandgranularin
appearance,e.g.inherpesvirusandyellowfevervirus.
b)CowdrytypeB:-Thesearemorecircumscribedandoften
multiple,aswithadenovirusandpoliovirus.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
734.Smallpoxbelongstowhichclassof
poxviruses?
a)Parapoxvirus
b)Capripoxvirus
c)Leporipoxvirus
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)OrthopoxvirusCorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Orthopoxvirus
i)Entomopoxvirinae:Poxvirusesofinsectswhichdonotinfect
vertebrates.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Chordopoxvirinaeareclassifiedintosixgeneraorsubgroups-i)Orthopoxvirus:Thesearemammalianpoxvirusesthattendto
causegeneralizedinfectionwithrash.Exmplesarevariola(smallpox
virus),vaccinia,cowpox,monnkeypox,rabbitpox,buffalopox,
camelpox,mousepox.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ii)Parapoxvirus:Virusesofungulatesthatmayoccasionallyinfacthuman,eg.Orf(contagiouspustulardermatitis)and
paravaccinia(milker'snode,bovinepupularstomatitis).
iii)Copripoxvirus:Virusesofgoatandsheeps,eg.sheep-pox,
goatpox,lumpyskindisease.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
iv)Leporipoxvirus:Virusesofofleporids(rabbits,hares,squirrels),e.g.myxomaandfibromas.
v)Avipoxvirus:Virusofbirds,eg.fowlpox,turkeypox,
pigeonpox,canarypox.
vi)Suipoxvirus:Virusofswine,eg.swinepox.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
735.Brick-shapedvirus-
a)Chickenpox
b)Smallpox
c)CMV
d)EBV
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,Smallpox
Variolavirus
BelongstoPoxvirusesenvelopedDNA(dsDNA)virus.
Brickshaped
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Instainedpreparationelementarybodiesareseen--)Paschenbodies.
Thevariolavirusisthecausativeagentofsmallpox.
On8thmay1980whoanouncedglobaleradicationofsmallpox.
Vacciniavirus
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Itissimilartovariolavirusinproperties.Itisanartificialvirusanddoesnotoccurinnatureassuch.
Vacciniavirusisbeingemployedasavectorforthedevelopmentof
recombinantvaccines.
Vacciniagenomecanaccomodateabout25000foreignbasepairs,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
sufficientforintroducingseveralgenes.Manygeneshavebeeninsertedeg-HBV,HIV,rabiesandfor
pharmacologicallyimportantproductssuchasneuropeptides.
Howeveritisnotsuitableasavectorforhumanuseduetoits
pathogeniceffects.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
736.Bindingofgp120causes:
a)Infectionoftargetcell
b)Facilitationofco-receptor
c)Fusingofvirusandtargetcell
d)None
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-BAns.b.Facilitationofco-receptor
737.NefgeneinHIVisforuse-
a)Enhancingtheexpressionofgenes
b)Enhancingviralreplication
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Decreasingviralreplicationd)Maturation
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Decreasingviralreplication
NonstructuralHIVgenes
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
oTheseare?1)Tat(Trans-activatinggene):Enhancingtheexpressionofall
viralgenes.
2)Nef(Negativefactorgene):Down-regulatingviralreplication.
3)Rev(Regulatorofviralgene):Enhancingexpressionof
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
structuralproteins.4)Vif(Viralinfectivityfactorgene):Influencinginfectivityofviral
particles.
5)Vpu(InHIV-1)andvpx(InHIV-2):Enhancematurationand
releaseofprogenyofvirusfromcells.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
6)Vpr:Stimulatespromotorregion.7)LTR(Longterminalrepeat)sequence:Contains
sequenceswhichgivepromotor,enhancerandintegrationsignals.
738.Whatisp24?
a)EnvelopantigeninHIV
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)CoreantigeninHIVc)GenomeofHIV
d)Shellantigen
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,CoreantigeninHIV[RefAnanthanarayan
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
8thiep.571]A.Envelopantigens
Spikeantigen-gp120(Principalenvelopeantigen)
Transmembranepedicleprotein-gp41
B.Shellantigen
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Nucleocapsidprotein-p18C.Coreantigens
Principalcoreantigen-p24
Othercoreantigens-p15,p55
Polymeraseantigens-p31,p51,p66
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
739.Hemorrhagicfeveriscausedby-
a)West-Milefever
b)Sandflyfever
c)Ebolavirus
d)Alloftheabove
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Ebolavirus
Ebolavirusbelongstohemorrhagicfever(seeaboveexplanation).
740.Influenzaviruscultureisdoneon?
a)Chorioallantoicmembrane
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Allantoiccavityc)Yolksac
d)All
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.isbi.e.,Allantoiccavity
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Inembryonatedeggcultivationforinfluenzavirussiteofinoculationare:-Allontoiccavityoramnioticcavity
Inoculationsitesinembryonatedeggs
Chorioallantoicmembrane-4HSV,Poxvirus,Rous-sarcoma
virus
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Amnioticcavity-4Influenzavirus,mumpsvirusAllantoiccavity-Influenzavirus,mumpsvirus,
avianadenovirus,newcastlediseasevirus
Yolksac-->HSV,chlamydia,rickettisia
741.ColoradoTicfeveriscausedby:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Filoviridaeb)Reoviridae
c)Coronaviridae
d)Calciviridae
CorrectAnswer-B
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.b.Reoviridae742.Idiotypicclassofantibodyisdetermined
by-
a)Fcregion
b)Hingeregion
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Carboxyendd)Aminoend
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Aminoend
TheidiotypeisdefinedasthespecificregionoftheFabportionof
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
theIgmoleculetowhichantigenbinds.Itisonaminoterminalwhereantigenbindingsiteispresent.
743.Prozonephenomenonisseenwith?
a)Sameconcentrationofantibodyandantigen
b)Inantigenexcesstoantibody
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Antibodyexcesstoantigend)Hyperimmunereaction
CorrectAnswer-C
.Ans.is'c'i.e.,Antibodyexcesstoantigen
744.Apatientwithsorethroathasapositive
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
PaulBunnelltest.Thecausativeorganismis-
a)EBV
b)Adenovirus
c)CMV
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)HerpesvirusCorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,EBV
.EBVassociatedmalignancies
-Burkitt'slymphoma0
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
-Nasopharynagealcarcinoma-Hodgkin'sdisease(mixedcellularity
type)-TonsillarCarcinoma
-TCell
lymphoma-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Thymoma-Gastriccarcinoma
-CNSlymphomainAIDSand
-AngiocentricnasalNK/Tcellimmunoproliferativelesions
transplantrecipient
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
-Angioimmuno-blasticlymphadenopathy-LeiomyosarcomaOtherassociatednonmalignantconditions
-OralhairyleukoplakiainAIDSpatients
-Chronicfatiguesyndrome
-X-linkedlymphoproliferativesyndrome(Duncan'sdisease)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Laboratorydiagnosis1.Heterophileantibodiestest
.Thestandarddiagnosticprocedureinchildrenandyoung
adultsisheterophileantibodiestest-Paul-BunnellTest
.Atitreof40foldorgreaterisdiagnosticofacuteEBVinfection
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
inapatientwhohassymptomscompatiblewithinfectiousmononucleosis.
Testusuallyremainspositivefor3months.
Testisusuallynegativeinchildren<5years,inelderlyorinpatients
withsymptomsnottypicalofinfectiousmononucleosis.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
.Monospottestforheterophileantibodiesismoresensitivethantheclassicalheterphiletest.
2.EBVspecificantibodytest
.Usedinpatientswholackheterophileantibodies(children
anti-viralcapsidantigen(anti-VCA)-->mostcommon
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
anti-EBVnuclearantigen(anti-EBNA)anti-earlyantigen(anti-EA)
745.Paulbunnelreactionisatypeof
a)Agglutination
b)CF
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Precipitationd)Flocculationtest
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Agglutinationtest
PaulBunnelltestistubeagglutinationtest.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
746.Whichcellscauserosetteformationwith
sheepRBCs-
a)Tcells
b)NKcells
c)Monocytes
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)AllCorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a.Tcells
747.Allaretureaboutinnateimmunityexcept
?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Non-specificb)Firstlineofdefence
c)Notaffectedbygeneticaffected
d)Includescomplement
CorrectAnswer-C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Notaffectedbygeneticaffected748.Pentavalentimmunoglobinis
a)IgA
b)IgG
c)IgM
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)IgECorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,IgM
749.Centerofcomplementpathway-
a)C3
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)CIc)C5
d)C2
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,C3
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
750.Acontinuousquantitativedatacanbe
depictedwiththehelpof:
September2009
a)Bardiagram
b)Piechart
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Histogramd)Pictogram
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C:Histogram
Numericaldata/quantitativedataisdatameasuredoridentifiedona
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
numericalscale.Numericaldatacanbeanalyzedusingstatisticalmethods,and
resultscanbedisplayedusingtables,charts,histogramsand
graphs.
Forexample,aresearcherwillaskaquestionstoaparticipantthat
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
includewordshowoften,howmanyorpercentage.Theanswersfromthequestionswillbenumerical.
Examplesofquantitativedatawouldbe:'thereare643dotsonthe
ceiling'or'thereare735piecesofbubblegum'.or'thereare8
planetsinthesolarsystem'
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
751.WhichofthefollowingTcell
independentAntigenactsthrough-
a)T-cell
b)B-cell
c)Macrophages
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)CD8+TcellsCorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,B-cells
T-cellindependentantigensdirectlystimulatesB-cellswithout
processingbyantigenpresentingcells.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
752.Maximumhalflife-
a)IgG
b)IgA
c)IgM
d)IgE
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,IgG
753.Whichofthefollowingimmunoglobulin
isresponsibleforopsonisation-
a)IgA
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)IgGc)IgM
d)none
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,IgM>'b'i.e.,IgG
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
754.Opsonizationtakesplacethrough-
a)C3a
b)C3b
c)C5a
d)C5b
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,C3b
755.Antigenidiotypeisrelatedto-
a)Fcfragment
b)Hingeregion
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)C-terminald)N-terminal
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,N-terminal
Theidiotypeisthespecificregionofthe
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
fabportion(notFcfragment)ofIgmoleculetowhichantigenbinds.Idiotype(antigenbindingsite)isonvariableregion,whichisat
aminoterminal(N-terminal).
Theaminoacidsequencesofthevariable
regionsarenotuniformlyvariablealongtheirlength,butconsistof
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
relativelyinvariableandsomehighlyvariablezones.
ThehigltlyvariableZonesareinvolvedwlththeformationofantigen
bindingsites.
Thesitesonthehyervariableregionsthatmakeactual
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
contactwiththeepitopesarecalled"complementaritydeterminingRegions.
756.Activationofclassicalcomplement
pathway?
a)IgA
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)IgGc)IgM
d)IgD
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,IgM
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
757.Superantigencauses-
a)PolyclonalactivationofT-cells
b)StimulationofBcells
c)Enhancementofphagocytosis
d)Activationofcomplement
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,PolyclonalactivationofT-cells
Superantigensarecapableofactivatingupto20%oftheperipheral
T-cellpool,whereasconventionalantigensactivate<1in10,000.
758.Complementformedinliver-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)C2,C4b)C3,C6,C9
c)C5,C8
d)C1
CorrectAnswer-B
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.isb'i.e.,C3,C6,C9Biosynthesisofcomplementcomponents
.Complementcomponentsaresynthesizedinvarioussitesof
body:-
i)Intestine-->Cl
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ii)Macrophages-->C2,C4iii)Spleen-->C5,C8
iv)Liver-->C3,C6,C9
759.GenecomponentsofHLAclassI
includes-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)A,B,Cb)DR
c)DQ
d)DP
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'a'i.e.,A,B,C.ClassIHLAcomprisesA,BandCloci.
760.Antibodyelevatedinparasiticinfection?
a)IgA
b)IgE
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)IgGd)IgM
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,IgE
761.Testforcoliformcount?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Eijkmantestb)Casoni'stest
c)Nitratetest
d)Ureasetest
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'a'i.e.,EijkmantestAdleranalysingpresumptivecoliformcount,Ecolicountiscofirmed
byothertestslikeEijkmanttestandindoleproduction.
762.Trueaboutinterferonis:
a)Itisasyntheticantiviralagent
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Inhibitsviralreplicationincellsc)Isspecificforparticularvirus
d)None
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.(b)InhibitsviralreplicationincellsRt,11itlii
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ilallarayl111CO,ppIiiiitC,i:;r,pInterferon(hostcodedprotein)hasnodirectactiononvirusesbut
inhibitviralreplicationbyselectivelyinhibitingtranslationofviralm-
RNAwithoutaffectingcellularm-RNA.
IFNarenotvirusspecificbutspeciesspecific.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Itisof3types:TypeCellsource.Cell
targetBiologicalctivity
IFNa(protein)orleukocyte
Antiviralactivity;stimulates
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
AllcellsIFNAllcells
TL.ell,macrophagesand
NKcellactivity
IFN13(glycoprotein) Allcells AllcellsDirectantitumoreffects
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
orFibroblastIFNUpregulatesMHCclassI
antigenexpression.Used
therepeuticallyinviraland
autoimmunedisease
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?IFNyRegulatesmacrophage
(glycoprotein)or Tcells
Allcells andNKcellsactivation
immuneIFN
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
NKStimulatesIgsecretionbyB
NK
StimulatesIgsecretionbyB
cells
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
cellsInductionofclassIIhistocompatibilityantigens
TH1Tcelldifferentiation
763.Schistosomiasisisanexmpleof:
a)Meta-zoonoses
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Cyclo-zoonosesc)Direct-zoonoses
d)Sporo-zoonoses
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.a.Meta-zoonoses
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
764.Whichofthefollowingorganismsdoes
notentersthroughabrasionsintheskin
-
a)Erhusiopathiae
b)Ecorrodens
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Chominisd)Cviolaceum
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,C.hominis
Bacteriacirculateandmultiplyinblood--->Septicemia
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
.Bacteriacirculateinblood-->Bacteremia.Toxinscirculateinblood-->Toxemia
.Pusinblood-->Pyemia
Eikenellacorrodens(E.corrodens),chromobacteriumviolaceum(C.
violaceum)andEikenellacorrodens(E.corrodens)entersthebody
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
throughskinabrasions.Awidevarietyofmicroorganismsthatresideontheskinand
mucousmembranesofthebody,aswellasthosefoundinthe
environment,cancauseskinandsofttissueinfections.
Theseorganismsenterthebodythroughbreaksintheskinor
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
mucousmembranes,throughwoundsmadebytraumaorbitesorasacomplicationofsurgeryorforeign-bodyimplantation.
Theseorganismshavebeenmentionedinfollowingtable:
Aerobicand
Anaerobicbacteria Aerobic
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Yeastfacultative
microorganismsfrom
microorganisms
unusual,Vspecialized
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
andzoonoticinfections?Coagulase
?
Actinobacillus
?Candida
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
negativePeptostreptococcus ?
albicans
?Candida
staphylococci spp.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
actinomycetemcomitans krusei?
?Candida
Staphylococcus ?Clostridiumspp. ? Aeromonasspp.
parapsilosis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
aureus?Enterococcus ?Eubacterium
? Bacillusanthracis
spp.
limosum
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
??Bacteroides
Streptococcus
Bergeyellazoohelcum
fragilis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
viridans?
?
Chromobacterium
Corynebacterium ?Prevotellaspp.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
violaceumspp.
?
?Bacillus
?Porphyromonas ? Eikenellacorrodens
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
cereus?E.coli
?Fusobacterium
? Erysipalothrix
?Serratia
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Veillonellaspp.rhusiopathiae
?Enterobactor
? Francisellatularensis
?Proteus
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Haemophillusspp.?Morganella
? Kingellakingae
?
? Pasteurellamultocida
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
PseudomonasStreptobacillus
?Acinetobactor
?
moniliformis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Vibriovulnificus765.18yearsoldgirlpresentswithwatery
diarrhea.Mostlikelycausativeagent-
a)Rotavirus
b)V.cholerae
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Salmonellad)Shigella
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,V.cholerae
AmongstthegivenoptionsRotavirusandV.choleraecausewatery
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
diarrhea.Acutewaterydiarrhainchildrenisusuallybacterialinorigin,most
commonlyduetoenterotoxigenicE.coli(ETEC).Vcholeraeisalso
acommoncause.
Rotavirusisthemostcommoncauseofdiarrheaininfantand
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
children(thepatientinquestionisadult).766.'Secreteofnationalhealthliesinthe
homesofpeople'statementby?
a)IndiraGandhi
b)Abhrahamlincon
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Bhored)FlorenceNightingale
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,FlorenceNightingale[RefHousingandplanning
reviewp.35]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
FlorenceNighingalepointedoutnearlyahundradeyearsago,"thesecretofnationalhealthliesinthehomesofpeople".
767.Fatherofpublichealth-
a)Cholera
b)Plague
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Leptospirosisd)Anthrox
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Cholera
Historyofcholera
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
oFatherofpublichealthisadisease,notaperson.oFatherofpublichealthischolera.
oJohnSnow(1813-1858)foundthelinkbetweencholeraand
contaminateddrinkingwaterin1854,usingspotmap.
oRobertKochindifiedV.cholerae(1885).
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Choleramorbus-Usedin19th&early20thcenturiesforbothnon-epidemiccholeraandothergastrointestinaldiseasesthatresembled
cholera.
768.Whichagencymonitorsairqualityin
India?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Centralpollutioncontrolboardb)Centralairqualityboard
c)Centralpublicworksdept
d)None
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'a'i.e.,CentralpollutioncontrolboardTheNationalAirQualityMonitoringProgramme,sponsoredbythe
CentralPollutionControlBoard(CPCB)since1990,hasgenerated
databaseoverlast14yearsin10majorIndiancities.
769.Worksampling?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Samplingdoneforindividualworkb)Assessmentoftimespentbyworkersinwork
c)Doneinveryshortperiod
d)None
CorrectAnswer-B
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'b'i.e.,AssessmentoftimespentbyworkersinworkWorksamplingisatechniqueusedtoinvestigatetheproportionof
totaltimedevotedtothevariousactivitiesthatconstituteajobor
worksituation.
770.Childprotectionschemeisunderwhich
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ministry-a)Ministryofhealthandfamilywelfare
b)MinistryofSocialwelfare
c)Ministryofwomenandchilddevelopment
d)Ministryofeducation
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Ministryofwomenandchilddevelopment
oIn2006theMinistryofWomenandChildDevelopment(MWCD)
proposedadoptionofIntegratedChildProtectionScheme(ICPS).
oIn2009thecentralgovernmenttaketheschemeitsapprovaland
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
hasbeguntheextensivetaskofprovidingchildrenwithaprotectiveandsafeenvironmenttodevelopandflorish.
oThepurposeoftheschemeistoprovideforchildrenindifficult
circumstances,aswellastoreducetherisksandvulnerabilities
childrenhaveinvarioussituationsandactionsthatleadtoabuse,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
neglect,exploitation,abondonmentandseparationofchildren.771.Schoolhealthcheckupcomesunder-
a)Disricthospital
b)PHC
c)CHC
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)SchoolhealthcommitteeCorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Schoolhealthcommittee[RefPark22"d/ep.534,
535]
Theschoolhealthcommittee(1961)inIndiarecommendedmedical
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
examinationofchildrenatthetimeofentryandthereafterevery4years.
772.
WebCausationofdiseaseismost
appropriate?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Mostlyapplicableforcommondiseaseb)Betterforalltherelatedfactorsassociatedwithcausationof
disease
c)Epidemiologicalratio
d)Helpstointerrupttheriskoftransmission
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,Betterforalltherelatedfactorsassociatedwith
causationofdisease
Webofcausation
oThismodelisideallysuitedinthestudyofchronicdisease,where
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
thediseaseagentisoftennotknownbutistheoutcomeofinteractionofmultiplefactors.
oThe"webofcausation"considersallthepredisposingfactorsof
anytypeandtheircomplexrelationshipwitheachother.
oThecausalwebprovidesamodelwhichshowsavarietyof
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
possibleinterventionsthatcouldbetakenwhichmightreducetheoccurrenceofdisease(e.g.MI)
oThewebofcausationdoesnotimplythatthediseasecannotbe
controlledunlessallthemultiplecausesorchainsofcausationorat
leastanumberofthemareappropriatelycontrolled.Thisisnotthe
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
case.Sometimesremovaloreliminationofjustonlyonelinkorchainmaybesufficienttocontroldisease,providedthatlinkissufficiently
importantinthepathogenicprocess.
oTherefore,inamultifactorialevent,individualfactorsarebyno
meansalloftheequalweight.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
773.Iodizedsaltiniodinedeficiencycontrol
programmeis?
a)Primaryprevention
b)Secondaryprevention
c)Teriaryprevention
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)NoneCorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Primaryprevention
Fortificationoffoode.g.iodizedsaltisprimaryprevention.
Primarypreventionhastwomaincomponents:-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
i)Healthpromotionii)Specificprotection
ModeoftheinterventionofPrimarypreventionHealthpromotion
Specificprotection
1. Healtheducation1.Immunization
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2. Environmentalmodifications2.Useofspecificnutrientsironandfolicacidtablet
3. Nutritionalintervention3.Chemoprophylaxis
4. Lifestyleandbehavioralchanges4.Protectionagainst
occupationalHazards
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
5. Protectionagainstaccident6. Protectionfromcarcinogens
7. Avoidanceofallergens
8. ControlofspecificHazardsingeneralenvironmente.g.airpollution,
noisecontrol
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
9. Controlofconsumerproductqualityandsafetyoffoodanddrug10. Usingamosquitonet
11. Contraception
774.Secondarypreventionisapplicableto
a)Causalfactors
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Earlystageofdiseasec)Latestageofdisease
d)Noneoftheabove
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Earlystageofdisease
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
PrimordialpreventionBeforeriskfactorpresent.PrimarypreventionBeforeonsetofdisease(riskfactorpresent).
SecondarypreventionInearlystageofdisease.
TertiarypreventionLatestageofdisease.
775.DALEisreplacedby?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)DALYb)HALE
c)OALY
d)None
CorrectAnswer-B
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'b'i.e.,HALE[RefPark20th/ep.24]HALE(Health-Adjustedlifeexpectancy):-Thenameofthe
indicatorusedtomeasurehealthylifeexpectancyhasbeenchanged
fromdisabilityadjustedlifeexpectancy(DALE)tohealthadjustedlife
expectancy(HALE).
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
HALEisbasedonthelifeexpectancyatbirthbutincludesandadjustmentfortimespentinpoorhealth.Itismosteasilyunderstood
astheequivalentnumberofyearsinfullhealththatanewborncan
expecttolivebasedoncurrentratesofillhealthandmortality.
776.Naturalhistoryofdiseaseisstudiedwith
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?a)Longitudinalstudies
b)Cross-sectionalstudies
c)Both
d)None
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,Longitudinalstudies
Longitudinalstudies
Inthistypeofstudy,observationsarerepeatedinthesame
populationoveraprolongedperiodusingfollowupexaminations.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Theyareusefulto1. Studythenaturalhistoryofthedisease
2. Foridentifyingriskfactorsofdisease
3. Forfindingouttheincidencerateorrateofrecurrenceofnewcases
ofthedisease.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Note:Longitudinalstudiesaredifficulttoorganizeandmoretimeconsumingthancross-sectionalstudies.
777.Problemofbiasismaximumwith-
a)Cohortstudy
b)Casestudy
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Casecontrolstudyd)Experimentalstudy
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Casecontrolstudy
778.Berkesonianbiasisatypeof?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Selectionbiasb)Intervieverbias
c)Informationbias
d)Recellbias
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'a'i.e.,SelectionbiasBerksonianbiasisatypeofselectionbias.
Bias
oItisanysystemicerrorintheanalysisofstudythatresultsina
mistakenestimateofanexposure'seffectontheriskofdisease.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
oMainlybiasesareoffollowingtypes.1.Selectionbias
Surveillance/detectionbiasReferrelbiasor
volunteerbiasBerksonianbias
NeymansurvivalbiasResponsebias
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2.Information(Misclassification)biasReportingbiasInterviewerbias
RecallbiasHawthornebias(attentionbias)
3.Confoundingbias
Confoundingissometimesisreferredtoasathirdmajorclassof
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
bias.779.Allofthefollowingarecharacteristicsof
casecontrolstudyexcept-
a)Quickresultsareobtained
b)Measuresincidencerate
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Proceedsfromeffecttocaused)Inexpensivestudy
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Measuresincidencerate
oIncidenceratecannotbemeasuredbycase-controlstudyas
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
denominator(populationatriskisnotavailable).780.Beststudyfordefinitivecauseofdisease
?
a)Case-control
b)Cohort
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Ecologicald)Cross-sectional
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Cohort
AmongstthegivenoptionsCohortstudyisbesttotestthe
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
associationbetweenriskfactoranddisease.Herearethedifferentepidemiologicalstudieswithdecreasing
orderofaccuracytotesttheassociationbetweenriskfactor
anddisease:-
Systematicreviewandmeta-analysis-->Overallmostreliable
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Randomizedcontrolledtrials(controlledclinicaltrails)-->Mostreliableindividualstudy.
Retrospective(Non-concurrent/historic)Cohortstudy.
Prospective(concurrent)Cohortstudy.
Casecontrolstudy
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cross-sectionalstudyEcologicalstudy
781.Suspectedcauseprecedingthe
observedeffectisanexamplefor-
a)Temporalassociation
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Consistencyofassociationc)Strengthofassociation
d)Coherenceofassociation
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Temporalassociation
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
TemporalassociationoItimpliescauseprecedseffectoreffectfollowscause,i.e.,
suspectedcauseprecedingtheobservedeffect.
oItisthemostimportantcriteriaforcausalassociation
oItisbestestablishedbyconcurrentcohortstudy.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
StrengthofassociationoItimplieshowstronglyexposureisassociatedwithdisease.
oItisdeterminedby
i)Relativerisk(InCohortstudy)IHavebeenexplained
ii)Oddsratio(Incase-controlstudy)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
iii)Dose-responserelationshipWithincreasinglevelofexposuretotheriskfactor,onincreasingrisinincidenceisfound.
iv)Cessationofexposure(Reversibility)-->Removalofpossible
causereducesriskofdisease.
Consistencyofassociation
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
oTheassociationisconsistentiftheresultsarereplicatedwhenstudiesindifferentsettingsandbydifferentmethods.
oForexample,differentstudiesindifferentsettingshaveproved
smokingasoneofthecauseforlungcancer-->Smokinghas
consistentassociationwithlungcancer.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Coherenceofassociation
oThecausalassociationmustbecoherent(supportedby)with
relevantfacts.
oForexample:-
Thedeathratesduetolungcancerincreasingmorerapidlyin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
femalescomparisontomales.Therelevantfact--->Thisincreasingrateisduetomorerecent
adoptionofcigarretesmokingbywomen.
782.Resultsofanystudyarebetterdefinedin
?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Costeffectivenessb)Costbenefit
c)Botharesame
d)None
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Costeffectiveness[Ref.Park22"dlep.814]Thestudyresultscanbeevaluatedbycost-benefitanalysisand
cost-effectivenessanalysis.
Incost-benefitanalysisallcostsandbenefitsareevaluatedinterms
ofmoney,i.e.economicbenefitsoftheprogramme/studyare
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
comparedwiththecostofprogramme.Themaindrawbackwiththistechniqueisthatthebenefitsinthehealthfieldcanotalwaysbe
expressedinmonetaryterm.Forexamplebirthordeathprevented,
orillnessavoidedetc.Hencethescopeofapplyingthismethodis
rathervague.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cost-effectiveanalysisismorepromisingtoolforapplicationinthehealthfield.Itevaluateshowbesttospendagivenamountofmoney
toachievespecificgoals,i.e.benefitsareexpressedintermsof
resultsachieved,e.g.numberoflivessaved,orthenumberofdays
freefromdisease.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
783.Forcalculationofincidencedenominator
istakenas?
a)Midyearpopulation
b)Populationatrisk
c)Totalnumberofcases
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)TotalnumberofdeathsCorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Populationatrisk
Denominatorforcalculatingincidenceispopulationatrisk
784.Whichoneofthefollowingisnota
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
specialincidencerate-a)Attackrate
b)Secondaryattackrate
c)Hospitaladmissionrate
d)Standardizedmortalityrate
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,Standardizedmortalityrate
Specialincidencerates
i)Attackrate(caserate)
ii)Secondaryattackrate
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
iii)Hospitaladmissionrate785.Attributableriskmeans
a)Fatalityofadisease
b)Diseaseriskratiobetweenexposedandnon-exposed
c)Riskdifferencebetweenexposedandnon-exposed
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)CommunicabilityofadiseaseCorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Riskdifferencebetweenexposedandnon-exposed
-Attributablerisk(AR)isthedifferenceinincidenceratesofdisease
ordeathbetweenanexposedandnon-exposedgroup.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
-Itisexpressedinpercentageandgivestheextenttowhichthediseasecanbeattributedtotheexposureinacohortstudy.
786.Proportionalmortalityrateis?
a)Numberofdeathduetoaparticularcause
b)Numberofdeathduringthatyear
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Numberofdeathinonemonthd)None
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Numberofdeathduetoaparticularcause
Proportionalmortalityrate(ratio)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Proportionalmortalityratemeasurestheproportionoftotaldeathduetospecificcauseorproportionofdeathsinaparticularage
group.
Itisdefinedas"numberofdeathsduetoaparticularcause(orin
specificagegroup)per100totaldeaths".
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Itisthe'simplestmeasureofestimatingtheburdenofdisears'inthecommunity.
Itisauseful'healthStatusindicator';indicatesmagnitudeof
preventablemortality.
Itisusedwhenpopulationdataisnotavailable.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Itdoesnotindicatetheriskofmembersofpopulationcontractingordyingfromthedisease.
787.Nameofmumpsvaccineis-
a)JerylLynn
b)Edmonshonzagreb
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Schwatzd)Moraten
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Jeryllynn
oMumpsvaccinestrainisJeryllLynnstrain.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
oOtherthreestrainsareofmeaslesvaccine.788.Timebetweeninfectionandmaximum
infectivityisknownas?
a)Incubationperiod
b)Serialinterval
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Generationtimed)Communicableperiod
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Generationtime
Generationtime
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
oIntervalbetweenreceiptofinfectionbyhostandmaximalinfectivityofthehost.
oGenerationtimeisroughlyequaltotheincubationperiod.
Ref:PARK22ndeditionpg96
789.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
TransovariantransmissionIsseeninwhichinfection-
a)Plague
b)Guinea
c)Yellowfever
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)AllCorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e..Yellowfever
790.Transovariantransmissionofinfection
occursin-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Fleasb)Ticks
c)Mosquitoes
d)bandc
CorrectAnswer-D
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Ticks;'c'i.e.,Mosquitoes791.Chroniccarrierstateisnotseeninall
except?
a)Poliomyelitis
b)Measles
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Malariad)Tetanus
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Malaria
792.Followingareexamplesofhuman"dead
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
end"diseaseexcept-a)Bubonicplague
b)Japaniesecephalitis
c)Hydatiddisease
d)Leishmaniasis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,Leishmaniasis
Deadandhost
oAdeadendhostisaninfectedpersonfromwhichinfectious
agentsarenottransmittedtoothersusceptiblehostorfromwhicha
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
parasitecannotescapetocontinueitslifecycle.oThediseasesinwhichhumanactsasdeadendhost,i.e.,dead
anddisease:?
1. Japaniesencephalitis3.
Trichinosis5.Bubonicplaque
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2. Echynococcosis(hydatiddisease)4.Tetanus793.Propagativecycleisseenin?
a)Plague
b)Filaria
c)Malaria
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)AllCorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Plague[RefPark22"/ep.94]
PropagativePlaguebacilliinratfleas
Cyclo-developmentalMicorfilariainmosquito.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cyclo-propagativeMalarialparasiteinmosquito.794.Internationaldiseasesurveillanceisfor?
a)Hepatitis
b)Polio
c)TB
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)LeprosyCorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Polio
795.Massvaccinationisineffectivein-
a)Measles
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Polioc)Tetanus
d)None
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'None'
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
oMassvaccinationisusedinallthethreegivenoptions.796.Ifprevalenceofadiseaseincreases,
whatistrue?
a)PPVincreases
b)PPVdecreases
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)NoeffectonPPVd)PPVmayincreaseordecrease
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,PPVincrease
797.ScreeningprocedureisbestforCaof-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Prostateb)Colon
c)Gastric
d)None
CorrectAnswer-B
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'b'i.e.,ColonoTwomostimportantcancers,whichcanbepreventedby
screeningarecarcinomaofcolonandcervix.
798.Highsensitive-
a)Lowfalsepositive
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Lowfalsenegativec)Lowtruenegative
d)Lowtruepositive
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,LowFalsenegative
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
TruepositiveisdirectlyrelatedtosensitivityoFalsenegativeisinverselyrelatedtosensitivity
TruenegativeisdirectlyrelatedtospecificityoFalsepositiveis
inverselyrelatedtospecificity
oIfatesthashighsensitivity-->moretruepositive,lessfalse
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
negative,andalsomorefalsepositive.oIfatesthashighspecificity-->moretruenegative,lessfalsepositiveandalsomorefalse
negative.
799.Mostreliabletestforscreeningof
diabetesmellitus?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Randomsugarb)Fastingsugar
c)Glucosetolerancetest
d)Urinesugar
CorrectAnswer-B
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Fastingsugar"Thebestscreeningtestfordiabetes,thefastingplasmaglucose
(FPG),isalsoacomponentofgnostictesting"diabetesjournals.org
oThefastingplasmaglucosetestandthe75goralglucose
tolerancetest(GTT)arebothsuitabletestsforscreeningof
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
diabetes.oHowever,theFPGtestispreferredinclinicalsettingsbecauseitis
easierandfastertoperform,moreconvenientandacceptableto
patients,andlessexpensive.
"Fastingplasmaglucoselevelisthemostreliableandconvenient
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
test"Problemorientedpatientmanagement800.Bloodscreeningisnotdonefor?
a)HIV
b)HBV
c)EBV
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)HCVCorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,EBV
Screeningrecommendedinall
Selectivescreeninginsome
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
countriescountries
HIV
Malaria
HBV
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
HTLVHCV
CMV
Syphilis
Chagasdisease
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
801.Toeradicatemeaslesthepercentageof
populationtobevaccinatedisat
least............%
a)70
b)80
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)85d)95
CorrectAnswer-D
95
802.Inmeaselesvaccinecanbegiven
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
within-a)3months
b)5months
c)7months
d)6months
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,6thmonths
oThebestageformeaslesvaccinationis9months.
oTheagecanbeloweredto6monthsifthereismeaslesoutbreak
inthecommunity.Forinfantsimmunizedbetween6monthsand9
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
monthsofage,aseconddoseshouldbeadministeredassoonaspossibleafterthechildreachestheageof9monthsprovidedthatat
least4weekshaveelapsedsincethelastdose.
803.Measlesvaccinationisgivenat-
a)9months
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Atbirthc)4weeks
d)8weeks
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,9months
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
oTheWHOexpandedprogrammeonimmunizationrecommendsimmunizationat9monthsofage.
oNow,seconddoseofmeaslesisalsogivenat16-24monthsin
NationalImmunizationSchedule.
804.Incubationperiodofswineflu-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)1-3daysb)2-3weeks
c)10-15days
d)5weeks
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'a'i.e.,1-3daysSwineflu
oSwineflu,alsocalledswineinfluenza,orpiginfluenza,iscaused
byinfluenzavirus.
oItismainlyoccursinswines(pigs)andoccasionallytransmittedto
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
human.oItisusuallycausedbyinfluenzavirustypeA(H1-N1).
oIncubationperiodisabout1-3daysandthesymptomsofswineflu
inhumansaresimilartomostinfluenzainfections,e.g.fever,cough,
rhinorrhea,fatigueandheadache.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
805.AsperRNTCPguidelines,Multidrugresistance(MDR)TBisdefinedas
resistanceto:
a)Rifampicin
b)Rifampicinandisoniazide
c)Rifampicin,isoniazideandethambutol
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)NoneoftheaboveCorrectAnswer-B
ConfirmedMDR-TBcase:MDR-TBsuspectisonewhoissputum
culturepositiveandwhoseTBisduetoMycobacteriumtuberculosis
thatareresistantin-vitrotoatleastisoniazidandrifampicin(the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
cultureandDSTresultbeingfromanRNTCPaccreditedlaboratory).Ref:Park21stedition,page178.
http://health.bih.nic.in/Docs/Guidelines-DOTS-Plus.pdf.
806.WhyaTBpatientisrecommenda
regimenof4drugson1stvisit-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Toavoidemergenceofpersistorsb)Toavoidsideeffects
c)Tocureearly
d)None
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'a'i.e.,ToavoidemergenceofpersistorsTwophasechemotheraphv
oTherearetwophaseoftreatmentoftuberculosis
i)Intensivephase
Thisisshortphaseintheearlycourseoftreatmentandlastsfor1-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3months.Threeormoredrugsaregiventokillasmanybacilliaspossible,
whichpreventsemergenceofpersisters.
Theriskofrelapseisalsolessened.Continuationphase
Itisaimedatsterilizingthesmallernumberofdormantorpersisting
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
bacilli.807.TBmultidrugregimenisgivento-
a)Preventresistance
b)Broadspectrum
c)Preventsideeffects
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)NoneCorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Preventresistance
oMultidrugtreatmentinTBisgivento?
i)Preventemergenceofpersisters
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ii)Preventrelapseiii)Preventemergenceofresistance
iv)shortenthedurationoftreatment
808.4drugsinAKTusedbecause-
a)Decreaseinresistancebymutation
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Decreaseinresistancebyconjugationc)Tocurediseaseearly
d)None
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Decreaseinresistancebymutation
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
oMostcommonmethodforproductionofresistanceagainstATTismutation.
oMultidrugtreatmentpreventsemergenceofresistance.Thus,
multidrugtreatmentpreventemergenceofresistancedueto
mutation.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
809.Chickenpoxvaccineis-
a)Livevaccine
b)Killedvaccine
c)Conjugatedvaccine
d)None
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,Livevaccine
Preventionofchickenpox
oForpreventionofchickenpoxfollowingareused?
i)Varicellazosterimmunoglobulin(VZIG)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
VZIGisgivenwithin72hoursofexposureinexposedsusceptibleindividuals.
Itisgivenintramuscularwitharepeatdosein3weeks.
BecauseVZIGbindtovaricellavaccine,thetwoshouldnot
begivenconcomitantly.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ii)VaccineVaricellavaccineisliveattenuatedvaccineandis
recommendedforchildrenbetween12-18monthsofage.
Efficacyofvaccineis90-95%anddurationofimmunityis
probably10years.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Twodosesarerecommendedinpersonolderthan12yearsofage.810.AmountofdiphtheriatoxoidinDTis?
a)5Lf
b)10Lf
c)15Lf
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)25LfCorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,25Lf[Ref.Park22"dlep.153]
Oridinary(Pediatric)DPT/DTvaccinescontain25Lfofdiphtheria
toxin.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Forimmunizingadultsandolderchildren(>12years),dTisusedwhichcontains2Lfofdiphtheriatoxin.
DPTvaccine
Itcontainscomponentsforimmunizationagainstthreediseases,i.e.,
toxoidofdiphtheriaandtetanus,andkilledB.pertussis.Pertussis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
componentenhancesthepotencyofdiphtheriatoxoid.Aluminiumsalts(hydroxideorphosphate)areusedasadjuvantto
increaseimmunogenicity.Thiomersalisusedaspreservative.
UsualstoragetemperatureforDPTvaccineincoldchainis+2to
+8?C,storedinrefrigerator.Itshouldneverbestoredindeepfreezer
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(shouldnotbefrozen)andifitgetsfrozenaccidently,vaccineshouldbediscarded.
Exposuretosunlightshouldbeavoided.Openvialswhichhavenot
beenfullyusedshouldbediscardedattheendofsession.
Vaccineisgivenbyintramuscularrouteinthemiddlethirdof
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
anterolateralaspectofthigh.OptimumagetostartDPTvaccinationis6weeksafterbirth.
Totalthreedosesaregiveninprimarlyimmunizationwithaninterval
of4weeksbetweenthreedoses.Firstboosterisgivenat16-24
monthswithsecondboosterat5-6years.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
811.Bivalentmeningococcalvaccineis?
a)AY
b)AC
c)Cy
d)AW-I35
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,AC
Twotypeofmeningococcalvaccinedevelop
Unconjugatedpolysaccharidevaccine.
ConjugatedgroupCvaccine.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
PolysaccharidevaccinesInternationallymarketedmeningococcalpolysaccharidevaccines
areoBivalent(AandC),
Trivalent(A,CandW-135)
Tetravalent(A,C,YandW-135).
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Thevaccinesarepurified,heat-stable,lyophilizedcapsularpolysaccharidesfrommeningococcioftherespectiveserogroups.
Aprotectiveantibodyresponseoccurswithin10daysofvaccination.
Inschoolchildrenandadults,onedoseofthesepolysaccharide
vaccinesappearstoprovideprotectionforatleast3years,butin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
childrenunder4yearsofagethelevelsofspecificantibodiesdeclinerapidlyafter2-3years.
812.AccordingtoEVINCEfastbreathingin5
mthchildisdefinedas-
a)>30/min
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)40c)50
d)60
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,50
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
813.1955HepatitisoutbreakinDelhi?
a)A
b)B
c)C
d)E
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,E[RefInternet]
HepatitisEwasfirstdocumentedinNewDelhiin1955when29000
casesoficterichepatitisoccured.
814.Whichischoleravaccine-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Ty21Ab)HGD-103
c)WC-rBS
d)None
CorrectAnswer-C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'c'i.e.,WC-rBSCholeraVaccine
Killedvaccines
Dukoral(WC-rBS)
SancholandmORCVAX
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
815.Trivalentoralpoliovaccinecontains,
type3virus-
a)100,000TCID50
b)200,000TCID50
c)300,000TCID50
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)400,000TCID50CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,300,000TCID50
Oral(sabin)poliovaccine
Itcontainsliveattenuatedviruss(type1,2and3)growninprimary
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
monkeykidneyorhumandiploidcellculture.oThevaccinecontains:-
i)Over300,000TCID50oftype1poliovirus
ii)Over100,000TCID50oftype2poliovirus
iii)Over300,000TCID50oftype3poliovirusoDose2drop(0.1
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ml)ScheduleinNationalImmunizationProgrammeofIndia.
DoseAge
OPV-0(Zerodose)Atbirth
OPV-16weeks
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
OPV-210weeksOPV-314weeks
OPV-B(Boosterdose)16-24months
oDevelopmentofimmunity-->OPVinduceslocalintestinal
immunitybyproductionofsecretoryIgAaswellashumoralimmunity
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
byinducingproductionofserumantibodies(IgG).So,itgivesprotectionfromparalysisandalsopreventsinfectionofthegutby
wildviruses.
816.ORScontains75mEq/l-
a)Sodium
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Potassiumc)Glucose
d)Chloride
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Sodium
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glucoseshouldatleastequalthatofsodiumbutshouldnotexceed111mmol/l
Sodium
shouldbewithintherangeof60-90mEq/l
Potassium shouldbewithintherangeof15-25mEq/l
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Citrateshouldbewithintherangeof8-12mmol/l
Chloride
shouldbewithintherangeof50-80mEq/l
817.ORSnewosmolarityis-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)270b)245
c)290
d)310
CorrectAnswer-B
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'b'i.e.,245oOsmolarityofnewORS(reducedosmolarityORS)is245
mmol/litre.
818.Prophaylaxisformalarianotused-
a)Doxycycline
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Artesunatec)Chloroquine
d)Mefloquine
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Artesunate
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
oDrugsusedforprophylaxisofmalariaarechloroquine,proguanil,doxycycline,mefloquineandhydroxychloroquine.
819.Yellowfeveraedesagyptiindexshould
be?
a)<1%
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)<5%c)<10%
d)<20%
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,<1%
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
820.WhichisthemainvectorofDengue?
a)A.aegypti
b)Aschleri
c)Culex
d)Anopheles
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,A.aegypti[RefPark22"/ep.225]
Denguefeveriscausedbyarboviruses(atleast4serotypeshave
beenrecognized)
ItistransmittedbyAedes(Aedesaegyptiisthemainvector).
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Thereservoirofinfectionisbothmanandmosquito.ThetransmissioncycleisMan-mosquito-man
Denguefeveroccursbothepidemicallyandendemically.Epidemics
startsinrainyseasonandareusuallyexplosive.
Aedesmosquitobecomesinfectivebyfeedingonapatientfromthe
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
daybeforeonsettothe5thdayofillness821.Chemoprohylaxisofchloroquine
includes-
a)300mgBD/week
b)600mgOD/week
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)600mg/weekd)300mgOD/week
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is`d'i.e.,300mgOD/week
DrugDoseforchemoprophylaxis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Chloroquine300mg(3tabletsof100mgor2tabletsof150mg)onceaweekor100mg/dayfor6dayeveryweek
Proguanil400mgperday(2tabletsof200mg)
Mefloquine250mgonceaweek
Doxycycline100mgperday.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
822.Epidemictyphuscause&vector-
a)Rickettessiaeprowazki&Louse
b)R.typhi&mite
c)R.conorii&tick
d)R.akari&mite
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,Rickettessiaeprowazki&Louse
823.Vectorofscrubtyphusinman?
a)O.tsutsugamushi
b)Leptotrombidiumdeliense
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Liced)Pediculoushumanus
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Leptotrombidiumdeliense
oForscrubtyphus:-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CausativeagentR.tsutsugamushiVectortrombiculidmite(LeptotrombidiumdelineseandL.akamushi)
824."Multibacillary"isaspectrumofdisease,
seenin-
a)Leprosy
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)TBc)Tetanus
d)Trachoma
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Leprosy
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
825. 2yrsdurationintermsofleprosyiswith
regardto-
a)Rxofpaucibacillaryleprosy
b)Rxofmultibacillaryleprosy
c)PostRxsurveillanceofpaucibacillaryleprosy
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)PostRxsurveillanceofmultibacillaryleprosyCorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,PostRxsurveillanceofpaucibacillaryleprosy
826.Whichvirusisusedtoproducerabies
vaccine?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Wildb)Street
c)Fixed
d)LiveAttenuated
CorrectAnswer-C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'c'i.e.,FixedoTherearetwostrainsofrabiesvirus:?
i)Streetvirus-Thisthevirus,responsiblefornaturalrabiesand
isisolatedfromnaturalhumanoranimalinfection.
ii)Fixedvirus-Itisisolatedafterseveralserialintracerebral
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
passageinrabbit.Itisusedtopreparerabiesvaccine.827.SecondmostcommonSTDafter
gonococcus?
a)Chylamydia
b)HSV
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)HIVd)Syphilis
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Chlamydia[RefPark2151/ep.304]
FiveclassicalSTDsaresyphilis(T.pallidum),gonorrhoea(N.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
gonorrhoeae),chanchroid(H.ducreyi),lymphogranulomavenerum(chlamydiatrachomatis),anddonovanosis(calymmatobacterium
granulomatosis).
MostcommonSTDinIndiaisherpesgenitalis(20%)followedby
chancroid(11%),viralwarts/HPV(11%),syphilis(11%)and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
gonorrhoea(9%).Overall(inworld)mostcommonSTDischlamydiafollowedby
gonorrhoea.
828.ChandlersindexforHookworm,whenit
ishealthproblem?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)>300b)>200
c)>100
d)>50
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'a'i.e.,>300[RefPark21"/ep.221]Below200Hookworminfectionisnotmuchofsignificance
200-250Potentialdanger
250-300--Minorpublichealthproblem
Above300Importantpublichealthproblem
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
829.Whichofthefollowingisazoonotic
disease?
a)Hydatidcyst
b)Malaria
c)Filariasis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)denguefeverCorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Hydatidcyst
Importantzoonoses
I.Bacterial?4Anthrax,Brucellosis,Ornithoses,Q-fever,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Leptospirosis,TB,Plague,Tularemia,Salmonellosis.2.Viral-->Cowpox,Monkeypox,Easternequine,encephalitis,
Rossriverfever,Yellowfever,Japaneseencephalitis,Lassafever,
Rabies.
3.Protozoal--->Leishmaniasis,Toxoplasmosis,Trypanosomiasis,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Babesiosis.4.Helminthic---->Clonorchiasis,Fasciolopsis,Schistosomiasis,
Echinococus(hydatiddisease),Taeniasis,Trichinellosis.
830.HIVpostexposureprophylaxisshouldbe
startedwithin?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)1-2hrsb)14hrs
c)18hrs
d)72hrs
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'a'i.e.,1-2hrsAnti-retroviraldrugforpost-exposureprophylaxisshouldbeinitiated
assoonaspossibleaftertheexposurewithinthefirstfewhoursand
nolaterthan72hours.
So,thebestanswerhereis1-2hours(firstfewhours).
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
831.HIVprevalencecanbeassessedby-
a)Sentinelsurveillance
b)Active
c)Passive
d)Register
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,Sentinelsurveillance
oSentinelsurveillanceinIndiaisdoneinnationalAIDScontrol
programme.
832.Mostcommoncancerinmenis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Bladdercancerb)Colorectalcancer
c)Prostatecancer
d)Oralcancer
CorrectAnswer-C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Answer-C.ProstatecancerCancersinmalesinIndia:Lip/oralcavity>Prostate>Colorectum>
Pharynx(otherthannssopharynx)>Larynx
Lungcancerwasthemostcommoncancerinmenworldwide,
contributing15.5%ofthetotalnumberofnewcasesdiagnosedin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2018.Thetopthree?lung,prostateandcolorectalcancers?contributed
44.4%ofallcancers(excludingnon-melanomaskincancer).
833.Whichindexofobesitydoesnotinclude
height?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)BMIb)Ponderal'sindex
c)Broca'sindex
d)Corpulenceindex
CorrectAnswer-D
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.isi.e.,D.Corpulenceindex[RefPark22ndlep.369,370]Differentindicesusetodetermineobesityare
i)Bodymassindex(Qetelet'sindex)
Itisusedinternationallyasreferencestandardforassessingthe
prevalenceofobesity.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Itisdependentbothonheightandweight(hasbeenexplainedearlier).
ii)Ponderalindex
Itisdependentbothonheightandweight.
Itisdefinedasheight(cm)dividedbycuberootofweight(kg).
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
iii)Brocaindex?dealweight=Height(cms)-100iv)Corpulenceindex?Itisdependentonlyonweight(height
independent.Itshouldbe1.2.
834.Whichofthefollowingstudieshave
givencoronaryriskfactor?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Framinghamb)Stanfordstudy
c)NorthKerala
d)MONICA
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Framingham[RefPark22"diep.342]Optiona,b&callthreeareriskfactorinterventiontrials.
However,optionaisthebestanswer:?
"Since1951,oneofthebestknownlargeprospectivestudies,the
Framinghamstudy,hasplayedamajorroleinestablishingthe
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
natureofCHDriskfactorsandtheirrelativeimportance.Standford-threecommunitystudy.Todeterminewhether
communityhealtheducationcanreducetheriskofcardiovascular
disease,thisstudywasundertakenin1972.
TheNorthKereliaProject:Thisisamultipleriskfactor
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
interventiontrialestablishthenatureofCHDriskfactorsandtheirrelativeimportance.Largestprospectivestudywhichstartedsince
1951.
835.Nicotineresponsiblefororalcanceris?
a)10%
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)40%c)90%
d)60%
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,90%[RefPark22"/ep.358]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Approximately90%oforalcancersinSouthEastAsiaarelinkedtotobaccochewingandtobaccosmoking"--Park
836.Allofthefollowingaregivenglobal
prominenceintheVISION2020goal,
expect:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Refractiveerrorsb)Cataract
c)Trachoma
d)Glaucoma
CorrectAnswer-D
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.Glaucoma837.ForAsianpopulationB.M.I.trueis?
a)Differentfrominternationalvaluestodefineobesity
b)Increasedmorbidityatlowervalues
c)Increasedmorbidityathighervalues
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)Obesityis>25kg/m2CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Increasedmorbidityatlower
values[RefWHOexpertconsultation]
AWHOexpertconsulationaddressedthedebateabout
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
interpretationofrecommendedbody-massindex(BMI)cut-offpointsfordeterminingoverweightandobesityinAsianpopulations,and
consideredwhetherpopulationspecificcut-offpointsforBMIare
necessary.
TheyreviewedscientificevidencethatsuggeststhatAsian
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
populationshavedifferentassociationsbetweenBMI,percentageofbodyfatandhealthrisksthandoEuropeanpopulation.
TheconsultationconcludedthattheproportionofAsianpopulation
withahighriskoftype2diabetesandcardiovasculardiseaseis
substantialatBMI,lowerthanexistingWHOcut-offpointsfor
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
overweight(25mg/kg2).AndAsiansgenerallyhaveahigherpercentageofbodyfatincomparisontowhitepeopleofthatsame
age,sexandBMI.
However,availabledatadonotnecessarilyindicateaclearBMIcut-
offpartforallAsiansforoverweightorobesity.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Thecut-offpointforobservedriskvariesfrom22kg/m2to25kg/m2indifferentAsianpopulation,forhighriskitvariesfrom26
kg/m2to31kg/m2.
FormanyAsianpopulations,additiondtriggerpointsforpublic
healthactionwereidentifiedas-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1. 18.5kg/m24Underweight2. 18.5-23kg/m2Increasedbutacceptablerisk
3. 23-27.5kg/m2Increasedrisk
4. 27.5kg/m2Higherhighrisk
838.Whichofthefollowingstatementsabout
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
'LateExpandingPhaseofDemographicCycle'isTRUE?
a)BirthRateislowerthanDeathRate
b)HighDeathRateandHighBirthRate
c)DeathRatedeclinesmorethanBirthRate
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)DeathRatebeginstodeclinewhileBirthRateremainsunchanged
CorrectAnswer-C
Inlateexpandingphaseofdemographiccycledeathratesdeclines
fasterthanthebirthrateandthereisasteadydecreaseinthe
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
demographicgap.Inthisstatepopulationgrowatasteadilydecreasingrate.
Mostofthedevelopingcountriesarenowatearlyexpandingand
lateexpandingstagesofdemographiccycle.
Ref:Park'sTextbookofPreventiveandSocialMedicineByK.Park,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
19thEdition,Page379;FoundationsofCommunityMedicineByDhaar,2ndEdition,Page667
839.Nottrueaboutpopulationpyramid?
a)Indiahasbroadbase
b)Indiahasnarrowbase
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Indiahasnarrowapexd)Developingcountrieshavebulgeinthecenter
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Indiahasnarrowbase
Incountrieswithhighbirthratesasours,populationpyramidis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
broadbasedconical(narrowapex)becauseofhighbirthrateandtaperingofpopulationwithincreaseinage.
Thepyramidofdevelopingcountry(e.g.India)hasabroadbaseand
ataperingtop.
Indevelopedcountries,thepyramidgenerallyshowsabulgeinthe
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
middleandhasanarrowerbase(asinfiguregiveninthequestion).840.Netreproductionrateis?
a)Numberoflivebirthsper1000mid-yearpopulation
b)Numberoflivebirthper1000womenofchildbearingage
c)Numberofdaughtersanewborngirlwillhaveduringlifetime
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)NoneoftheaboveCorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Numberofdaughtersanewborngirlwillhave
duringlifetime
Netreproductionrate
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Netreproductiverateisdefinedas"Theno.ofdaughtersanewborngirlwillbearduringherlifetime
assumingfixedagespecificfertilityandmortalityrates"
Itistheonlyfertilityrelatedstatisticswhichalsotakesmortalityrates
intoconsideration.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
NRRofoneisequivalenttoattainingapproximatelythetwochildnorms.
GoalofNRR=1canbeachievedonlyifatleast60%*oftheeligible
couplesareeffectivelypracticingfamilyplanning.
841.Homeswherechildrenareplacedunder
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
thecareofdoctorsandpsychiatristsarecalled-
a)Fosterhomes
b)Borstals
c)Remandhomes
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)ChildguidanceclinicsCorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Remandhomes
Childplacement:
oOrphanages:Forchildrenwhohavenohomeorcannotbetaken
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
careofbytheirparents.oFosterHomes:Severaltypesoffacilitiesforrearingchildrenother
thaninnaturalfamilies.
oAdoption:Legaladoptionconfersuponchildandtheadoptive
parents,rightsandresponsibilitiessimilartothatofnaturalparents.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
oRemandHomes:Childisplacedunderthecareofdoctors,psychiatristsandothertrainedpersonneltoimprovethementaland
physicalwellbeingofthechild.
842.MeanbirthweightinIndia-
a)2.0-2.4kg
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)2.4-2.5kgc)2.5-2.9kg
d)>3.0kg
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,2.5-2.9kg
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
MeanbirthweightinDifferentpartsoftheworldRegionMeanbirthweight
NorthAmerica,WesternEurope,Australia
3.5-3.6kg
EasternEurope3.1-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3.3kgAfricaandEastAsia2.9-
3.1kg
SouthAsiancountries2.7kg
oInIndia,meanbirthweightrangesfrom24.9
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
kgto28.8kg.843.Highestfundingforreproductivehealth
isby-
a)UNFPA
b)UNICEF
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)ILOd)None
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,UNFPA[RefMaternalhealthfifthreportsession
2007-2008]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
UNFPAworkswitharangeofpartnerstopromotereproductivehealthinIndia.
Itpoolsasignificantproportionofitscountryprogrammeresources
inthereproductiveandchildhealthII(RCHII)programme,aimedat
reducingmaternalmortalityandchildmortality,aswellasprovision
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ofrangeofcontraceptiveservices.UNFPAalsodeliverstechnicalassistanceforeffective
implementationofRCH-IIprogrammeatthenationalaswellasstate
levelparticularlyinthestateofRajasthan,M.P.Maharashtra,Orrisa
andBihar.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
844.Mostcommonmethodofsterilisation
practisedinIndia?
a)Femalesterilization
b)Malesterilization
c)Both
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)NoneCorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Femalesterilization[RefPark22"/ep.454]
During2010-2011
Totalsterilization-5.0million
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Femalesterilization(tubectomy)4.78millionMalesterilization(vasectomy)0.219million
845.Lifespanofcut380a-
a)10yrs
b)20yrs
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)1yrsd)None
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,10years
846.WhichofthefollowinghasLEAST
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
pregnancyfailurerate:a)OCP
b)IUCD
c)Diaphragm
d)Condom
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AOCP
847.Whichistheleastcommoncauseamong
theseofinfantmortalityinIndia-
a)Infections
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Prematurityc)Birthinjuries
d)Congenitalmalformations
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Birthinjuries
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
848.MCHcareisassessedby-
a)Deathrate
b)Birthrate
c)Maternalmortalityrate
d)Anemiainmother
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Maternalmortalityrate
ImportantMCHindicators
1. Maternalmortalityrate
2. Mortalityininfancyandchildhood
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Perinatalmortalityrateb)Neonatalmortalityrate
c)Post-neonatalmortalityrate
d)Infantmortalityrate
e)1-4yearmortilityrate
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
f)Under5mortalityrateg)Childsurvivalrate
849.Innormaldelivery,breastfeedingshould
bestarted?
a)6hourafterdelivary
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)2hourafterdelivaryc)4hourafterdelivary
d)None
CorrectAnswer-D
AnsisdNone
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
oBreastfeedingshouldbeinitiatedwithin30min.ofanormalvaginaldelivery.
oBreastfeedingshouldbeinitiatedwithin4hrsofdeliveryby
caesariansection.
850.Bestindicatorofavailability,utilisation&
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
effectivenessofhealthservices-a)IMR
b)MMR
c)HospitalbedOCR
d)DALY
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,IMR
851.Perinatalmortalityincludesdeaths-
a)After28weeksofgestation
b)First7daysafterbirth
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Bothd)Fromperiodofviability
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Both
852.Colostrumshasincomparedtonormal
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
milk?a)DecreasedK
b)DecreasedNa
c)Increasedproteins
d)Increasedcalories
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Increasedproteins
853.Maternalmortalityismaximuminwhich
period
a)Antepartum
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Peripartumc)Postpartum
d)None
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Peripartum
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
oMaternaldeathmostlyoccurfromthethirdtrimestertothefirstweekafterbirth.Studiesshowthatmortalityrisksformothersare
particularlyelevatedinthefirsttwodaysafterbirth.
854.Energyrequirementinlatepregnancy-
a)2500cal
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)1400calc)1000cal
d)1000cal
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,2500Cal
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
855.'VitaminArequirementininfantis-
a)350g
b)600g
c)800g
d)1000g
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,350g
856.Adultnon-pregnantfemalerequires,
Calciumperday-
a)400mg
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)600mgc)800mg
d)1000mg
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,600mg
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
oAdultnon-pregnantfemalerequires600mgcalciumperday.857.Calciumrequirementabovethenormal
duringthefirstsixmonthoflactationis-
a)400Mgiday
b)550mg/day
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)600mg/dayd)750mg/day
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,600mg
858.IodineRDAis-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)300microgramb)500microgram
c)150microgram
d)50microgram
CorrectAnswer-C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is`c"i.e.,150microgratnoTheRDAofiodineforadultsis150microgram.
859.Iodinecomesiniodinesalt.Requirmen
tatproductionandconsumerlevel
respectively-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)20&10PPNIb)30&10PPM
c)30&15PPM
d)30&20PPM
CorrectAnswer-C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is"c'i.e.,30&15PPM860.Bitot'sspotprevalenceaspublichealth
problem-
a)>1%
b)>2%
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)>0.5%d)None
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.isi.e.,c.>0.5%[RefPark22"d/ep.571]
Nightblindness
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Bitot'sspots>0.5%
Cornealxerosis/cornealulceration/keratomalacia >0.01%
Cornealulcer
>0.05%
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Serumretinol(lessthan10mcg/dl)>5%
861.JowarisPellogerogenicduetoexcess
of-
a)Leucine
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Lysinec)Tryptophan
d)Methioninc
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Leucine
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
oSimilartomaize,JowaralsoContainsexcessofleucine.oLeucineinterfereswithconversionoftryptophantoniacin.
oPellagrahasbeenreportedinIndiainTelanganaareaofAndhra
PradeshbecauseofSower(Sorghumvulgare)consumption.
862.Toxinresponsibleforepidemicdropsy:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
AIIMS07;UP09;PGI11a)BOAA
b)Aflatoxin
c)Sanguinarine
d)Pyrrozolidine
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-CAns.Sanguinarine
863.Maximumlinolenicacidispresentin?
a)Coconutoil
b)Soyabeanoil
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Groundnutoild)Saffloweroil
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Saffloweroil[RefPark22"d/ep.566]
Therichestsourceoflinoleicacidissaffloweroil.Sourcesoflinoleic
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
acidindecreasingorderaresaffloweroil>cornoil>Sunfloweroil>Soyabeanoil>Sesameoil>groundnutoil.
864.Thehearttotheactivatedsludge
processis?
a)Primarysedimentationtank
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Sludgedigesterc)Aerationtank
d)Finalsettlingtank
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Aerationtank
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
oTheheartoftheactivatedsludgeprocessisaerationtank.865.Thicknessofleadaprontoprevent
radiation:
a)1mm
b)3mm
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)0.5mmd)7mm
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.0.5mm
"Itisrecommendedthatforgeneralpurposeradiographytheminimal
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
thicknessofleadequivalentintheprotectiveapparelshouldbe0.5mm."
-TextbookofRadiologyPhysicsp.39
Leadapronof0.5mmthicknessreduceintensityofscatteredX-rays
byover90%.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
866.DalyrequirmentofvitaminK?
a)3mg/kg
b)0.3mg/kg
c)0.03mg/kg
d)1mg/kg
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,0.03mg/kg[Ref.Park22"d/ep.572]
VitaminA600mcgretinol
VitaminB7(Thiamine)-->0.5mgper1000Kcalofenergyintake
VitaminB,(Riboflavin)0.6mgper1000Kcalofenergyintake
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
VitaminB,(Niacin)6.0mgper1000KcalofenergyintakeVitamin135(PantothenicAcid)10mg
VitaminB6(Pyridoxine)2mg
VitaminB,(FolicAcid)200mcg
VitaminB12(Cobalamin)1mcg
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
VitaminD100IU(2.5mcgcalciferol)VitaminE(Tocopherol)0.8mgpergmofessentialfattyacids
VitaminK0.03mgperkg
867.Avidinhasaffinityfor?
a)Folicacid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Thiaminec)Biotin
d)Riboflavin
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Biotin[Ref.Harper29iVep.539]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Peoplewhoeatabnormallylargeamountofuncookedeggwhitemayhavebiotindeficiencybecauseitcontainsavidin,aproteinthat
bindsbiotinandpreventsitsabsorption
868.Argemainoilcontaminationofmustard
oilcanbedetectedby?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Phosphatasetestb)Nitricacidtest
c)Coliformcunel
d)Methylenebluetest
CorrectAnswer-B
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Nitricacidtest[Ref.Park22"d/ep.610]DetectionofArgemoneoil:
1. Nitricacidtest:brownorangeredcolour/ringshowsitispresent
minimumconcentrationofArgemoneoilrequiredisabout0.2%.
2. Paperchromatographytest-Themostsensitivetest
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
869.Iodinedeficiencycontrolprogramme?
a)Healtheducation
b)Watertesting
c)Fortificationofsalt
d)None
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Fortificationofsalt
Iodizedsalt(saltfortifiedwithiodine)ismosteconomical,
convenientandeffectivemeansofmassprophylaxisin
endemicarea.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
870.Amountofproteinsinhumanmilk(in
gms):
September2007
a)1.1
b)2.2
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)3.3d)4.4
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A:1.1
Each100gramsofbreastmilkyieldsapproximately:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
65Kilocalories88gwater
7.4gcarbohydrates(primarilylactose)
3.4gfat
1.1gprotein
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871.Itwastecontaintoxicsubstances,
organicloadismeasuredby?
a)Biologicaloxygendemand
b)Chemicaloxygendemand
c)Suspendedsolid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)NoneCorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Chemicaloxygendemand[RefPark22"d/ep.708]
"Thestrengthofsewageisexpressedintermsof:
1. Biochemicaloxygendemand
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2. Chemicaloxygendemands3. Suspendedsolidsdemand
BiochemicalOxygendemand
Itisthemostimportanttestdoneonsewage.Itisdefinedasthe
amountofoxygenabsorbedbyasampleofsewageduringa
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
specifiedperiod,generally5days,ataspecifiedtemperature,generally20deg.C,fortheaerobicdestructionoruseoforganic
matterbylivingorganisms.BODvaluerangesfromaboutImgper
litrefornaturalwaterstoabout300mgperlitreforuntreated
domesticsewage.IftheBODis300mg/1andabove,sewageis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
saidtobestrong;ifitis100mg/I,itissaidtobeweak."Chemicaloxygendemand(COD)
TheCODmeasurestheoxygenequivalentofthatportionofthe
organicmatterinasamplewhichissusceptibletooxidationbya
strongchemicaloxidiser.Ifwastescontaintoxicsubsances,COD
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
maybetheonlymethodfordeterminingtheorganicload.Suspendedsolids
Iftheamountofsuspendedsolidsis100mg/1,thesewageissaidto
beweak,iftheamountis500mg/dlthesewageissaidtobestrong
872.Fenthionis?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Spacesprayb)Residualspray
c)Stomachpoison
d)Fumgant
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Spacespray[RefPark22"dlep.727]Residualsprapy
Inresidualspray,sprayingofhouseswithresidualinsectisidesis
done.
Residualinsectisidesremainsactiveoverextendedperiodsi.e.,they
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
haveresidualactionevenafterthetimeofspray.CommonlyusedresidualinsectisidesareMalathion,DDT,
Lindane,propoxure(OMS-33)
Spacespray
Spacespraysarethosewheretheinsecticidalformationissprayed
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
intotheatmosphereintheformofamistorfogtokillinsect.Actionisshortlivedandtemporarysincethereisno.residualaction.
ThemostcommonlyusedspacesprayinsecticideisPyrethrum.
Nowresidualinsectisidesarealsobeingusedasresidualsprayby
newequipmentforultra-lowvolume(ULV)spacespraying.
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Melathionandfenthionareusedforthispurpose.873.Notsafedisposalbutgelidforsoil
building-
a)Incineration
b)Controlledtipping
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Compostingd)None
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Composting
Composting
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
C'ompostigisamethodofcombineddisposalofrefuseandnightsoilorsluge.
oItisprocessofnaturewherebyorgaicmatterbreaksdownunder
bacterialactionresultingintheformationof
relativelystablehumus-likematerial,calledthecompostwhichhas
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
considerablemanurialvalueforthesoil.oCompostcontainsnoorfewdiseaseproducingorganismsandisa
goodsoilbuildercontainingsmallamountsof
themajorplantnutrientssuchasnitratesandphosphates.
oTherearefollowingtwomethodsofcomposting.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
i)Bangaloremethod(Anaerobicmethod)ii)Mechanicalcomposting(Aaerobicmethod).
874.Inwinter,watervapoursandpollutants
comestolieinthelowermostlayerof
atmosphereby-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Acidrainb)Greenhouseeffect
c)Temperatureinversion
d)None
CorrectAnswer-C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is`c'i.e.,TemperatureinversionAtemperatureinversionisathinlayeroftheatmospherewherethe
normaldecreaseintemperaturewithheightswitheestothe
temperatureincreasingwithheight.
Aninversioncanleadtopollutionsuchassmogbeingtrappedclose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
tothegrand(lowerlayersofatmosphere).Temperatureinversionmayoccurduringthepassageofacoldfront
orresultfromtheinvasionofseaairbyacooleronshorebreeze.
oOvernightradiativecoolingofsurfaceairoftenresultsina
nocturnaltemperatureinversionthatisdissipatedaftersunriseby
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
thewarmingofairneartheground.875.Vagabonddiseaseistransmittedby?
a)Louse
b)Mite
c)Tick
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)BlackFlyCorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Louse
Vagabond'sdiseaseispediculosiscorporis,causedbybodylouse.
876.Sourceofenvironmentalradiationareall
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
except?a)CO
b)Radium
c)Uranium
d)Radon
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,CO[RefPark22'/ep.690]
Environmentalratiationareoftwotypes?
1. Terrestrial
2. Atmospheric
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
TerrestrialradiationRadioactiveelementssuchasthorium,Uranium,radiumandan
isotopofpotassium(K40)arepresentinman'sinvironment,e.g.,
soil,rocks,boiling.
Itisestimatedthatmanderivesabout50mradperyearfrom
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
terrestrialradiation.Areaexists(KeralainIndia)wheretherockformationcontaining
uranium,itcanbeashighas2000,mradayear.
Atmosphericradiation
Theseareradioactivegasesradonandthoron
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
877.Theamountofbleachingpowder
necessarytodisinfectcholericstools,is
-
a)50gm/lit
b)75gm/lit
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)90gm/litd)100gm/lit
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,50gm/lit
878.Socialpsychologyis?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Humanrelationships&behaviourb)Psychologyofindividualsinsociety
c)Culturalhistoryofman
d)None
CorrectAnswer-B
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Psychologyofindividualsinsociety[Ref:Park22"/ep.622]
StudyofhumanrelationshipsandhumanbehaviourSociology
PsychologyofindividualslivinginhumansocietySocial
psychology
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Studyofphysical,socialandculturalhistoryofmanAnthropology879.Sociology-
a)Studyofhumanrelationship
b)Studyofbehavior
c)Both
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)NoneCorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Both
oSociologydealswiththestudyofhumanrelationshipsandof
humanbehaviour.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
880.Studyofphysical,socialandcultural
historyofmanisknownas?
a)Socialscience
b)Anthropology
c)Acculturation
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)SociologyCorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'bi.e.Anthropology
oAnthropologyisstudyofphysical,socialandculturalhistoryof
man.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
oAnthropologymaybe:(i)Physicalanthropology:Studyofhumanevolution,racial
differences,inheritanceofbodilytraits,growthanddecayofhuman
organisms
(ii)Socialanthropology:Studyofthedevelopmentandvarious
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
typesofsociallife.(iii)Culturalanthropology:Studyoftotalwayoflifeofcontemporary
primitiveman.hiswayofthinking,feelingandaction.
(iv)Medicalanthropology:Dealswiththeculturalcomponentinthe
ecologyofhealthanddisease.
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881.Organizedgroupofpeoplewithsocial
relationship?
a)Community
b)Association
c)Society
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)NoneCorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.Society[RefPark22'/ep.622]
Asocietyisabodyofindividualsofspecies,generallyseenasa
communityorgroup,thatisoutlinedbytheboundsoffunctional
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
interdependence,comprisingalsopossiblecharactersorconditionssuchasculturalidentity,socialsolidarityoreusociality.
Humansocietiesarecharacterizedbypatternsofrelationships
betweenindividualsthatshareadistinctivecultureorinstitution.
Theimportanceofsocietyliesinthefactthatitcontrolsand
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
regulatesthebehaviouroftheindividualbothbylawandcustoms.882.Acculturationis?
a)Traige
b)Culturalchangesduetosocialisation
c)Attitude
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)BeliefCorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Culturalchangesduetosocialisation
Acculturationisaprocessofsocial,psychological,andcultural
changethatstemsfromthebalancingoftwocultureswhile
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
adaptingtotheprevailingcultureofthesociety.Acculturationisaprocessinwhichanindividualadopts,acquiresand
adjuststoanewculturalenvironment.
883.Chronologicalage10yrs,mentalage
4yrs.Whatthatpersoncalledas?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Idiotb)Imbecile
c)Normal
d)Genius
CorrectAnswer-B
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Imbecile884.M/CHeavyMetalpoisoninginThe
World?
a)Lead
b)Arsenic
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Mercuryd)Cadmium
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Lead[RefPark22"'Ilep.752]
Moreindustrialworkersareexposedtoleadthananyothertoxic
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
metal.885.Allareoccupationalcancersexcept?
a)Lung
b)Bladder
c)Breast
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)LiverCorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Breast
AsbestosMesothelioma
ArsenicSkin,Lung,Liver
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
BenzeneLeukemiaBenzidineUrinarybladder
BeryliumLung
CadmiumLung
ChromiumNasalSinus,Lung
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
886.Whichoccupationalexposuremaycause
sterilityinfemales?
a)Lead
b)Carbonmonoxide
c)Mercury
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)AgriculturalinsecticidesCorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Agriculturalinsecticides[RefHandbookofpesticide
toxicologyp.787
Pesticidesexposurecancause-
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1. Cancers:-Inmultipleorgansystems2. Endocrineabnormalities
3. Infertilityandsterility
4. Braindamage
5. Birthdefects:-Oralclefts,neuraltubedefects,heartdefects,limb
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
defects6. Respiratorydisorders:-Wheezing,bronchitis,asthma
7. Organfailure:-Chronickidneydiseaseorinterstitialnephritis
8. Skinirritation
887.Effectofenvironmentongenesis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
called?a)PositiveEugenics
b)NegativeEugenics
c)Euthenics
d)Enthenics
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Euthenics
Eugenics
Sciencewhichaimstoimprovethegeneticendomentofhuman
population.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
oThatisimprovingthequalityofthehumanspeciesorahumanpopulationbygeneticmanipulation.
oEugenismaybe:
1.NegativeDiscouragingreproductionbypersonshaving
geneticdefectorpresumedtohaveinheritableundesirabletraitsthis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
includesabortions,sterilization&othermethodsfamilyplaning.2.PostiveEugenics->Encouragingreproductionpresumedto
haveinheritabledesirabletrait.Forexample,invitro-fertilization,
cloning,eggtransplantationetc.
Euthenick
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Euthenicsdealwithhumanimprovementthroughalteringtheexternalenvironment(environmentalmanipulation).
Itincludeseducation,preventionandremovalofcontagiousdisease
andparasites,educationregardinghomeeconomics,sanitationand
housing.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
888.Hardly-weinberglawisrelatedto-
a)Populationgenetics
b)Healtheconomics
c)Socialmedicine
d)Noneoftheabove
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,Populationgenetics
Hardly-Weinberglaw
Thehardly-weinherglawstatesthat"Therelativefrequencies
ofeachgenealleletendstoremainconstantfromgenerationto
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
generation".oThus,thestudyofgenefrequencies,andtheinfluences
whichoperatetoalterthe"genepool"andtheirlongterm
consequencesisthecentralthemeinpopulationgenetics.
889.Blackcolorintriage-
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a)Deathb)Transfer
c)Highpriority
d)Lowpriority
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Death890.Trueabouttriage-
a)Yellow-leastpriority
b)Red-morbidity
c)Green-ambulatory
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)Blue-ambulatoryCorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Greenambulatory
891.Amountofwasteinfectiousproducedin
hospitals?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)45%b)65%
c)80%
d)100%
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'a'i.e.,45%892.BestforIncinerationofinfectiouswaste?
a)Double-chamber
b)Single-chamber
c)Triple-chamber
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)NoneCorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Double-chamber
oThreebasickindsofincinerationtechnologyareofinterestfor
treatmentofhealhcarewastes:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
i)Double-chamberpyrolyticincineratorswhichmaybeespeciallydesignedtoburninfectioushealthcarewaste.
ii)Single-chamberfurnaceswithstaticgrate,whichshouldbe
usedonlyifpyrolyticincineratorsarenotaffordable.
iii)Rotarykilnsoperatingathightemperatures,capableofcausing
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
decompositionofgenotoxicsubstancesandheat-resistantchemicals.
893.Allaretrueaboutpaneldiscussion
except?
a)Twowaydiscussion
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b)6to20membersparticipatesc)Chiefmembersinitiates
d)Eachonepreparesthetopicofdiscussion
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,6-20membersparticipates
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
PaneldiscussionoItisatwowaycommunication.
4-8personswhoarequalifiedtotalkaboutatopicanddiscussa
givenprobleminfrontofalargegrouporaudience.
oThepanelcomprisesachairman.
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oThechairmanopensthemeeting,welcomesthegroupandintroducesthepanelspeakers.
oHeindroducestopicbrieflyandinvitethepanelspeakersto
presenttheirpointofview.
oAfterthemainaspectsofsubjectareexploredbypanelspeakers,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
theaudienceisinvitedtotakepart.oIfmembersofthepanelareunacquaintedwiththismethod,they
mayhaveapreliminarymeeting,preparethematerialonthesubject
anddecideuponthemethodandplanofpresentation.
894.ICDSwaslaunchedat-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Communitydevelopmentblockb)Townlevel
c)Citylevel
d)Districtlevel
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'a'i.e.,CommunitydevelopmentblockoICDSwaslaunchedon2"dOctober1975in33Community
developmentblock.
oICDSprogrammeisagloballyrecognizedcommunitybasedearly
childcareprogramme,whichaddressesthebasicinterrelatedneeds
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ofyoundchildren,expectantandnursingmothersandadolescentgirlsacrossthelifecycle,inaholisticmanner.
895.KitBisgivenat-
a)PHC
b)Subccnter
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)CHCd)FRUlevel
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Subcenter
896.Atraineddalcatersforapopulationof-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)1000b)2000
c)3000
d)4000
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'a'i.e.,1000Localdais(Traditionalbirthattendants)
UnderRuralHealthScheme,allcategoriesoflocaldiesaretrained
toimprovetheirknowledgeintheelementryconceptsof:-
i)MCH
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ii)Sterilization(Smallfamilynorm)Training
Trainingisfor30workingdays.
oTheyarepaidastipendo/Rs.300duringtrainingperiod.
oTrainingisgivenfor2daysinaweekatPHC,subcentreorMHC
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
centre.oOntheremainingfourdaysoftheweektheyaccompanythe
healthworkerfemale.
oDuringhertrainingperiodeachdaiisrequiredtoconductatleast2
deliveriesunderthesupervisionofhealthworker.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Thenationaltargetistotrainonelocaldaiineachvillage.Note:Onevillageisequivalentto1000ruralpopulation.
897.Heighttoweightisa/an-
a)Association
b)Correlation
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Proportiond)Index
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Association
Firstreadaboutthesetworelatedterms:?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
oAssociation--->Associationmaybedefinedastheconcurrenceoftwovariablesmoreoftenthanwouldbeexpectedbychance.That
mean2variablesexistsimultaneously.
oCorrelation-->Correlationindicatesthedegree(strength)of
associationbetweentwovariables,i.e.relationshipbetweentwo
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
quantitativevariables.oHeighttoweightisanassociationandthestrengthofthis
associationisindicatedbycorrelation.
898.Correlationinheight&weightare
measuredby?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Coefficientofvariationb)Rangeofvariation
c)Correlationcoefficient
d)None
CorrectAnswer-C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'c'i.e.,CorrelationCoefficient899.InaLeftskewedcurve,truestatement
is?
a)Mean=Median
b)Mean<Mode
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Mean>Moded)Mean=Mode
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Mean<Mode
900.Trendscanberepresentedby-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Linediagramb)Bardiagram
c)Scatterdiagram
d)None
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'a'i.e.,LinediagramLinediagram(Linechart/Linegraph)
oItisusedtoshowthetrendofeventswithpassageoftimeand
showshowthefrequencyofaparticulareventorvariablevaryover
time.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
901. Mostcommondeviationusedinsocial
medicineis-
a)Mean
b)Range
c)Variance
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)StandarddeviationCorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Standarddeviation
"Standarddeviationismostcommonandgenerallymostappropriate
measureofdispersion(variation)".
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
902. Thefrequentlyoccurringvalueinadata
is-
a)Median
b)Mode
c)Standarddeviation
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)MeanCorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Mode
903.Analysisdoneforexpenditureoflarge
proportionforsmallnumberandvice
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
versa?a)ABCanalysis
b)SUSanalysis
c)HMLanalysis
d)VEDanalysis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,ABCanalysis
904.Bajajcommitteein1986proposed?
a)Multipurposehealthworker
b)Manpowerandplanning
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)RuralHealthServiced)Integratedhealthservices
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Manpowerandplanning
905.UnderRCHprogramme,intervention
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
doneinselecteddistricts-a)Immunization
b)TreatmentofSTD
c)ORStherapy
d)VitaminAsupplementation
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e..TreatmentofSTD
oInterventionsinallDistricts
oChildsurvivalinterventionsi.e.,immunization,vitaminA(to
preventblindness),oralrehydrationtherapyandpreventionof
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
deathsduetopneumonia.Safemotherhoodinterventionse.g.,antenatalcheckup,
immunizationfortetanus,safedelivery,anaemiacontrolprogramme.
ImplementationofTargetFreeApproach
Highqualitytrainingatalllevels
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
IECactivities.SpeciallydesignedRCHpackageforurbanslumsandtribal
areas.
Districtsub-projectsunderlocalcapacityenhancement.
RTI/STDclinicsatDistrictHospitals(wherenotavailable).
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
FacilityforsafeabortionsatPHCsbyprovidingequipment,contractualdoctorsetc.
EnhancedcommunityparticipationthroughPanchayats,Women's
GroupsandNGOs.
Adolescenthealthandreproductivehygiene.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ojnten.entionsinselectedStates/Distts.aScreeningandtreatmentofRTI/STDatsub-divisionallevel.
EmergencyobstetriccareatselectedFRUsbyprovidingdrugs.
EssentialobstetriccarebyprovidingdrugsandPHN/StaffNurseat
PHCs.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
AdditionalANMatsub-centresintheweakdistrictsforensuringMCHcare.
Improveddeliveryservicesandemergencycarebyproviding
equipmentkits.IUDinsertionsandANMkitsatsub-centres.
Facilityofreferraltransportforpregnantwomenduringemergency
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
tothenearestreferralcentrethroughPanchayatinweakdistricts.aEnhancedcommunityparticipationthroughPanchayats,Women's
GroupsandNGOs.
uAdolescenthealthandreproductivehygiene.
oInterventionsinselectedStates/Distts.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ScreeningandtreatmentofRTI/STDatsub-divisionallevel.EmergencyobstetriccareatselectedFRUsbyprovidingdrugs.
EssentialobstetriccarebyprovidingdrugsandPHN/Staff
NurseatPHCs.
AdditionalANMatsub-centresintheweakdistrictsforensuring
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
MCHcare.Improveddeliveryservicesandemergencycarebyproviding
equipmentkits,IUDinsertionsandANMkitsatsub-centres.
Facilityofreferraltransportforpregnantwomenduringemergency
tothenearestreferralcentrethroughPanchayatinweakdistricts.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
EnhancedcommunityparticipationthroughPanchayats,Women'sGroupsandNGOs.
Adolescenthealthandreproductivehygiene.
oInterventionsinselectedStates/Distts.
ScreeningandtreatmentofRTI/STDatsub-divisionallevel.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
EmergencyobstetriccareatselectedFRUsbyprovidingdrugs.EssentialobstetriccarebyprovidingdrugsandPHN/StaffNurseat
PHCs.
AdditionalANMatsub-centresintheweakdistrictsforensuring
MCHcare.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Improveddeliveryservicesandemergencycarebyprovidingequipmentkits,IUDinsertionsandANMkitsatsub-centres.
Facilityofreferraltransportforpregnantwomenduring
emergencytothenearestreferralcentrethroughPanchayatin
weakdistricts.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
906.Ujjwalaisfor-
a)Childabuse
b)Childtrafficking
c)Childlabour
d)None
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,Childtrafficking
oThe'Ministryofwomen&childDevelopment'hasformulateda
newcomprehensiveschemeforpreventionoftraffickingandrescue,
rehabilitationandreintegrationofvictimsoftraffickingand
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
commercialsexualexploitation.oThenewschemehasbeenconceivedprimarilyforthepurpose
preventingtraffickingontheonehandandrescueandrehabilitation
ofvictimsontheother.
oTargetgroupincludes-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
i)Women&childrenwhoarevulnerabletotraffickingforcommercialsexualexploitation.
ii)Women&childrenwhoarevictimsoftraffickingfor
commercialsexualexploitation.
907.NationalLeprosyEradicationProgramme
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
wasstartedin-a)1949
b)1955
c)1973
d)1983
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,1983
908.Directcashtransferschemeto
adolescentgirlsiscoveredunder-
a)IndiraGandhischeme
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)RajivGandhischemec)CSSM
d)RCH
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,RajivGandhiScheme
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
oDirectcashtransferschemetoadolescentgirlscomesunder"RajivGandhiSchemeforEmpowermentofAdolescentGirls"
909.Multi-purposeworkerschemeinIndia
wasintroducedfollowingthe
recommendationof?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)SrivastavaCommitteeb)BhoreCommittee
c)KartarSinghCommittee
d)fsludaliarCommittee
CorrectAnswer-C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'c'i.e.,KartarSinghcommitteeHealthPlanninginIndia
Theguidelinesfornationalhealthplanningwereprovidedbya
numberofcommittees.
oThesecommitteeswereappointedbytheGovernmentofIndia
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
fromtimetotimetoreviewtheexistinghealthsituationandrecommendmeasuresforfurtheraction.
910.Middaymealprogrammecomesunder?
a)MinistryofSocialWelfare
b)Ministryofeducation
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)MinistryofHumanResourcesDevelopmentsd)None
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Ministryofeducation
ItisalsocalledasNationalProgrammeofNutritionalSupportto
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
PrimaryEducation.Itwaslaunchedin1995.Mid-daymealshouldprovide1/3oftotalenergyand1/2oftotalproteinrequirements.
911.Simplestmeasureofmortality?
a)Crudedeathrate
b)Casefatalityrate
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Proportionalmortalityrated)Specificdeathrate
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Crudedeathrate
oThesimplestmeasureofmortalityisthecrudedeathrate.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
912.Whatisabsentinbreastmilk?
a)VitK
b)VitC
c)Lactose
d)VitA
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,VitaminK
oMilksfromthemotherwhosedietissufficientandproperly
balancedwillsupplyallthenecessarynutrientsexceptfluorideand
VitaminD.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
oTheironcontentofhumanmilkislow,butmostnormalterminfantshavesufficientironstoresforthefirst4-6months.Human
milkironiswellabsorbed.Nonetheless,by6monthsthebreast-fed
infant'sdietshouldbesupplementedwithironfortified
complementaryfoods.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
oTheVitaminKcontentofhumanmilkislowandmaycausehemorrhagicdiseaseofnewborn.
913.IMNCItargetgroup-
a)Upto5yrs
b)Upto10yrs
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Upto15yrsd)Upto20yrs
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Upto5years
914.Abovewhichlevelofheatstressindexit
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
isnotpossibletoworkcomfortably-a)20-40
b)40-60
c)60-80
d)80-100
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-BAns.isb'.,40-60
oHSI40-60causessevereheatstrainanditisnotpossibletowork
comfortably.
915.
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Studentsreceivehowmuchcereal/dayinmiddaymealprog-
a)50gm
b)100gm
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)150gmd)75gm
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,75gm
916.Lowglycemicindexisclassifiedasvaluelessthan:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)25b)45
c)55
d)65
CorrectAnswer-C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Conceptofglycemicindexhasutilityinmanagementofdiabetesandobesity.GIrange
Classification
Example
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Mostfruitsandvegetablesexceptpotatoesandwatermelon,LowGI
55orless pastabeans,lentils
MediumGI
56-69
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Sucrose,brownrice,basmatirice70or
HighGI
Cornflakes,whitebread,candybar
more
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ref:Park22ndedition,page568917.Nutritionalsupplementfortwoyearold
childunderICDSschemeis-
a)200Calorie
b)300Calorie
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)400Caloried)500Calorie
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,500calories
oUnderICDSSchemesupplementarynutritionisgivento:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Childrenbelow6yrsNursingmothers
Expectantmothers
oTheaimistosupplementnutritionalintakefor
1)Eachchild6-72monthsofage--)500caloriesand12-15grams
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ofprotein(financialnormofRs6.00perchildperday).2)Severelymalnourishedchild6-72monthsofage-->800calories
and20-25gramsprotein(financialnormofRs6.00perchildper
day).
3)Eachpregnantandnursingwoman600caloriesand18-20
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
gramsofprotein(financialnormofRs5.00perbeneficiaryperday).Undertherevisednutritionalandfeedingnormsforsupplementary
nutrition,Stategovernments/UTshavebeenmandatedtoprovide
morethanonemealtothechildrenwhocometoAWCs,which
includeprovidingamorningsnackintheformof
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
milk/banana/egg/seasonalfruit/micronutrientfortifiedfoodfollowedbyahotcookedmeal.Forchildrenbelow3yearsofageand
pregnant&lactatingmothers,"takehomeration"istobeprovided.o
Supplementarynutritionisgivenfor300daysayear.
918.Blackdeath
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Plagueb)Dengue
c)TB
d)Cholera
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Answer-A.PlagueWhitediseaseAIDS
PovertydiseaseCholera
Hundreddaycough:Pertussis(Whoopingcough)
5dayfever:Trenchfever
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
8"daydisease:TetanusBlacksickness:Kalaazar
Blackdeath:Plague
919.Irregularpupilisseenin?
a)Glaucoma
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Traumac)Occulomotorpulsy
d)Retinaldetachment
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans,B.Trauma
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Irregular:-Itisjaggedlookingandoccursmostoftenafterorbitaltrauma.
920.Dioptericpowerisrelated-
a)Directlytosquareoffocallength
b)Inverselytofocallength
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Directlytofocallengthd)Inverselytosquareoffocallength
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Inverselytofocallength
Opticalpower(alsoreferredtoasdioptricpower,refractivepower,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
focusingPower,orconvergencePower)isthedegreetomirror,orotheropticalsystemconvergesordivergeslight.
921.Visualaxisis
a)Centerofcorneatoretina
b)Objecttofovea
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Centeroflenstocornead)None
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.Objecttofovea
922.Eyestructurewithmaximumrefractive
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
power:March2007
a)Anteriorsurfaceoflens
b)Posteriorsurfaceoflens
c)Anteriorsurfaceofcornea
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)PosteriorsurfaceofcorneaCorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C:Anteriorsurfaceofcornea
Togetherwiththelens,thecornearefractslight,accountingfor
approximatelytwo-thirdsoftheeye'stotalopticalpower.Inhumans,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
therefractivepowerofthecorneaisapproximately43dioptres.Whilethecorneacontributesmostoftheeye'sfocusingpower,its
focusisfixed.
Thecurvatureofthelens,ontheotherhand,canbeadjustedto
"tune"thefocusdependingupontheobject'sdistance.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
923.Foster'sfusch'sspotsareseenin
a)Hypermetropiea
b)Myopia
c)Astigmatism
d)None
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-BAns.Myopia
924.Astigmatismisconsideredtobe:
a)Sphericalabberation
b)Curvaturalametropia
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Axialametropiad)Indexametropia
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.Sphericalabberation
925.Lowastigmatismindimlightisdue?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Pupilconstrictionb)Pupildilatation
c)Increasedcurvatureoflens
d)Decreasedcurvatureoflens
CorrectAnswer-B
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.B.Pupildilatation926.AwaveinERGisduetoactivityof:
a)Pigmentedepithelium
b)Rodsandcones
c)Ganglioncell
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)BipolarcellCorrectAnswer-B
Ans.Rodsandcones
927.2ndPurkinjeimageis?
a)Erectandmovesinsamedirection
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Invertedandmovesinsamedirectionc)Erectandmovesinoppositedirection
d)Invertedandmovesinoppositedirection
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Erectandmovesinsamedirection
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1stfromanteriorsurfac:ofcornea-->Erettanilmovesinsamedirection.
2ndfromposteriorsurfaceofcornea-->Erectandmovesinsame
direction.
3rdfromanteriorsurfaceoflens-->Erectandmoveinsame
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
direction.4thfromposteriorsurfaceoflens-->Invertedandmovesinopposite
direction
928.Cornealendothelialcellcountis
measuredby?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Specularmicroscopeb)Ophthalmoscope
c)Synoptophore
d)Amsler'sgrid
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'a'i.e.,SpecularmicroscopeCornealendotheliumisexaminedwithspecularmicroscope,which
allowsaclearmorphologicalstudyofendothelialcellsincluding
photographicdocumentation.
Thecelldensityofendotheliumisaround3000cells/mm2inyoung
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
adults,whichdecreaseswithadvancingage.929.Featuresofvernalconjunctivitisare:
a)Shieldulcer
b)Horner-Tranta'sspots
c)Papillaryhypertrophy
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)AllCorrectAnswer-D
Ans.A,BandC
930.Complicationofvernalkerato
conjunctivitis:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Cataractb)Keratoconus
c)Retinaldetachment
d)Vitreoushemorrhage
CorrectAnswer-B
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.Keratoconus931.Treatmentofvernalkeratoconjunctivitis
includesallexcept:
a)Steroids
b)Chromoglycate
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Olopatadined)Antibiotics
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.Antibiotics
932.Neonatalconjunctivitisiscausedbyall
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
except:a)Gonococcus
b)Chlamydia
c)Aspergillus
d)Pseudomonas
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-CAns.Aspergillus
933.Subconjunctivalcystisseenin?
a)Toxoplasmosis
b)Cysticercosis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Leishmaniasisd)Chaga'sdisease
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.isbi.e.,Cysticercosis
Parasiticcystsoccursinsubconjunctivalcysticercus,hydatidcyst
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
andfilarialcyst.934.Whichbacteriapenetratesintactcornea
?
a)Corynebacterium
b)Pneumococcus
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Morexellad)E.coli
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Corynebacterium
Bacterialcornealulcer
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Bacterialcornealulcer,alsocalledsuppurativekeratitis,isduetoorganismsthatproducetoxinwhichcausetissuenecrosisandpus
formationinthecornealtissue.Purulentkeratitisisnearlyalways
exogenous,duetopyogenicorganism.Aslongasthecorneais
healthy,themajorityofbacteriaareunabletocrossoradheretothe
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
cornealepithelium.Thereforethetwomainpredisposingfactorsforbacterialcornealulcerare:-
1. Damagetocornealepithelium
2. Infectionoftheerodedarea
However,thereareafewspeciesthatarecapableofpenetratingan
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
intactepithelium:-1. Neisseriagonorrhoea
2. Neisseriameningitidis
3. Corynebacteriumdiphtheriae
4. Listeriaspecies
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
5. HaemophilusagyptusBacteriawhichcausecornealulcer(Purulentkeratitis)afterepithelial
injuriesare:-
1. Pseudomonas
2. Pneumococcus
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3. Streptococcusepidermidis4. Staphylococcusaureus
5. Morexella
6. Enterobacterias
7. Proteus,Klebsiella)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Althoughtherearespecificpresentationsdependingonthebacteriainvolved,thereexistsaseriesofsymptomsandsignscommontoall
thatallowforarapiddiagnosis,andthereforeearlytreatmentof
cornealulcers.Themostimportantsymptomsarepain,lacrimation,
foreignbodysensation,conjunctivalinjection(redeye),photophobia
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
andblurredvision.Thereislidswelling,blepharospasmandyellowwhiteareasofulcerwithswollenandoverhangingmarinmaybe
seen.
935.Herpetickeratitisistreatedby
a)Analgesics
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Atropinec)Steroids
d)Idoxuridine
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans:Di.e.Idoxuridine
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
DrugofchoiceforherpetickeratitisisAcyclovirQ(topical)Otherantiviraldrugsusedare
Idoxuridine
Trifluorothyrnidine
Vidarabine
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
936.Disciformkeratitisisseen?
a)HSV
b)HIV
c)HBV
d)Rubella
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAns.A.HSV
937.Satellitenodulesareseenin
a)Fungalcornealulcer
b)Tuberculosis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Sarcoidosisd)Viralulcer
CorrectAnswer-A
Ai.e.Fungalcornealulcer
938.Mostcommonprotozoancausing
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
keratitisisa)Plasmodium
b)Acanthamoeba
c)Toxoplasma
d)W.bancrofti
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-BAns.is`b'i.e.,Acanthamoeba[RefKanski8th/ep.197]
"Acanthamoebakeratitisisthemostcommonkeratitiscausedbya
protozoanespeciallyincontactlensusers".
939.Cornealdystrophy,trueis-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Inflammatoryb)Neovascularization
c)Bilateral
d)All
CorrectAnswer-C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.C.BilateralCornealdystroPhyisagroupofdisorders,characterizedbyanon-
inflammatory,inherited,bilateralopacityofthecornea.
Thereisnovascularizationofcornea.
Dystrophiesareclassifiedaccordingtotheanatomicalinvolvement.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
940.Followingcornealtransplantation,most
commoninfectionoccur?
a)Staphepidermidis
b)Streptococcus
c)Klebsiella
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)PseudomonasCorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.Staphepidermidis
Pneumococcusandstaphylococcusaureushavebeenfoundtobe
thecommonestmicroorganismsinthedevelopedworld,whereas
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
staphepidermidisisthecommonestindevelopingcountries,forcausinginfectiouskeratitisaftercornealtransplantations.
941.1stsignofanterioruveitis?
a)Keraticprecipitate
b)Aqueousflare
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Hypopyond)Miosis
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Aqueousflare
942.1stsignofiridocyclitis?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Retrolentalflareb)KP
c)Congestion
d)Trichiasis
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.A.Retrolentalflare943.Mostcommoncauseofanterioruveitis?
a)CMV
b)Ankylosingspondylitis
c)Toxoplasma
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)NoneCorrectAnswer-A
Ans,A.CMV
944.Iritisinyoungpatientwithjointpain-
a)Gout
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)RAc)AS
d)Toxoplasma
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans,C.AS
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
945.Commonestcomplicationofparsplanitis
?
a)Glaucoma
b)Cataract
c)Retinaldetachment
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)VitreoushemorrhageCorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Cataract
Themostcommoncomplicationofintermediateuveitis(pers
ptanitis)iscystoidmacularedema,whichmaydecreasethevisual
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
acuity.2ndmostcommoncomplicationiscomplicatedcataract'
Othercomplicationincludesretinaldetachment.
946.Metamorphopsiaisseenin?
a)Anterioruveitis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Posterioruveitisc)Cataract
d)Glaucoma
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Posterioruveitis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Matamorphopsiaisaconditioninwhichpatientsperceivedistortedimagesoftheobject.
ItoccursinPosterioruveitisduetoalterationinretinalcontour'
947.Recurrentanterioruveitiswithincreased
intraoculartensionisseenin?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Posnerschlossmansyndromeb)Fosterkennedysyndrome
c)Vogt-koyanagi-haradasyndrome
d)None
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.A.PosnerschlossmansyndromeGlamatocycliticcrisis(posner-Schlossmansyndrome)isa
unilateralrecurrentnon-granulomatousiritisthatisassociatedwith
anelevatedocularpressureduringtheattacks'
948.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Congenitalcataractcommonlyassociatedwithvisualdefect?
a)PunctateCataract
b)Bluedotcataract
c)Zonularcataract
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)FusiformcataractCorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Zonularcataract
Lamellar(Zonular)cataractisthemostcommontypeofcongenital
cataractpresentingwithvisualimpairment.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Itisusuallybilateralandfrequentlycausesserverevisualdefects'949.Decreasedreadingabilityisseenin?
a)Fusiformcataract
b)Zonularcataract
c)Bluedotcataract
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)PunctatecataractCorrectAnswer-B
Ans,B.Zonularcataract
950.Lenssubluxatesinhomocystinuria?
a)Inferotemporal
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Inferonasalc)Superonasal
d)Superotemporal
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Inferonasal
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
951.Secondsightisseenin?
a)Nuclearcataract
b)Corticalcataract
c)Zonularcataract
d)Punctatecataract
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAns.A.Nuclearcataract
Whenanuclearcataractdevelops,itcanbringaboutatemporary
improvementinnearvision,called'secondsight'.
952.Congenitalcataractwithvisual
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
disturbancessurgeryshouldbedone?a)Immediately
b)After2months
c)After4months
d)After1year
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAns.A.Immediately
953.Mostcommontypeofcongenital
cataractis?
a)Capsular
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Zonularc)Coralliform
d)Bluedot
CorrectAnswer-D
AnsD.Bluedot
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Mostcommontypeofcongenitalcataract=punctate(bluedot)cataract.
Mostcommontypeofcataractwhichisclinically(visually)significant
+zonularorlamellarcataract.
954.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Treatmentoftraumaticcataractinchildren?
a)ECCE+IOL
b)Lensectomy
c)Contactlens
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)GlassesCorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.ECCE+IOL
Traumaticcataractinchildrenisacommoncauseofunilateralloss
ofvision.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Penetratinginjuriesareusuallymorecommonthanbluntinjuries.Atthetimeofpresentationaftertraumatoeye,primaryrepairofthe
cornealorscleralwoundisusuallypreferred,
CataractsurgeryGCCE)withIOLimplantationsisperformedlater
followingcompleteevaluationofdamagetotheintraocular
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
structuresbyancillarymethodssuchasB-scanultrasonography.955.Jackinboxscotomaisseenafter
correctionofAphakiaby?
a)IOL
b)Spectacles
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Contactlensd)None
CorrectAnswer-B
Jack-in-the-boxphenomenonisseeninthecorrectionofaphakiaby
spectaclesduetotheprismaticeffectsattheedgeofthelens.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Otherdifficultiesinthecorrectionofaphakiabyspectaclesincludethefollowing:
Imagemagnificationby25?30%.
PinCushiondistortion-asphericalaberrationduetothick
spectacles.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
RestrictedfieldwithJackintheBoxphenomenona/RovingRingscotoma-aprismaticaberration.
Cosmetically,theeyeslookenlarged(Frogeyes)behindthethick
spectacles.
Physicalinconvenience.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Treatmentofchoice:correctionisobtainedbyintraocularlens(IOL).
956.Falseaboutphacolyticglaucoma?
a)Duetocontactofiristolens
b)Openangleglaucoma
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Seeninhypermaturestageofcataractd)Lensinducedglaucoma
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.Duetocontactofiristolens
Phacolyticglaucomaisanopenangleglaucomainhypermature
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
stageofcataractduetoblockageoftrabecularmeshworkbyswollenmacrophages.
Glaucomaduetocontactofiristolens(pupillaryblockglaucoma)is
seeninphacomorphicglaucoma.
957.Neovascularglaucomaisseeninall
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
except?a)Diabetes
b)CRVO
c)Eale'sdisease
d)Openangleglaucoma
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-DAns.D.Openangleglaucoma
Itisasecondaryangleclosureglaucomawhichresultsdueto
formationofneovascularmembraneovertheirisi.e.,
neovascularizationofiris(rubeosisiridis).
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
958.Laseriridotomyisdonein?
a)Angleclosureglaucoma
b)Openangleglaucoma
c)Pigmentoryglaucoma
d)None
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAns.A.Angleclosureglaucoma
TreatmentofchoiceforPACGisperipherallaseriridotomy.
959.Inacuteangleclosureglaucoma,primary
mechanismofpathogenesisis?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Increasedsecretionb)Increasedabsorptionbutincreasedsecretion
c)Outflowobstruction
d)None
CorrectAnswer-C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans,C.OutflowobstructionInacuteangleclosureglaucoma,riseinIOPoccursduetoblockage
ofaqueousoutflowbyclosureofanarrowerangleofanterior
chamber.
960.Notariskfactorforangleclosure
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
glaucoma?a)Smalleye
b)Hypermetropia
c)Smallcornea
d)Smalllens
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-DAns.D.Smalllens
PredisposingfactorsforPACG:-i)Shallowanteriorchamber,ii)
Shorteye(shortaxiallensth),i1i)Smallercornealdiameter,iv)
Anteriorlocationofiris-lensdiaphragm,v)Hlpermetropiceye,vi)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Largelens(oldercataractous).961.Bestdrugforopenangleglaucoma?
a)Latanoprost
b)Pilocarpine
c)Physostigmine
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)ApraclonidineCorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.Latanoprost
Medicaltherapy:-Totalmedicaltherapyisthetreatmentofchoice
forPOAG.Topicalp-blockers(Timolol,Betoxalol,Levobunolol,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
carteolol)arethedrugsofchoice.Topicalprostaglandinanalogues(Iatanoprost,bimatoprost,
travoprost)arethesecondchoicedrugs.
962.Broadestneuroretinalrimisseenin-
a)Suppole
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Infpolec)Nasalpole
d)Temporallobe
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.,B.Infpole
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Theneurorentinalrimistheareaofopticdiscwhichcontainsneuralelementsandislocatedbetweentheedgeoftheopticdiscandthe
physiologicalcup.
TheneuroretinalrinisbroadestInferiorly,followedbySuperior,
NasalandTemporalregionsindecreasingorderofthickness(the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ISNT)rule.963.Retinitispigmentosaisduetodefectin
whichgene-
a)Scotopsin
b)Rhodopsin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Pigmentedepitheliumd)None
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Rhodopsin
Severaldifferentrhodopsingenemutationshavebeenidentifiedin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
thepedigreeswithautosomaldominantretinitispigmentosa.964.Ealesdiseaseis?
a)Recurrentopticneuritis
b)Recurrentpappilloedema
c)Recurrentperiphelbitisretinae
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)NoneCorrectAnswer-C
Ans,C.Recurrentperiphelbitisretinae
Eale'sdiseaseisanidiopathicinflammatoryvenousocclusion
(phelbitis)thatprimarilyeffectstheperipheralretinai.e.,periphelbitis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
andischaracterizedbyrecurrentbilateralvitreoushemorrhage.965.Shaffer'ssignisseenin?
a)Retinitispigmentosa
b)Retinaldetachment
c)CRVO
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)CRAOCorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Retinaldetachment
Vitreousshowpigmentintheanteriorvitreous(tobaccodustingor
shaffersign),withposteriorvitreousdetachement.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
966.Depositinretinalmaculardegeneration?
a)Iron
b)Drusen
c)Lipochrome
d)Hemosiderine
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-BAns.B.Drusen
DryformofARMDbeginswithcharacteristicyellowdepositsinthe
maculacalleddrusenbetweentheretinalpigmentepitheliumandtie
underlyingchoroid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
967.Vitreoushemorrhageindiabetic
retinopathy?
a)Non-proliferativediabeticretinopathy
b)Proliferativediabeticretinopathy
c)Both
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)NoneCorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Proliferativediabeticretinopathy
968.Headlightinfogappearanceisseenin?
a)Syphilis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Toxoplasmossc)Toxocara
d)Herpes
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Toxoplasmoss
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Onfundoscopicexamination,thereisdiffuse"headtightinthefogappearance,incongenitaltoxoplasmosis.
Thisisduetocombinationofactiveretinallesioninthecenterwith
depigmentation(theheadlight)andseverevitreousinflammation
(thefog).
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969.Salt&pepperfundus?
a)Congtoxoplasmosis
b)Conghistoplasmosis
c)Congenitalsyphilis
d)None
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CorrectAnswer-CAns.C.Congenitalsyphilis
970.Cattletrackappearence?
a)CRVO
b)CRAO
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c)Diabeticretinopathyd)Syphiliticretinopathy
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.CRAO
971.Eale'sdiseaseis?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Retinalhemorrhageb)Vitreoushemorrhage
c)Conjunctivalhemorrhage
d)Choroidalhemorrhage
CorrectAnswer-B
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.B.VitreoushemorrhageEale'sdiseseisanidiopathicinflammatoryvenousocclusionthat
primarilyaffectstheperipheralretinaofyoungadult(20-30yrs)
male.
Itischaracterizedbyrecurrentbilateralvitreoushemorrhage;
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therefore,alsoreferredtoasprimaryvitreoushemorrhage.972.Extraretinalfibrovascularproliferationat
ridgeis?
a)Normal
b)StageIROM
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)StageIIROMd)StageIIIROM
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D.StageIIIROM
DiseaseSeverity(Stage)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
PriortothedevelopmentofROPintheprematureinfant,vascularizationoftheretinaisincompleteor"immature"(Stage0).
Stage1:DemarcationLine:Thislineisthinandflat(intheretina
plane)andseparatestheavascularretinaanteriorlyfromthe
vascularizedretinaposteriorly.
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Stage2:Ridge:Theridgearisesfromthedemarcationlineandhasheightandwidth,whichextendsabovetheplaneoftheretina.The
ridgemaychangefromwhitetopinkandvesselsmayleavethe
planeoftheretinaposteriortotheridgetoenterit.Smallisolated
tuftsofneovasculartissuelyingonthesurfaceoftheretina,
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commonlycalled"popcorn"maybeseenposteriortothisridgestructureanddonotconstitutethedegreeoffibrovasculargrowth
thatisanecessaryconditionforstage3.
Stage3:ExtraretinalFibrovascularProliferation:Neovascularization
extendsfromtheridgeintothevitreous.Thisextraretinal
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proliferatingtissueiscontinuouswiththeposterioraspectoftheridge,causingaraggedappearanceastheproliferationbecomes
moreextensive.
Stage4:PartialRetinalDetachment:Stage4,intheinitial
classificationwasthefinalstageandinitiallyknownasthecicatricial
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
classificationwasthefinalstageandinitiallyknownasthecicatricial
phase.Itwaslaterdividedintoextrafoveal(stage4A)andfoveal
(stage4B)partialretinaldetachments.Stage4retinaldetachments
aregenerallyconcaveandmostarecircumferentiallyoriented.
Retinaldetachmentsusuallybeginatthepointoffibrovascular
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attachmenttothevascularizedretinaandtheextentofdetachmentdependsontheamountofneovascularizationpresent.
Stage5:TotalRetinalDetachment:Retinaldetachmentsare
generallytractionalandusuallyfunnelshaped.Theconfigurationof
thefunnelitselfisusedforsubdivisionofthisstagedependingifthe
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anteriorandposteriorportionsareopenornarrowed973.Allareseenin3'nervepalsy?
a)Mydriasis
b)Lossoflightreflex
c)Lossofabduction
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d)PtosisCorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Lossofabduction
974.Swinginglighttestispositivein?
a)Conjunctivitis
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b)Glaucomac)Retrobulbarneuritis
d)Keratoconus
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Retrobulbarneuritis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Swingingflashlightisusedforrelativeefferentpathwaydefect(RAPD)whichismostcharacteristicofIesionsintheopticnerve.
Thusitispositiveinretrobulbarneuritis.
975.Optictractlesioncauses?
a)Wernicke'shemianopicpupil
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b)Amauraticpupilc)Amauraticpupil
d)None
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans,A.Wernicke'shemianopicpupil
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Wernicke'shemianopicpupilisseenincompletelesionofoptictract.976.Amblyopiaiscausedby?
a)Methylalcohol
b)Penicillin
c)Propranolol
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)NoneCorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.Methylalcohol
Toxicamblyopiaischronicretrobulbarneuritiswhichresultsfromthe
damagetoopticnervebytheexogenouspoisons.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Thetoxicagentsinvolvemaybe:Tobacco,ethylatcohol,ethyleneglycol,Iead,arsenic,cannabisindica,carbondisulphidevarious
drugs
977.VitaminB12deficiencycauses?
a)Centrocaecalscotoma
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b)Binasalhemianopiac)Constrictionofperipheralfield
d)Bitemporalhemianopia
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.,A.Centrocaecalscotoma
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
VitaminB12deficiencycausesopticneuritis.Mostcommonvisualfielddefectinopticneuritisiscentralor
centrocaecalscotoma.
978.Causeofbilateralopticatrophy?
a)Traumatoopticnerve
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Intracranialneoplasmac)CRAO
d)Opticneuritis
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Intracranialneoplasma
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979.
Earliestmuscletoinvolveinthyroid
ophthalmopathy?
a)MR
b)LR
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c)IRd)SR
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.IR
980.Whichofthefollowingislongest
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extraocularmuscle?a)SR
b)MR
c)SO
d)IO
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CorrectAnswer-CAns.C.SO
Thesuperiorobliqueisthelongest,thinnestextraocularmuscle.
981.Treatmentofchoiceforamblyopiais?
a)Convergentexercises
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b)Spectaclesc)Surgery
d)Conventionalocclusion
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D.Conventionalocclusion
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Thetreatmentofamblyopiashouldbeginasearlyaspossible.Theamblyopiceyefailstodevelopvisionandvisualimpairment
remainsPermanentunlessitistreatedbeforetheageof7years.
Amblyopictherapyworksbestwhenintitiatedinyoungchildren
under3yearsofage.
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982.Aftertrauma,Apersoncannotmoveeye
outwordbeyondmidpoint.Thenerve
injuredis?
a)2nd
b)3rd
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c)4thd)6th
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans,D.6th
Alltheextraocularmusclesaresuppliedby3rdcranial(occulomotor)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
nerveexceptforsuperiorobliqueandlateralrectus.superiorobliquemuscleissuppliedby4thcranial(trochlear)nerve,andlateralrectus
muscleissuppliedby6thcranial(abducent)nene.Besidethese
extraocularmuscles,occulomotor(3rd)nervealsosupplieslevator
palpebraesuperioris,sphinctorpupillae(causespupillary
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constriction),andciliarymuscle(causesaccommodation).983.Angleofsquintismeasuredby?
a)Gonioscopy
b)Prism
c)Retinoscopy
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d)KeratometryCorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Prism
984.Mostcommoncauseofophthalmoplegia
?
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a)Aneurysmb)Infection
c)Mystheniagravis
d)None
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.A.AneurysmThemostcommonindentifiableetiologiesareischemia,aneurysm,
tumorandttauma;some20%remainunexplained.
985.Ataxia,nystagmusandophthalmoplegia
isseenin-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Mystheniagravisb)Chronicprogressiveexternalophthalmoplegia
c)3rdnervepalsy
d)None
CorrectAnswer-B
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.B.ChronicprogressiveexternalophthalmoplegiaThemostcommonidentifiableetiologiesareischemia,aneurysm,
tumorandtrauma,some20%remainunexplained.
986.Childwithmildsquint.Intrauterine,birth
history,developmentalhistorytilldateall
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normal.Cornealreflexnormal.Allothereyeparametersnormalexcept
exaggeratedepicanthalfold.Diagnosis?
a)Pseudostrabismus
b)Accommodativesquint
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c)Exophoriad)Esophoria
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans,A.Pseudostrabismus
Pseudoesotropia(apparentconvergentsquint-Duetoprominent
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epicanthalfold.Pseudoexotropia(apparentdivergentsquint-Duetohypertelorism.
987.MCorbitaltumor?
a)Nervesheathtumor
b)Hemangioma
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Lymphomad)Meningioma
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Hemangioma
Mostcommonorbitaltumor-Cavernoushemangioma.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Mostcommonmalignantorbitaltumor?Lymphoma.988.
Mostcommonorbitaltumorhasits
originfrom?
a)Bloodvessels
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b)Nervesc)Muscle
d)Lymphnode
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans,A.Bloodvessels
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Mostcommonorbitaltumorsarebenignvasculartumors-Cavernoushemangioma.
989.Mostcommonmalignanttumourof
eyelidis?
a)Sebaceousglandcarcinoma
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b)Basalcellcarcinomac)Squamouscellcarcinoma
d)Malignantmelanoma
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans,b.Basalcellcarcinoma
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Basalcellcarcinomaisthemostcommonmalignanttumouroftheeyelidsandconstitutes85-90%ofallmalignantepithelialeyelid
tumours.
990.Mostcommoncarcinomaofconjunctiva
?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)SquamouscellCab)Basalcellca
c)Melanoma
d)Lymphoma
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.A.SquamouscellCaSquamouscellcarcinomaisthemostcommonmalignantlesionof
theconjunctiva"
991.Retinalastrocytomaisseenin?
a)Tuberoussclerosis
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b)Sturgewebersyndromec)VonHippel-Lindausyndrome
d)None
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.Tuberoussclerosis
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992.Fusionofpalpebralandbulbar
conjunctivais-
a)Symblepharon
b)Trichiasis
c)Ectropion
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d)TylosisCorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.Symblepharon
Adhesionofthelidstoeyeballiscalledsymblepharon.
Itoccursduetofusionofpalpebralconjunctiva(coveringinner
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surfaceoflid)tobulburconjunctiva(coveringoutersurfaceofeyeball).
993.Lossofeyelashesis?
a)Tylosis
b)Madarosis
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c)Trichiasisd)Ectropion
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Madarosis
Madarosisrefertolossofeyelashesandsometimesalsoeyebrows
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
994.Madarosisisseenin?
a)Addison'sdisease
b)Hypothyroidism
c)Acromegaly
d)None
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CorrectAnswer-BAns.B.Hypothyroidism
MadarosismaYbeseenin-
Rubella
CongenitalSyphilis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CongenitalleberamaurosisMayousBattendisease
Thioridazinetoxicity
995.Abnormallyeccentricplacedpupilis
called?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Polycoriab)Corectopia
c)Corectopia
d)Ectopialentis
CorrectAnswer-B
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.B.Corectopia996.Massagingofnasolacrimalductisdone
in?
a)Acutedacryocystitis
b)Congenitaldacryocystitis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Conjunctivitisd)None
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Congenitaldacryocystitis
Massageoverlacrimalsacisthemainstayoftreatmentincongenital
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dacryocystitis.997.Mostcommoncauseofintermittent
proptosis?
a)Orbitalvarix
b)Thyroidophthalmopathy
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c)Neuroblastomad)Retinoblastoma
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.Orbitalvarix
Intetmittentproptosis:-Proptosisdevelopingintermittentlyand
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
rapidlyinoneeyewhenvenousstasisisinducedbyforwardbendingorloweringthehead,turningtheheadforcibly,hyperextensionofthe
neck,coughing,forcedexpirationwithorwithoutcompressionofthe
nostrils,orpressureonjugularveins.Themostimportantcasueis
orbitalvarix(varicocele).
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
998.Bilateralptosisisseeninallexcept?
a)Hyperthyroidism
b)Congenital
c)Trauma
d)Myotonicdystrophy
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CorrectAnswer-CAns,C.Trauma
999.Unilaterallacrimalglanddestructionmay
becausedby?
a)Inferiororbitalfissurefracture
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b)Fractureofroofoforbitc)Fractureoflateralwall
d)Fractureofsphenoid
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Fractureofroofoforbit
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Damagetothesuperiororbitalstructures,infractureofroofoforbit,cancausediplopia,ptosis,opticneuropathy,ptosis,neuroPathyand
lacrimalglandinjury.
1000.Alkalicauses?
a)Symblepharon
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Papilloedemac)Opticneuritis
d)Retinaldetachment
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans,A.Symblepharon
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1001.Expulsivehemorrhageincataract
surgeryisfrom?
a)Vortexvein
b)Ciliaryartery
c)Choroidalvein
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d)NoneCorrectAnswer-B
Ans,B.Ciliaryartery
Expulsivehemorrhageaftercataractextractionorglaucomasurgery
=Ruptureofciliaryartery.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ExpulsivehemorrhageinRetinal/Vitrousoperation=Directtraumatochoroidalorvortexvein.
1002.Coloboma,mostcommonsite?
a)Superotemporal
b)Inferonasal
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Inferotemporald)Superonasal
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Inferonasal
Acolobomaisaholeinoneofthestructuresofeye,suchasiris,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
retina,choroidoropticdisc.Theeyedevelopsintheembryo,fromtheopticcupandoptic
fissure.Theopticfissurefusesat5-7weeksdevelopment.
Failureofthisfusionleadstoagapinoculartissueknowas
coloboma,typicallylocatedintheinferonasalquadrant.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1003.Irisclobomaismostcommonin?
a)Inferotemporal
b)Soperotemporal
c)Inferonasal
d)Soperonasal
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-CAns.C.Inferonasal
Allclobomas(includingiris)aremostlyinferonasal.
1004.Enucleationisindicatedin?
a)Acutecongestiveglaucoma
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Panophthalmitisc)Retinoblastoma
d)None
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans,C.Retinoblastoma
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
IndicationsofEnucleationAbsolute=Retinoblastoma,malignantmelanoma.
Relative=Painfulblindeye,mutilatingocularinjury,anterior
staphyloma,phthisisDalEi,endophthalmitis,congenital
anophthalmiaorseveremicrophthalmia.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1005.Cornealtattooingisdoneby?
a)Goldchloride
b)Silverchloride
c)Titaniumchloride
d)Aluminiumchloride
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAns.A.Goldchloride
FortattooingIndianblackinkgoldchlorideorplatinummaybeused.
1006.Staphlyomainvolvement?
a)Iriswithconjunctiva
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b)Conjunctivawithcorneac)Choroidwithretina
d)Iriswithcornea
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D.Iriswithcornea
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Staphylomaisanabnormalprotrusionofuvealtissue(irisorciliarybodyorchoroid)throughaweekandthinportionofcorneaorsclera.
So,staphylomaislinedinternallybyuvealtissue(irisorciliarybody
orchoroid)andexternallybyweakcorneaorsclera.
1007.65yearoldpersonwithhearingloss
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withnormalspeechdiscriminationissufferingfrom?
a)Noiseinducedhearingloss
b)Presbycusis
c)Ototoxicdrug
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)NOHLCorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'B'i.e.,Presbycusis
Informationinthisquestionare:-(i)Oldage(65years),(ii)Hearing
loss,and(iii)Preservedspeechdiscrimnation.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
DiagnosisisPresbycusis.Presbycusis
Presbycusisreferstosensorineuralhearinglossinelderly
individuals
Characteristically,presbycusisinvolvesbilateralhigh
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
frequencyhearinglossassociatedwithdifficultyinspeechdiscriminationandcentralauditoryprocessinginformation.
Fourpathologicaltypesofpresbycusishavebeenidentified:-
SensorypresbycusisThereisepithelialatrophywithlossofsensory
haircellsandsupportingcellsintheorganofcorti.This
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
processstartsinthebasalturnofcochleaandslowlyprogresstowardstheapex.Higherfrequenciesareaffectedbutspeech
discriminationispreserved.
Neuralpresbycusis:-Thereisatrophyofnervecellsinthecochlea
andcentralneuralpathways.Atrophyoccursthroughoutthe
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
cochlea,withthebasilarregiononlyslightlymorepredisposedthantheremainderofthecochlea.Therefore,noprecipitousdropin
thresholdonaudiometryisobserved.Speechdiscriminationispoor.
Metabolic(strial)presbycusis;;-Thereisatrophyofstriavascularis.
Atrophyresultsinhearinglossrepresentedbyflataudiogram,but
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
speechdiscriminationispreserved.Mechanical(cochlearconductive)presbycusis:-Thereisthickening
andsecondarystiffeningofthebasilarmembraneofthecochlea.
Thethickeningismoresevereinthebasalturnofcochleawherethe
basilarmembraneisnarrow.Thiscorrelateswithagraduallysloping
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
highfrequencysensorineuralhearingloss.Speechdiscriminationisaverage.
1008.Athleticsyndromeischaracterizedby:
a)IncreasedamplitudeofQRS
b)Tachycardia
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c)DecreasedQTintervald)U-waves
CorrectAnswer-A
TheanswerisA(IncreasedamplitudeofQRScomplex):
AthleticHeartSyndrome
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
AthleticHeartSyndromeisabenignconditionconsistingofphysiologicadaptationstotheincreasedcardiacworkloadof
exerciseintrainedathletes.
Itrepresentsaconstellationofclinicalfindingsthataretheresultof
normalphysiologicadaptationtostrenuousphysicalactivity.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Inresponsetotheincreasedphysicaldemand,theleftventriclesdilateandwallthicknessincreases.Themasstovolumeratio,
however,doesnotchange.
Physicalexamination
Decreasedbodyfatandincreasedmusclemass(generallyvery
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
physicallyfit)Pulseslowandoftenirregular(sinusbradycardiaorbradycardiawith
first-andsecond-degreeblocks)
GradeIorIImid-systolicmurmurs(benignfunctionalejection
murmurresolveswithValsalvamaneuver)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Thirdandfourthheartsoundsverycommon(benignfillingsounds)Bloodpressuretypicallyremainsnormal
Electrocardiogramrhythm
Rhythm
-Sinusbradycardiaof40to55beats/minwhileatrest
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
-Sinuspausesofmorethan2.0secondsduetoincreasedvagal
tone
-Wanderingatrialpacemakerfoundonlyindynamicathletes
-Firstdegreeatrioventricularblockpresentonlyatrest;P-Rinterval
normalizeswithexercise
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
-Seconddegreeatrioventricularblockpresentonlyatrest:MobitzI(wenckebachblock)commoninmarathonrunners;MobitzIIrarein
athlete'sheart.
Voltage:TORSvoltage(Amplitude)
-Leftventricularhypertrophyfoundin85%ofOlympicmarathon
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
runners-Rightventricularhypertrophycommonindynamicathletesbut
rarelyseeninsedentarycontrolsandstaticathletessedentary
controlandstaticathletes
Repolarization
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
-S-TsegmentelevationwithpeakedTwavesnormalizeswithexertion
-S-Tsegmentdepressionmayberarelyfoundinathletes
T-waveinversioninlateralleadsassociatedwithinterventricular
septalhypertrophyinstaticathletes(canbeanormalfindingin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
dynamicathletes)Chestradiography
-Theheartisglobularinappearance,particularlyinendurance
athletes.
-Cardiomegaly(cardiothoracicratio>0.50)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1009.TallTwavesonECGareseenin:
a)Hyperkalemia
b)Hypokalemia
c)Hypercalcemia
d)Hypocalcemia
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAnswerisA(Hyperkalemia)
HyperkalemiaistypicallyassociatedwithTallpeakednarrowbased
frntedTwave.
1010.-30?to-60?leftaxisdeviationisseen
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ina)Leftventricularhypertrophy
b)Rightventricularhypertrophy
c)Aorticstenosis
d)Leftatrialenlargement
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAnswer-A.Leftventricularhypertrophy
Normally,QRSaxisrangesfrom-30?to90?C
Anaxismorenegativethan-30?isreferredtoasleftaxisdeviation
andanaxismorepositivethan+100?iscalledrightaxisdeviation
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
LeftaxisdeviationAxismorenegativethan-30?
Associatedwith
Leftventricularhypertrophy
Leftanteriorfascicularblock
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
InferiorM.I.1011.Kussmaul'ssignisclassically
describedin:
a)RestrictiveCardiomyopathy
b)PericardialTamponade
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Constrictivepericarditisd)RightVentricularInfarct
CorrectAnswer-C
AnswerisC(Constrictivepericarditis)
Kussmaul'ssignisclassicallydescribedinassociationwith
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ConstrictivePericarditis.Kussmaul'ssignreferstoparadoxicalelevationofJVP/CVPduring
inspiration(Inhealthypersonsvenouspressurefallsduring
inspirationbecausepressuresintherightheartdecreaseas
intrathoracicpressuresfall)TheKussmaul'ssignisclassically
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
describedinassociationwithConstrictivepericarditis.Kussmaul'ssignishoweveralsoseeninassociationwithRightVentricular
Infarction,RestrictiveCardiomyopathy,PulmonaryEmbolismand
AdvancedSystolicSevereHeartFailure
1012.Jawtightnessistypicallyseenin:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)PANb)Coarctationofaorta
c)Giantcellarteritis
d)Wegner'sGranulomatosis
CorrectAnswer-C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
AnswerisC(GiantCellArteritis):JawClaudication(lawTightness)isatypicalmanifestationof
TemporalarteritisorGiantcellarteritis.
1013.The9montholdchildofadiabetic
motherpresentswithtachypneaand
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
hepatomegaly.Echocardiographyoftheheartshowednormalcardiac
morphologywithasymmetricseptal
hypertrophy.Whichofthefollowingyou
willgivetotreatthischild:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Digoxinb)Frusemide
c)Propranolol
d)Isoptin
CorrectAnswer-C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
AnswerisC(Propranolol)Thesymptomsofthepatientandechocardiographicfindingof
asymmetricalseptalhypertrophyalmostconfirmsthediagnosisof
Hypertrophiccardiomyopathy.BetaBlockersshouldbetheinitial
drugQinsymptomaticindividuals
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ManagementofHOCMAvoidanceofstrenuousphysicalactivity
BetaBlockersshouldbetheinitialdrugQinsymptomaticindividuals.
Theyreduce:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
-Heartrate-Bloodpressure
-Stiffnessofleftventricle
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
-FatalarrythmiasCalciumchannelBlockersQ(verapamilanddiltiazem)arealternative
drugs.
-Theyreduce-stiffnessofventricle
-Elevateddiastolicpressures
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Amiadaronemaybeusedtoreducearrythmias.Surgicalmyomectomy
1014.Paradoxicalsplittingofsecondheart
soundisseenin?
a)RBBB
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)ASDc)LBBB
d)VSD
CorrectAnswer-C
AnswerisC(LBBB)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
LeftBundleBranchBlock(LBBB)istypicallyassociatedwithReversedorParadoxicalSplittingofS2
ParadoxicalsplittingofsecondheartsoundiscausedbydelayedA2
orearlyP2.LeftBundleBranchBlock(LBBB)isassociatedwith
delayedAorticclosure(delayedA2)duetodelayedelectrical
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activationoftheleftventricle.ASDandRBBBareassociatedwithawidephysiological(non-
paradoxical)splitofsecondheartsoundduetodelayedpulmonic
closure(DelayedP2)whileVSDisassociatedwithawide
physiological(non-paradoxical)splitsecondheartsoundfromearly
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aorticclosure(EarlyA2).1015.Whichisincreasedinplasmaofchronic
heartdiseasepts
a)BNP
b)Endothelin1
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c)Cortisold)None
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.BNP
Theplasmaconcentrationsofbothhormonesareincreasedin
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patientswithasymptomaticandsymptomaticleftventriculardysfunction,permittingtheiruseindiagnosis.
BNPlevelsaresimpleandobjectivemeasuresofcardiacfunction.
Thesemeasurescanbeusedtodiagnooseheartfailureincluding
diastolicfunction.
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1016.Inasthmadiagnosisisby
a)FEVi
b)Measurementoftidalvolume
c)Endexpiratoryflowrate
d)Totallungcapacity
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CorrectAnswer-AAnswer-A.FEVi
Asthmaisclassifiedaccordingtothefrequencyofsymptoms,forced
expiratoryvolumeinonesecond(FEV1),andpeakexpiratoryflow
rate.
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Spirometryisrecommendedtoaidindiagnosisandmanagement.Itisthesinglebesttestforasthma.IftheFEV1measuredbythis
techniqueimprovesmorethan12%andincreasesbyatleast200
millilitersfollowingadministrationofabronchodilatorsuchas
salbutamol,thisissupportiveofthediagnosis.
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1017.Apersonhasasthmaattacksmorethan
onceduringdayandonceduringnight
a)Mildintermittentasthma
b)Mildpersistentasthma
c)Moderateasthma
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d)SevereasthmaCorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.Severeasthma
Severeasthma
Symptoms-Throughoutday
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Nightawakenings-DailyShort-actingB2-agonistuseforsymptomcontrol-Severaltimesper
day
Interferencewithnormalactivity-Extremelimitation
FEV1-<60%
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FEV1/FVC=>5%reduced1018.Antibodyusedinthetreatmentof
BronchialAsthmais:
a)Omalizumab
b)Rituximab
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c)Daclizumabd)Transtusuzumab
CorrectAnswer-A
AnswerisA(Omalizumab):
OmalizumabisarecombinantIgEAntibodyapprovedforusein
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treatmentofmoderateandseverepersistentasthmaOmalizumabisarecombinantIgEblockingantibodythat
neutralizescirculatingIgE.
ItpreventscirculatingIgEfrombindingtoreceptorsonthesurfaceof
BasophilsandMastcellsandthusinhibitsIgEmediatedreactions.
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Omalizumabisindicatedfortreatmentof'moderatetosevere'persistentasthmainpatientswhoreacttoperennialallergens
(AllergicAsthma).
TreatmentwithOmalizumabhasshowntoreducethenumberof
exacerbationsinpatientswith
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severeasthmaandmayimproveasthmacontrol.Howeverthistreatmentisveryexpensiveandisonlysuitablefor
highlyselectedpatientswhoarenotcontrolledonmaximaldosesof
inhalertherapyandhaveahighcirculatingIgE(withinaspecified
range).
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Omalizumabisusuallygivenasasubcutaneousinjectionfor2to4weeksandmaybeusedinadultsandadolescentsmorethan12
yearsofage.
1019.Achildpresentswithrecurrent
pulmonaryinfectionsforhemoptysis
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duetoassociatedbronchiectasiaandonimagingcharacterizedbyunilateral
lossoflungvolumewithhyperlucency
onchestradiograph,reductionin
vascularityonCTscanofthechest.The
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abdominalorgansarenormallyplace(d)mostlilkelycauseis
a)Kartagener'ssyndrome
b)Swyer-James-MacLeodsyndrome
c)Mendelson'ssyndrome
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d)ImmotileciliasyndromeCorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Swyer-James-MacLeodsyndrome
Swyer-James-MacLeodsyndromeorunilateralherlucentlun
ndromeisarareentityassociatedwithpostinfectiousbronchiolitis
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obliteransoccurringinchildhood.Itischaracterizedbyhypoplasiaand/oragenesisofthepulmonary
arteriesresultinginpulmonaryparenchymahypoperfusion,showing
acharacteristicradiologicalpattern,suchastranslucentor
hyperlucentunilaterallung.
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1020.AllareimportantpathogenscausingpneumoniainCOPDpatients,
EXCEPT:
a)Haemophilusinfluenzae
b)Pseudomonasaeruginosa
c)Legionellaspp
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d)KlebsiellapneumoniaeCorrectAnswer-D
AllareimportantpathogenscausingpneumoniainCOPDpatients
Haemophilusinfluenzae
Pseudomonasaeruginosa
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LegionellasppS.pneumoniae
Moraxellacatarrhalis
Chlamydiapneumoniae
Klebsiellaisanimportantpathogencausingpneumoniainchronicalcoholism.
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Ref:Harrison,E-18,P-21321021.Fibrosisofupperlobeisdueto
a)Pneumonia
b)ABPA
c)BronchiectasisinCOPD
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d)RheumatoidarthritisCorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.ABPA
Silicosis(Progressivemassivefibrosis
Sarcoidosis
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CoalworkerpneumoconiosisAnkylosingspondylitis
Radiation
Allergicbronchopulmonaryaspergillosis
Tuberculosis
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Extrinsicallergicalveolitis1022.WhatisnotseeninCRF
a)Hypercalcemia
b)Hyperkalemia
c)Hyperphosphatemia
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d)HypocalcemiaCorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Hypercalcemia
AbnormalitiesseeninCRF
Acidosis
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HyperkalemiaAnemia
Hypernatremia
Hyperphosphatemia
Hyperlipidemia
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HyponatremiaHypocalcemia
Uremia
1023.CRFwithanemiabesttreatment:
a)OralIronTherapy
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b)ErythropoietinStimulatingAgentsc)Bloodtransfusion
d)AndrogenicSteroids
CorrectAnswer-B
AnswerisB(ErythropoietinStimulatingAgents):
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Erythropoiesis-stimulatingagents(ESAs)haveemergedasthetreatmentofchoiceforanemiainchronicrenaldisease.
Erythropoiesis-stimulatingagents(ESAs)shouldbegiventoall
patientswithchronickidneydisease(CKD)withhaemoglobinlevels
consistentlybelowIIg/dl.
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Thisappliesequallyto:PatientswithCKD(stages1-5)developinganaemia
PatientswithCKDstage5treatedwithhaemodialysis(HD)or
peritonealdialysis(PD)
Transplantpatientswithchronicrenalinsufficiencyandanaemia.
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StrategiesfortreatmentofAnemiainChronicRenalFailureErythropoiesis-stimulatingagents(ESAs)
Erythropoiesis-stimulatingagents(ESAs)haveemergedasthe
treatmentofchoiceforanemiainchronicrenaldisease.
Theyshouldbegiventoallpatientswithchronickidneydisease
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(CKD)withhaemoglobin(Hb)levelsconsistentlybelow11g/dl[haematocrit(Hct)<33%]
Allchronickidneydisease(CKD)patientswithrenalanaemia
undergoingtreatmentwithanerythropoiesis-stimulatingagent(ESA)
shouldbegivensupplementaryirontomaintainadequatebone
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marrowironstoresIntravenousadministrationistheoptimumrouteforthedeliveryof
irontopatientswithCKD,asoralironispoorlyabsorbedinuremic
individuals.
BloodTransfusion
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Redbloodcelltransfusionsshouldbeavoided,ifatallpossible,inpatientswithchronickidneydisease(CKD),especiallythose
awaitingkidneytransplantation.
Transfusionsshouldnotbegivenunlesspatientshaveoneormore
ofthefollowing:Symptomaticanaemia(fatigue,angina,dyspnoea)
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and/orassociatedriskfactors(diabetes,heartfailure,coronaryarterydisease,arteriopathy)
Acuteworseningofanaemiaduetobloodloss(haemorrhageor
surgery)orhaemolysisSevereresistanceto,orhyporesponsiveness
toESAtherapy,e.g.duetothepresenceofahaematological
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diseaseorsevereinflammatorysystemicdisease.Androgens
PriortotheintroductionofESAtherapy,androgenswerewidely
usedinthetreatmentofrenalanaemia.
Thereisevidencethatandrogensmaypotentiatetheeffectof
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exogenouserythropoieticproteinandalsostimulateerythropoiesisbyenhancingerythrocytestemcelldifferentiation
Theriskofliverdiseaseandmalignancy,virilisationandhirsutismin
women,priapisminmenanddisfiguringacneinpatientsofboth
sexesmayoutweighthebenefitsofandrogentherapyinmost
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anaemicpatients.Androgensmaybeaneffectivealternativetherapyincountries
whereESAsarenotavailable
1024.Distalrenaltubularacidosisis
associatedwith:
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a)Oxalatestonesb)Citrate
c)Calciumstones
d)Uricacidstones
CorrectAnswer-C
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AnswerisC(CalciumStones):DistalRenalTubularAcidosisisassociatedwithincreasedin
cadenceofCalciumPhosphateStonesAlkalineurine,Hypercalciuria
andlowlevelsofurinarycitrateprecipitatecalciumphosphate
stonesinthekidneyinpatientswithDistalRenalTubularAcidosis
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(Typel).ProximalRenalTubularAcidosis(Type-2)isnotassociatedwith
increasedincidenceofRenalStonesdespiteHypercalciuriabecause
urinarycitratelevelsarenormalorhigh.
1025.ThemostcommonpresentationforIgA
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nephropathyis:a)Nephriticsyndrome
b)Nephriticsyndrome
c)Microscopichematuria
d)Repeatedgrosshematuria
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CorrectAnswer-DAnswerisD(RepeatedGrossHematuria):
ThemostcommonpresentationofIgANephropathyiswithrecurrent
episodesofGross(Macroscopic)Hematuriaduringorimmediately
followinganupperrespiratorytractinfection
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'RecurrentattacksofPainlessGrossHematuriarepresenttheclassicclinicalpresentationofIgANephropathy'--Rudolph's
Paediatrics
1026.HIVrenalspecificnephropathyis:
a)FocalSegmentalGlomerulosclerosis
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b)MembranoproliferativeGlomerulonephritisc)MesangioproliferativeGlomerulonephritis
d)MembranousGlomerulonephritis
CorrectAnswer-A
AnswerisA(FocalSegmentalGlomerulosclerosis):
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ThemostcharacteristicglomerulopathyinHIVisFocalSegmentalGlomerulosclerosis(FSGS)whichtypicallyrevealscollapseofthe
glomerularcapillarytuftcalledcollapsingglomerulopathy.
HIVassociatedNephropathyisasevererapidlyprogressive
collapsingformofFSGS.
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1027.Theinitialtreatmentofchoicefor
secondaryhyperparathyroidisminrenal
osteodystrophyis:
a)Cinacalcet
b)Bisphosphonates
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c)Calciumrestrictiond)Phosphatebinders
CorrectAnswer-D
AnswerisD(PhosphateBinders)
Theinitialtreatmentofsecondaryhyperparathyroidisminrenal
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osteodystrophyismanagementofhighphosphatelevelsbydietaryrestrictionandtheuseofPhosphatebinders
Theobjectivesofmanagementaretomaintainbloodlevelsof
calciumandphosphoroustoasclosetonormalaspossible,to
preventortreatestablishedhyperparathyroidismearlyandto
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preventparathyroidhyperplasia.PhosphateretentionbeginsearlyinthecourseofCKD,perhapsas
earlyasinstage2andparticipatesinthedevelopmentofsecondary
hyperparathyroidism.
Centraltothemanagementofhigh-turnoverbonediseaseis
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controllingtheserumphosphatelevels.Thismaybeachievedbydietaryphosphaterestrictionorbytheuse
ofphosphatebinders.
Phosphate-bindertherapyisrecommendedwhenserumphosphate
concentrationsareelevateddespitepatientcompliancewithdietary
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phosphaterestriction.Calcium-basedphosphatebindersareoftenrecommendedasthe
initialbindertherapy.
HighBoneTurnoverDisease
Boneturnover(theformationandremovalofbone)isincreaseddue
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toaprocesscalledsecondaryhyperparathyroidism(SHPT).Secondaryhyperparathyroidismrepresentsacommondisorderin
patientswithCKD.
Itdevelopsasaresultofhyperphosphatemia,hypocalcemiaand
impairedrenalvitaminDsynthesiswithreductioninserumcalcitriol
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levels1028.Maximumurinarycatheterinduced
infection
a)E.coli
b)Pseudomonas
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c)Staphylococcusepidermidisd)Proteus
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.E.coli
Catheterassociatedurinarytractinfectionsrepresentthemost
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commontypeofnosocomialinfection.Mostcommonorganismcausingcatheterassociatedurinarytract
infectionsareE.coli.
1029.Mostcommonsymptomof
genitourinaryTB
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a)Renalcolicb)Increasedfrequency
c)Hematuria
d)Painfulmicturition
CorrectAnswer-B
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Answer-B.IncreasedfrequencyTheclinicalmanifestationsarevariable.
Theonsetofclinicallyevidentgenitourinarytuberculosisisusually
insidious.
Themostcommonsymptomsare:-
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Dysuria,increasedfrequencyofurinationandgrosshematuria1030.Whatistheuppermostintercostal
spaceusedforhepaticbiopsy:
a)5th
b)7th
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c)9thd)11th
CorrectAnswer-B
AnswerisB7th
Therightsurfaceoftheliverisincontactwiththediaphragm
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oppositethe7thto11thribs.Inneedlebiopsyoftheliverthroughtheintercostalroute,theneedle
maybeinsertedthroughthe6th7th,8th,9thor10thrightintercostal
spaceinthemid-axillaryline.
The8thand9thintercostalspacesaremostcommonlyused.
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Insertioninthe6thor7thintercostalspacemayalsobeusedbutisassociatedwithriskofinjurytotheLung.
Needleistypicallyinsertedattheendofexpiration(Attempted
Apnoea).
1031.ThepreferredtestforconfirmingH.
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pylorieradicationis:a)Ureasebreathtest
b)Culture
c)Serologicaltest
d)Biopsyureasetest
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CorrectAnswer-AAnswerisA(UreaseBreathTest)
Thetestofchoicefordocumentingeradicationisureasebreathtest.
AssessmentofsuccessofTreatmentwithEradicationofH.Pylori
shouldbedoneatleast4weeksaftercompletionofantiH.Pylori
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therapy.Non-invasivetestsaretypicallypreferredforassessmentofEradication.Thetestofchoicefordocumentingeradicationisurease
breathtest.UreasebreathtestdetectsH.pyloriinfectionby
'bacterialureaseactivity'andremainspositivetillthebacteriahas
notbeeneradicatedwithtreatment.Thusureasebreathtest
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becomesnegativeonlyaftereradicationoforganismfollowingtreatmentandnotwithchronicinfection.
1032.Allofthefollowingareusedfor
treatmentofH.Pylori,except:
a)Gentamycin
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b)Clarithromycinc)Metronidazole
d)Amoxicillin
CorrectAnswer-A
AnswerisA(Gentamycin):
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Gentamycinisnotusedinanyofthesuccessfulmulti-drugregimensagainstH.PyloriInfection.
1033.Bestprovocativetestfordiagnosisof
Gastrinomais:
a)Ca++infusiontest
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b)Secretininjectiontestc)ACTHstimulationtest
d)Steroidassay
CorrectAnswer-B
AnswerisB(Secretininjectiontest)
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Gastrinomas(ZollingerEllisonSyndrome)arecharacterizedbypepticulcerationduetohypersecretionofgastrinbyanon-betacell
tumor.Secretininjectiontestisthemostvaluableprovocativetestin
identifyingpatientswithZES.
1034.Wilson'sdiseaseischaracterizedby-
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a)Increasedserumceruloplasminb)Decreasedcopperexcretioninurine
c)Increasedcopperinliver
d)Autosomaldominant
CorrectAnswer-C
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Ans.is'c'i.e.,IncreasedcopperinliverDiagnosisofWilsondisease
Thegoldstandardfordiagnosisisliverbiopsywithquantitative
copperassay-->concentrationofcopperinaliverbiopsysample>
200mg/gdryweight.
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Othertestsare?Serumceruloplasminlevel-->lowoUrine
copperexcretion-->increased
KFringsoDNA
Haplotypeanalysis.
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1035.Allofthefollowingstatementsabout.
Wilson'sdiseasearetrue,EXCEPT-
a)Itisanautosomalrecessivedisorder
b)Serumceruloplasminlevelis<20mg/dl
c)Urinarycopperexcretionis
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d)ZincacetateiseffectiveasmaintenancetherapyCorrectAnswer-C
AnswerisC(Urinarycopperexcretionis<100R/day)
Urinecopperisanimportantdiagnostictoo.Symptomaticpatients
invariablyhaveurinecopperlevels>100p(>1.6umol)per24
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hours.Wilson'sdiseaseisanautosomalrecessivedisorder
ItiscausedbyamutationofageneonchromosomeBQwhich
promotesCuexcretion(ATP7Bgene)
SymptomaticpatientswithWilson'sdiseaseinvariablyhaveurinary
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copperexcretionof>100lig,per24hours(>1.6innol/24hr)Zincisthetreatmentofchoiceformaintainancetherapyin
Wilson'sdisease
ZincisthetreatmentofchoiceinWilson'sdiseasefor
A.Initialtherapyinpatientswithhepatitiswithoutdecompensation(2
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A.MaintainancetherapyB.Presymptomaticpatient
C.Pediatricpatients
D.Pregnantpatients
1036.Diagnosisofcarcinoidtumourisdone
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Urinaryestimationof:a)VMA
b)Metanephrines
c)Catecholamines
d)5HIAA
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CorrectAnswer-DAnswerisD(5HIAA):
CarcinoidTumors
Carcinoidtumorsareassociatedwithelevatedlevelsofmetabolites
ofTryptophan/serotoninwhichinclude5HIAA,5HTand5HTP.
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PheochromocytomasPheochromocytomasareassociatedwithelevatedlevelsof
catecholaminesandtheirmetaboliteswhichincludeVanillylmandelic
acid(VMA)andmetanephrines
ThediagnosisofTypicalcarcinoidsyndromeissuggestedby
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elevatedlevelsof5HIAAThediagnosisofAtypicalCarcinoidSyndromeissuggestedbyelevatedlevelsof5HTP.establishedby
elevatedlevelsof5HIAA.
1037.InZollingerEllisonsyndromewhatis
raised?
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a)Insulinb)VIP
c)Gastrin
d)Glucagon
CorrectAnswer-C
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Ans.is'c'i.e.,GastrinZollingerEllisonsyndrome?
Severepepticulcerdiseasesecondarytogastricacid
hypersecretionduetounregulatedgastrinreleasefromanon13cell
endocrinetumour(gastrinoma),definesthecomponentsofZollinger
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Ellisonsyndrome.PathophysiologyofZollingerEllisonsyndrome
ThedrivingforceresponsibleforclinicalmanifestationsofZollinger
EllisonsyndromeishypergastrinemiaoriginatingfromGastrinoma
(autonomusneoplasm,non[3cellneoplasm)
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GastrinomaHypergastrinemia
Hyperacidemia
Pepticulcer,erosiveesophagitisanddiarrhoea
OtherimportantcharacteristicofGastrinoma
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oOver80%ofthesetumoursareseeninGastrinomatriangle?(triangleformedbetweenduodenumandpancreas)mostofthem
areseenintheheadofpancreas.
oAbout2/3'ofthesetumoursaremalignant?.
oAboutonehalfofthesetumoursaremultiple?.
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oAboutonefourthofthepatientshavemultipleendocrineneoplasia
(MENI)syndromewithtumoursofparathyroid,pituitaryand
pancreaticisletsbeingpresent.
Remember:
Mostcommonsiteofgastrinoma'sis
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Duodenum(50-70%),(Pancreas20-40%)MostcommonhormonetobesecretedACTH
besidesgastrinis
Mostcommonsiteofpepticulcersproducedisls'partof
Duodenum.
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MostvaluableprovocativetestinTheSecretininjectiontests.identifyingpatientswithZESis
Basalacidoutputisgreaterthan60%ofoutpuBAO>MAO
inducedbymaximalstimulation
Thetermpancreaticendocrinetumourismisnomerbecausethese
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tumourscanoccureitheralmostexclusivelyinthepancreasoratbothpancreaticandextrapancreaticsites
1038.Allfollowingareat-riskgroupadults
meritingHepatitisBvaccinationinlow
endemicareasexcept:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Patientsonchronichemodialysisb)Diabeticsoninsulin
c)Medical/nursingpersonnel
d)Patientswithchronicliverdisease
CorrectAnswer-B
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AnswerisB(DiabeticsonInsulin):Behavioral:Sexuallyactivepersonswhoarenotinalong-term,
mutuallymonogamousrelationship(e.g.,personswithmorethan
onesexpartnerduringtheprevious5months):personsseeking
evaluationortreatmentforasexuallytransmitteddisease(STD):
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currentorrecentinjection-drugusers;andmenwhohavesexwithmen.
Occupational:Healthcarepersonnelandpublic-safetyworkerswho
areexposedtobloodorotherpotentiallyinfectiousbodyfluids.
Medical:Personswithend-stagerenaldisease,includingpatients
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receivinghemodialysis;personwithHIVinfection;andpersonswithchronicliverdisease.
Other:Householdcontactsandsexpartnersofpersonswithchronic
HBVinfection;clientsandstaffmembersofinstitutionsforpersons
withdevelopmentaldisabilities;andinternationaltravellersto
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countrieswithhighorintermediateprevalenceofchronicHBVinfection.
HepatitisBvaccinationisrecommendedforalladultsinthefollowing
settings:STDtreatmentfacilities;HIVtestingandtreatmentfacilities;
facilitiesprovidingdrug-abusetreatmentandpreventionservices;
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healthcaresettingstargetingservicestoinjection--drugusersormenwhohavesexwithmen;correctionalfacilities;end-stagerenal
diseaseprogramsandfacilitiesforchronichemodialysispatients;
andinstitutionsandnonresidentialday-carefacilitiesforpersons
withdevelopmentaldisabilities.
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Administermissingdosestocompletea3-doseseriesofhepatitisBvaccinetothosepersonsnotvaccinatedornotcompletely
vaccinated.Theseseconddoseshouldbeadministered1month
afterthefirstdose;thethirddoseshouldbegivenatleast2months
aftertheseconddose(andatleast4monthsafterthefirstdose).If
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thecombinedhepatitisAandhepatitisBvaccine(Twinrix)isused,administer3dosesat0,1,and6months;alternatively,a4-dose
Twinrixschedule,administeredondays0,7,and21to30,followed
byaboosterdoseatmonth12maybeused.
Adultpatientsreceivinghemodialysisorwithother
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immunocompromisingconditionsshouldreceive1doseof40pg/mL(RecombivaxHB)administeredona3-dosescheduleor2dosesof
20Ug/mL(Engerix-B)administeredsimultaneouslyona4-dose
scheduleat0,1,2,and6months.
1039.SchillingtestisAbnormalin:
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a)Intrinsicfactordeficiencyb)Amylasedeficiency
c)Lipasedeficiency
d)Pancreaticendocrineinsufficiency
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
AnswerisA(Intrinsicfactordeficiency)Shilling'stestistypicallydonetodeterminethecauseofcobalamine
malabsorption(VitaminB12malabsorption)VitaminB12absorption
(Schilling)testistypicallyusedtodiagnoseconditionsinwhich
intrinsicfactor(IF)maybeabsent,suchasperniciousanemiaor
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gastricatrophy.AdiagnosisofIntrinsicfactordeficiencycanbeestablishedifradiolabelledcobalamine(VitaminB12)appearsin
urineafteradministrationofIntrinsicfactor.
Sincecobalamineabsorptionrequiresmultiplestepsincluding
gastric,pancreaticandilealprocesses,theSchillingtestcanalso
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beusedtoassesstheintegrityoftheseotherorgans.DietaryvitaminB12isboundinthestomachtoanendogenous
proteincalledRprotein.PancreaticenzymesdegradetheRprotein
intheproximalsmallbowelandloweritsaffinityforvitaminB12
resultingintherapidtransferofB12toIF;TheIF-B12Complex
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continuestotheterminalileum,whereitbindstospecificreceptorsonthesurfaceoftheepithelialcells.
Thuslackofintrinsicfactor,lackofsufficientpancreaticenzymes
(pancreaticexocrinedysfunction)orpresenceofterminalheal
mucosaldiseasemayallresultinabnormalvitaminB12excretion.
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1040.Secretorydiarrheaisnotseenin:
a)Phenolphthalein
b)Celiacdisease
c)Cholera
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d)Addison'sDiseaseCorrectAnswer-B
AnswerisB(CeliacDisease)
CeliacDiseaseisassociatedwithSteatorrhealdiarrhoeafrom
mucosa!malabsorption.
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SecretoryDiarrheaCertainBacterialInfection
VibrioCholera
EnterotoxigenicE.Coli
NonOsmoticStimulantLaxatives
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HormoneProducingEndocrineTumorsCarcinoid,
VlPomas,
Gastrinomas,
MedullaryCarcinomaThyroid(Calcitonin)
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Bileacids(endogenouslaxatives)Bowelresection/diseaseorfistula
Addison'sDisease
CongenitalElectrolyteAbsorptiondefects
ChronicAlcoholIngestion
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
DiabeticDiarrheaSteatorrhealDiarrhea
Intraluminalmaldigestion
Pancreaticexocrineinsufficiency,
Bacterialovergrowth,
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Bariatricsurgery,Liverdisease
Mucosalmalabsorption
Celiacsprue,
Whipple'sdisease,
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Infections,Abetalipoproteinemia,
Ischemia
Postmucosalobstruction
(1?or2?lymphaticobstruction)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1041.Anominalaphasiaisduetodefectin
a)Leftinferiorfrontal
b)Parietal
c)Temporaloccipital
d)Cerebellum
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-CAnswer-C.Temporaloccipital
Anomiacanbegeneticorcausedbydamagetovariouspartsofthe
parietallobeorthetemporallobeofthebrainbyanaccidentor
stroke,orabraintumor.
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1042.Unabletoconsolidatelongterm
memory.Whichlobeofthebrainis
involved
a)Frontal
b)Parietal
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c)Temporald)Occipital
CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.Parietal
Medialtemporallobeistheareaofbrainresponsiblefor
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consolidation,i.e.processingofshorttermmemoryintolongtermmemory.
1043.Gerstmannssyndromeallexcept
a)Acalculia
b)Agraphia
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c)Aphasiad)Agnosia
CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.Aphasia
Gerstmannsyndromeconsistsof:
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1. Agraphia2. Acalculia
3. Fingeragnosia
4. Leftrightdisorientation
1044.Lateralmedullarysyndromeiscaused
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bythrombosisof:a)Anteriorinferiorcerebralartery
b)Posteriorinferiorcerebellarartery
c)Vertebralartery
d)bandc
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-DAnswerisC>B(Vertebralartery>Posteriorinferiorcerebellar
artery):
`Mostcasesresultfromipsilateralvertebralarteryocclusion;inthe
reminderocclusionofposteriorinferiorcerebellararteryis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
responsible'?HarrisonVesselocclusionthatresultinLateralMedullarysyndrome:
-Vertebral(mostcommon)
-Posteriorinferiorcerebellar(2ndmostcommon)
-Superior,middleorInferiorlateralmedullaryarteries
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VertebralarteryThevertebralarteryconsistsoffoursegments.Thefourthsegment
coursesupwardtojointtheothervertebralarterytoformthebasilar
artery.
Onlythissegmentgivesrisetobranchesthatsupplythebrainstem
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
andcerebellum.Embolicocclusionorthrombosisofthefourthsegmentis
responsibleforthissyndromeQ
Posteriorinferiorcerebellarartery
Posteriorinferiorcerebellararteryinitsproximalpartsuppliesthe
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lateralmedullaandinitsdistalbranchestheinferiorsurfaceofcerebellum.
1045.Pontinehemorrhagemostcommon
causeis
a)Hypertension
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Diabetesc)Trauma
d)Aneurysmalrupture
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Hypertension
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Mostcommoncauseofpontinehemorrhageishypertension.1046.Anadulthypertensivemalepresented
withsuddenonsetsevereheadache
andvomiting.Onexamination,thereis
markedneckrigidityandnofocal
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
neurologicaldeficitwasfound.Thesymptomsaremostlikelydueto:
a)Intracerebralparenchymalhemorrhage
b)Ischemicstroke
c)Meningitis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)SubarachnoidhemorrhageCorrectAnswer-D
Ans.d.Subarachnoidhemorrhage
Themostlikelydiagnosishereisasubarachnoidbleed(SAH).
Themostcommoncauseistraumaandismanagedconservatively.
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Thesecondmostcommoncauseisaruptureofaberryaneurysm.Thetypicalpresentationofasubarachnoidhemorrhageincludesa
`thunderclap'headache.
Meningiticfeaturesofneckstiffnessandphotophobiaoften
developoverhours.
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Computedtomography(CT)istheinvestigationofchoice.LumbarpunctureshouldbeperformediftheCTscanfailsto
establishthediagnosisofSAH;itshowsaxanthochromicblood
picture.
Delayedischemicneurologicaldeficit(DIND)isattributedto
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
vasospasmofthecerebralvasculaturetypicallydeveloping3?10daysfollowingictus.Itisthemaincauseofapooroutcome.
Endovasculartreatment("coiling")isgenerallypreferredover
craniotomyandclippingforaneurysmsamenabletothisapproach.
1047.Predominantlysensoryneuropathy
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is/arecausedby:a)Cisplatin
b)Pyridoxineexcess
c)Suramin
d)aandb
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-DAnswerisAandB(CisplatinandPyridoxineexcess):
CisplatinandPyridoxineareassociatedwithpredominantlysensory
neuropathies.
1048.Dailytemperaturevariationin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
remmitentfeverisa)<0.5C
b)>1?C
c)<1.0C
d)>2C
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CorrectAnswer-BAnswer-B.>1?C
Continuousfever
Temperatureremainsabovenormalthroughoutthedayanddoes
notfluctuatemorethan1?Cin24hours.Intermittentfever
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Thetemperatureelevationispresentonlyforacertainperiod,laterbacktonormale.g.malaria,kalaazarsepticaemia.
1049.Hyperthermia
a)Temperature>41.5
b)>40withautonomicdysfunctuion
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c)Nochangeinhypothalamicthermostatd)Failureofthermoregulation
CorrectAnswer-D
ANswer-D.Failureofthermoregulation
Hyperthermiaisdefinedaselevationofcorebodytemperature
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
abovethenormaldiurnalrangeof36to37.5?Cduetofailureofthermoregulationatthelevelofhypothalamus.
Hyperthermiaisnotsynonymouswiththemorecommonsign
offever,whichisinducedbycytokineactivationduringinflammation,
andregulatedatthelevelofthehypothalamus.
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1050.Myastheniagravisisassociatedwith
a)AntibodiesagainstAchreceptors
b)Decreasedmyosin
c)AbsenttroponinC
d)Increasedmyoneuraljunctiontransmission
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAnswer-A.AntibodiesagainstAchreceptors
Thecharacteristicpathologicalfeatureofmyastheniagravisis
presenceofantibodiesagainstacetylcholinereceptors.
Theseautoantibodiesagainsttheacetylcholinereceptorsleadto
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
lossoffunctionalacetylcholinereceptorsattheneuromuscularjunction.
1051.EatonLambertsyndromeisseenwith-
a)Cabreast
b)Caliver
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Calungd)CNStumors
CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.Calung
Paraneoplasticsyndrome
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AssociatedwithSmallcellcarcinomalung
Certainautoimmunediseases
1052.Lesionofglobuspalliduscauses
a)Chorea
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Athetosisc)Hemibalismus
d)Flexiondystonia
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Athetosis
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Athetosis-Globuspallidus(mainly)andSubthalamicnucleus.Lesionattheglobuspallidusand
striatumcauseathetosis,whichischaracterizedby
continuous,slowwrithingmovements.
Chorea:rapid,involuntarydancingmovementsMostcommonly,
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thelesionisinthestriatum.Ballism:involuntaryflailing,intenseandviolentmovements.The
movementsareoflargeamplitudeandpredominantlyinvolves
proximalmuscles.
Thelesioninthesubthalamicnucleus.
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Athetosis:continuous,slowwrithingmovementsLesionatglobuspallidusandstriatum.
1053.Mostcommontumorassociatedwith
NF1
a)Opticglioma
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b)2ndnerveschwannomac)Astrocytoma
d)Bilateralacousticneuroma
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Opticglioma
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"Opticpathwaygliomas"arethepredominanttypeofneoplasmassociatedwithneurofibromatosistypeIbutothercentralnervous
systemandnonCNStumourscanoccur.
1054.CSFpictureinviralmeningitis
a)Lymphocyticpleocytosis
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b)WBCcount>1500/mLc)Sugarisreduced
d)Proteinisdecreased
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Lymphocyticpleocytosis
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Normal BacterialViral
Opening
7-18
>30
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NormalorMildlyIncreasedPressure
Clear,
Appearance
Turbid
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ClearColorless
Protein
23-38
Increased
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
NormaltoDecreased(mg/dl)
2/3rds
Glucose
Serum
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DecreasedNormal
(mmol/L)
Glucose
Positive160-90%of
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GramStain NegativeNegative
Cases)
Glucose
CSF:Serum 0.6
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<0.4>0.6
Ratio
WhiteCell
cells
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PredominatelyNeutrophils PredominatelyLymphocytesCount
1055.InherpesencephalitisA/E
a)Focalsymptomscommon
b)Temporallobeinvolved
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c)MRIisdiagnosticd)EEGnotdiagnostic
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.EEGnotdiagnostic
Diagnosis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
MostsensitiveandspecificinvestigationforHSV-1encephaliticisMRI
Incontrast,cranialCTscanshaveonly50%sensitivityandthattoo
earlyinthedisease.EEGfindingsinHSV-1encephalitis
1056.Whichofthefollowingisnotseenin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
HereditarySpherocytosisa)DirectCoomb'sPositive
b)IncreasedOsmoticFragility
c)Splenomegaly
d)Gallstones
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAns.is'a'i.e.,DirectCoomb'spositive
HereditarySpherocytosis
Membranecytoskeletonthatliescloselyopposedtotheinternal
surfaceoftheplasmamembrane,isresponsibleforelasticityand
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
maintenanceofRBCshape.Membraneskeletonconsists:?
SpectrinThechiefproteincomponent
responsibleforbiconcaveshape.
Ankyrinandband4-2Bindsspectrintoband3
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Band3Atransmembraneiontransportprotein.
Band4.1BindsspectrintoglycophorinA,
atransmembraneprotein.
Hereditaryspherocytosisisanautosomaldominantdisorder
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
characterizedbyintrinsicdefectsinredcellmembrane.Thisresultsinproductionofredcellsthataresphere(spherocytes)ratherthan
biconcave.
Themutationmostcommonlyinvolvesthegenecodingforankyrin,
followedbyBand-3(anionictransportchannel),spectrin,andBand
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
4.2(alsocalledpalladin).Alsoknow
Mostcommon,defectinhereditaryelliptocytosisisinspectrin
PathogensisofHereditaryspherocytosis
Lossofmembranecytoskeletonproteins(ankyrin,spectrin,Band3,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
4.2)resultsinreducedmembranestability.Reducedmembranestabilityleadstospontaneouslossofmembranefragmentsduring
exposuretoshearstressesinthecirculation.Thelossofmembrane
relativetocytoplasmforcesthecellstoassumethesmallest
possiblediameterforagivenvolumecellsbecome
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microspherocytes.Becauseoftheirspheroidalshapeandreducedmembraneplasticity,
redcellsbecomelessdeformableandaretrappedintospleenas
theyareunabletopassthroughtheinterendothelialfenestrationsof
thevenoussinusoids.Inthesplenicsinusoides,redcellsare
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
phagocytosedbyREcellsExtravascularhemolysis.ClinicalfeaturesofHereditoryspherocytosis
Theclinicalfeaturesarethoseofextravascularhemolysis:
AnemiaMildtomoderate
Jaundice(Mainlyindirectbilirubin)Splenomegaly
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GallstonesElevatedexcretionofbilirubinpromotesformationofpigmentstone.
LegulcerRareclinical
manifestation.
AplasticcrisisTriggeredbyparvo-
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virusinfection.Laboratoryfindings
Spherocytosis-->Peripheralsmearshowsmicrospherocyteswhich
aresmallRBCswithoutcentralpallor(Normallycentral1/3palloris
presentinredcells).
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
MCV4MCHCr
Increasedunconjugatebilirubin
Urineurobilinogen1'
Stoolstercobilinogen
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Reticulocytosis-4Asseenwithanytypeofhemolyticanemia.Hemoglobin1
SerumHeptoglobin-->Nonnaltodecreased.
Increasedosmoticfragilityonpinktest.
Coomb'stestisusedtodistinguishhereditaryspherocytosisfrom
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
autoimmunehemolyticanemias.Autoimmunehemolyticanemiasarecoomb'spositive_whereas
hereditaryspherocytosisiscoomb'snegative.
1057.HaemoglobinFisraisedin:
a)Juvenilechronicmyeloidleukemia
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Hereditaryspherocytosisc)Congenitalredcellaplasia
d)Mysthaniagravis
CorrectAnswer-A
AnswerisA(JuvenileCML)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
FetalHaemoglobinlevels(HbF)areincreasedinmostcasesofJuvenileCML?
CausesofRaisedHbFlevels(InterpretationofDiagnosticTest
8th/411,412)
Haemoglobinopathies
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
-thalassemiamajor-thalassemiaminor
-Sicklecelldisease
HereditaryPersistanceofHbF
Anemia:
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-NonHereditaryrefractorynormoblasticanemia-Perniciousanemia
-Aplasticanemia
LeukemiaspeciallyJuvenileMyeloidLeukemia
Multiplemyeloma
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MolarpregnancyPatientswithTrisomy13orTrisomy21(Down'ssyndrome)
Somechronicviralinfections(egCMV,EBV)
1058.Whichofthefollowingprovide
protectionagainstmalariaallexcept
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Duffybloodgroupb)Sicklecellanemia
c)Thalassemia
d)PNH
CorrectAnswer-D
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Answer-D.PNHRedcellsurfaceantigenthatofferprotectionagainstmalaria
Duffybloodgroupsystem
ABO(H)bloodgroupsystem
Glycophorins
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GerbichantigenComplementreceptortypeI
Knopsbloodgroup
Abnormalitiesoftheredcellcytoskeletonwhichmayoffer
protectioninclude
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
South-eastasiaovalocytosisHereditaryelliptocytosisHereditaryspherocytosisSicklecellHbA/S
1059.ChemotherapeuticAgentofChoicefor
thetreatmentofCMLis:
a)Imatinib
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Vincristinec)Cyclophosphamide
d)Methotrexate
CorrectAnswer-A
AnswerisA(Imatinib):
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
TyrosineKinaseInhibitors(Imatinib)arethechemotherapeuticagentsforchoiceinthemanagementofCML.TyrosineKinase
inhibitorstargetthe'constitutivelyactivetyrosinekinase'implicated
inthepathogenesisofCML.Althoughtheydonotcurethedisease,
theseagentsareabletoachievelongtermcontrolofCMLinthe
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
majorityofpatients.Mostrecenttexts(IncludingHarrisons)recommendTyrosineKinaseInhibitors(Imatinib)astheinitial
treatmentofchoicefornewlydiagnosedCMLreservingAllogeneic
StemCellTransplantation(SCT)forthosewhodevelopImatinib
Resistance.
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1060.Thromboticthrombocytopenicpurpura
isasyndromecharacterizedby:
a)Thrombocytosis,anemia,neurologicabnormalities,progressive
renalfailureandfever.
b)Thrombocytopenia,anemia,neurologicabnormalities,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
progressivehepaticfailureandfeverc)Thrombocytosis,anemianeurologicabnormalities,progressive
renalfailureandfever
d)Thrombocytopenia,anemia,neurologicalabnormalities,
progressiverenalfailureandfever
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-DAnswerisD(Thrombocytopenia,anemia,neurological
abnormalities,progressiverenalfailureandfever)
ThromboticThrombocytopenicPurpura(TTP)ischaracterized
clinicallybythePentadofMicroangiopathicHemolyticAnemia,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Thrombocytopenia.DecreasedRenalFunction.DisturbedNeurologicalfunctionandFever.
1061.Allthefollowingaretrueaboutmultiple
myelomaexcept:
a)Osteolyticbonedisease
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)t(8-14)translocationc)Lightchainproliferation
d)Bence-Jonesproteinsinurine
CorrectAnswer-B
AnswerisB(t(8-14)translocation)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
AvarietyofchromosomalalterationshavebeenfoundinpatientswithMultiplemyeloma.Themostcommontranslocationist(11;14)
(q13;q32).13q14deletionsand17p13deletionsand11q
abnormalitiespredominate.Translocation1(8-14)hasnotbeen
mentioned.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CompleteImmunoglobulinchaincomprisesofbothheavychainsandlightchains.ButinMultiplemyelomathereisexcessproduction
oflightchainseoverheavychains.
TheselightchainsareeliminatedinurineasBenceJonesproteinQ
ProteincastinurinearethusmadeupoflightchainsonlyQ(not
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
completeimmunoglobulinchains).Bonelesionsinmultiplemyelomaarelyticinnatureandarerarely
associatedwithosteoblasticnewboneformation.'-Harrison.
BonelesionsinMMarecausedbytheproliferationoftumorcells
andactivationofosteoclaststhatdestroythebone.'Bonepainisthe
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
mostcommonsymptominMMaffecting70%ofpatientsQ'-Harrison1062.Theimmunoglobulinmostcommonly
involvedinMultipleMyelomais:
a)IgG
b)IgM
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c)IgAd)IgD
CorrectAnswer-A
AnswerisA(IgG)
TheMcomponentinMultipleMyelomacanbemadeupofthe
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
immunoglobulinsIgG,IgM,IgD,IgA,andIgE;lightchainsalone;orheavychainsalone.IgGMyelomaisthemostcommonformof
MultipleMyelomawhileIgD(2%)andIgE(Rare)aretheleast
common.
Distributionofimmunoglobulintypesinpatientswithmultiple
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
myelomaTypeofprotein
Percentage(%)
IgG
52
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IgA22
IgM
12
IgD
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2IgE
Rare
1063.InitialDrugofchoiceforsuspected
caseofacuteadrenalinsufficiencyis:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Norepinephrineb)Hydrocortisone
c)Dexamethasone
d)Fludrocortisones
CorrectAnswer-C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
AnswerisC(Dexamethasone):Thetreatmentofchoiceforacuteadrenalinsufficiencyis
GlucocorticoidReplacementTherapy.Incaseswherethediagnosis
ofacuteadrenalinsufficiencyissuspected(notconfirmed)
Dexamethasoneispreferredastheinitialsteroidofchoicebecause
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Dexamethasonedoesnotcompetewiththecortisolassay.Cosyntropinstimulationtestingmaybeperformedwhilethepatient
isontreatment.
1064.Apregnancywomanisdiagnosedto
sufferingfromGraves'disease.The
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
mostappropriatetherapyforherwouldbe:
a)Radioiodinetherapy
b)Totalthyroidectomy
c)Carbimazoleparenteral
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)PropylthiouraciloralCorrectAnswer-D
AnswerisD(Propylthiouracil):
Propylthiouracil(PTU)isnotassociatedwithanincreasedriskof
congenitalmalformationsandisconsideredthedrugofchoicefor
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
treatinghyperthyroidismisPregnancy.HyperthyroidisminPregnancy
MaternalHyperthyroidisminPregnancyisusuallyduetoGrave's
Disease.TRAbcrossestheplacentaandifmotheristhyrotoxicit
mustbeassumedthatthefoetusissimilarlyaffected
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ThetreatmentofchoiceforthyrotoxicosisinPregnancyistherapywithsafeAntithyroidDrugs
Thionamides(Carbimazole/Propylthiouracil)areequallyeffectivein
controllingGrave'sHyperthyroidisminPregnancyandare
consideredthedrugsofchoice.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
AmongstCarbimazole(Methimazole)andPropylthiouracil,Propylthiouracilistypicallythepreferredagent(Traditionaldrugof
choice)
RadioactiveIodineTherapyiscontraindicatedinpregnancyasit
maydestroythefetalthyroidThyroidectomy(Surgery)israrely
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
requiredduringPregnancy.Whenindicatedpreoperativetreatment
withantithyroiddrugsandiodineisundertakenandsurgeryis
performedduringthesecondtrimester
Propylthiouracil
EffectiveincontrollingGrave'sHyperthyroidisminPregnancy
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Notassociatedwithincreasedriskofcongenitalmalformation(AplasiaCutisCongenitahasnotreportedwiththeuseof
Propylthiouracil))
ConsideredthedrugofchoicefortreatmentofHyperthyroidismin
pregnancy
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ConsideredthedrugofchoiceformothersduringBreastfeeding(TransferredtothemilkonetenthasmuchasCarbimazole)
EffectiveincontrollingGrave'sHyperthyroidisminPregnancy
AplasiaCutisCongenitaisararedisorderreportedinneonatesof
motherswhoreceivedMethimazole(Carbimazole)during
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
pregnancy.(Consensus:Insufficientdatatoestablishadirectcausalrelationship)
ConsideredasaneffectivealternativewherePropylthiouracilisnot
availableorcannotbeusedforanyreason
Maybeusedinmothersduringbreastfeedingatalowdose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(TransferredtomilkmorethanPropylthiouracilbutusuallydoesnotadverselyaffecttheinfant'sthyroidfunction)
1065.Richner-Hanhartsyndromeis
a)Autosomaldominant
b)Occularandcutaneousfeatures
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Associatedwithabnormalityinlipidmetabolismd)Normalmentalfunction
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Occularandcutaneousfeatures
Rareautosomalrecessivedisorderoftyrosinemetabolismdueto
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
deficiencyofthecytosolicfractionofhepatictyrosineaminotransferase.
Occursduetodeficiencyof"Tyrosineaminotransferase".
Mentalretardation.
Thepatienthashighurinarytyrosinelevelsalongwithhighplasma
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
tyrosinelevels.Thesepatientsrespondsdramaticallytodietaryrestrictionofthe
aminoacidsphenylalanineandtyrosine
1066.Investigationofchoicein
pheochromocytomais:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)CTscanb)Urinarycatecholamines
c)MIBGscan
d)MRIScan
CorrectAnswer-B
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
AnswerisB(UrinaryCatecholamines):Pheochromocytomassynthesizeandstorecatecholamineswhich
includenorepinephrine,epinephrineanddopamine.The
investigationofchoicefordiagnosisofPheochromocytomasis
determinationofelevatedlevelsofcatecholaminesandtheir
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
methylatedmetabolites(metanephrines)intheplasmaandurine.CTscan,MRIandMBIGScintographyareallusefuldiagnostic
modalitiesforlocalizationofpheochromocytomaoncethediagnosis
isestablished.
1067.Thepredominantsymptom/signof
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
pheochromocytomais:a)Sweating
b)Weightloss
c)Orthostatichypotension
d)Episodichypertension
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-DAnswerisD(EpisodicHypertension):
ThepredominantmanifestationofPheochromocytomais
HypertensionwhichclassicallypresentsasEpisodicHypertension
(SustainedHypertensionandOrthostaticHypotensionmayalsobe
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
seen).'ThedominantsignisHypertension.Classicallypatientshave
episodichypertension,butsustainedhypertensionisalsocommon'-
Harrison
1068.Primaryhyperparathyroidismis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
suggestedbyallofthefollowing,except:
a)Increasedserumcalcium
b)Lowurinarycalcium
c)IncreasedPTH
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)IncreasedC-AMPCorrectAnswer-B
AnswerisB(LowUrinaryCalcium):
PrimaryHyperparathyroidismisassociatedwithnormalorincreased
urinarycalciumlevels.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
IncreasedPTHandIncreasedSerumcalciuminassociationwithhighlevelsofurinarycalciumsuggestadiagnosisofPrimary
Hyperparathyroidism
IncreasedPTHandIncreasedSerumcalciuminassociationwithlow
levelsofurinarycalciumsuggestadiagnosisofFamilial
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
HvpocalciuricHvpercalcemia(FHH)Disorder
S-
S-
PTHrP Urine
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
UrinaryCa2? PHOS
Calcium
Ca2+
Intact
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CreatininePTH
Clearance
ratio
PrimaryHPTH 1'
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
sl,(or 1'(or ,I,U-Ca2'>
>0.02
N) N)
100mg/24h
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Familiall'
.I(or 1'(or ,I,
U-Ca2+
<0.01
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
benignN) N)
<100mg/24h
hypercalcemia
Thisclearanceratioiscalculatedfromsimultaneousfastingserum
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Thisclearanceratioiscalculatedfromsimultaneousfastingserum
andurineCaandcreatininemeasurements.Theurinesamplecan
befromaspotora24hcollection.Theclearanceratioiscalculated
asfollows:
UrineCa(mg/24h)xplasmacreatinine(mg/dl)/plasmaCa(mg/dL)x
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
urinecreatinine(mg/24h)1069.ThemostclassicalsymptomofVIPOMA
is:
a)Gallstones
b)Secretorydiarrhea
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Steatorrhead)Flushing
CorrectAnswer-B
AnswerisB(SecretoryDiarrhoea)
TheprinciplefeatureofVIPOMAislargevolumesecretory
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Diarrhoea.Diarrhoeaissecretoryinnature,persistsduringfastingandisalmost
alwaysgreaterthan>ILitreperday(>3Litresperdayin70
percent).Astoolvolumelessthan700mlperdayisproposedto
excludethediagnosis.Mostpatientsdonothaveaccompanying
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Steatorrhea.VIPOMAS(Verner-MorrisonSyndrome/PancreaticCholera/WDHA
Syndrome)
VIPomasaretumoursthatsecretelargeamountsofVasoactive
IntestinalPeptide(VIP)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
VIPisanimportantneurotransmitterubiquitouslypresentintheCNSandGIT
ThemostcommonlocationofVlPomasisthePancreas
Mostcommonsitewithinthepancreasisthepancreatictail
UsuallySolitary
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
UsuallyMalignant(37-68%havehepaticmetastasisatdiagnosisVIP
StimulatesSmallIntestinalchloridesecretion
Stimulatessmoothmusclecontractility
Inhibitsacidsecretion
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
HasvasodilatoryeffectsTypicalFeatures
(WDHA)
WateryDiarrhoea(LargeVolumeSecretory
Diarrhoealeadingto
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
dehydration)Hypokalemia(Diarrhoeasevereenoughto
causehypokalemia)
Achlorhydria(Hypochlorhydriafrom
increasedsmallintestinal
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
chloridesecretion)TheprincipleSymptomsarelargevolume
diarrhoea(100%)
severeenoughtocausehypokalemia(80-
100%),dehydration
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(83%),hypochlorhydria(54-76%)andflushing(20%)
Mostpatientsdonothaveaccompanying
Steatorrhea
OtherFeatures
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
IncreasedstoolVolumeduetoincreasedsecretionofsodiumandpotassiumwhichwiththeanionaccountforosmolalityofthestool
Hyperglycemia(25-50%
Hypercalcemia(25-50%)
ThediagnosisrequiresdemonstrationofanelevatedplasmaVIP
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
levelandthepresenceoflargevolumesecretorydiarrhea.1070.Fabry'sdiseaseaffects
a)ER
b)Lysosome
c)Mitochondria
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)CellmembraneCorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Lysosome
Fabrydisease,alsocalledAnderson-Fabrydisease,isthesecond
mostprevalentlysosomalstoragedisorderafterGaucherdisease.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ItisanX-linkedinbornerroroftheglycosphingolipidmetabolicpathway.Thisresultsinaccumulationofglobotriaosylceramide
(Gb3)withinlysosomesinawidevarietyofcells,therebyleadingto
theproteanmanifestationsofthedisease.
1071.Granulomatousconditioncausing
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
hypercalcemiaincludeallofthefollowing,except:
a)TB
b)Sarciodosis
c)Berylliosis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)SLECorrectAnswer-D
AnswerisD(SLE):
SLEisnotclassifiedasagranulomatousdiseaseandisarare
causeofHypercalcemia(DisseminatedSLE).Sarcoidosis,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Tuberculosis(TB)andBerylliosisaretypicalGranulomatousdisorderscausinghypercalcemia.
GranulomatouscausesofHypercalcemia
InfectiveCauses
Tuberculosis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
BerylliosisHistoplasmosis
Coccidoimycosis
Pneumocystis
GranulomatousLeprosy
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cat-ScratchDiseaseNon-InfectiveCause
Sarcoidosis(Mostcommon)
Wegner'sGranulomatosis
InflammatoryBowelDisease
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Histiocytosis-XForeignbodyGranulomas
AlmosteverysinglediseaseassociatedwithGranulomaformation
hasbeenreportedtocauseHypercalcemia
1072.Hypophosphatemiaisseenin:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Pseudohypoparathyroidismb)Hyperparathyroidism
c)Hyperthyroidism
d)Hypoparathyroidism
CorrectAnswer-B
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
AnswerisB(Hyperparathyroidism):Hyperparathyroidismistypicallyassociatedwithhypophosphatemia.
PrimaryHyperparathyroidismisassociatedwithHypophosphatemia
andHypercalcemiawhileSecondaryHyperparathyroidismis
associatedwithHypophosphatemiaandHypocalcemia.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
HyperthyroidismistypicalassociatedwithnormalphosphatelevelsHypoparathyroidismandPseudohypoparathyroidismareassociated
withHyperphosphatemia
1073.Calciumhomeostasisdisturbanceis
seenin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Malignanthyperthermiab)DMD
c)Tibialmusculardystrophy
d)Limbgirdlemuscledystrophy
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Answer-A.MalignanthyperthermiaMalignanthyperthermiaisapharmacogeneticconditioncauseddue
tomutationofthe"Ryanodinereceptorgene".
Ryanodinereceptorgenecontrolsthelevelof"cytosoliccalcium"
andthereforeskeletalmusclecontraction.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1074.Tetanyisseenin
a)Respiratoryalkalosis
b)Respiratoryacidosis
c)Metabolicacidosis
d)Hyperkalemia
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAnswer-A.Respiratoryalkalosis
Inalkalosistetanyoccursbecauseofthedecreasedconcentrationof
freeionizedcalcium.
Itisthefreeionizedcalciumthatisphysiologicallymoreimportant.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
[RefHarrison18th/ep.362,360;Guyton10thiep.342]1075.Hypomagnesemiaisnotseenin
a)Barterssyndrome
b)Diabetesmellitus
c)Diarrhea
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)GitelmansyndromeCorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Barterssyndrome
HypomagnesemiamayoccurinBarter'ssyndromebutusuallythe
serummagnesiumlevelisnormalinBarterssyndrome.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1076.FeaturesofSLEincludeallofthe
followingexcept:
a)Recurentabortion
b)Sterility
c)Coomb'spositivehemolyticanemia
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)PsychosisCorrectAnswer-B
AnswerisB(Sterility):
SystemicLupusErythematosus.
RecurrentAbortionsinSLEmaybeseenasamanifestationof
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
AntiphospholipidAntibodysyndrome.SmallproportionofpatientswithSLEmayhaveaCoomb'sPositiveHaemolyticanemia.
PsychosisisaknownneurologicalmanifestationofSLE.
1077.Antibodiesmostcommonlyseenin
druginducedlupusare:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)AntidsDNAAntibodiesb)AntiSmAntibodies
c)Anti-RoAntibodies
d)AntihistoneAntibodies
CorrectAnswer-D
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
AnswerisD(AntihistoneAntibodies):Themostcommonlyusedmarkerfordruginducedlupusis
AntihistoneAntibodies.
DrugInducedLupusischaracterizedserologicallybythepresence
ofAnti-HistoneAntibodiesandtheabsenceofantibodiesagainst
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
doublestrandedDNA(dsDNAAntibodyNegative;Anti-HistoneAntibodyPositive).Anti-dsDNA
SerologyinDrugInducedLupusErythematosus
AlmostallpatientswithDrugInducedLupuswilltestpositivefor
AntinuclearAntibodies(PositiveANATest)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ThespectrumofAntinuclearantibodiesinDrugInducedLupusincludes
PositiveAntihistoneantibodies(mostcommon;notspecific;also
seeninSLE)
PositiveautoantibodiesagainstsinglestrandedDNA(common;not
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
specific;alsoseeninSLE)Negative(absenceof)autoantibodiesagainstdoublestranded
DNA(dsDNA)
ThepresenceofautoantibodiesagainstdsDNAstronglysuggestsa
diagnosisofSLE
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
DrugInducedLupusistypicallyassociatedwithaHomogeneousANApatternduetothepresenceofAntihistoneAntibodies
Antibodiesareseeninlessthan5percentofpatientswithDrug
InducedLupus
ThepresenceofAntihistoneantibodiesaloneisnotaspecifictest
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
fordiagnosisofDrugInducedLupusasAntibodiestohistonesmayalsobeseeninupto50to80percentofpatientswithidiopathic
SLE.
Note:HypocomplementemiaisuncommoninDrugInducedLupus
butnotinSLE.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1078.PrimarySjogrenssyndrometrueis
a)Canbeseeninchildren
b)IncreasedcomplementC4leadstothymoma
c)Associatedwithrheumatoidarthritis
d)Salivaryglandenlargement
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-DAnswer-D.Salivaryglandenlargement
Sjogrensyndromeisachronicdiseasecharacterizedbydryeyes
(keratoconjuctivitissicca)anddrymouth(xerostomia)resultingfrom
immunologicalmediateddestructionofthelacrimalandsalivary
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
glands.Itoccursintwoforms
1. Primaryform(SICCASYNDROME)Occursasanisolated
disorder.
2. SecondryformWhenitoccursinassociationwithother
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
autoimmunedisorder.Itismorecommon.Autoimmunediseasesassociatedwithsjogrensyndrome
Symptomsresultfrominflammatorydestructionoftheexocrine
glands.
1. Keratoconjunctivitis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2. Xerostomia3. Parotidglandenlargement
1079.ProphylaxisforHIVisoptimally
effectiveifstartedupto.....hrsof
exposure
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)1b)2
c)4
d)12
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Answer-A.1goalistostartwithinonetotwohoursorearlierafterexposureoften
usingastarterpackwithappropriatedrugsasimmediatelyavailable.
Themediantimetoinitiationofpostexposureprophylaxisis1.8hrs.
Thecentrefordiseasecontrolandprevention(CDC)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
recommendationsaretoofferprophylaxisupto24-36hrsafterexposure,forlongertimelapses,therecommendationsistoseek
advicefromanexpert
1080.Oddpair
a)Erythemamarginatum-rheumaticfever
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Erythemagyrensripens-malignancyc)Necroticacralerythema-HCV
d)Erythemachronicummigransmalignancy
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.Erythemachronicummigransmalignancy
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
"Erythemagyratumrepens"isarareandcharacteristicrashstronglyassociatedwithmalignancy.
Erythemachromicumnigrans
Ergthemamarginatum
Itisacharacteristiccutaneousmanifestationofrheumaticfever.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1081.ANCAisNOTassociatedwithwhichof
thefollowingdiseases:
a)Wegener'sgranulomatosis
b)Henochschonleinpurpura
c)MicroscopicPAN
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)ChurgStrausssyndromeCorrectAnswer-B
AnswerisB(H.S.Purpura):
H.S.purpuraisnotassociatedwithanyantinuclearcytoplasmic
antibody(ANCA).ItisanexampleofANCAnegativevasculitis.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ANCA(AntineutrophiliccytoplasmicAntibodies)arcAntibodiesdirectedagainstcertainproteinsincytoplasmicgranulesof
Neutrophil&monocytes.
ThesearetwomajorcategoriesofANCAbasedondifferenttargets
fortheantibodies.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ANCA(Antineutrophiccytoplasmicantibodies):ANCAisof2types
C-ANCA
(Cytoplasmicproteinase3qisthetargetantigen)
WegenersGranulomatosisq(90-95%)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
P-ANCA(perinuclearmyeloperoxidaseQisthemajortargetantigen)
MicroscopicPAN(microscopicpolyangitis)
Churg-Strausssyndrome
Crescentericglomerulonephritise
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Goodpasteur'ssyndrome1082.Yellow-nailsyndromeconsistsof
a)Kneejointeffusionandlymphedema,associatedwith
discolorednails
b)Pericardialandlymphedema,associatedwithdiscolorednails
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Peritonealeffusionandlymphedema,associatedwithdiscolorednails
d)Pleuraleffusionandlymphedema,associatedwithdiscolored
nails
CorrectAnswer-D
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Answer-D.Pleuraleffusionandlymphedema,associatedwithdiscolorednails
Yellownailsyndromeisararedisorderofthenail,whichisusually
accompaniedby
Lymphoedema
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Itmayalsobeassociatedwith:Recurrentpleuraleffusions
Bronchiectasis
1083.Nottobegiveninmalignantmalariais-
a)Quinolone
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Quininec)Doxycycline
d)Artesunate
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Quinolone
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Artemisininderivative:ArtesunateQuinineorQuinidine
Plusoneofthefollowing:Doxycycline,Tetracyclineand
Clindamycin
1084.Muir?Torresyndromeshows
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Sebaceouskeratomasb)Lischnodules
c)Intestinalpolyp
d)Hyperelasticjoints
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Answer-A.SebaceouskeratomasMuir-Torresyndromeisanautosomalskinconditionofgenetic
origincharacterizedbytumorsofthesebaceousglandor
keratoacanthomathatareassociatedwithvisceralmalignant
disease
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CutaneouscharacteristicAdenoma
Epithelioma
Carcinoma
Multiplekeratoacanthomas
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1085.DOCforlisteriameningitis-
a)Ampicillin
b)Cefotaxime
c)Cefotriaxone
d)Ciprofloxacin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAnswer-A.Ampicillin
Theantibioticofchoiceforlisteriainfectionisampicillinorpenicillin
G.
1086.Kawasakidiseaseisassociatedwithall
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ofthefollowingclinicalfeaturesexcepta)Truncalrash
b)Posteriorcervicallymphadenopathy
c)Thrombocytopenia
d)Pericarditis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-CAnswerisC(Thrombocytopenia):
Kawasakidiseaseisassociatedwiththrombocytosisandnot
thrombocytopenia.
CharacteristiclaboratoryfindingsTreatmentof
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ChoicePrognosisincludeIncreasedESRHighdose
intravenousPrognosisforuneventfulrecoveryis
Thrombocytosiseimmunoglobulinse
excellente
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1087.Firstsymptomofleprosy
a)Decreasedvibration&positionsense
b)Decreasedpain
c)Decreasedtemperature
d)Decreasedlighttouch
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-BAnswer-B.Decreasedpain
In90%ofpatientsthefirstsignofthediseaseisafeelingof
numberswhichmaypreceedesskinlesionsbyanumberofyears.
Temperatureisthefirstsensationlostfollowedbylighttourchpain
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
andthendeeppressure.[RefHarrison18thiep.1363-1364]
1088.LupusPernioisseenin:
a)Tuberculosis
b)SLE
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)PANd)Sarcoidosis
CorrectAnswer-D
AnswerisD(Sarcoidosis):
PernioisatypicalcutaneousmanifestationofSarcoidosis.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
LupusPernioisthemosttypicalandeasilyrecognizableskinlesionsofSarcoidosis.Itischaracterizedbythepresenceofviolaceous,
purpleblueshinyswollenlesionsoverthebridgeofnose,beneath
theeyesandoverthecheeks.Thisspecificcomplexofinvolvement
ofthebridgeofnose,theareabeneaththeeyesandthecheeksis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
considereddiagnosticforachronicformofSarcoidosis.1089.Migraineisdueto
a)Dilatationofcranialarteries
b)Constrictionofcranialarteries
c)Corticalspreadingdepression
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)MeningialinflammationCorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.Corticalspreadingdepression
Corticalspreadingdepressionisaselfpropagatingwaveofneuronal
andglialdepolarizationthatspreadsacrossthecerebralcortex.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Theactivationoftrigeminalafferentsbycorticalspreadingdepressioninturncausesinflammatorychangesinthepain-
sensitivemeningesthatgeneratetheheadacheofmigrainethrough
centralandperipheralreflexmechanisms.
1090.HowmuchlengthisincreasedinZ
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
plastywhenitisdoneat60degrees?a)25%
b)50%
c)75%
d)100%
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-CAnsis'c'i.e.75%
Z-plastyisaverycommoninterpositionsurgicaltechniqueutilizedinplasticand
reconstructivesurgerytorevisescars.
Ingeneral,thegreatertheangle,thegreaterthegaininwoundlength.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
TissueLengtheningwithZ-PlastyTypeofZ-Plasty
IncreaseinLengthofCentralLimb
(%)
Simple45-degree
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
50Simple60-degree
75
Simple90-degree
100
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Four-flapwith60-degree150
angles
Double-opposing
75
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Five-flap125
Or
Anglescomparedtogaininlengthareasfollows:
30-degreeangleresultsina25%gaininlength
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
45-degreeangleresultsina50%gaininlength60-degreeangleresultsina75%gaininlength
75-degreeangleresultsina100%gaininlength
90-degreeangleresultsina125%gaininlength
1091..Zplastyidealangle
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)90?b)45?
c)60?
d)75?
CorrectAnswer-C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Answer-C.60?The60degreeZ-plasty(ie,classicZ-plasty)ismostcommonlyused
becauseitprovidestheoptimalbalancebetweenlengtheningand
easeofclosure.
1092.Allofthefollowingareriskfactorsfor
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
deepveinthrombosis(DVT)except-a)Durationofsurgerymorethanthirtyminutes
b)Obesity
c)Agelessthanfortyyears
d)Useoftheoestrogen-progesteronecontraceptivepills
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Agelessthan40years
1093.Lymphedemaprecoxallaretrue
except
a)U/L
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Morecommoninmenc)Affectsthelegs
d)2-35yrsofage
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Morecommoninmen
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Primarylymphedemawithageofonsetb/wages1yearand35years.
MCformsofprimarylymphedema.
Female:Male-10:1
Swellinginvolvesfootandcalf.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Usuallyunilateral1094.RTAwithmultiplefracturesinitial
treatmentwouldbe-
a)Managementofshock
b)Splintingoflimbs
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Airwaymanagementd)Cervicalspineprotection
CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.Airwaymanagement
Managementoftraumabeginswithprimarysurvey.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
TheATLS(AdvancedTraumaLifeSupport)definesprimarysurveyasassessmentofthe`A,B,C'i.e.,Airwaywithcervicalspine
protection,Breathingandcirculation.
1095.Bestskindisinfectantforcentralline
insertionis:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Povioneiodineb)Alcohol
c)Cetrimide
d)Chlorhexidine
CorrectAnswer-D
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ansis'd'i.e.Chlorhexidine"Chlorhexidineisnowthedisinfectantrecommendedforallcatheter
placementproceduresandforroutinesitecleansingduringdressing
changes."-ComprehensiveHospitalMedicine:AnEvidence-Based
AndSystemsApproachByMarkV.Williams,ScottA.Flanders,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
p320"Useofantisepticsolutionforskindisinfectionatthecatheter
insertionsitehelpspreventcatheter-relatedinfection.Chlorhexidine-
basedsolutionsappeartobesuperiortobothaqueousandalcohol-
basedpovidone-iodineinreducingtheriskforcathetercolonization
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
andcatheter-relatedbloodstreaminfection.Ifthereisacontraindicationtochlorhexidine,tinctureofiodine,aniodophoror
70percentalcoholcanbeusedasalternatives"-uptodate.com
1096.Withblunttraumaalloverbodythe
amountofN2&nitrogenendproducts
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
lost/daya)35gm
b)45gm
c)55gm
d)65gm
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAnswer-A.35gm
Afterinjury,theinitialsystemicproteolysis,mediatedprimarilyby
glucocorticoidesincreasesurinarynitrogenexcretiontolevelsin
excessof30gm/day.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1097.Thefollowingstatementaboutkeloidis
true?
a)Theydonotextendintonormalskin
b)Localrecurrenceiscommonafterexcision
c)Theyoftenundergomalignantchange
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)TheyaremorecommoninwhitesthaninblacksCorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Localrecurrenceiscommonafterexcision
Akeloidscarisdefinedasexcessivescartissuethatextends
beyondtheboundariesoftheoriginalincisionorwound.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Features-Itcontinuestogetworseevenafter1yearanduptoafewyears.
Severeitchingispresent
Marginistender
Vascular,red,erythematous(immaturebloodvessels)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Extendstonormaltissues,hasaclaw-likeprocess.Hencethename.
Riskfactors-
Blackrace
Tuberculosispatients
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Incisionoverthesternum,earlobeEqualinbothsexes
Hereditaryandfamilial
Vaccinationsites,injectionsites
Treatment-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Injectionofsteroidpreparationsuchastriamcinoloneacetate(Kenacort)hasbeenfoundtobeextremelyuseful.
Itflattensthekeloid.Intrakeloidalexcisionandskingraftingare
tobetriedlast.
Recurrenceiscommon.(Anyformofexcisionhasahighchanceof
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
recurrence)Careshouldbetakennottoextendtheincisionontothenormal
surroundingtissues.
Siliconeapplication
Topicalretinoids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1098.Indicationsforemergencythoracotomy
areallofthefollowingexcept
a)Majortracheobronchialinjuries
b)Cardiactamponade
c)Penetratinginjuriestoanteriorchest
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)TensionPneumothoraxCorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.TensionPneumothorax
Emergencythoracotomyisindicatedafterchesttraumain
followingconditions:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cardiacarrest(resuscitativethoractomy)Massivehemoththorax(>1500mLofbloodthroughthechesttube
acutelyor>200-300ml/hrafterinitialdrainage.
Penetratinginjuriesoftheanterioraspectofthechestwithcardiac
tamponade.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Largeopenwoundsofthethoraciccage.Majorthoracicvascularinjuriesinthepresenceofhemodynamic
instability
1099.InvertedChampagnebottleappearance
isseenin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Varicoseveinsb)DVT
c)Lipodermatosclerosis
d)Venousulceration
CorrectAnswer-C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Answer-C.LipodermatosclerosisThemostcommonlyrecognizedformoflipodermatosclerosis(LDS),
chronicLDSpresencewithindurationandhyperpigmentationofthe
skininvolvingtheoneorbothofthelowerlegsinacharacteristic
"invertedchampagnebottle"appearance.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Associatedwithvenousinsufficiency,LDSismostcommoninmiddle-agedwomen.
1100.10cmtumoronanteriorsurfaceof
thigh,whatisdonetoknowto
diagnosis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Incisionbiopsyb)Excisionbiopsy
c)FNAC
d)USG
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Answer-A.IncisionbiopsyIncisionalbiopsyisindicatedwhentissuesamplesarenotobtained
byFNACorcoreneedlebiopsyasindeeptumorsandforsuperficial
softtissuetumors>3cm.
Excisionalbiopsyisindicatedforeasilyaccesibleextremityor
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
truncallesions<3cm.1101.Bestmethodtotreatalargeport-wine
hemangiomais?
a)Radiotherapy
b)Tatooing
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Excisionwithskingraftingd)PulseddyeLaser
CorrectAnswer-D
PulseddyeLaserREF:Roxburgh'scommonSkinDiseases17th
editionpage194&205,ClinicalDermatologybyJohnHunter,John
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Savin&MarkDahl3'editionpage275"SelectivePhotothermolysisorPulseddyelaseristhetreatmentof
choiceforPortwinehemangioma"
Port-winestainsarecrimsonblotchesinwhichthereismarked
capillarydilatationcomparedtoacapillaryangioma,whichisared
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
noduleorplaquecontainingproliferatingendothelialcells.Thelattertendtoflattenanddisappearatpuberty.Largeronesmaycause
problemsfrombleedingand/orerosion.Cavernoushaemangiomata
arelargerandcompressible,containinglargevascularspaces.
Occasionallyaport-winestainofthetrigeminalareaisassociated
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
withavascularmalformationoftheleptomeningesonthesameside,whichmaycauseepilepsyorhemiparesis(theSturgeWeber
syndrome),orwithglaucoma.
Excellentresultshavebeenobtainedwithcarefulandtime-
consumingtreatmentwitha585-nmflashlamp-pumpedpulseddye
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laser.Treatmentsessionscanbegininbabiesandanaesthesiaisnotalwaysnecessary.Ifatrialpatchissatisfactory,40-50pulses
canbedeliveredinasessionandtheprocedurecanberepeatedat
3-monthlyintervals.
1102.Flashburn,tender,red&painful,which
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ofthefollowingtypeistheburn-a)Scaldedburn
b)Firstdegreeburn
c)Seconddegreeburn
d)Fourthdegreeburn
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CorrectAnswer-BAnswer-B.Firstdegreeburn
Firstdegreeburn(alsok/aSuperficialorEpidermalburn)
Theseburnsinvolveonlytheepidermis
Theydonotblister,
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AreerythematousbecauseofdermalvasodilationBlanchtotouch(i.e.showcapillaryrefilling)
Arequitepainful
Healwithoutscarringin5to10days.
Theyresultinpainandreddeningoftheepidermis(outerlayerof
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theskin).Theclinicalfearuresareblisteringand/orlossoftheepidermis.The
underlyingdermisispinkandmoist.Thecapillaryreturniscleariy
visiblewhenblanched
1103.VeinusedinbypassSurgery:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Greatsaphenousveinb)Shortsaphenousvein
c)Femoralvein
d)Brachialvein
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Inpatientswithocclusivecoronarydiseasecausedbyatherosclerosis,thediseasedarterialsegmentcanbebypassedby
insertingagraftconsistingofaportionofthegreatsaphenousvein.
Thevenoussegmentisreversedsothatitsvalvesdonotobstruct
thearterialflow.Followingremovalofthegreatsaphenousveinat
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thedonorsite,thesuperficialvenousbloodascendsthelowerlimbbypassingthroughperforatingveinsandenteringthedeepveins.
Thegreatsaphenousveincanalsobeusedtobypassobstructions
ofthebrachialorfemoralarteries.
1104.Bestgasusedforcreating
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pneumoperitoniumatlaparoscopyis:a)N2
b)02
c)CO2
d)N20Goniometerisused
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CorrectAnswer-CCO2
CO,isthegasusedtocreatepneumoperitoneumduring
laparoscopy.
Otheroptionis-N20:Butitisexpensive,lesssolubleinblood
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andsupportscombustion.Alsoknow:
Instrumentusedforcreatingpneumoperitoneumisveressneedle.
FlowRateofCO,forcreatingpneumoperitoneum200-2000ml/min
&pressurebetween15-25mmofHg.
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1105.Inafemaleabdominalintestinal
perforationoperatedhasserous
dischargeon5thdaywithwoundgap.
Whatisyourdiagnosis
a)Wounddehiscence
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b)Enterocutaneousfistulac)Scroma
d)Peritonitis
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Wounddehiscence
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Dehisencemostoftendevelops7to10dayspostoperativelybutmayoccuranytimeaftersurgery,from1tomorethan20days."-
Sabiston
1106.Peritonitis
a)Neutrophils>250mm3
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b)WBC<100/m1c)Ascitislactatelevel<25mg/dl
d)AscitisfluidpH>735
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Neutrophils>250mm3
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Morethan250neutrophills/cummofascitisfluidsuggestanacuteinflammatoryprocess,themostcommonofwhichisspontaneous
bacterialperitonitis.
Anasciteslactatelevelofmorethan25mg/diwasfoundtobe100%
sensitiveandspecificinpredictingactivespontaneousbacterial
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peritonitis.1107.Ingastrectomyfollowingoccursexcept
-
a)Calciumdeficiency
b)Steatorrhoea
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c)Fe.deficiencyd)Fluidloss
CorrectAnswer-D
Answeris'd'i.e.Fluidloss
Postgastrectomycomplications
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AnemiaasaresultofvitaminB12orironmalabsorptionandosteoporosis.
Irondeficiencyanemiadevelopsbecauseremovalofthestomach
oftenleadstoamarkeddecreaseintheproductionofgastricacid.
Osteoporosisdevelopsasaresultofpoorcalciumabsorption,
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anotherproblemthatoccursaftergastricsurgery.Dumpingsyndrome
Diarrhoea-maybeduetodifferentreasons.associatedwith
dumpingsyndromepost-vagotomydiarrhoeaassociatedwithfat
malabsorption.
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Fatmalabsorptionleadingtosteatorrhoeaoccursduetoacidinactivationofpancreaticenzymesorpoorlycoordinatedmixingof
food&digestivejuices.Fatmalabsorptionleadstomalabsorptionof
fatsolublevitaminsi.e.A,D,E&K.
Pushingfoodfromyourstomachtoyoursmallboweltooquickly
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(dumpingsyndrome)Acidreflux
Chestinfections,includingbronchitisandpneumonia
Internalbleeding
Nauseaandvomiting
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Stomachacidleakingintoyouresophagus,causingscarringandnarrowing(stricture)
Vitamindeficiencies
Weightloss
1108.Treatmentofchoiceinanorectal
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carcinomaa)Chemoradiation
b)APRCombinedsurgeryandradiotherapy
c)Chemotherapyalone
d)All
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CorrectAnswer-BAnswer-B
Abdominal-perinealresectionwithcolostomywas
thepreferredsurgicalprocedureformostmajorcancersof
theanalcanal,
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1109.Rectalprolapsesurgeryis
a)Rectalmucosalstapling
b)Mucosalresection
c)Placation/wiring
d)Rectopexy
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CorrectAnswer-DAnswer-D.Rectopexy
Abdominalapproach
1. Reductionofperinealherniaandclosureofced-de-sac
(Moschowitz'soperation)
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2. Fixationofrectumeitherwithaprostheticsling(Ripsteinandwellsrectopexy)orbySutureRectopexy.
3. Resectionofredundantsigmoidcolon?rectalfixation(Resection
rectopexy).
1110.Crohn'sdisease
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Continousinvolvementb)Sinus&fistula
c)Mesentericlymphadenitis
d)Studulcer
CorrectAnswer-B
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Answer-B.Sinus&fistulaClinicalfeatures-
Intermittentmilddiarrhea,fever,abdominalpain(MC)
Rightlowerquadrantmass,weightloss,anemia
Sometimesmimicsappendicitisorbowelperforation
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Analcomplaints(fissure,fistula,abscess)?frequentFat/vitaminmalabsorptionpresent
1111.Stepladderpatternofgasshadowis
seenin
a)Duodenalobstruction
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b)Intestinalobstructionc)Gastricoutletobstruction
d)Sigmoidvolvulus
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Intestinalobstruction
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Stepladdersignrepresentstheappearanceofgas-fluiddistendedsmallbowelloopsthatappeartobestackedontopofeachother,
typicallyobservedonerectabdominalradiographsinthesetting
ofsmallbowelobstruction.
1112.Whatisnotseeninshortbowel
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syndromea)Hypergastrinemia&highgastricsecretionisseen
b)Diarrhea,dehydrationandmalnutrition
c)Hirsutism
d)ChronicTPNdependence
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CorrectAnswer-CAnswer-C.Hirsutism
Resectionofjejunumisbettertoleratedthanresectionofileum,as
thecapacityforbilesaltandvitaminB12absorptionisspecifictothe
ileum
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Malabsorptionaftermassivesmallbowelresectionisexacerbatedbyacharacteristichypergastrinemiaassociatedgastricacid
hypersecretionthatpersistsfor1to2yearspostoperatively
Short-bowelsyndromeisadisorderclinicallydefinedby
malabsorption,diarrhea,steatorrhea,fluidandelectrolyte
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disturbances,andmalnutrition.1113.EsophagealmanometryisusefulallthisconditionsEXCEPT:
a)Achalasia
b)Diffuseesophagealspasm
c)ToassesstheperistalticintegritypriortothesurgeryforGERD
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)MalignancyCorrectAnswer-D
Esophagealmanometry,ormotilitytesting,entailspositioningapressuresensingcatheter
withintheesophagus.
Manometryisusedtodiagnose
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1.Motilitydisorders(achalasia,diffuseesophagealspasm)2.Toassessperistalticintegritypriortothesurgeryforrefluxdisease.
Esophagealmalignancyisnotdiagnosedwithesophagealmanometry.UpperGI
endoscopyistheeffectivemethodformalignancyandbiopsycanbetaken.
Ref:Harrison,Edition-18,Page-2430
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1114.Ogilvie'ssyndromemostcommonly
involves
a)Stomach
b)Colon
c)Gallbladder
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)SmallintestineCorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Colon
Ogilviesyndrome,oracutecolonicpseudo-obstruction(ACPO),isa
clinicaldisorderwiththesigns,symptoms,andradiographic
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
appearanceofacutelargebowelobstructionwithnoevidenceoftheactualphysicalcauseoftheobstruction.Thecolonmaybecome
massivelydilated;ifnotdecompressed,thepatientrisksperforation,
peritonitis,anddeath.
Pseudo-obstructionmostcommonlyoccursinhospitalizedpatients
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andisassociatedwiththeuseofnarcotics,bedrest,andco-morbiddisease.
Thisconditiondescribesanobstruction,usuallyofthecolon,that
occursintheabsenceofamechanicalcauseoracuteintra-
abdominaldisease.
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Abdominalradiographsshowevidenceofcolonicobstruction,withmarkedcecaldistensionbeingacommonfeature.
1115.Spigelianherniais
a)Throughlineaalba
b)Throughlateralborderofrectusabdominis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Throughmedialwallofiinguinalcanald)Throughlateralwallofinguinalcanal
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Throughlateralborderofrectusabdominis
Spigelianherniascanoccuranywherealongthelengthofthe
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
spigelianlineorzone--anaponeuroticbandofvariablewidthatthelateralborderoftherectusabdominis.Themostfrequentlocationof
theserarehemiasisatorslightlyabovethelevelofthearcuateline.
Spigelianherniaoccursthroughthelinearsemilunariswhich
correspondstothelateralmarginoftherectusabdominis.
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Aspigelianherniaoccursthroughthespigelianfascia,whichiscomposedoftheaponeuroticlayerbetweentherectusmuscle
mediallyandthesemilunarlinelaterally.
1116.MostcommontypeofIntussusception
is-
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a)Ileocolicb)ileoileal
c)Colo-colic
d)Caeco-colic
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'a'i.e.,IleocolicIleo-ileo-colic(-12)
Ileoileal(-5%)
Colocolic(-2%)
Multiple(1%)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
RetrogradeThemostcommontypeofintussusceptionisileocolic(also
knownasileocecal)(90%).
1117.24dayneonatewithprojectilevomiting
&failuretogainweight.whatisthe
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diagnosisa)CHPS
b)NEC
c)Duodenalatresia
d)Hirschsprung'sdisease
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CorrectAnswer-AAnswer-A.CHPS
Projectilevomitingin4thweekisquitesuggestiveofCHPS.In
duodenalatresiathevomiting(usuallybilious)isrightfromthe1st
dayoflife.NECandHirschsprung'sdiseasehavedifferentclinical
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presentation.1118.NottrueaboutBarrett'sesophagus
a)Metaplasiaofcells
b)PredisposestoSCC
c)Precancerouscondition
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d)IntestinaltypeisthemostcommontypeCorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.PredisposestoSCC
Barrett'sesophagusispremalignantconditionforadenocarcinma
esophagusandnotSCC.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1119.Gastrotomyis
a)Openthestomachclosedaftertubeinsertion
b)Openingthestomach
c)Resectingtheterminalpartofstomach
d)Resectingtheproximalpartofstomach
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-BAnswer-B.Openingthestomach
Gastrostomyreferstoasurgicalopeningintothestomach.;creation
ofanartificialexternalopeningintothestomachfornutritional
supportorgastrointestinalcompression.Typicallythiswouldinclude
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
anincisioninthepatient'sepigastriumaspartofaformaloperation.1120.Parrotbeakappearanceisseenin
a)Volvulus
b)Intussuption
c)Rectalatresia
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)CAcolonCorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Volvulus
Barium/gastrograffinenema-demonstratesthepointofobstruction,
pathognomonic"Birdbeckdeformity"orparrotbeakdeformity.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Contrastenemaiscontraindicatedifgangreneissuspected."Parrotbeaked"clawingofneilsisalsoseeninchroniccocaine
abuse.
1121.Raspberrytumorisseenin
a)Umbilicalfistula
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b)Meckel'sdiverticulumc)Umbilicaladenoma
d)Umbilicalgranuloma
CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.Umbilicaladenoma
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Anumbilicaladenomaisalsoknownas"Raspberrytumor".Itisduetoapartiallyunobliteratedvitellointestinalduct.
Itisseenininfants.
Theprolapsingmucosagivestheraspberryappearanceand
bleedsontouch.
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Treatment:Aligatureistiedarounditsbase,anditfallsoffafterafewdays.
Recurrenceistreatedwithsurgery.
1122.Aftermastectomy,breast
reconstructionisdoneby
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Deltopectoralb)latissimusdorsi
c)Serratusanterior
d)Trapezius
CorrectAnswer-B
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Answer-B.latissimusdorsiIftheskinatthemastectomysiteispoor(e.g.following
radiotherapy)orifalargervolumeoftissueisrequired,a
musculocutaneousflapcanbeconstructedeitherfromthe
latissimusdorsimuscle(anLDflap)orusingthe
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
transversusabdominismuscle(aTRAMflapas).Thelattergivesanexcellentcosmeticresultinexperiencedhandsbutisalengthy
procedureandrequirescarefulpatientselection.
1123.PeaudeorangeappearanceofCa
breast,whatisthestage
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)T4bb)T4a
c)T3a
d)T3b
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Answer-A.T4bStageI:T1N0M0
StageIla:T0N1M0;T1N1M0;T2N0M0.
StageIlb:T2N1M0;T3N0M0
StageIlla:T0N2M0;T1N2M0;T2N2M0;T3N1M0;T3N2M0
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StageIllb:T4N0M0;T4N1M0;T4N2M0StageIllc:AnyTN3M0
StageIV:AnyT,anyN,M
Earlybreastcancer___StageIand11J1N1,1-2N1;13NOLocally
advancedbreastcancer(LABC)--Stage111AIMetastaticbreast
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cancer--StageIVPrimarytumor(T)
TX-Primarytumorcannotbeassessed
T0-Noevidenceofprimarytumor
Tis-Carcinomainsitu
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Tis(DCIS)-DuctalcarcinomainsituTis(Paget)-PagetdiseaseofthenippleNOTassociatedwith
invasivecarcinomaand/orcarcinomainsitu(DCIS)intheunderlying
breastparenchyma.Carcinomasinthebreastparenchyma
associatedwithPagetdiseasearecategorizedonthebasisofthe
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sizeandcharacteristicsoftheparenchymaldisease,althoughthepresenceofPagetdiseaseshouldstillbenoted
T1-Tumor20mmingreatestdimension
T1mi-Tumor1mmingreatestdimension
T1a-Tumor>1mmbut5mmingreatestdimension(roundany
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measurement>1.0-1.9mmto2mm)T1b-Tumor>5mmbut10mmingreatestdimension
T1c-Tumor>10mmbut20mmingreatestdimension
T2-Tumor>20mmbut50mmingreatestdimension
T3-Tumor>50mmingreatestdimension
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
T4-Tumorofanysizewithdirectextensiontothechestwalland/ortotheskin(ulcerationorskinnodules),notincludinginvasionof
dermisalone
T4a-Extensiontochestwall,notincludingonlypectoralismuscle
adherence/invasion
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T4b-Ulcerationand/oripsilateralsatellitenodulesand/oredema(includingpeaud'orange)oftheskin,whichdonotmeetthecriteria
forinflammatorycarcinoma
T4c-BothT4aandT4b
T4d-Inflammatorycarcinoma
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1124.
WhatistrueaboutHER2/neu
overexpressioninCabreast:
a)Goodprognosis
b)Respondswelltotaxanes
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Respondswelltomonoclonalantibodiesd)Seenonlyinbreastcancer
CorrectAnswer-C
Ansis'c'i.e.Respondswelltomonoclonalantibodies
TheHER2receptor(previouslycalledHER2/neu,orERBB-2
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
receptor)belongstotheepidermalgrowthfactorreceptor(EGFR)familyofreceptors,whicharecriticalintheactivationofsubcellular
signaltransductionpathwayscontrollingepithelialcellgrowthand
differentiationandpossiblyangiogenesis.
AmplificationofHER2oroverexpressionofitsproteinproductis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
observedin18to20percentofhumanbreastcancers.HER2overexpressionisalsonotedinothertumorssuchas
esophagogastrictumors,lung,ovary&headandnecksquamous
cellca.(Inallofthesesites,HER2overexpressionhasbeen
identifiedasanegativeprognosticfactor.)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
FollowingpointsaretobenotedaboutHER2overexpressioninbreastCa:
PrognosticvalueofHER2--HER2overexpressionisapoor
prognosticmarker.HER2overexpressionisassociatedwithhigh
ratesofdiseaserecurrenceanddeathintheabsenceofadjuvant
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systemictherapy.PredictivevalueofHER2--HER2statuspredictsresponseto
specifictherapies:
PatientswithhighlevelsofHER2expressionbenefitfromtreatment
withagentsthattargetHER2,suchastrastuzumab(amonoclonal
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antibody)andlapatinib.HER2statusappearstopredictresistanceorsensitivitytodifferent
typesofchemotherapeuticagents,includinganthracyclinesand
taxanes.
WomenwhosetumorsoverexpressHER2appeartoderivegreater
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benefitfromanthracycline-basedadjuvanttherapythanfromadjuvanttherapythatisalkylatingagent-based,suchasCMF(cycl
ophosphamide,methotrexate,fluorouracil).
RelationshipbetweenHER2overexpressionandtaxanesisstill
understudywithvariousstudiesgivingconflictingreports.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
HER-2positivityisassociatedwithresistancetoendocrinetherapies.
ScoringofHER-2ImmunohistochemistryAssays
Score
HER-2Status
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
StainingPattern0
Nostainingormembranestainingin
Negative
<10%oftumorcells?
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1+Negative
?Afaintbarelyperceptible
membranestainingisdetectedin
>10%
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oftumorcells.Thecellsareonlystainedinpartofthemembrane?.
2+
Equivocal
?Weaktomoderatecomplete
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membranestainingisseenin>10%of
tumorcellsor<30%withstrong
staininga
3+
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Positive?Strongcompletemembrane
stainingisseenin>30%oftumor
cells?
1125.Notacomponentoftripletestin
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detectionofCabreast-a)Breastselfexamination
b)USG/mammography
c)FNAC/trucutbiopsy
d)Clinicalexamination
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAnswer-A.Breastselfexamination
Tripleassessmentincludesexaminationbyaclinician.Self
examinationisnotapartoftripleassessment.
BaileyandLovewrites--"Inanypatientwhopresentswithabreast
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
lumporothersymptomssuspiciousofcarcinoma,thediagnosisshouldbemadebyacombinationofclinicalassessment,
radiologicalimagingandatissuesampletakenforeithercytological
orhistologicalanalysis,thesocalledtripleassessment.Thepositive
predictivevalue(PPV)ofthiscombinationshouldexceed99.9%."
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1126.Treatmentforhydroureter
a)Antibioticprophylaxisalone
b)Immediateureterolithotomy
c)Endoscopicureteralstenting
d)Urinaryalkalization
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-CAnswer-C.Endoscopicureteralstenting
Hydroureterismainlycausedbyintrinsicandextrinsicobstructionof
ureter.Causesare-Calculi(ureteric/VVJ)-intrinsicstrictureand
Retroperitonealfibrosis-extrinsic.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1127.Diversionofurineisbestdoneat
a)Ileum
b)Jejunum
c)Caecum
d)Colon
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAnswer-A.Ileum
Ilealsegmentisthebestforurinarydiversionaftercystectomy.
Stillbettermethodis"Continentcutaneousdiversion"method.
Butthebestmethodis"Orthotopicneobladders".
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1128.Ureterosigmoistomy
a)Hyperchloremicwithhypokalemicacidosis
b)Hyperkalemia
c)Metabolicalkalosis
d)Hyponatremia
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAnswer-A.Hyperchloremicwithhypokalemicacidosis
Thereishyperchloremicmetabolicacidosiswithhypokalemia.
1129.Injurytopeniswhichofthefollowing
preventsextravasationofblood?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Bucksfasciab)Fasciaofcamper
c)Fasciatransversalis
d)None
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Answer-A.BucksfasciaSuperficialtotunicaalbugineathereisBuck'sfacia(deeplayerof
superficialfasciaofpenis),aprolongationofcolle'sfascia
(membranouslayerofsuperficialfasciaofperineum).
IfBuck'sfaciaremainsintact,hematomaisrestrictedtopenileshaft
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onlycausingegg-plantdeformity.IfBuck'sfasciaisdisrupted,hematomacanextendtoscrotum,
perineumandsuprapubicregions.
1130.Phimosisisassociatedwith
a)Paraphimosis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Meatalstenosisc)Balanoposthitis
d)Hypospadias
CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.Balanoposthitis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Phismosiscausedduetochronicinfection
Congenital
Acquired-trauma,PenisCaandBalanitis
Pathologicalphimosis(asopposedtothenaturalnon-retractabilityof
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
theforeskininchildhood)israreandthecausesarevaried.Somecasesmayarisefrombalanitis(inflammationoftheglanspenis).
Phimosismayoccurafterothertypesofchronicinflammation(such
asbalanoposthitis),repeatedcatheterization,orforcibleforeskin
retraction.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Phimosismayalsoariseinuntreateddiabetics1131.Circumcisioniscontraindicatedin
a)Balanitis
b)Hypospadias
c)Paraphimosis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)ExostrophyofbladderCorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Hypospadias
Circumcisionisnotdoneinpatientswithhypospadiasasthe
prepucecanlaterbeusedinsurgicalrepair.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Circucisionismostlydoneforculturalreasons.Themedicalindicationsforcircumcisionare:
Phimosis&Paraphimosis
Recurrentbalanoposthitis(i.e.inflammationoftheforeskin)
Recurrenturinarytractinfection
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1132.Whichisnottrueaboutcancerof
tongue
a)Adenocarcinomamostcommon
b)Lateralsurfaceinvolved
c)Deepcervicallymphnodesnotinvolved
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)TobaccoisthecauseCorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Adenocarcinomamostcommon
SCCisthemostcommontypeofmalignancy,butleiomyosarcomas
andrhabdomyosarcomasarealsoencountered(rarely).
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Tumorsonthetonguemayoccuronanysurfacebutaremostcommonlyseenonthelateralandventralsurfaces.
Theregionallymphaticsoftheoralcavityaretothesubmandibular
spaceandtheuppercervicallymphnodes.
Riskfactors-tobaccoandalcohol.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1133.Epulisarisesfrom-
a)Enamel
b)Rootofteeth
c)Gingiva
d)Pulp
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-CAnsweris'c'i.e.Gingiva
Epulisliterallymeans'uponthegum'.Thusitisaswellingsituated
onthegum.
Itcanoriginatefromthemucousmembrane,theperiosteumorthe
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
bonegivingrisetodifferentvarietiesofEpulis.1134.Kasaioperation
a)Biliaryatresia
b)Choledochalcyst
c)Hepatocellularcarcinoma
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)PrimarybiliarycirrhosisCorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Biliaryatresia
Kasaioperationisalsoknownashepatoportoenterostomy.
BiliaryatresiaiscurrentlyMCindicationforpediatricliver
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transplantation.1135.Inapatientofacutecholecystitis,
referredpaintotheshoulderisk/a
a)Murphy'ssign
b)GrayTurnersign
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Boa'ssignd)Cullen'ssign
CorrectAnswer-C
Ansis'c'i.e.Boas'sign
Boas'sign:Incasesofacutecholecystitispainradiatestothetipof
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
therightshoulderandanareaofskinbelowthescapulaisfoundtobehypersensitive.Thisisk/aBoas'sign.Sensitivityisquiteless.
AlsoKnow:
Murphy'ssign:Seeninacutecholecystitis.Murphy'ssigniselicited
byaskingthepatienttobreatheoutandthengentlyplacingthehand
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
belowthecostalmarginontherightsideatthemid-clavicularline(theapproximatelocationofthegallbladder).Thepatientisthen
instructedtoinspire(breathein).Normally,duringinspiration,the
abdominalcontentsarepusheddownwardasthediaphragmmoves
down(andlungsexpand).Ifthepatientstopsbreathingin(asthe
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
gallbladderistenderand,inmovingdownward,comesincontactwiththeexaminer's.fingers)andwinceswitha'catch'inbreath,the
testisconsideredpositive.Inorderforthetesttobeconsidered
positive,thesamemaneuvermustnotelicitpainwhenperformedon
theleftside.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
GreyTurner&Cullen'ssign:positiveinseverenecrotizingpancreatitis.GreyTurnerssignisbluishdiscolourationseenatthe
flanks.Bluishdiscolourationaroundtheumbilicusisknownas
Cullen'ssign.
1136.Falseabouthepaticadenoma
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Benignlesionb)OCPuse
c)Olderfemales
d)Coldonisotopescan
CorrectAnswer-C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Answer-C.OlderfemalesHepaticadenomasarebenignsolidneoplasmsofliver.
MCseeninyoungerfemales(20-40yearsofage)
Usuallysolitary
Riskfactor-Prior/currentuseofestrogens(OCP)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1137.Bismuthclassificationinwhichclass,
hepaticductconfluenceisinvolved
a)TypeI
b)TypeII
c)TypeIII
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)TypeIVCorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.TypeII
Bismuth-Corletteclassificationisusedtoclassify
cholangiocarcinoma
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
TypeI-Commonhepaticductinvolvement.TypeII-CHD+bifurcation/confluenceofhepaticducts.TypeIII-a)
Extensiontorightsecondaryintrahepaticduct.b)Extensiontoleft
secondaryintrahepaticduct.
TypeIV-Involvingbothrightandleftsecondaryintrahepaticducts.
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1138.Parathyroidglandsareremovedby
surgery,forrecurrenceinvestigationof
choice
a)Technetiumscan
b)SPECT
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)MRId)Neckultrasound
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Technetiumscan
Preoperativelocalisationtestsforparathyroidglandsare
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1. Tc99mlabeledsestamibiscan(>80%sensitive)2. Singlepositronemissioncomputedtomography(SPECT).
3. CTandMRIscan.
4. Neckultrasound.
1139.Whichisnotacontraindicationfor
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
pancreaticoduo-denectomya)Metastasis
b)Portalveininvolvement
c)StageIIICAheadofpancrease
d)Invasionofsuperiormesentricvein
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-BAnswer-B.Portalveininvolvement
Tumor(T)
TX-Primarycan'tbeasscessed.
To-Noevidenceofprimarytumor.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
T1-Cainsitu.T1-Limitedtopancreasand2cm.
T2-Limitedtopancreasand>2cm.
T3-Extendsbeyondpancreasbutnoinvolvementofceliacaxis
orsuperiormesentricartery.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
T4-InvolvesceliacaxisorSup-mesentericartery(unresectableprimary).
Regionallymphnodes(N)
NX-RegionalLI\l,canotbeassessed.
N1-NoregionalLNmetastasis.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
N2-RegionalLNmetastasis.Regionallymphnodes(N)
Mx-Distantmetastasiscannotbeassessed.
Mo-Nodistantmetastasis.
M1-Distantmetastasis.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1140.Mostcommoncauseofchronic
pancreatitis
a)Chronicalcoholism
b)Tropicalpancreatitis
c)Pancreasdivisium
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)GallstonediseaseCorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Chronicalcoholism
"Worldwide,alcoholconsumptionandabuseisassociatedwith
chronicpancreatitisinupto70%ofcases"
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1141.Mostcommoncauseofacuteparotitis-
a)StaphylococcusAureus
b)StreptococcusPneumonia
c)Klebsiella
d)StreptococcusViridans
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAnswer-A.StaphylococcusAureus
MCorganismisStaphylococcusAureus>>streptococcusviridans
>>pneumococcus.
Acutebacterialparotitis:ismostoftencausedby
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
abacterialinfectionofStaphylococcusaureusbutmaybecausedbyanycommensalbacteria.
UsuallyascendinginfectionStaphylococcusaureus
Ref-ManipalManualofSurgery5thedition
1142.Pre-operativeprophylaxisfor
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
pheochromocytomaa)Alphablockadeafterbetablocker
b)Betablockadeafteralphablocker
c)Alphablocker
d)Betablocker
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-BAnswer-B.Betablockadeafteralphablocker
Betablockerssuchaspropanalolatdosesof10to40mgevery6to
8hoursareoftenneededinpatientswhohavepersistant
tachycardiaandarrhythmias.n-blockersshouldonlybeaddedafter
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
adequatea-blockadeandrehydration.a-adrenergicagonistsmaybeneededinimmediatepostoperative
periodtopreventpostoperativehypotensionandcardiovascular
collapse.
1143.VIPomaisassociatedwithwhich
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
syndrome:a)ZollingerEllison
b)VernerMorrison
c)Carcinoidsyndrome
d)Cushing'ssyndrome
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-BAnsis'b'i.e.VernerMorrison
VlPomasareendocrinetumorsthatsecreteexcessiveamountsof
vasoactiveintestinalpeptide(VIP),
ExcessiveVIPcausesadistinctsyndromecharacterizedbylarge-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
volumediarrhea,hypokalemia,anddehydration.ThissyndromealsoiscalledVerner-Morrisonsyndrome,pancreaticcholera,andWDHA
syndromeforwaterydiarrhea,hypokalemia,andachlorhydria.
Theprincipalsymptomsarelarge-volumediarrhea(100%)severe
enoughtocausehypokalemia(80-100%),dehydration(83%),
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
hypochlorhydria(54-76%),andflushing(20%).Inadults80-90%ofVlPomasarepancreaticinlocation,withtherest
duetoVIP-secretingpheochromocytomas,
1144.Childwithpolytraumacametocasualty,
doseofpackedcell
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)10ml/kgb)20ml/kg
c)30ml/kg
d)40ml/kg
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Answer-AUsualdosageofpackedredcellsinpediatricpopulationsis10-15
ml/kg,butcanbeincreasedupto20ml/kgincaseswherehigher
increaseinHCtisneeded,asintrauma.
Colloid10ml/kg
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Crystalloid20ml/kgRequiring>20ml/KgofPRBCsinthe1sthourofresuscitation
PediatricMTGPack(50Kg)
?4UnitsofPRBCs
?2Unitsofthawedplasma
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?1Unitofapheresisplatelets1145.PolytraumapatientcametoEMS,dose
ofcrystalloidgivenshouldbe
a)500mlRLbolusthenregulatedbyindicators
b)2000mlbolus
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)1000mlbolusthenregulatedbyclinicalindicatorsd)250mlbolus
CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.1000mlbolusthenregulatedbyclinicalindicators
Fluidresuscitationbeginswith1000mlbolusofRLforadultand20
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ml/kgforachild.Responsetotherapyismonitoredbyclinicalindicatorsasbloodpressure,skinperfusion,urinaryoutputand
mentalstatus.
1146.Mostcommondiaphragmaticherniais:
a)Bochdalekhernia
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Morgagniherniac)Paraesophagelhernia
d)Noneoftheabove
CorrectAnswer-A
Diaphragmaticherniasareofvarioustypes.Themostcommonisaposterolateral
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(Bochdalek)hernia,whichoccursasaresultofadefectintheposteriordiaphragmintheregionofthetenthoreleventhribs.
1147.ApolytraumaCTscan,CTbrainshows
alesionwithconcavemargin
a)EDH
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b)SDHc)Contusion
d)Diffuseaxonalinjury
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.SDH
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
SDH-OnheadCT,theclotisbrightormixeddensity,cresentshaped(Lunate),mayhavealessdistinctborderanddoesnotcross
midline.
Contusion-ThecontusedareaappearsbrightonCTScan.
1148.Mostcommoncauseofchylothoraxis?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Traumab)Lymphoma
c)Left-sidedheartfailure
d)Infections
CorrectAnswer-B
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Answer-B.LymphomaChylothoraxisapleuralcollectionofamilkylymphaticfluid
containingmicroglobulesoflipid.
Itresultsfromlymphformedinthedigestivesystemcalledchyle
accumulatinginthepleuralcavityduetoeitherdisruptionor
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
obstructionofthethoracicduct.Thetotalvolumeoffluidmaynotbelarge,butchylothoraxisalways
significantbecauseitimpliesobstructionofthemajorlymphducts,
usuallybyintrathoraciccancerlikeprimaryorsecondarymediastinal
neoplasm,suchaslymphoma.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1149.Thecommonestsiteofaspirationofa
foreignbodyinthesupinepositionis
intothe:
a)Rightupperlobeapical
b)Rightlowerlobeapical
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Leftbasald)Rightmedial
CorrectAnswer-B
Insupinepositionandwiththepatientonbacksuperior
segmentofRLListhemostdependentsegment.
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1150.Apersoninhaledpeanuttwodays
back&nowunabletocoughitout
whereisthepossiblelocation
a)Rightsuperiorlobe
b)Rtmiddlelobe
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c)Rtlowerlobed)Ltlowerlobe
CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.Rtlowerlobe
Themostcommonanatomiclocationforaforeignbodyistheright
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
mainstembronchusortherightlowerlobe.1151.InMarfan'ssyndrome,Aorticaneurysm
occursmostcommonlyin:
a)Ascendingaorta
b)Descendingaorta
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Abdominalaortad)Archofaorta
CorrectAnswer-A
TheanswerisA(AscendingAorta)
AorticaneurysmsinMarfan'ssyndromeoccurmostfrequentlyinthe
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ascendingaorta.CardiovascularlesionsinMarfan'ssyndrome
Cardiovascularlesionsarethemostlife-threateningfeaturesof
Marfan'ssyndrome.
Mitralvalveprolapse(MVP)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lossofconnectivetissuesupportinmitralvalvesleafletsmakesthemsoftandblowycreatingtheso-called'floppyvalve'.
Mitralregurgitationfrequentlyresults.
DilatationofAscendingAortae
Themediaundergoescysticnecrosis(cysticmedionecrosis).
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lossofmedialsupportresultsinprogressivedilatationofaorticvalveringandrootoftheaorta
SevereaorticincompetenceAorticdissections
1152.Herniamostcommonlystrangulatesin
a)Indirect
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Directc)Spigelian
d)Incisional
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Indirect
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
"Moststrangulatedherniasareindirectinguinalhernias,however,femoralherniashavethehighestrateofstrangulation(15-20%)ofall
hernias".
1153.AllofthefollowingstatementsregardingSickleCellAnemiaistrue,
EXCEPT:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Patientsrequirefrequentbloodtransfusionsb)Patientsusuallypresentsbeforetheageof6months
c)ThereisapositivecorrelationbetweenHBSandpolymerization
ofHBS
d)Reccurentinfectionsisthemostcommoncauseofdeath
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-BSicklecellanemiaisanautosomalrecessivedisorder,causedbyanaminoacid
substitutionofvalineforglutamineinthesixthpositiononthebeta-globinchain.Onsetof
thediseasestartsduringthefirstyearoflifeespeciallyafter6monthsofage,when
hemoglobinFlevelsfalls,asasignalissenttoswitchfromproductionofgammaglobinto
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
betaglobin.HemoglobinSisunstableandpolymerizesduringhypoxemiaandacidosis,leadingto
sicklingofredbloodcells.Patientsdevelopsjaundice,pigmentedgallstones,
spleenomegaly,andpoorlyhealingulcersoverthelowertibia.Acutepainfulepisodescan
occurduetoacutevaso-occlusionbyclustersofsickledredcellsduringinfection,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
dehydration,orhypoxia.Commonsitesofacutepainfulepisodesincludethebonesandthechest.
Ref:CurrentMedicalDiagnosisandTreatment2012,Chapter13;MedicalAssisting:
AdministrativeandClinicalCompetenciesByLucilleKeir,6thEdition,Page471
1154.Whatstimulatesthegonadsinmaleat8
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
weektosecrettestosterone-a)Inhibinfromcorpusluteum
b)GnRHfromhypothalamusofbaby
c)PlacentalHCG
d)Allofabove
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,PlacentalHCG
Duringembryogenesis,Inmaleembryo,at6-7weekofgestatin,
secretionoffirstanti-mullerianhormone(alsok/omullerianinhibiting
substance)causesregressionofmullerianduct.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Thenat8-12week,underinfluenceofPlacentalHCG,testesstartedproducingtestosterone.
1155.XXbabypresentingwithpenis&
scrotumcause-
a)Highleveloftestosteroneinmaternalblood
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Klinfiltersyndromec)Turnersyndrome
d)Noneofabove
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Highleveloftestosteroneinmaternalblood
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Thisisacaseoffemalepseudohermaphroditismi.e.XXkaryotypewithvirilizedexternalgenitalia.
Maternalandrogen(testosterone)isthecauseofthis.
Femalepseudohermaphroditism
GenotypeisXX.Internalgonadisovarybutexternalgenitaliaare
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
virilized(maledifferentiation).Congenitaladrenalhyperplasia(CAH)dueto21-hydroxylase
deficiencyisthecommonestcause.
Othercausesarematernalvirilizingtumor
(arrhenoblastoma),maternalandrogenadministration,CAHdueto
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
11-betahydroxylasedeficiency,fetalplacentalaromatasedeficiency,andWNT-4genemutation.
1156.Malepseudohermaphrodismmost
commoncause-
a)Congenitaladrenalhyperplasia
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Adrenocorticaltumorc)Chromosomalabnormalities
d)Cytogeneticabnormalities
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.Cytogeneticabnormalities
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Mostcommoncauseoffemalepseudohermaphroditism-CAHdueto21hydroxylasedeficiency.
Mostcommoncauseofmalepseudohermaphroditism-Gonadal
dysgenesisanddefectinandrogenaction.
1157.Causesofmentalretardationin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
congenitalhypothyroidismis-a)Decreasecerebralgrowth
b)DecreasemyelinationofCNSneuron
c)Decreasegrowthhormonebypitutaryglands
d)Decreaeproductionofneurotransmitters
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAnswer-A.Decreasecerebralgrowth
is'a'i.e.,Decreasecerebralgrowth[Ref:Ghai7h/ep.481;Jornalof
AmericalPhysiologicalReview]
Thyroidhormonehasmajoreffectonbraininutero&neonatal
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
period,deficiencycausediminshaxonalgrowth,dendriticarborisation,delayproliferation&migrationofgranulecellsoit
decreasecerebralgrowth.
1158.Dosageofintravenousfluidfor2month
oldchildindiarrhoeawithsevere
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
dehydration-a)100ml/Kgin6hour
b)50ml/Kgin6hour
c)75ml/Kgin6hour
d)80ml/Kgin6hour
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAnswer-A.100ml/Kgin6hour
Sototalfluidtobegiven100ml/Kgin6hour.
1159.Rehydrationtherapyina2yearold
severelydehydratedchildis-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)30ml/kgin1hour,70mlin5hoursb)30ml/kgin30min,70ml/kgin2'/2hours
c)20ml/kgin30min,80ml/kgin2'/2
d)75ml/kgin4hours
CorrectAnswer-B
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Answer-B.30ml/kgin30min,70ml/kgin2'/2hours12Month-5year30ml/Kgin30min70ml/Kgin2.30hour
1160.WhichisMCgeneticcauseofmental
retardation-
a)Tuberoussclerosis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Cri-du-chatsyndromec)Fragile-x-syndrome
d)Angel'ssyndrome
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Fragile-X-syndrome
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
oDown'ssyndromeisthemostcommongeneticcauseofmentalretardation,andfragile-XissecondtoDown's.
Alsoknow
oMostcommoninheritedcauseofmentalretardationisfragile-X-
syndrome(becausedown'ssyndromeiscongenitalcausebutnot
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
inherited).1161.Barrbodyisabsentinfemalehaving?
a)46XXgenome
b)45X0genome
c)47XXX
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)AllofaboveCorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,45X0genome
Barrbody(Sex-chromatin)
oItisadenselystaininginactivatedcondensed'X'chromosomethat
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ispresentineachsomaticcellsoffemale.oItisfoundinthenucleus.
oItisusedasatestofgeneticfemalenessitispossibleto
determinethegeneticsexofanindividualaccordingastowhether
thereisachromatinmasspresentontheinnersurfaceofthe
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
nuclearmembraneofcellswithrestingorintermitentnuclei.Rememberfollowingfactandthequestionwillseemveryeasy.
Chromatidbody(Barrbodyorsexchromatin)isderivedfromoneof
thetwoX-chromosomeswhichbecomesinactivated.
ThenumerofBarrbodiesisthusonelessthanthenumberofX-
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chromosomes.Note-
oBarrbodyisfoundinfemaleBut-
oKleinefeltersyndromeismalewithBarrbody.
oTurnersyndromeisfemalewithoutBarrbody.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1162.Downsyndrome-allareseenexcept-
a)t(14;21)
b)t(11:14)
c)Trisomy21
d)t(15:21)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,t(11:14)
In95%ofcasesofDownsyndrome-trisomyof21:-
Extrachromosomeisofmaternalinorigin.
I%havemosaicwithsomeallhave46chromosome.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
4%haverobertsoniantranslocation.t(13:21)
t(14:21)
t(15:21)
Veryrarelylongarmofchromosome21istriplicate(Partialtrisomy).
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1163.Simiancreaseisnotseenin-
a)Down
b)Trisomy13
c)Atopicdermatitis
d)Noonansyndrome
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-CAnswer-C.Atopicdermatitis
Simiancrease
Singletransversepalmercrease
Resemblesnon-human-simiansoknownassimiancrease.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Itisseenin:1. Downsyndrome
2. Fetalalcoholsyndrome
3. Cri-duchatsyndrome(Chr.5)
4. Klinefelter(XXY)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
5. Noonan(Chr.12)6. Patau(Chr.13)
7. Edward(Chr.18)
1164.Rubellacausesallexcept
a)Microcephaly
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)VSDc)Conductiondefect
d)All
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,VSD
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Organofcorti:Sensorineuralhearingloss(Mostcommonclinicalfindingofcongenitalrubella).
Heart:PDA(MostcommonCHDincongenitalrubella),PS,VSD,
ASDTOF,pulmonaryarteryhypoplasia.
Eye:Cataract,retinopathy,microphthalmia,myopia,glaucoma.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CNS:Mentalretardation,spasticdiplegia,microcephaly,seizures,behavioraldisorders.
Other:IDDM,thyroiddisorders,inguinalhernia,cryptorchidism,
interstitialpneumonia.
1165.TBinchildren,mostcommonis-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Abscessb)Consolidation
c)Hilaradenopathy
d)CNStuberculosis
CorrectAnswer-C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Answer-C.Hilaradenopathy"MostcommonformofprimaryTBinchildrenispulmonaryTB.This
couldbeintheformofhilarlymphadenopathywithorwithoutlung
parenchymalinvolvement".
1166.LEOPARDsyndromeincludesallexcept
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
-a)Growthretardation
b)ECGchanges
c)Hypertelorism
d)Hypergonadism
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-DAnswer-D.Hypergonadism
LEOPARDsyndrome
Lentigines
Electrocardiographicconductionabnormalities
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
OcularhypertelorismPulmonarystenosis
Abnormalgenitalia
Retardedgrowth
Deafness
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1167.GBSinachildtreatment-
a)IVIg
b)Ventilation
c)Plasmapharesis
d)Allofabove
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-DAnswer-D.Allofabove
TreatmentofGuillain-barresyndrome-
Selflimitedinmajorityofcases.
Intravenousimmunoglobinshowsgoodresponse.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Plasmapharesis-Removalofautoantibodies.Assistedventilation-Ifpatienthadrespiratorymuscleparalysis.
Physiotherapy.
1168.Doseofi.v.adrenalineinterminfantis
duringneonatalresuscitation-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)0.1-0.3ml/kgin1:1000b)0.3-0.5ml/kgin1:1000
c)0.1-0.3ml/kgin1:10,000
d)0.3-0.5ml/kgin1:10,000
CorrectAnswer-C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.isci.e.,0.1-0.3mUkgin1:10,000Doseoradrenlaine?
0.1ml/kgto0.3inlikgdiluted(1:I0,000)
Routs:(1)Intravenous(umbilicalvein)or
(2)Endotracheal
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Indication?HR<60/minafter30sec.ofpositivepressureventilation&chest
compression
1169.Picarefersto-
a)Icesucking
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Thumbsuckingc)Foreignobjectbeingputinthemouth
d)Noneofabove
CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.Foreignobjectbeingputinthemouth
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Picainvolvesrepeatedorchronicingestionofnon-nutritivesubstances,whichincludeplaster,charcoal,clay,wool,ashes,paint
&earth.
1170.Maximumconcentrationofdextrose
thatcanbegiventhroughperipheral
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
vascularlineinneonate-a)5
b)10
c)12.5
d)25
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,12.5
oHypoglycemiainneonatesisbloodsugar<40mg/dl
oCommoninpreteen,IUGR,infantofdiabeticmothers
oTreatedbybreastfeed,formulafeed&I.V.dextrosesolution
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Insymptomatichypoglycemia2ml/g10%DxIVbolusgiventhenincreasedextrosecontentsofintravenousfluid.
Don'tgive>12.5%dextroseinfusionthroughperipheralline
becauseofriskofthrombophlebitis.(Prefercentralline)
1171.CPRwith2candidateisdoneatrateof
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(ininfant)-a)15:2
b)30:2
c)1:3
d)1:5
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAnswer-A.15:2
Ininfantchildrenwithtworesuscitator=15:2
Inadultwithtworesuscitator-30:2
Insingleresuscitatorchestcompresionventilationratioinallage
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
groupi.e.Infant,children&adult=30:1172.Neonatallupus-
a)Heartblock
b)Thrombocytopenia
c)Cutaneouslesion
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)AllofaboveCorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.Allofabove
Neonatallupus
Ageofonsetnewbornto6month
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Skinlesioninclude:Annularerythematousscalyplaque.
Seenonsunexposed=head,neck
Maybeassociatedwithheartblock/thrombocytopenia
Diagnosedby:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ANAAntiROantibodies
1173.Mostcommoncerebellartumorin
children?
a)Astrocytoma
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Medulloblastomac)Ependymoma
d)DNET
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Astrocytoma
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
oThemostcommoncerebellartumorinadultsismetastasis,whereasinchildrenthemostcommontumorisanastrocytoma.
1174.Allofthefollowingarefeaturesof
juvenileCMLexcept-
a)Thrombocytopenia
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)FetalHbisincreasedc)Philadelphiachromosomeispositive
d)Lymphadenopathy
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Philadelphiachromosomeispositive
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
JuvenileCMLismostlyseeninchildrenbelow2yearsofage.Philadelphiachromosomeisnegativeandleukocytecountisless
than100'000/mm3.
FeaturesAdult
CMLJuvenileCML
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Age10-12years<2years
Bleedingmanifestation
AbsentFrequent
Thrombocytopenia
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
UncommonFrequentRash
AbsentFrequent
Lymphadenopathy
RareFrequent
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
SplenomegalyMarkedVariable
WBCcountatdiagnosis>
100'000<100'000
WBCtype
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
GranulocyteMonocyte
Normoblastic
UnusualCommon
HbF
NormalIncreased
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ImmunoglobulinsNormalIncreased
Muramidaselevels
NormalIncreased
ResponsetoBusulphan
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
GoodPoorSurvival2.5-3
years9months
1175.Mostcommonbenigntumoursduring
infancyis-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Lymphangiomab)Hemangioma
c)Cystichygroma
d)Lipoma
CorrectAnswer-B
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'b'i.e.,HemangiomaoHemangiomas,themostcommonbenigntumorsofinfancy,occur
in10%ofterminfants.
1176.Opsoclonus-Myoclonusisa
phenomenonseenin?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Wilmstumorb)Neuroblastoma
c)Meningioma
d)Corticaltuberculoma
CorrectAnswer-B
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'b'i.e.,NeuroblastomaOpsoclonusisadisorderofeyemovementcharacterizedby
involuntary,chaoticsaccadesthatoccurinalldirectionsofgaze.Itis
frequentlyassociatedwithmyoclonusandataxia.
Opsoclonus-myoclonusmaybecancer-relatedoridiopathic.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Whenthecauseisparaneoplastic,thetumorsinvolvedareusuallycancerofthelungandbreastinadultsandneuroblastomain
children.
1177.Enzymeusedastreatmentforsickle
cellanemia
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Chymotrypsinb)Glucose6-phosphatase
c)Trypsin
d)Noneofabove
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Answer-A.ChymotrypsinChymotrypsisusedinSicklecelldisease.
1178.Achildisabletobuildblocksof5
Cubesdevelopmentalageis-
a)12months
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)15monthsc)18months
d)24months
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,18month
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Bang2cube-8monthTowerof2cubes-15month
4cubes-18month
6cubes-22month
1179.Achildisabletosayshortsentencesof
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
6words-a)2years
b)3years
c)4years
d)5years
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,4years
o2wordsentences=19month
o6wordsentences=48month
o10wordsentences=60month
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1180.Childstartsmonosyllablesspeechin
whichage
a)4months
b)6months
c)8months
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)10monthsCorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.6months
3months-Startscooing
6months-Producesmonosyllablesoundslikeda,ma
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
9months-Producesbisyllablesoundlikebaba,mania1181.Uppersegmenttolowersegmentratio
in3yragechildis-
a)12
b)1.3
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)1.4d)1.6
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,1.3
oThelowersegmentextendsfromthesymphysispubistotheheels.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
oThelowersegmentgrowsrapidlyafterbirthascomparedtouppersegmentgivingrisetothegradualreductionintheupper
segment/lowersegmentratiowiththeprogressionofage.
AgeUppersegment:Lowersegmentratio
Atbirth1.7:1.0
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3years1.3-1.0At7years1.0:1.0
Thereafter1.0:1.1
1182.Firstpermanentteethtoeruptis:
September2008
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Firstpremolarb)Secondpremolar
c)Firstmolar
d)Secondmolar
CorrectAnswer-C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.C:FirstmolarAttheageofabout6-7year,firstpermanentmolarteetherupts
behindthesecondtemporarymolar.
Attheageof9,thereare12permanentteeths.Attheageof11,
thereare20permanentteethsAttheageof14,thereare28
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
permanentteeths1183.Delayeddentitionisseeninall/except?
a)Downsyndrome
b)Congenitalhypothyroidism
c)Rickets
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)AllofaboveCorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Allofabove
Causesofdelayintootheruption:
1)Impactedteeth4)Cong
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
hypothyroidsm2)Downsyndrome5)Gaucher
Cleidocranialdysplasia6)Osteopetrosis
1184.5yearoldchildbedwettingRxof
choice?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Notreatmentb)Imipramin
c)Desmopressin
d)Motivationaltherapy
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'a'i.e.,NotreatmentoNotreatmentisgiventochildrenbelow6yearsofagebecauseof
highspontaneouscurerate.oAfter6yearstreatmentinclude.
t)Behavioraltherapy:Thisisthetreatmentofchoice.
it)Pharmacologicaltreatment:Itisusedwhennon-pharmacological
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(behavioral)therapyfails.Desmopressinisthedrugofchoice.Otherdrugsusedareimpramineandoxybutinin.
1185.Nocturnalenuresisbestt/tis
a)Positivereinforcement
b)Punishment
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Bedalarmd)Desmopressin
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Positivereinforcement
Consistentdrybedtrainingwithpositivereinforcementhasa
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
successrateof85%andbedandpadalarmsystemshaveasuccessrateofapproximately75%withrelapseratethatarelower
thanthosewithpharmacotherapy.
1186.Whatisthelarche-
a)Pubertalbreastenlargementinboys
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Breastenlargementinpregnancyc)Hormonerelatedbreastenlargementingirls
d)Posthormonaltherapybreastenlargementinpostmenopausal
females
CorrectAnswer-C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'c'i.e.,HormonerelatedbreastenlargementingirlsThelarche
oDefinition:-Beginingofsecondary(Postnatal)breast
developmentatonsetofpubertyingirls.
Tannerstage2breastdevelopment
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Usuallyafter8yearsofageBecauseofrisinglevelofestradiol
Breastdevelopmentduringpubertyinmaletermedas
gynaecomastianotthelarche.
1187.InPrecociouspubertyagelimitofgirls
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
is-a)8year
b)10year
c)9year
d)11year
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAnswer-A.8year
Precociouspubertyinagirlistheappearanceofanyofthe
secondarysexualcharacteristicsbeforetheageof8yearsorthe
occurrenceofmenarchebeforetheageof10years.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Precociouspubertyinboysistheonsetofsecondarysexualcharacteristicsbeforetheageofnineyears.
1188.Diarrhoeainachildof12month,dose
ofZincis?
a)1mg/10-14day
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)10mg/10-14dayc)15mg/10-14day
d)20mg/10-14day
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,20mg/10-14days
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
AccordingtoWHOguidlinesDoseofZinc
2month-6month=10mg/dayx14days>6months=20mg/day
x14days
1189.Seleniumdeficiencyisseenin-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Keshandiseaseb)Wilsondisease
c)Acrodermatitisenteropathica
d)Noneofabove
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'a'i.e.,KeshandiseaseoKeshandisease--->DisorderofSe
metabolism
oWilson'sdisease--->DisorderofCu
metabolism
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
oAcrodermatitisenteropathica-->DisorderofZnmetabolism
1190.Malnourishedchildminimumweight
gain
a)5gm/kg/day
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)10gm/kg/dayc)15gm/kg/day
d)20gm/kg/day
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.5gm/kg/day
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Inmalnourishchildifthere>10gm/kg/day=goodweightgain
5-10gm/kg/day=moderateweightgain
<5gm/kg/day=poorweightgain
1191.Pretermbabyhave
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Continueextramedullaryhematopoesisb)Greaterriskofhypothermia
c)Greaterriskofhypoglycemia
d)Allofabove
CorrectAnswer-D
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Answer-D.AllofabovePretermbaby(<37weekofgestation).Havehighriskfor
RDS(HMD)
Bronchopulmonarydysplasia(BPD)
PDA
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Anemia(early&late)IVH
Sepsis
NEC
Jaundice
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Hypoglycemia,hypokalemia,hypothermiaIVH
ROP(Retinopathyofprematurity).
1192.Lowglucoselevelinpremature
a)Increasedbraintobodyratio
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Decreasedglycogenstoresc)Decreasedactionofpyruvatecarboxylase
d)Allofabove
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.Allofabove
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Hypoglycemiaiscommoninpretem&IUGRbabiesb/callthreereason
1. Increasedbraintobodyratio.
2. Decreaseactionofpyruvatecarboxylase.
3. Decreaseglycogenstore.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1193.TemperatureofNICUis
a)20-22?C
b)22-26?C
c)26-30?C
d)30-35?C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-BAnswer-B.22-26?C
StandardsforNICUthermalinvornment
Specify72-76?F(22-26?C)asacceptablerangeforairtemperature.
1194.Anemiaofprematurity-Trueis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Marginalreticulocytosisb)<10gmcriteria(Hblevel)
c)10ml/kgpackedcell
d)Microcytichypochromictype
CorrectAnswer-B
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Answer-B.<10gmcriteria(Hblevel)Normocytic,normochromic,hyporegenerativeanemiawithEPO
level.
AOPusuallyresolvespontaneouslywithin3-6months.
Aetiology
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1. RBCproduction(Reti.count)2. RBClifespan
3. Bloodloss
Lowhemoglobin(below10gm%)
Reticulocytecountislow.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Treatment:Requirebloodtransfusionifneeded.
Observeifneonateisasymptomatic.
1195.Ababyisbornat27weeksofgestation
requiredmechanicalventilationfornext
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
4weeks&02fornext1week.Hemaintainedatroomtemperature
subsequently.Aspernew
Bronchopulmonarydysplasiadefinition,
hehaswhichofthefollowing?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)MildBPDb)ModerateBPD
c)SevereBPD
d)NoBPD
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
MildSupplementO2(for28days)and
<32weeksGABreathingroomairat36weeksatbirthcorrectedGA
oratdischarge(whichevercomesfirst).
.32weeksGABreathingroomairby56daysatbirthpostnatalage
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
oratdischarge(whichevercomesfirst).?Thebabyinquestionfallsincategory<32weeksgestationageat
birth.
?Simplylookingatquestion,answerseemstobeseverBPDas
mechanicalventilation(positivepressureventilation)hasincluded
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
onlyindiagnosticcriteriaofseverBPD.?But,Thisbabywasbornat27weeksofgestationandrequired
mechanicalventilationfor4moreweeks,i.e.upto31weeks
correctedgestationalage.Afterthathemaintainedatroomair.
Thus,at36weekscorrectedgestaionalage,babyisbreathingat
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Thus,at36weekscorrectedgestaionalage,babyisbreathingat
roomair-->diagnosticcriteriaofmildBPD.
1196.HyperglycemiainNeonateifblood
sugarisabove?
a)150mg/dl
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)125mg/dlc)180mg/dl
d)100mg/dl
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,125mg/dl
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
oNoestablisheddefinitionofneonatalhyperglycemiaanduppersafelimitofbloodglucosehasbeendetermined
oVariousresearcheshassuggested
Wholebloodglucose>125mg/dl
Plasmaglucose>150mg/dl
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1197.Bloodtransfusiontoneonaterateof
a)1-5ml/min-5ml/min.
b)5-10ml/min
c)10-15ml/min
d)15-20ml/min
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-BAnswer-B.5-10ml/min
A)Exchangetransfusion
Forterminfant=80-160ml/kg
Forpreterm=100-200ml/kg
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
B)Top-uptransfusionDesiredHb(glds)-actualhbxkgx3(usually10-20ml/kg).
Rateoftransfusion5-10ml/min.
1198.Macrosomiais/areassociatedwith:
a)Gestationaldiabetesmellitus
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Maternalobesityc)Hypothyroidism
d)A&B
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.isaandbi.e.GestationaldiabetesandMaternalobesity
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Macrosomiaisthetermusedtodescribealargefetus.Therecommendeddefinitionisfetal(neonatal)weightexceeding
twostandarddeviationsorabove90thcentilefortheappropriate
normalpopulation.
AccordingtoACOG:birthweightof>4500gmiscalledas
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
macrosomia.InIndiancontextBirthweightof>4000gmiscalledasmacrosomia.
1199.Inchildren,CHF(congestionheart
failure)isdiagnosedby
a)RaisedJVP
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Pedaledemac)Tenderhepatomegaly
d)Basalcrepts
CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.Tenderhepatomegaly
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Heartfailureininfants&childrenresultssomedegreeofhepatemegalywhichisusuallytender&sometimessplenomegaly.
Peripheraledemaisagedependent:
Ininfants,edemausuallyeye&overflank.
Olderchildern&adolescentshowsbothperiorbitaledema&pedal
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
edemaandoccurslate.1200.LargePDAleadsto?
a)Endocardialvalvulitis
b)Eisenmengersyndrome
c)CHF
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)AllofaboveCorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Allofabove
Patentductusarteriosus(PDA)
SmallPDAmaynotcauseanycomplicationbutlargedefectif
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
untreadmayleadsto:PulmonaryhypertensionLefttoRightshuntleadstotoomuch
circulationofbloodinlungwhichleadstopulmonaryhypertension.
Eisenmenger'ssyndrome-Largestandingpulmonaryhypertension
leadstopermanentlungdamageandcausesRighttoLeftshunt.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Endocarditis.ArrhythmiaEnlargementofheartduetoPDAincreaseriskof
arrhythmias
1201.ASDisassociatedwithallexcept?
a)Infectiveendocarditis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Strokec)Arrhythemia
d)Pulmonaryhypertension
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Infectiveendocarditis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
oASDisusuallysubtleandnothavingsignificantproblemexceptmildgrowthdisturbance.
oOstiumsecundunASDisM.C.typeofASD.
oOstiumsecundumASDusuallyassociatedwithmitralvalve
prolopseorstenosis(Lutembacher'sSyndrome).oComplication
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
usuallydevelopin4thclecadeandinclude:I)Pulmonaryhypertension
2)Rt.sidedheartfailure
3)Stroke
4)Eisenmenger'ssyndrome
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
InfectiveendocarditisisveryrareinASDandnotrequireanyantibioticprophylaxis.
1202.AcuteInfectiveEndocarditiswith
abscessformationismostcommonly
associatedwith
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Listeriab)Staphylococcus
c)Streptococcus
d)Enterococcus
CorrectAnswer-B
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
AnswerisB(Staphylococcus)AcuteInfectiveEndocarditiswithabscessformationismost
commonlyassociatedwithstaphylococcus.
`Themostcommonorganismcausingacuteinfectiveendocarditis
overallisstaphylococcusaureus.Staphylococcusaureus
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
endocarditisisparticularlyvirulentandassociatedwithannularandmyocardialabscessformationandahighermortality'
1203.Whichofthefollowingstatementsregardingfetalcirculationiscorrect?
a)Theliverandheartofthefetusreceivebloodwithveryhigh
oxygensaturation
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)PO2offetalbloodleavingtheplacentaisslightlygreaterthanmaternalmixedvenousPO2
c)Thepresenceoffetalhemoglobinshiftstheoxyhemoglobin
dissociationtotheright
d)Theforamenovaleclosesduringthethirdtrimesterunlessthe
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
fetushasanatrialseptaldefectCorrectAnswer-A
Sincetheliverissuppliedbyumbilicalvenousbloodfromtheplacenta,andtheheart
andheadreceivebloodbeforeithasmixedwithsignificantamountsofdesaturated
blood,theseimportantorgansreceivebloodthatisrelativelyhighinsaturated
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
oxyhemoglobin.Thehighrateofbloodflowattheplacentaandthesignificantresistanceoftheplacentato
diffusionofoxygenresultinbloodintheumbilicalveinthathasalowerPO2(30mmHg)
thanthematernalmixedvenousblood.
However,theleftshiftinfetaloxyhemoglobinconcentrationandtheBohreffectbothactto
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
increasethetransportofoxygentofetaltissues.Anumberofsignificantdifferencesincirculatingpatternsarepresentinthefetus.
Theforamenovaleremainsopenuntilafterbirthandasignificantportionofinferior
venacavaflowisshuntedthroughittotheleft.
1/3ofbloodentersdirectlyfromrightatriumtoleftatrium(bypassingrightventricle)through
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
foramenovalThemajorportionofrightventricularoutputisshuntedthroughtheductusarteriosustothe
aorta,notthelungs.
Theneteffectoftheseshuntsinthepresenceofhighfetalpulmonaryvascularresistanceis
verylowfetalpulmonarybloodflow.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Atbirth,thesepatternsnormallyarequicklychangedtoex-uteropatternswithhigh
pulmonaryperfusion.
Ref:BarrettK.E.,BarmanS.M.,BoitanoS.,BrooksH.L.(2012).Chapter33.Circulation
throughSpecialRegions.InK.E.Barrett,S.M.Barman,S.Boitano,H.L.Brooks(Eds),
Ganong'sReviewofMedicalPhysiology,24e.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1204.Doublearchaortaisseenin
a)CATCH22
b)Digeorgesyndrome
c)Sphrintzenvelocardiofacialsyndrome
d)Noneofabove
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAnswer-A.CATCH22
CATCH22standsfor
Cardiacdefect-doublearchaorta.VSD,pulmonaryatresia.
Cleftpalate
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
AbnormalfaciesHypocalcemia
Thymichypoplasia
1205.Decorticatechild-Flasestatementis?
a)AcuteBraininjurys
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Susthalamic,CT&frontallobelesionc)Moredangerousthandecerebratelesion
d)Flexionofarm&extensionoflowerlimb
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Moredangerousthandecerebratelesion
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
DecorticalPostureoAlsoknownasflexorposturingorMummybaby
oArmsflexed/bentoverchest,handfisted,legextended&rotated
inward
oDamagetoareaincerebralhemisphere,internalcapsule,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
thalamus&upperpartofbrain.oDecorticatepostureisominoussignofseverebraindamage.
Decerebrateposture
oAlsoknownasextensorposturing
oExtensionofupperlimb&lowerlimb(ELBOWEXTENDED)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
oIndicatesbrainstemdamage(Belowlevelofrednucleus)oDecerebratepostureismoreominousthandecorticalposture
1206.Treatmentofsimplefebrileconvulsion
isbasedon
a)Controloffever
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Rectaldiazepamc)CSFfinding
d)Bloodreports
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Controloffever
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Promptreductionoftemperaturebyhydrotherapy(sponging)andantipyretics(paracetamole,ibuprofen)isthemostimportant
measure.Ifseizureslastsformorethan5minutes,diazepam(rectal
orIV)istheanticonvulsantofchoice.Phenobarbitoneisan
alternative
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1207.Whatiscorrectaboutfebrileseizures
a)NormalEEG
b)Focaldeficits
c)Repeatedseizure
d)AbnormalEEG
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAnswer-A.NormalEEG
Spontaneousremmissionoccurswithnopostictalneurological
deficitandEEGchangesfewdaysaftertheseizureisnormal.
Recurrentfebrileseizuresoccurin30-50%ofcases.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Morethan90%offebrileseizuresaregeneralized.Acuterespiratoryillnessaremostcommonlyassociatedwithfebrile
seizures.
1208.Chronicconstipationinchildrenisseen
inallA/E?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Hirschspringdiseaseb)Jejunalpolyp
c)Hypothyroidism
d)Stricture
CorrectAnswer-B
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'b'i.e.,JejunalpolypOrganiccausesofconstipationare:
i)Intestinal:Hirschprungdisease,Anal/rectalstenosis,Anal
fissure,anteriorlydisplacedanalopening,strictures.
ii)Drugs:Narcotics,vincristine,Psychotropics.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
iii)Metabolic/endocrine:Cysticfibrosis,hypothyroidism,Panhypopituitrism
iv)Neuromuscular:Cerebralpalsy,Psychomotorretardation,
spinalcordlesions,Myotonicdystophy,Neuropathyormyopathyof
GIT
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
v)Othercauses:Lowfibrediet,Milkproteinallergy.1209.3monthinfantswithabdominal
palpablemass&nonbiliousvomiting-
a)Hypertrophicbiliarystenosis
b)Hypertrophicpyloricstenosis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Tracheoesophagealfistulad)Duodenalatresia
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Hypertrophicpyloricstenosis
Hypertophicpyloricstenosis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
MostcommoncauseofnonbiliousvomitingisHypertrophicpyloricstenosis.
Male>female.
Vomitingstartswith3weekofage.
Palpablemassisseeninepigastricregion.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Visibleperistalsisisseensoonafterfeeding.ConfirmedbyUSGabdomen.
Contraststudyshows:
.Shouldersign
.Doubletractsign.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Treatmentsurgery=Ramstedtprocedure.1210.Causesofconjugated
hyperbilirubinemiais?
a)Rotorsyndrome
b)Breastmilkjaundice
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Criglernajjard)Gilbertsyndrome
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Rotorsyndrome
Conjugatedhyperbilirubinemiaisseenwhen?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
i)Impairedsecretionofconjugatedbilirubinintobile->DubinJohnsonsyndrome,Rotorsyndrome.
ii)Impairedbileflow-->Obstructivejaundice,primarybiliary
cirrhosis,Neonatalcholestasis,e.g.Extrahepaticbiliary
atresia/neonateidiopathichepatitis,Choledocalcyst,Sclerosing
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
cholangitis,Carolidisease,Metabolic(Tyrosinemia,Wolmandisease,Niemanpickdisease,Galactosemia,Fructosemia).
1211.Causeofneonatalhyperbilirubinemia?
a)Inefficienterythropoiesis
b)RBChemolysis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Immatureliverenzymed)Allofabove
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.Allofabove
ImpairedbileflowObstructivejaundice,primarybiliarycirrhosis,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Neonatalcholestasis,e.g.Extrahepaticbiliaryatresia/neonateidiopathichepatitis,Choledocalcyst,Sclerosingcholangitis,Caroli
disease,Metabolic(Tyrosinemia,Wolmandisease,Niemanpick
disease,Galactosemia,Fructosemia).
1212.InDiapragmaticHernia.Mostcommon
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
anomalyisseenina)Cardiovascularanomalies
b)Urinarytract
c)Craniofacialanomaly
d)Skullanomaly
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAnswer-A.Cardiovascularanomalies
DiaphragmaticHerniaisdefinedasacommunicationbetween
abdominal&thoraciccavitieswithorwithoutabdominalcontentsin
thorax.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Femalesareaffectedmorethanmales.Morecommononleftsideandisposterolateral.
Associatedanomaliesmaybeseen30%ofcasesCNSlesions,
esophagealatresia,omphaloceleandCVSlesions.Mostcasesare
sporadic.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CardiacanomalisisMCanomalis.1213.Hirschsprungdiseaseisconfirmedby?
a)Rectalbiopsy
b)Per/Rectalexamination
c)Rectalmanometry
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)X-rayabdomenCorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Rectalbiopsy
oRectalsuctionbiopsyisprocedureofchoice.
1214.Mostcommonpresentationofwilm's
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
tumor?a)Hematuria
b)Asymptomaticabdominalmass
c)Abdominalpain
d)Headache
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-BAns.is`b'i.e.,Asymptomaticabdominalmass
Wilm'stumor(Nephroblastoma)
Mostcommonmalignanttumorofkidney.
80%oftumorpresentbelow5yearofage.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Presention:?Asymptomaticabdominalmass(M.C.).
Haematuria(10-25%).
Hypertension(25%).
Abdominalpain(30%).
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fever(20%).1215.Posteriorurethralvalve-trueA/E?
a)Palpablebladder
b)Hydronephrosis
c)Painfulstressincontinence
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)RecurrentUTICorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is`c'i.e.,Painfulstressincontinence
Posteriorurethralvalve
Mostcommoncauseofsevereobstructiveuropathyinchildren.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
30%ofchildrenexperiencedendstagerenaldisease/CRFDilatedprostaticurethra.
Hypertrophyofbladdermuscle
Vesicoureticrefluxseenin50%ofcases.
Backpressurechange:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
HydronephrosisDistendedbladder
Thinurinarystream
RecurentUTIbecauseofurinarystasis
1216.Nottrueaboutchronicpyelonephritisin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
children-a)AssociatedwithUretericreflux
b)AssociatedwithIntrarenalreflux
c)Associatedwithrenalscarring
d)Malesaremoreaffectedthanfemale
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,Malesaremoreaffectedthanfemale
o3basicformsofUTI-(1)Pyelonephritis(2)Cystitis(3)
Asymptomaticbacteremia
ChronicPyelonephritis:-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Characterisedbyrenalinflammation&fibrostsinducedbyrecurrentorpersistentrenalinfection,vesicouretericrefluxorothercausesof
UTI.
Progressiverenalscarringwhichleadstoendstagerenal
diseaes.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Inreflexnephropathy,Intrarenalreflexofinfectedurineinducesrenalinjurywhichhealsbyrenalscarring.
Being-straight,short&wideurethra,recurrentUTIismorecommon
infemale,soCPNisalsotwiceascommonisfemalethanmale.
1217.Mousyurineinachildduetodefectin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
phenylalaminetoa)Tyrosine
b)Homogentisicacid
c)Phenylacetate
d)Phenylpyruvate
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAnswer-A.Tyrosine
Phenylketonuria:
Autosomalrecessive
Deficiencyofphenylalaninehydroxylase.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Defectinconversionofphenylalaninetotyrosine.Thisleadstoincreaselevelofphenylalanine.
Thisincreasephenlylalanineconvertedintophenylpyruvateand
phenylacetate.
Thisphenylacetategivesmousyormustyodourinurine/body.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1218.Highestcurerateisof-
a)Wilm'sTumor
b)Retinoblastoma
c)Rhabdomyosarcoma
d)All
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-BAns.is'b'i.e.,Retinoblastoma
Tumor
5yearssurvivalrate
Retinoblastoma
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
97%Wilms
tumor
88%
Rhabdomyosarcoma
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
61%1219.Mostcommonsiteofextramedullary
relapseofALLin6yearoldis
a)Testes
b)Liver
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Lungd)None
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Testes
ThecommonsitesofrelapseofALLaftercompleteremissionare:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Bonemarrow(mc),CNS(2mc)andtestis.1220.Proximalhumerusfracturewhichhas
maximumchancesofavascular
necrosis
a)Onepart
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Twopartc)Threepart
d)Fourpart
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.Fourpart
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Neer'sclassifiedproximalhumerusfractureinto4types,basedonthesefoursegments:
1.Onepartfracture:-Fracturewithminimaldisplacement.
2.Twopartfracture:-Onesegmentisdisplacedinrelationtoother.
Importanttwopartfracturesare:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(i)surgicalneckfracture(mostcommon)(ii)GTfracture,(iii)LTfracture,(iv)anatomicalneckfracture.
3.Threepartfracture:-Twosegmentsaredisplacedinrelationto
othertwo.
4.Fourpartfracture:-Allfourmajorfragmentsaredisplaced.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ChancesofAVNofhumeralheadarehigherinfourpartfracture.1221.Mostcommontypeofshoulder
dislocationis:
March2011
a)Posterior
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Anteriorc)Inferior
d)Superior
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B:Anterior
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ShoulderjointisthecommonestjointinthebodytodislocateAnteriorshoulderdislocationismuchmorecommonthanposterior
dislocation
Shoulderdislocation:
MCjointtodislocateinbody:Shoulder
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
MCtypeofshoulderdislocation:Subcoracoid/inferiorRaresttypeofshoulderdislocation:Posterior
Posteriortypeofshoulderdislocationisassociatedwith:Epilepticfits
Bankart'slesionisrelatedwithavulsionofglenoidallabrum
HillSach'slesionisfoundonhumeralhead
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Testfordislocationofshoulderjoint:-Duga'stest,
-Hamiltonrulertest,
-Callawaystest
Kocher'smanouevreisdonetoreduceadislocatedshoulder
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1222.Mostcommonmuscledamagedin
rotatorcuff
a)Supraspinatus
b)Infraspinatus
c)Subscapularis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)TeresminorCorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Supraspinatus
Duringinjurytorotatorcuff,tendonsareaffected,notthemuscle.
Supraspinatustendonisaffectedmostfrequently.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1223.Trueaboutsupracondylarfractureof
humerus
a)Commoninadults
b)Extensiontypemostcommon
c)Flexiontypeismostcommon
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)NoneCorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Extensiontypemostcommon
Supracondylarhumeralfracturesarethemostcommonelbow
fracturesinchildren.Mostcommonagegroupaffectedis5-8years.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Boysareaffectedmorethangirls.Leftsideismorecommonthanright.
Extensiontypeismostcommon
1224.Themalunionofsupracondylarfracture
ofthehumerusmostcommonlyleads
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
to:a)Flexiondeformity
b)Cubitusvarus
c)Cubitusvalgus
d)Extensiondeformity
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-BBi.e.CabitusVarus
Malunion:-Itisthecommonestcomplicationofsupracondylar
fractureandresultsincubitusvarus(Gunstockdeformity).Cubitus
valgusisrareandmayoccuroccasionallyinposterolateral
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
displacement.1225.TheMOSTcommontypeofdislocationofelbowjointis:
a)Posterior
b)Posterolateral
c)Posteromedial
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)LateralCorrectAnswer-A
Inadults,theelbowisthesecondmostfrequentlydislocatedmajorjoint,aftertheshoulder.
Itisthemostcommonlydislocatedjointinchildren.Morethan90%ofallelbowdislocations
areposteriordislocations.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Thisinjuryentailsdisengagementofthecoronoidprocessoftheulnafromthetrochleaofthehumeruswithmovementposteriorly.
Themechanismofinjuryistypicallyafallontoanoutstretchedhandwiththeelbowin
extensionuponimpact.
1226.Whatisseenonx-raywithposterior
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
elbowdislocationa)Coronoidprocessposteriortohumerus
b)Coronoidprocessanteriortohumerus
c)Coronoidprocessbelowhumerus
d)None
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAnswer-A.Coronoidprocessposteriortohumerus
APview:Greatersuperimpositionofdistalhumeruswithproximal
ulnaandolecranon(normally,onlyterminalpartofhumerusis
superimposed).
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1227.
Inposteriordislocationofelbow,most
prominentpart
a)Coronoid
b)Radialhead
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Olecranond)None
CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.Olecranon
ThereisexaggratedprominenceoftheOlecranon
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1228.Mostcommoncomplicationoflateral
condylehumerusfracture
a)Malunion
b)Nonunion
c)VIC
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)MediannerveinjuryCorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Nonunion
Lateralspur(Lateralcondylarspurorlateralcondylarovergrowth)is
oneofthemostcommoncomplication.Delayedunionornon-union
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
canoccuriffractureisundetectedorleftuntreated.Cubitusvalgusisacommoncomplication
Tardyulnarnervepalsyseenafterseveralyears.
Rarelyavascularnecrosisandmyositisossificans.
1229.PulledElbowis:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Disarticulationofelbowb)Disarticulationofelbow
c)Subluxationofproximalradioulnarjoint
d)Noneoftheabove
CorrectAnswer-C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ci.e.subluxationofproximalradioulnarjointIfayoungchildisliftedbythewrist,theheadoftheradiusmaybe
pulledpartlyoutoftheannularligament,i.e.,subluxationofthehead
oftheradius.
Itoccurswhenforearmispronated,elbowisextendedand
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
longitudinaltractionisappliedtothehandorwrist,e.g.,lifting,spinningorswingingachildwithwristorhand.Pulledelbowmost
commonlyoccursbetweentheageof2-5years
1230.Oneofthecommonfracturesthatoccur
duringboxingbyhittingwithaclosed
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
fistis?a)Monteggiafracturedislocation
b)Galeazzifracturedislocation
c)Bennett'sfracturedislocation
d)Smith'sfracture
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Bennett'sfracturedislocation
ThecommonmechanismofinjuryforBenett'sfractureisanaxial
blowdirectedagainstthepartiallyflexedmetacarpal,inmostcases
during'fistfights'.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Benett'sfractureBenett'sfractureisanintra-articularfracturedislocationofthe
palmarbaseoffirstmetacarpalboneofthethumbwitheither
subluxationordislocationoffirstcarpometacarpaljoint,i.e.
trapezometacarpaljoint.Thecommonmechanismofinjuryisan
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
axialblowdirectedagainstthepartiallyflexedmetacarpal,inmostcasesduring"Fistfights".Patientcomplainsofpain,swellingand
tendernessoverthebaseofthethumb.Movementsofthumbare
restricted.
DisplacingforceinBennett'sfractures
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
FollowingarethedeformingforcesinBennett'sfracture:-i)Atthedistalfragment,itistheadductorpollicis.
ii)Attheproximalfragment,itistheabductorpollicislongus.
Baseofthethumbmetacarpalispulleddorsallyandmediallybythe
abductorpollicislongus,whilethedistalattachmentofadductor
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
pollicisfurtherleversthebaseintoabduction.
1231.MostcommoncomplicationofCones
#
a)Malunion
b)Avascularnecrosis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Fingerstiffnessd)RuptureofEPLtendon
CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.Fingerstiffness
Thecomplicationrateis55%,withthemostcommoncomplication
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
beingsomedegreeofresidualfingerandwriststiffness(39%).Mostcommoncomplicationofcolle'sfracture-Fingerstiffness
1232.Mostcommoncomplicationoffracture
neckoffemur
a)Malunion
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)AVNc)Nonunion
d)Arthritis
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.AVN
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
AVNisthemostcommoncomplicationoffemoralneckfracture.Non-unionisthesecondmostcommoncomplicationoffemoralneck
fracture.
1233.Whichofthefollowingdescribesgrade
2fractureneckfemur?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Incompletefracture,medialtrabeculaeintactb)Completefracturewithundisplacedneck
c)Completefracturewithischemichead
d)Moderatedisplacementofneck,vascularitydamaged
CorrectAnswer-B
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Answer-B.CompletefracturewithundisplacedneckGardenstageI:undisplacedincomplete,includingvalgusimpacted
fractures
medialgroupoffemoralnecktrabeculaemaydemonstratea
greenstickfracture
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
GardenstageII:undisplacedcompletenodisturbanceofthemedialtrabeculae
1234.Treatmentofchoiceforfractureneck
femurina40yearsoldfemale
a)Multiplescrewfixation
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Bipolarhemiarthroplastyc)THR
d)None
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Multiplescrewfixation
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Placementofmultiplescrewsacrossthefracturedfemoralneckisthetreatmentofchoiceforfemoralneckfractures,andmaybe
performedfollowingeitherclosedoropenreductionusingastandard
lateralapproachoramorelimitedpercutaneoustechnique.
1235.Talusissuppliedby
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Anteriortibialarteryb)Posteriortibialartery
c)Dorsalpedisartery
d)All
CorrectAnswer-D
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Answer-D.AllExtraosseousbloodsupply
1. Posteriortibialartery:-Deltoidbranch,arteryofthetarsalcanal.
2. Anteriortibialartery:-SuperiorneckbranchfromDorsalpedisartery,
Arteryoftarsalcanal.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3. Paronealartery:-Arteryoftarsalsinus.1236.Commonestligamentinjuredinankle
injury?
a)Anteriortalofibularligament
b)Calcaneofibularligament
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Posteriortalofibularligamentd)Springligament
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Anteriortalofibularligament
Theankleisoneofthemostcommonsitesforacute
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
musculoskeletalinjuries.Sprainsconstitute85%ofallankleinjuries,and85%ofthoseinvolvealateralinversionmechanism.
InversionSprain-Inversionanklesprainsoccurwhenthefootturns
inorouttoanabnormaldegreerelativetotheankle.Themost
commonmechanismofananklesprainisacombinationof
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
plantarflexionandinversionwherethefootispointingdownwardandinward.
Thelateralligamentsareinvolvedinaninversionanklesprainand
hencemostcommonlydamaged.Theseligamentsareonthe
outsideoftheankle,whichincludestheanteriortalofibular(ATFL),
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
calcaneofibular(CFL)andposteriortalofibularligaments(PTFL).InjurytotheATFListhemostcommon.WhenboththeATFLand
CFLareinjuredtogether,ankleinstabilitywillbemorenoticeable.
ThePTFListhestrongestofthethreeligamentsandisrarelyinjured
inaninversionsprain.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1237.Posteriorscallopingofvertebraeisnot
seen
a)Neurofibromatosis
b)Astrocytoma
c)Aorticaneurysm
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)EpendymomaCorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.Aorticaneurysm
Posteriorscallopingistheconcavitytotheposterioraspectofthe
vertebralbody.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
AnteriorScallopingistheconcavitytotheanterioraspectofthevertebralbody.
1238.Incervicalspineinjury,firsttobedone
a)Trunhead
b)Maintainairway
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Immobilizationofspined)None
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Maintainairway
"Initialcareattheaccidentscenemaybecriticaltosurvival.Thefirst
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
stepsaretoestablishanairway,maintainoxygenationandimmobilizethecervicalspine".
1239.Inscoliosisdegreeofdeformityis
calculatedby
a)Cobbsmethod
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Hamburgermethodc)Haldanemethod
d)Milwaukeemethod
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Cobbsmethod
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cobbangleisameasurementofthedegreeofside-to-sidespinalcurvature,whichisadeformityyoumayknowasscoliosis.
1240.Partialanteriordislocationofone
segmentofthespineoveranotheris
a)Spondylosis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Spondylolisthesisc)Kyphosis
d)Scoliosis
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Spondylolisthesis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Displacement(partial)ofonevertebraeoverotheriscalledSpondylolisthesis.
Spondylolisthesisisadefectintheparsinterarticularis.
1241.InEMG/NCVstudy,H.reflexcorrelates
with
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)L3radiculopathyb)L4radiculopathy
c)L5radiculopathy
d)SIradiculopathy
CorrectAnswer-D
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Answer-D.SIradiculopathyH-ReflexhasitsutilityininvestigatingpatientswithS1radiculopathy.
1242.Inaxillarynerveparalysis,allthe
followingaretrueexcept
a)Deltoidmuscleiswasted
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Extensionofshoulderwitharmabductedto90degreesisimpossible
c)Smallareaofnumbnessispresentovertheshoulderregion
d)Patientcannotinitiateabduction
CorrectAnswer-D
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Answer-D.PatientcannotinitiateabductionInitial15?ofabductioniscausedbysupraspinatuswhichissupplied
bysuprascapularnerve(notaxillarynerve).
"Attheinitiationofabductionfromneutralposition,thesupraspinatus
ismoreimportantthandeltoid,whereasdeltoid(middleportion)isof
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
greaterimportanceforelevationofarmatthehigherangleofabduction,suchas60?".
1243.Tardyulnarnervepalsyisseenin
a)Medialcondyle#humerus
b)Lateralcondyle#humerus
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Humerusshaftfractured)Fractureshaftradius
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Lateralcondyle#humerus
Causesoftardyulnarnervepalsyare:-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1. Malunitedlateralcondylehumerusfracture(cubitusvalgus)2. Displacedmedialepicondylehumerusfracture
3. Cubitusvarusdeformity(duetosupracondylarfracturehumerus)
4. Elbowdislocation
5. Contusionsofulnarnerve
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
6. Shallowulnargroove7. Hypoplasiaofhumeraltrochlea
8. Jointdeformityafterprolongedarthritisofelbow
1244.Cubitaltunnelsyndromeinvolves:
March2013(c,f)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Radialnerveb)Ulnarnerve
c)Mediannerve
d)Axillarynerve
CorrectAnswer-B
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.Bi.e.UlnarnerveWhentheulnarnervecompressionoccursattheelbow,itiscalled
"cubitaltunnelsyndrome."
1245.Carpaltunnelsyndromeallarepresent
except
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Ulnarnervedysfunctionb)Tinelsign
c)Phalenssign
d)Pain¶esthesiaofwrist
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Answer-A.UlnarnervedysfunctionThesymptomsoftenfirstappearduringnight,sincemanypeople
sleepwithflexedwrists.(Flexiondecreasesthespaceincarpal
tunnelwhichresultsinincreasedpressureovermediannerve).
Sensorysymptomscanoftenbereproducedbypercussingover
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
mediannerve(Tina'ssign)orbyholdingthewristfullyflexedforaminute(Phalen'stest).
Asthediseaseprogresses,clumsinessofhandandimpairmentof
digitalfunctiondevelop.
1246.Fairbanktriangleisseenin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)CDHb)Congenitalcoxavara
c)Perthe'sdisease
d)SCFE
CorrectAnswer-B
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Answer-B.CongenitalcoxavaraTheepiphysealplatemaybetoovertical.
Theremaybeaseparatetriangleofboneintheinferiorportionof
themetaphysis,calledFairbank'striangle
[RefEbnezar4th/ep.410]
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1247.Dysplastichipinachild,investigation
ofchoice
a)X-ray
b)MRI
c)USG
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)CTScanCorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.USG
UltrasonographyistheinvestigationofchoiceforDDH.
Itvisualizesthecartilageandallowsdynamictestingofthehipjoint.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1248.PrimarypathologyinCDH
a)Largeheadoffemur
b)Shallowacetabulum
c)Excessiveretroversion
d)Evertedlimbus
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-BAnswer-B.Shallowacetabulum
Followingchangesareseenindislocatedhip:
1. Thefemoralheadisdislocatedupwardandlaterally.Itsbony
nucleusappearslateanditsdevelopmentisretarded,therefore
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
headissmall.2. Femoralneckisexcessivelyanterverted.
3. Acetabulumisshallow,withasteepslopingroof(Thisisconsidered
tobetheprimarypathology).
1249.InneglectedcasesofCTEV,jointfused
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
area)Calcaneocuboid,talonavicularandtalocalcaneal
b)Tibiotalar,calcaneocuboidandtalonavicular
c)Anklejoint,calcaneocuboidandtalonavicular
d)Noneoftheabove
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAnswer-A.Calcaneocuboid,talonavicularandtalocalcaneal
JointsfusedintriplearthrodesisforCTEVarei)Subtalar
(tolocalcaneal)joint,ii)Calcaneocuboidjoint,iii)Tolonavicularjoint.
1250.Perthe'sdiseaseisOsteochondritisof
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
theepiphysisofthe:March2013(g)
a)Capitulum
b)Lunate
c)Femoralhead
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)CalacanealtuberosityCorrectAnswer-C
Ans.Ci.e.Femoralhead
Osteochondritis
Perthesdisease:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
-Osteochondritisoffemoralhead-Adductionisunaffected
-IOCforPerthesdisease:MRI
Osteochondritisoflunate:Kienbock'sdisease
Osteochondritisoftibialtubercle:OschGood'sSchlatter'sdisease
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Osteochondritisofcalcaneum:Sever'sdisease1251.Osteonerosisisseeninallexcept
a)Fractureneckfemur
b)Sicklecellanemia
c)Perthe'sdisease
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)Paget'sdiseaseCorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.Paget'sdisease
Storagedisorders:-Gaucher'sdisease
Caissondisease:-Dysbaricosteonecrosis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Hemoglobinopathy&Coagulationdisorder:-Sickelcelldisease,Familialthrombophilia,Hypofibrinolysis,Hypolipoproteinemia.
Congenitaldisorders:-Perthe'sdisease,Slippedcapitalfemoral
epiphysis.
Hematologicalmalignancies:-Leukemia,lymphoma,Polycythemia.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Hyperlipedemia:-Nephroticsyndrome1252.Bestdiagnosticmodalitytodiagnose
avascularnecrosisis:
March2007
a)MRIscan
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)CTscanc)X-ray
d)USG
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A:MRIScan
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Avascularnecrosis/osteonecrosis/aseptic(bone)necrosis/ischemicbonenecrosisisadiseaseresultingfromthetemporaryor
permanentlossofthebloodsupplytothebones.Withoutblood,the
bonetissuediesandcausesthebonetocollapse.Therearemany
causesofavascularnecrosissuchas:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
AlcoholismExcessivesteroiduse
Posttrauma
Caissondisease(decompressionsickness)
Vascularcompression
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
VasculitisThrombosis
Damagefromradiation
Bisphosphonates(particularlythemandible)
Sicklecellanaemia
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Gaucher'sDiseaseIdiopathic(nocauseisfound).
RheumatoidarthritisandlupusarealsocommoncausesofAVN.
Avascularnecrosismostcommonlyaffectstheheadoffemur.Other
Avascularnecrosismostcommonlyaffectstheheadoffemur.Other
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
commonsitesincludethetalus,scaphoidandthejaw.Avascularnecrosisusuallyaffectspeoplebetween30and50yearsofage.
Whenitoccursinchildrenatthefemoralhead,itisknownasLegg-
Calve-Perthessyndrome.
Itismostoftenlydiagnoseclinically.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
BecauseearlyX-raysareusuallynormalintheearlystageofthedisease,bonescintigraphyandMRIarethediagnosticmodalityof
choicesincebothcandetectminimalchangesatearlystagesofthe
disease.
Lateradiographicsignsincludearadiolucencyareafollowingthe
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
collapseofsubchondralbone(crescentsign)andringedregionsofradiodensity
1253.Afterchronicuseofsteroidssevere
paininrighthipwithimmobilityisdue
to
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Avascularnecrosisb)Perthesdisease
c)Hipdislocation
d)Osteoarthritis
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Answer-A.AvascularnecrosisPaininhipandlimitatationofmovement(immobility)ofterchronic
useofsteroidssuggestthediagnosisofAVNoffemoralhead.
1254.Inelbow,osteochondritisusually
involves
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Olecranonb)Trochlea
c)Radialhead
d)Capitulum
CorrectAnswer-D
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Answer-D.CapitulumKnee-Lateralsurfaceofthemedialfemoralcondyle
Elbow-Capitulumofhumerus
Hip-Femoralhead
Ankle-Talus
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1255.Mostcommonorganismcausing
infectionafteropenfracture
a)Pseudomonas
b)Staphylococcusaureus
c)Klebsiella
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)GonococcusCorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Pseudomonas
staphylococcusaureuswasthemostcommonorganismcausing
infectioninopenfractures.Morerecentstudieshaveshownthat
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
gramnegativeorganismssuchaspseudomonasaeruginosaandE.coliarebecomingmorecommon
1256.Septicarthritisisdiagnosedby
a)X-ray
b)Jointaspiration
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)USGd)MRI
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Jointaspiration
Quickestandbestmethodofdiagnosisofsepticarthritisisaspiration
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ofjoint.1257.Sequestrumisbestdefinedas
a)Apieceofdeadbone
b)Apieceofdeadbonesurroundedbyinfectedtissue
c)Apieceofbonewithpoorvascularity
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)NoneCorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Apieceofdeadbonesurroundedbyinfectedtissue
Sequestrumisapieceofdeadbone,surroundedbyinfected
granulationtissue.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1258.Cloacaearepresentin
a)Sequestrum
b)Involucrum
c)Normalbone
d)Myositis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-BAnswer-B.Involucrum
Involucrumisreactivenewboneoverlyingasequestrum.Theremay
besomeholesintheinvolucrumforpustodrainout.Theseholes
arecalledcloaca.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1259.ComplicationofjointTB
a)Fibrousankylosis
b)Bonyankylosis
c)Normalhealing
d)None
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAnswer-A.Fibrousankylosis
Theoutcomeoftuberculararthritisisfibrousankylosis,exceptin
spine.Spineistheonlysitewheretuberculosishealswithbony
ankylosis.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1260.FalseaboutPott'sspine
a)Commonestatdorsolumbarjunction
b)Alwayshealsbychemotherapy
c)Backpainisanearlysymptom
d)Thereisdiscspacenarrowingonx-ray
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-BAnswer-B.Alwayshealsbychemotherapy
Chemotherapyisthemainstayoftreatment.Butitisnoteffective
always,surgeryisoftenrequiredinsomecases.
Commonestsiteofpott'sspineisdorsolumbarjunction.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Backpainistheearliestsymptomandnarrowingofdiscspaceistheearliestradiologicalsign.
1261.Apparentlengtheningisseeninwhich
stageofTBHip
a)StageI
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)StageIIc)StageIII
d)None
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.StageI
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Stageofsynovitis(Stage1):-Threeiseffusioninthehipjointwhichdemandsthehiptobeinapositionofmaximumcapacity.This
positionisacquiredbyflexion,abductionandexternalrotation.
Becauseofabductiondeformity,thereisapparentlengthening.
1262.Tuberculosisspine;mostcommonsite
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
isa)Sacral
b)Cevical
c)Dorsolumbar
d)Lumbosacral
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-CAnswer-C.Dorsolumbar
ThemostcommonsiteisDorsolumbarregion.Lowerdorsal
(thoracic)regionisthemostcommonsegmentinvolvedfollowedby
lumbarsegment.Thetuberculosisofspineisalsocalledpott's
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
diseaseortubercularspondylytis.1263.Anterolateraldecompressionisdone
for
a)Spinaltuberculosis
b)ChestTB
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)HandTBd)FootTB
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Spinaltuberculosis
Anteriordecompressioncanbecausedby:-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1. Anteriorapproach:-Calledanteriordecompression.Itisthemostpreferredprocedure.
2. Anterolateralapproach:-Calledanterolateraldecompression.
1264.Tumorwithmaximumbonematrix
a)Osteoidosteoma
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Chondrosarcomac)Enchondroma
d)None
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Osteoidosteoma
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Dense,homogenousmineralization(calcification)istypicalofosteoidmatrix,formedbybenignandmalignantboneforming
lesions.
1265.Whichofthefollowingistrueabout
Giantcelltumor
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Usuallypresentsasalyticlesionwithscleroticrimb)Alwaysbeingn
c)Epiphysealorigin
d)Seeninagelessthan15years
CorrectAnswer-C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Answer-C.EpiphysealoriginGCTisanosteolytictumorarisingfromtheepiphysisandis
commonbetweentheageof20-40years.
Thecommonestsitesarelowerendoffemurandupperendoftibia.
Othercommonsitesarelowerendradiusandupperendof
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
humerus.Itmayalsooccurinthespineandsacrum.Theradiologicalfeaturesare:-
1. Asolitarymaybeloculated,lyticlesion.
2. Eccentriclocation,oftensubchondral.
3. Expansionoftheoverlyingcortx(expansilelesion).
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
4. Soap-bubble'appearance1266.Striatedvertebraisseenin
a)TBspine
b)Haemangioma
c)Chordoma
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)MetastasisCorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Haemangioma
Haemangiomaofthevertebrahasatypicalradiographicpicturein
theformoflossofhorizontalstriationsandprominenceofvertebral
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
striations.ThereisPolkadotappearanceonCT.Intheskull,hemangiomagenerallyaffectsthecalveriumandisseen
asanexpansilelyticlesionwhichhasasunburstappearancewith
striationradiatingfromthecentre.
Ahemangiomamaybeidentifiedduetoassociatedphlebolithandit
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
maycauselocalgigantismoftheinvovledarea.1267.Metastasisnotfoundin
a)Femur
b)Humerus
c)Fibula
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)SpineCorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.Fibula
Metastaticbonediseaseisthecommonestmalignancyofbonesand
ismuchmorecommonthanprimarybonetumors.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Thecommonestsitesforbonemetastasesarevertebrae(mostcommon),pelvis,theproximalhalfofthefemurandthehumerus.
Extremitiesdistaltoelbowandkneeareleastcommonlyinvolved
sites.
Spreadisusuallyviathebloodstream;occasionally,visceraltumors
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
spreaddirectlyintoadjacentbonese.g.,thepelvisandribs.1268.Periostealreactionsisseenin
a)Osteomyelitis
b)Syphilis
c)Tumor
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)AllCorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.All
Infection:-Osteomyelitis,Brodie'sabscess,syphilis
Neoplasms
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Benign:OsteoidosteomaMalignant:Ewing'ssarcoma,osteosarcoma
Eosinophilicgranuloma
Healedstressfracture
Hypertrophicpulmonaryosteoarthropathy
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1269.Volkmannscontracture,whicharteryis
involved
a)Radial
b)Brachial
c)Ulnar
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)InterosseusCorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Brachial
Injurytobrachialarterymaycausenerveandmuscleischemia
(Volkmann'sischemiaofflexorcompartment)ormayresultin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
postischemicswellingduetoedemaorhemorrhage,therebycausingcompartmentsyndrome,whichcancause,ifnottreated
immediatealy,Volkmann'sischaemiccontracturelateron.
1270.Castsyndromeisdueto
a)Aboveelbowcast
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Belowelbowcastc)HipSpica
d)Abovekneecast
CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.HipSpica
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Castsyndrome(Superiormesentricarterysyndrome)isgastricdilatationwithpartialorcompleteobstructionoftheduodenum.
Itismostfrequentlyseeninorthopaedicspatientswhohavehad
spinalsurgeryorwhoareinhipspicaorbodycasts.
1271.Heterotopicossificationoccursin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Boneb)Joint
c)Softtissue
d)None
CorrectAnswer-C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Answer-C.SofttissueHeterotopicossificationistheprocessbywhichbonetissueis
formedinsofttissueoutsidetheskeleton.
1272.Felonmostcommoncomplication
a)Osteomyelitis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Subungualhematomac)Infectivearthritis
d)None
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Osteomyelitis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Felonistheinfectionofdistalpulpspace.Nexttoacuteparanychia,thisisthemostcommonhandinfection.Itusuallyfollowsapinprick,
withindexfingerandthumbbeingthecommonunfortunatevictim.
Thepatientinitiallycomplainsofdullpainandswelling.
Complicationsareosteomyelitis(mostcommon),skinnecrosis,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
osteonecrosisofdigitsandrarelytenosynovitisorinfectivearthritisofDIPjoint.
1273.Felon/Whitlowis:
September2012
a)Midpalamrspaceinfection
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Terminalpulpspaceinfectionc)Infectionoftheulnarbursa
d)Infectionoftheradialbursa
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.Bi.e.Terminalpulpspaceinfection
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
apainfulabscessofthedeeptissuesofthepalmarsurfaceofthefingertipthatistypicallycausedbybacterialinfection(aswitha
staphylococcus)andismarkedbyswellingandpain
1274.Tensionbandwiringisindicatedinfractureofwhichofthefollowing?
a)Fracturehumerus
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Olecranonc)Fracturetibia
d)Fracturespine
CorrectAnswer-B
Tensionbandwiringisindicatedinthetreatmentoftwotypesofolecranonfracture.First
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
typeisacleanbreakwithseparationofthefragments,andsecondtypeiscomminutedfractureoftheolecranonwithdisplcedfragments.
Acrackintheolecranonwithoutdisplacementistreatedbyimmobilisingtheelbowinan
aboveelbowplasterslabin30degreesofflexion.
1275.Mostcommonboneforwhichnailingis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
donea)Radius
b)Ulna
c)Tibia
d)Humerus
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-CAnswer-C.Tibia
Mostcommonbonesforwhichintramedullarynailingisdoneare
Tibiaandfemur.
1276.Knucklebendersplintisusedfor:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
September2009a)Ulnarnervepalsy
b)Radialnervepalsy
c)Mediannervepalsy
d)Axillarynervepalsy
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAns.A:UlnarNervePalsy
Cock-upsplint?Radialnervepalsy
Knuckle-bendersplint?Ulnarnervepalsy
1277.Whyfractureshaftfemurisearly
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
stabiliseda)Topreventbloodloss
b)ARDS
c)Nonunion
d)Compartmentsyndrome
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAnswer-A.Topreventbloodloss
Fractureshaftfemurcancauseupto2Lofbloodlossandsevere
hypotension,ifnotimmoblizedearly.
thefractureshaftfemurshouldbeimmoblizedearly.Thiscanbe
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
temporaryimmobilizationbyTTsplintfollowedbysurgeryorcanbebyimmediatesurgery.
1278.Drugusedinosteoarthritis
a)Methotrexate
b)Glucosamine
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Sulfasalizined)All
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Glucosamine
Chondroitinsufate
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Diseasemodifyinganti-osteoarthritisdrugs(DMAOAD)Diacerin(IL-1antagonist),Licofelone(combinedCOX-LOXinhibitors)
Steroids(inacuteexacerbations).
1279.Pannusisseenin
a)OA
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)RAc)Gout
d)None
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.RA
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Pannusisseeninrheumatoidarthritis.Itisneoplasm-likegrowthofinflammedsynovialtissuethatleadsto
destructionofjointstructures.
Thearticularcartilageatpannusinterfaceappeartoundergo
chondrolysis.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Pannusappeartodevelopwithinandaroundthesynovium,subsequentlycreepingintoandoverthearticularcartilageand
envelopingitandtheunderlyingboneinadeathlikegrasp.
1280.Sausagedigitsisseenin
a)Lymearthritis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Osteoarthritisc)Psoriaticarthritis
d)None
CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.Psoriaticarthritis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Sausagedigitreferstodiffusefusiformswellingofthedigitduetosofttissueinflammationfromunderlyingarthritisordactylitis.
Causesare:-
Psoriaticarthritis
Osteomyelitis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
SicklecellanemiaSarcoidosis
Tuberculardactylitis(spinaventosa)
1281.Greenstickfractureis
a)Fractureinadults
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Completefracturec)Incompletefracture
d)Fracturespine
CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.Incompletefracture
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Agreenstickfractureisanincompletetransversefracturepatternseeninchildren.
1282.Resorptionofdistalphalanxisseenin
a)Scleroderma
b)Hyperparathyroidism
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Reiter'ssyndromed)All
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.All
Acro-osteolysisisthetermusedtodescriberesorptionofthe
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
distalphalangealtufts.Causesare:-1. Scleroderma
2. Trauma&thermalinjury
3. Hyperparathyroidism
4. Epidermolysisbullosa
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
5. Arthropathy(RA,Psoriasis)6. Neuropathy(diabetes,syringomyelia)
7. Raynaud'sdisease
8. Reiter'ssyndrome
1283.Severelyanaemicpregnantpatientin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
cardiacfailure.Choiceoftransfusion?a)Platelets
b)Packedcells
c)Wholeblood
d)Exchangetransfusion
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-BAns.B.Packedcells
1284.Hydropsfetalisisdueto?
a)Rhmismatch
b)Hyperproteinemia
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Placentalhypoplasiad)Alloftheabove
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.Rhmismatch
1285.Caputsuccedaneumindicatesthat
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
fetuswasalivetill?a)Immediatelyafterbirth
b)Till2-3daysafterbirth
c)2-3weeksafterbirth
d)2-3monthsafterbirth
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAns.A.Immediatelyafterbirth
CaPutsuccedaneum
Formationofswellingduetostagnationoffluidinthelayersofscalp
beneaththegirdleofcontact.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Boggydiffuseswelling,notlimitedtomidline.Disappearsspontaneouslywithin24hours.
Usuallyoccursafterruptureofmembranes.
1286.Caputsuccedeumissaidtooccurin
baby?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Within24hrsb)2-3days
c)2-3weeks
d)2-3months
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.A.Within24hrs1287.Mostofectopicpregnanciesareat
ampullaas?
a)Itisthenarrowestpart
b)Tubalmovementsareleasthere
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Salpingitisproducesleastcryptshered)Plicaearemostnumeroushere
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans,D.Plicaearemostnumeroushere
1288.Besttodiagnoseunrupturedectopic
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
pregnancy?a)Scopy
b)UPT
c)USG
d)Culdocentesis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAns,A.Scopy
1289.Definitivetreatmentforpreeclampsia?
a)Deliveryofbaby
b)Antihypertensivedrugs
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Restd)Diet
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans,A.Deliveryofbaby
1290.Whichisleastinjuredingynaecological
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
procedures?a)Ureteratpelvicbrim
b)Renalpelvis
c)Urinarybladder
d)Ureteratinfundibulopelvicligament
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-BAns.B.Renalpelvis
Urinarybladder&pelvicureterarevulnerabletoinjuryduring
gynecologicalsurgery.
1291.Whichofthefollowingcannotbe
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
treatedbylaparoscopy-a)Ectopicpregnancy
b)Sterilization
c)Nondescentofuterus
d)Genitalprolapsed
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-CAns,C.Nondescentofuterus
1292.Mostcommondegenerationoffibroids
?
a)Calcareous
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Hyalinec)Red
d)Cystic
CorrectAnswer-B
AnsB.Hyaline
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Mostcommondegenerationoverall_hyaline1293.DefinitivemanagementofAdenomyosis
is?
a)GNRHanalogue
b)Danazole
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)LHd)Hysterectomy
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans,D.Hysterectomy
Hysterectomyisthetreatmentofchoice.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Localresectioncanbetriedinyoungerwomeninwhomitislocalized.
MedicaltreatmentoPtionsareNSAIDS&hormonaltherapy,though
notmucheffective
GnRH,danazole,MirenaIUCDformenorrhagea&pain.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1294.Bartholin'scysttreatmentofchoice-
a)Excision
b)Antibiotics
c)Marsupialisation
d)Drainage
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-CAns.C.Marsupialisation
1295.Hydronephrosisisseeninwhichstage
ofCacervix?
a)2a
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)2bc)3a
d)3b
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans,D.3b
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1296.Endometrialcarcinomainvolving
cervix,stageis?
a)1
b)2
c)3
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)4CorrectAnswer-B
Ans,B.2
1297.Diagnosisofadenomyosisismadeby?
a)Histopathology
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Ultrasoundc)MRI
d)Laproscopy
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans,D.Laproscopy
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1298.Initialdrugforovariancancer?
a)Cisplatin
b)Doxorubicin
c)Ifosfamide
d)Methotrexate
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAns,A,Cisplatin
1299.Fallopiantubetuberculosis?
a)MostcommontypeofgenitalTB
b)Sizeofthetubesisunchanged
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Isasymptomaticd)Primaryfocusofinfectionisalwaysinfallopiantubes
CorrectAnswer-A:C
Ans,A>C.Isasymptomatic>MostcommontypeofgenitalTB
MostcommontypeofgenitalTB>IsasymPtomatic
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1300.TButerusallistrueexcept?
a)Mostlysecondary
b)Increaseincidenceofectopicpregnancy
c)Involvementofendosalpinx
d)Mostcommonisascendinginfection
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-DAns,D.Mostcommonisascendinginfection
1301.Goldstandarddiagnostictechniquefor
diagnosisofendometriosis?
a)Laproscopy
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Ca125levelc)Ultrasound
d)MRI
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans,A.Laproscopy
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
InvestigationsforendometriosesLaproscopyisconsideredasgoldstandard.
Usedasbothdiagnosticaswellastherapeutictechnique.
1. CA-f25israised>35u/ml
2. Ultrasound
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3. CT&MRI4. ColorDoPPler
5. CYstoscoPY
1302.Mostcommonsiteofendometriosis-
a)Ovary
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)FTc)Colon
d)LSCSScar
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans,A.Ovary
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1303.Asherman'ssyndromefalseis?
a)Associatedwithmenstrualirregularities
b)Progesteronechallengetestispositive
c)Synechiaeformationinuterus
d)MaybesecondarytoTB
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-BAns,B.Progesteronechallengetestispositive
1304.
35yearoldwithhistoryofrepeated
D&C.Shenowhassecondary
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
amenorrhea.Whatisyourdiagnosis?a)Hypothyroidism
b)Kallmansyndrome
c)Sheehan'ssyndrome
d)Asherman'ssyndrome
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-DAns,D.Asherman'ssyndrome
1305.Emergencycontraceptiveshouldmust
bestartedwithinhowmuchtimeafter
unprotectedintercourse?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)24hrsb)48hrs
c)72hrs
d)96hrs
CorrectAnswer-C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans,C.72hrsMorningaftnpill:ethinyl-estrediol2.5mg,premarin15mg,thedrug
istakenorallytwicedailyfor5days.
Beginningsoonaftere4tosurebutnotlatcrthan72hrs."
1306.I-pillisusedwhen?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Accidentalsexualexposureb)OCPforgotten
c)Ofchoiceinyoung
d)Alloftheabove
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.A.AccidentalsexualexposureI-pill
l-pillisanemergencycontraceptivePillcontaininglevonorgestrel.
AsingledoseofIpillprovidesasafeandeasywaytopreventanunintended
pregnancy,afterunprotectedsexorcontraceptivefailure.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Itshouldbetakei-pillassoonaspossible,preferablywithin12hoursandnolaterthan72hoursofunprotectedintercourse.
Singledosetablettobetakenorallyafterameal.
1307.Cholestasisofpregnancyfalseis?
a)Bilirubinlevel>2mg%
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Mostcommoncauseofjaundiceinpregnancyc)Oestrogenisinvolved
d)Manifestationsusuallyappearinlasttrimester
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Mostcommoncauseofjaundiceinpregnancy
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1308.Leastfailurerateisof?
a)OCpills
b)IUDs
c)Condom
d)DMPA
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAns.A.OCpills
Oralcontraceptivepillshaveleastchancesofpregnancyasthey
haveminimumfailurerate(evaluatedbypearlindex).
1309.FailurerateofPomeroy'smethodof
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
tuballigationis?a)0.2%
b)0.4%
c)0.6%
d)0.8%
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-BAns,B.0.4%
Thefailurerateis0.4%anditkmainlyduetospontaneous
canalization".
1310.Maximumsuccessafterreversalof
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
tuballigation?a)Cauterization
b)Pomeroy'stechnique
c)Clipmethod
d)Fimbriectomy
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-CAns,C.Clipmethod
TheFalopesialisticringdestroys2-3cmfallopiantube.TheHulka&
Filshieclipsdestroyasmallersegment(3-4mm)'thuspreservingthe
potentialofsuccessfulreversalofsurgery.Thefailureratevaries
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
between.2and15%"1311.If300microgramantiDisgivento
mother,amountofblooditwill
neutralise?
a)30m1
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)40m1c)50m1
d)60m1
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans,A.30m1
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1312.Tdapvaccineisgiveinbetweenwhich
weeksofpregnancy?
a)10-16weeks
b)17-22weeks
c)22-26weeks
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d)27-36weeksCorrectAnswer-D
Ans,D.27-36weeks
Womenshouldgetadulttetanus,diphtheriaandacellularpertussis
vaccine(Tdap)duringeachpregnancy.Ideally,thevaccineshould
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begivenbetween27and36weekesofpregnancy".1313.Leastdiameterofinletofgynecoid
pelvisis?
a)Transverse
b)Oblique
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c)Diagonalconjugated)Obstetricconjugate
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans,D.Obstetricconjugate
1314.Whichoffollowingmostcommonly
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clinicallyused?a)Diagonalconjugate
b)Antpostdiameterofinlet
c)Transversediameterofoutlet
d)Obliquediameterofpelvis
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CorrectAnswer-AAns,A.Diagonalconjugate
MostcommonlyusedclinicalconjugateisDiagonalconjugate.
1315.DefiniteuseforPGE2isallexcept?
a)Contraception
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b)Induceslabourc)Therapeuticabortion
d)KeepspatencyofPDA
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.Contraception
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1316.Allofthefollowingoccursbecauseof
prostaglandinuseexcept?
a)Excesswaterretention
b)Flushes
c)Increasedmotilityofbowel
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d)NauseaCorrectAnswer-A
Ans,A.Excesswaterretention
Disadvantages&sideeffectsofprostaglandins
1. Cost
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2. Nausea,vomiting,diarrhea,pyrexia,bronchospasm,tachycardia&chills
3. Cervicallacerations(PGF-2alpha)
4. Tachysystole(hyperstimulation)ofuterus
5. Riskofuterineruptureincaseofuterinescar.
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1317.Metherginisgivenforprophylaxisof?
a)Anaemia
b)Cardiacdisease
c)Renaldisease
d)Lungdisease
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CorrectAnswer-AAns,A.Anaemia
Methergin(methyl-ergo-novine)isasemisyntheticergotderivative
derivedfromlysergicacid.
Indications
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1. Prophylactic:Activemanagementof3rdstageoflabourtopreventexcessbleedingfollowingdelivery(note-bleedingcausesanemia).
2. Therapeutic:Tostopatonicuterinebleeding.
1318.HRTisgivenin?
a)Symptomaticpostmenopausalwomen
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b)Followinghysterectomyc)Gonadaldysgenesis
d)Alloftheabove
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans,D.Alloftheabove
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IndicationsofHRT1. Symptomaticwomensufferingfromoestrogendeficiency.
2. Highriskcasesofmenopausalcomplicationssuchascardiovascular
disease,osteoporosis,stroke,Alzheimerdisease&coloniccancer
(prophylactic).
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3. Prematuremenopause,spontaneousorfollowingsurgery(prophylactic).
4. Gonadaldysgenesisinadolescents.(therapeutic)
1319.Apregnantwomaninfirsttrimesterhas
fourfoldriseinIgGagainst
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toxoplasmosis.itindicates?a)Protectiveantibodies
b)Acuteinfection
c)Chronicinfection
d)Noneoftheabove
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CorrectAnswer-BAns,B.Acuteinfection
AcuteinfectionisdetectedbydetectingIgMspecificantibodyhigh
titreofIgGantibody&detectionofsero-conversionforIgGfrom
negativetopositive
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1320. Drugofchoiceforpneumocystiscarinii
inpregnancy?
a)SMZ/TMP
b)Primaquine
c)Dapsone
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d)PentamidineCorrectAnswer-A
Ans,A.SMZ/TMP
1321.Maximumchanceoftransmission
duringdelivery?
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a)HSVb)CMV
c)VZV
d)Rubella
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.A.HSV"TransplacentalinfectionbyHSVisnotusual.
Thefetusbecomesaffectedbyvirusshedfromthecervixorlower
genitaltractduringvaginaldelivery."
1322.6yearoldsonofpregnantwomenis
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sufferingfromchickenpox.Whichofthefollowingisgiventopregnant
women?
a)Acyclovir
b)Acyclovir+immunoglobulin
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c)Onlyimmunoglobulind)Vaccination
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Acyclovir+immunoglobulin
Varicelladuringpregnancy
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Theriskofcongenitalmalformationsisnearlyabsentwhenmaternalinfectionoccursafter20weeks.
VariceIavaccineisnotrecommendedinpregnancy.
Varicellazosterimmunoglobulin(VZIG)shouldbegiventoexposed
non-immuneasitreducesthemortality.
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Oralacyclovirissafeinpregnancy&reducesthedurationofillnesswhengivenwithin24hrsofrashbutitcannotpreventcongenital
infection.
1323.Prophylacticmethergingivenfor?
a)Inductionoflabour
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b)Inductionofabortionc)Tostopexcessbleedingfromuterus
d)Alloftheabove
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans,C.Tostopexcessbleedingfromuterus
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Methergin(methyl-ergo-novine)isasemisyntheticergotderivativederivedfromlysergicacid.
Indications
Prophylactic:-Activemanagementof3rdstageoflabourtoprevent
excessbleedingfollowingdelivery.
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Therapeutic:-Tostopatonicuterinebleeding.1324.DOCformalariainpregnancy?
a)Chloroquin
b)Quinine
c)Primaquin
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d)ArtesunateCorrectAnswer-A
Ans,A.Chloroquin
Drugsfortreatmentofmalariainpregnancy-
Malariacanbelifethreateningduringpregnancy.
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Chloroquinis1stchoiceofdrug.Ifresistanttochloroquin,quinineshouldbegivenundersupervision.
Primaquin(forradicalcure)shouldbewithhelduntilthepregnancyis
over.
Artesunateisthe1stchoiceincaseofcomplicatedmalaria.
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1325.Foruterineprolapseinpregnancy,Ring
pessarycanbeinsertedupto?
a)12weeks
b)14weeks
c)16weeks
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d)18weeksCorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D.18weeks
PessarytreatmentforProlaPse
Itdoesnotcuretheprolapse,onlygivessymptomaticreliefby
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stretchingthehiatusgenitalis,thuspreventingtheuterine&vaginaldescent.
IndicationsofPessarY
EarlYPregnancy-uPto18weeks
PuerPerium
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PatientsabsolutelyunfitforsurgeryPatientsunwillingforoperation
Whilewaitingforsurgery
Additionalbenefitslikeimprovementofurinarysymptoms
1326.Notamethodfordeliveryofafter-
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comingheadofbreech?a)Forcepsmethod
b)BurnsandMarshallmethod
c)Malarflexionandshouldertraction
d)Halfhandmethod
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CorrectAnswer-DAns.D.Halfhandmethod
Methodsofdeliveryofaftercomingheadare
Burns-Marshallmethod
ForcePsdelivery
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Malarflexionandshouldertraction(modifiedMauriceau-Smellie-Veittechnique)
1327.Investigationofchoiceinpost
menopausalbleeding?
a)PAPsmear
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b)Laproscopyc)Fractionalcurettage
d)Ultrasound
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.,C.Fractionalcurettage
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1328.PreferredIUDformenorrhagea?
a)NOVAT
b)CuIUD
c)Mirena
d)Gynefix
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CorrectAnswer-CAns.C.Mirena
1329.Preferredtreatmentformenorrhageain
reproductiveagegroup?
a)NOVAT
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b)CuIUDc)OCPs
d)Hysterectomy
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.OCPs
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1330.Drugnotusedcommonlyfor
menorrhagea?
a)Methergin
b)Clomiphene
c)GnRH
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d)NSAIDSCorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.Methergin
1331.Drugcausingabruptionplacenta?
a)Methadone
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b)Cocainec)Amphetamine
d)Fluoxetine
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Cocaine
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1332.
ClassicalCsectionindicatedin?
a)CACervix
b)Centralplacentapraevia
c)Failedinduction
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d)FetaldistressCorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.CACervix
1333.DefinitiveindicationofLSCS?
a)Mentoant
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b)Contractedpelvisc)Occipitoposterior
d)Vertex
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans,B.Contractedpelvis
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1334.Afterdeliveryuptowhichweekis
knownaspuerperium?
a)2weeks
b)4weeks
c)6weeks
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d)8weeksCorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.6weeks
Immediatepuerperium:24h
Earlypuerperium:upto1week
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Remotepuerperium:upto6weeks1335.Vacuumdeliveryproduces?
a)Chingon
b)Cephalhematoma
c)Both
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d)NoneCorrectAnswer-C
Ans,C.Both
1336.45yroldfemalepatientunderwent
hysterectomy,on7thpostopday
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complaintsaboutcontinuousdribblingofurineandfever.Micturitionwasnot
voluntary,whatdiagnosis?
a)Vesicovaginalfistula
b)Ureterovaginalfistula
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c)Vesicouterinefistulad)Urethravaginalfistula
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans,C.Vesicouterinefistula
Fetalcomplicationsofvacuumdelivery
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SuPerficialscalloPabrasionsSub-aPoneurotichaemorrhage
Retinalhaemorrhage
1337.Placentaprevia,falseis?
a)MostcommoncauseofAPH
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b)Painfulvaginalbleedingc)Usgistheinvestigationofchoice
d)Increasedmaternalageisariskfactor
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.MostcommoncauseofAPH
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1338.ExclusivelyFetalbloodlossoccursin?
a)Vasaprevia
b)Placentapraevia
c)Polyhydramnios
d)Oligohydramnios
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CorrectAnswer-AAns.A.Vasaprevia
1339.
Prolapsedofuterusinnulliparous
women,treatmentis?
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a)Slingusedinvolvingrectussheathb)Anteriorcolporrhaphy
c)Posteriorcolporrhaphy
d)Manchesteroperation
CorrectAnswer-A
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Ans.,A.Slingusedinvolvingrectussheath1340.Allarecausesofanovulatory
amenorrhoeaexcept?
a)PCOD
b)Hyperprolactemia
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c)Gonadaldysgenesisd)Drugs
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Gonadaldysgenesis
Causesofanovulatoryamenorrhea
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PCODHyperprolactinaemia
Weightloss,stress,exercise
Drugs
Chestwallstimulation
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1341. Whatisfalseaboutpostmenopausal
state?
a)LowLH
b)Lowestrogen
c)HighFSH
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d)HighandrogenCorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.LowLH
Hormonalchangesinpost-menoPausalstate
FSHlevelisincreased
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Oestrogenlevelisdecreased&mostofitissynthesisedperipherallybyconversionofandrogentooestrogen
Androgenlevelisslightlyincreased
1342.Inapostmenopausalfemale,which
hormoneincreases?
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a)FSHb)Estrogen
c)GH
d)Noneoftheabove
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans,A.FSH1343.Roleoflactobacilliinvaginalsecretions
a)TomaintainalkalinepH
b)TomaintainacidicpH
c)Nutrition
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d)NoneCorrectAnswer-B
Ans.,B.TomaintainacidicpH
TheimportanceofDoderlein'sbacillusisthatitspresenceis
associatedwithproductionoflacticacidcontainedinthevaignaand
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thisacidityinhibitsthegrowthofotherorganisms."Doderlein'sbacillusistheonlyorganismwhichwillgrowatthepHof
4-4.5(normalpHofvagina).
1344.Hegarsignallaretrueexcept?
a)Bimanualpalpationmethod
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b)Difficultinobesec)Canbedoneat14weeks
d)Presentin2/3rdofcases
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Canbedoneat14weeks
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Hegar'ssign:Presentin2/3rdofcases.Demonstratedbetween6-10weeks,alittleearlierinmultipara.Thissignisbasedonthe2facts
(1)upperpartofthebodyofuterusisenlargedbygrowinguterus
andlowerpartisemptyandsoftandcervixiscomparativelyfilm.
Thereforeonbimannualexamination(2fingersintheanteriorfornix
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andabdominalfingersbehindtheuterus),abdominalandvaginalfingersseemtoapposebelowthebodyoftheuterus.
1345.Hegarsignisseeninhowmanyweeks
?
a)6-10weeks
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b)10-14weeksc)14-18weeks
d)18-22weeks
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.6-10weeks
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1346.Palmersignisrelatedto?
a)Contractionofuterus
b)Duskyhueofantvaginalwall
c)Bluishdiscolourationofantvaginalwall
d)Increasedpulsationsfeltthroughlateralfornix
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CorrectAnswer-AAns,A,Contractionofuterus
Palmersign:-regularandrhythmiccontractionscanbeelicitedduring
bimanualexaminationasearlyas4-8weeks.
1347.Newborncanbegivenbreastmilkafter
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howmuchtimefollowingnormaldelivery?
a)Halfhour
b)1hours
c)2hours
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d)3hoursCorrectAnswer-A
AnsA.Halfhour
Ahealthybabyisputtothebreastimmediatelyoratmost%to1hr
followingnormaldelivery.
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Followingcaesareansectionsaperiodof4-6hoursmaybesufficientforthemothertofeedherbaby.
1348.4monthamenorrhoeawithincreased
FSH,LH&decreasedestrogenina35
yrsold?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Prematuremenopauseb)Menopause
c)Latemenopause
d)Perimenopause
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans,A.PrematuremenopausePrematuremenopauseisdefinedasovarianfailureoccurring2SD
inyearsbeforethemeanmenopausalageinapopulation.
Itisclinicallydefinedassecondaryamenorrheaforatleast3months
withraisedFSHlevel,raisedFSH:LHratio&lowE2levelina
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womenunder40yrsofage."1349.35yroldwith4monthsamenorrhea
withincreasedFSH,decreased
estrogen.Whatisthediagnosis?
a)Prematureovarianfailure
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b)PCODc)Pituitaryfailure
d)Hypothalamicfailure
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.Prematureovarianfailure
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ItisacaseofprematuremenoPause(prematureovarianfailure)'1350.Contractionstresstestfalseis?
a)Oxytocinnotused
b)Invasivemethod
c)Detectsfetalwellbeing
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d)NegativetestisassociatedwithgoodfetaloutcomeCorrectAnswer-A
Ans,A.Oxytocinnotused
Contractionstresstest(CST)(syn:Oxytocinchallengetest):
Itisaninvasivetesttoassesfetalrespiratorywellbeingduring
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pregnancy.ItdetectsalterationinFHRinresponsetouterinecontraction
inducedbyoxytocinindicatinghypoxia.
Interpretations
Negativetestindicatedgoodoutcome
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1351.NST,whatisseenexcept?
a)Variability
b)Acceleration
c)Timeperiod
d)Oxytocin
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CorrectAnswer-DAns,D.Oxytocin
Thenon-stresstest(NST)measuresfetalheartrate,whichis
monitoredwithanexternaltransducerforatleast20minutes.
Duringfetalmovement,tracingisobservedforheartrate
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acceleration.Testispositiveiftwoormorefetalheartrateaccelerationsoccursin
20minuteperiod.
1352.Menstrualregulationeffectiveupto?
a)14days
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b)21daysc)4weeks
d)6weeks
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans,A.14days
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Menstrualregulation(lnduction/Aspiration)Aspirationofendometrialcavitywithinl4daysofmissedperiodina
womanwithpreviousnormalcycle.
DoneasanOPDprocedure.
Helpstodetectfailedabortion,molarpregnancyorectopic
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Pregnancy.Contraindicatedinadvancedpregnancy&inpresenceoflocalpelvic
inflammation.
1353.pHofvaginainpregnantwomanis
usually?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)4.0b)4.5
c)5
d)>5
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.A.4.0Thevaginalacidityisduetolacticacid.
ThenormalpHinthehealthywomenofthechildbearingagegroup
is4.5
1354.VaginalpHbeforepubertyis?
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a)7b)6
c)4.5
d)5
CorrectAnswer-A
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Ans.A.71355.Decidualreactionisduetowhich
hormone?
a)Progesterone
b)Estrogen
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c)LHd)FSH
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.Progesterone
Increasedstructural&secretoryactivityoftheendometriumthat
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broughtaboutinresponsetoprogesteronefollowingimplantationisknownasDecidualreaction".
1356.Inhibinlevelsarecheckedonwhichday
ofmenstrualcycle?
a)Day3
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b)Day4c)Day5
d)Day6
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.Day3
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Ovarianreservetestisdesignedtoassessboththenumberofimmatureeggsintheovariesandtheirquality,whichgivesan
indicationofwoman'spotentialfertility.
Itworksbydetectingthelevelsofthreefemalehormones,
usingabloodsampletakenondaythreeofmenstrualcycle:
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1. Folliclestimulatinghormone(FSH)2. Anti-mullerianhormone(AMH)
3. Inhibin-B
1357.Besttestforovulation?
a)Serumestrogen
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b)Serumprogesteronec)Both
d)None
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Serumprogesterone
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Plasmaconcentrationofprogesteronerisesafterovulation&reachespeakof15ng/mlatmidlutealphase&thendeclinesasthe
corpusluteumdegenerates".
1358.Cardiacoutputincreasesmaximumat
whichweek?
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a)26-28wksb)30-32wks
c)32-34wks
d)34-36wks
CorrectAnswer-C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.C.32-34wksCardiacoutput:
Startstoincreasefrom5thweekofpregnancy,reachesitspeak40-
50%atabout30-34weeks.
1359.Inpregnancyplasmavolumeincreased
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maximumatwhatgestationalage?a)10wks
b)20wks
c)25wks
d)30wks
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CorrectAnswer-DAns,D.30wks
Plasmavolumeisincreased.Startingtoincreaseat6weeks&
reachingmaxupto50%at30weeks.Totalplasmavolume
increasestotheextentof1.25litres.
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1360.5monthpregnantfemale,whichofthe
followingistrue?
a)50%havesoftsystolicmurmur
b)Cardiacoutputisreduced
c)Systemicvascularresistanceisincreased
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d)IncreaseinCVPCorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.50%havesoftsystolicmurmur
Anatomicalchangesduringpregnancy
Heartispushedupwards&outward.Apexbeatisshiftedin4th
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intercostalsspace.Asystolicmurmurcanbeheardinapicalorpulmonaryarea.
Mammarymurmurisacontinuoushissingmurmuraudibleover
tricuspidareainleft2nd&3rdiintercostalsspace.
ECGshowsleftaxisdeviation.53andrarely54canbeheard.
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1361.Spinnbarkeitismaximumshownat
whichphase?
a)Menstrualphase
b)Ovulatory
c)Postovulatory
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d)PrefollicularCorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Ovulatory
Spinnbarkeittest(ThreadtestorFerntest)
AsPecimenofcervicalmucuswhenseenunderlowpower
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microscope,showsacharacteristicfernformation.Donetoseetheestrogenicactivityinovulatoryphaseofmenstrual
cycle.
1362.Rarestpresentationis?
a)Cephalic
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b)Breechc)Shoulder
d)Vertex
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Shoulder
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1363.Fertileperiodoffemaleismeasuredby
?
a)LH
b)FSH
c)Estrogen
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)OxytocinCorrectAnswer-A
Ans,A.LH
"LHsurgefromtheanteriorpituitaryglandoccurs24hourspriorto
ovulation.Radioimmunoassaysofthemorningsampleofurine&
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bloodgivesresultsin3hours.NotonlydoestheLHsurgehelpinpredictingovulation,buttheapproximatetimeofovulationcanbe
gauged&coitusaroundthistimecanimprovethechancesof
conception."
1364.Externalversionisdoneafter?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)34weeksb)36weeks
c)38weeks
d)40weeks
CorrectAnswer-B
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.B.36weeksThemaneuveriscarriedoutafter36weeksinlabour-delivery
complex."
1365.Leastcommonpresentationoftwins?
a)Bothvertex
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b)Bothbreechc)Bothtransverse
d)Firstvertexand2ndtransverse
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Bothtransverse
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Lie-Presentationintwinpregnancy:Themostcommonlieinthefetusesislongitudinal(90%).
Thecombinationofpresentationoffetusesare:
Bothvertex(50%)
Firstbreechsecondvertex(10%)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Firstvertexandsecondtransverse(rare)Firstyertexandsecondbreech(30o/o)
Bothbreech(10%)
Bothtransverse(rarest).
1366.
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Presentingpartintransverselie?
a)Shoulder
b)Face
c)Vertex
d)Brow
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAns.A.Shoulder
'Whenthelongaxisofthefetusliesperpendicularothematernal
spineorcentraliseduterineaxis,itiscalledtransverselie.
Butmorecommonly,fetalaxisliesobliquetothematernalspine&is
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thencalledobliquelie.Ineitheroftheconditionsshoulderusuallypresentsoverthecervicalopeningduringlabour&bothare
collectivelycalledshoulderpresentations."
1367.Whichofthefollowinglayercontains
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abundantdesmosomes?a)A
b)B
c)C
d)D
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-CAns.C.C
Stratumspinosumorpricklecelllayercontainsabundant
desmosomesmarkedwiththelegend'C'intheimage.
Pictureshowslayersofepidermis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
A StratumcorneumB Stratumgranulosum
C Stratumspinosum
D Stratumbasale
"Theepidermiscanbedividedintoanumberoflayersfromdeepto
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
superficialasfollows:basallayer(stratumbasale),spinousorpricklecelllayer(.stratumspinosum),granularlayer(stratumgranulosum),
clearlayer(stratumlucidum)andcornifiedlayer(stratumcorneum."-
"Thepricklecelllayer(stratumspinosum)consistsofseverallayers
ofcloselypackedkeratinocytesthatinterdigitatewitheachotherby
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
meansofnumerouscellsurfaceprojections.Thecellsareanchored
toeachotherbydesmosomesthatprovidetensilestrengthand
cohesiontothelayer.Thesesuprabasalcellsarecommittedto
terminaldifferentiationandgraduallymoveupwardstowardsthe
cornifiedlayerasmorecellsareproducedinthebasallayer.When
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skinisprocessedforroutinelightmicroscopy,thecellstendtoshrinkawayfromeachotherexceptwheretheyarejoinedby
desmosomes,whichgivesthemtheircharacteristicspiny
appearance.Pricklecellcytoplasmcontainsprominentbundlesof
keratinfilaments,(mostlyK1andKIOkeratinproteins)arranged
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
concentricallyaroundaeuchromaticnucleus,andattachedtothedenseplaquesqt.desmosomes.Thecytoplasmalsocontains
melanosomes,eithersinglyoraggregatedwithinmembrane-bound
organelles(compoundmelanosomes).Langerhanscellsandthe
occasionalassociatedlymphocytearetheonlynon-keratinocytes
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
presentinthepricklecelllayer."LayersofEpidermis
Alsoknownasstratumgerminativum?
Itcontainsmitoticallyactivekeratinocytescontaining
Stratum
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
housekeepingorganelles?(RER,golgicomplex,basale
mitochondria,lysosomes,ribosomes)
Giverisetosuperficiallayer?
Spinelikeappearance?ofcellmarginsinhistological
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
sectionsStratum
Thesespinesareabundantdesmosomes?,calcium
spinosum
dependentcellsurfacemodificationsthatpromote
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
adhesionofepidermalcells&resistancetomechanicalstresses.
Characterizedbybuildupofcomponentsnecessaryfor
theprocessofprogrammedcelldeath&formationof
Stratum
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
superficialwaterimpermeablebarrier?.granulosum Mostapparentstructurewithinthesecellsisbasophilic
containkeratohyalinegranules?
Stratum
Clearlayer,seenonlyinthickskin?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
lucidumFormedofcornifiedorhornycells(largestcellof
Stratum
corneum
corneum
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
epidermis)andhavehighestconcentration1368.Miliariaarisesfromobstructionof?
a)Eccrinesweatglands
b)Apocrinesweatglands
c)Sebaceousglands
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)EctopicsebaceousglandsCorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Eccrinesweatglands
Milliria
Occurasaresultofeitherobliterationordisruptionoftheeccrine
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
sweatduct.Threeforms:-
1. Miliariacrystallina-Clear,thin-walledvesicles,1-2mmindiameter,
withoutaninflammatoryareola,areusuallysymptomlessand
developincrops,mainlyonthetrunk.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2. Miliariarubra-erythematouspapulesespeciallyinareasoffrictionwithclothing,andinflexures,produceintenseprickingsensation.
3. Miliariaprofunda-Thisnearlyalwaysfollowsrepeatedattacksof
miliariarubra,oComplications:-Secondaryinfectionand
disturbanceofheatregulation
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1369.NottrueaboutSkintag?
a)Associatedwithseborrhoeickeratosis
b)Pedunculated
c)Mostcommonsiteisneckandaxilla
d)Premalignant
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-DAns.D.Premalignant
Skintags(softwarts;achrochordon)
Acommonbenignlesioncomposedofloosefibroustissueand
occurringmainlyontheneckandmajorflexuresasasmallsoft
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
PedunculatedProtrusion.Verycommon,particularlyinwomenatthemenopauseorlater.
Theyarefrequentlyfoundtogetherwithseborrhoeickeratoses.
Treatment:Cauteryandcryotherapy
1370.Spidertelengectaciafalseis?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Morecommoninmalesb)Canbecausedbytrauma
c)Lighttherapyfortreatment
d)Maybeassociatedwithliverdisease
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.A.MorecommoninmalesSpidertelangiectasia(arterialspider,spidernevus,nevus
aranus)
Seenin2/3rdofpregnantfemalesandusuallydisappearsafter
delivery.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Estrogenissaidtobeinvolvedinpathogenesis.Whenmultiple,liverdiseaseshouldberuledout.
Centralradiatingbodywithradiatingvesselsgivesalookofspider.
Lesionusuallyoverupperhalfofthebody.
Treatmentbydiathermyandexcision.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1371.Whichofthefollowingisuntrue
regardingpiebaldism?
a)autosomaldominantcondition
b)amelanoticskinassociatedwithawhiteforelock
c)Islandsofnormalorhypermelanoticskin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)UsuallyimproveswithageCorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D.Usuallyimproveswithage
Piebaldism
Piebaldismisarareautosomaldominantconditioncharacterizedby
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
stableareasofvitiligo-likeamelanoticskinassociatedwithawhiteforelock.
Presentatbirthandusuallyremainunchangedthroughoutlife.
Mostcommonisafrontalmedianorparamedianpatch,associated
withameshofwhitehair(whiteForelock).
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Often,whitepatchesoccurontheupperchest,abdomenandlimbs,bilaterallybutnotnecessarilysymmetrically
Thehandsandfeet,aswellastheback,remainnormallypigmented
Islandsofnormalorhypermelanoticskinoccurinthewhiteareas,or
lessoftenonnormalskin.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1372.Allarefeaturesofatopicdermatitis,except:
a)Dennie-Morganfold
b)Hertoghe'ssign
c)Darier'sSign
d)Hyperlinearityofpalms
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-CItisseeninurticariapigmentosa.
1373.WhichofthefollowingisnotaNEVUS
ofmelanocyte?
a)Mongolianspot
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b)NevusofItoc)Nevusofota
d)Beckernevus
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D.Beckernevus
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Beckernevusisappendagealneviwhereasotherthreearemelanocyitcnevi.
Melanocyticneviare:-
Dysplasticnevus
BIuenevus
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Nevusofito&nevusofotaSpitznevus
Giantpigmentednevus
Mongolianspot
Intramucosalneyus
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1374.Koebnerphenomenonseenin?
a)Psoriasis
b)Lichenplanus
c)Warts
d)Alltheabove
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,Alltheabove
1375.Ichypurplepapulefollowedby
hayperpigmentationonresolution,is
seenin?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Addison'sdiseaseb)DM
c)Hypothyroidism
d)Lichenplanus
CorrectAnswer-D
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.D.LichenplanusLPischaracterizedbyshiny,violaceous,flat-toppedpolygonal
papuleswhichretaintheskinlines.
Whitelines,knownasWickham'sstriae,maytraversethesurfaceof
thepapules.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Linearlesionsoftenappearalongscratchmarksorinscars(Koebnerphenomenon).
Inmostcases,thepapuleseventuallyflattenaftera6monthsto2
yrs,oftentobereplacedbyanareaofhyperpigmentation.
1376.Pemphigusvulgarisischaracterizedbyall,except:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)PositiveNikolsky'ssignb)Oralerosions
c)Subepidermalbulla
d)Tzancksmearshowingacantholyticcells
CorrectAnswer-C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Pemphigusvulgarisisanintraepidermalblisteringdisease.1377.LossofIntercellularcohesionbetween
keratinocytesiscalledas?
a)Acanthosis
b)Acantholysis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Keratinolysisd)Spongiosis
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Acantholysis
Separationofepidermalkeratinocytesduetolossofintercellular
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
bridgeisreferredtoasacantholysis.Acantholysisisseenintheepidermis(especiallyinbasallayer).
1378.Tzankcellis?
a)Keratinocyte
b)Fibrobalst
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Neutrophild)Lymphocyte
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.Keratinocyte
Tzankcellsareacanthoylyticcellsi.e.largeroundedkeratinocytes
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
withsrelativelylargenucleuswithcondensedorhazycytoplasm.1379.Trueaboutlepromatousleprosy?
a)Only3cutaneouslesions
b)Lepromintesthighlypositive
c)Thickenednerveroots
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)ENLin>50%casesCorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Thickenednerveroots
Nerveinvolvementinlepromatousleprosycausesthickeningof
nerve.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lepromintestisnegative.Therearemorethan10macules/patches/plaques.
1380.Dermatophytosisisnot?
a)Scaly
b)Itchy
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Superficiald)Subdermal
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D.Subdermal
1381.Oculoorogenitalulcersareafeatureof
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?a)Behcetdisease
b)lichenplanus
c)SLE
d)Psoriasis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAns.A.Behcetdisease
Behcet'sdiseaseisamultisystemdiseasethatisdefinedbythe
presenceoforalaphthosiswithatleasttwoofthefollowing:genital
aphthaesynovitis,posterioruveitis,cutaneouspustularvasculitisor
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
meningoencephalitis,intheabsenceofIBDorautoimmuneDiseases.
1382.Allofthefollowingarefeatureof
dermatomyositis,Except:
a)SalmonPatch
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Gottron'spatchc)Mechanicfinger
d)Periungualtelengiectasias
CorrectAnswer-A
AnswerisA(SalmonPatch):
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Salmonpatchisnotafeatureofdermatomyositis.Cutaneousfeaturesofdermatomvositis
Cutaneous
Description
feature
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
HeliotropePeriocularorfacialerythemaandedemawith
Rash?
pink/purple/blue(heliotrope)hue
(bluepurplediscolorationonupperevelidswith
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
edema)Gottren's
Violaceouspapulesovertheknuckles
PapulesQ
Erythemaoftheknuckleswitharaisedviolaceous
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(Gottren'ssign) scalyeruptionErvthematousrashoverotherbodysurfacessuch
`V'sign
asanteriorchest(ofteninaVform)
Shawlsign
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Erythematousrashoverotherbodysurfacesincludingtheuppertrunk,neck,back&shoulders
(shawlpattern)
Periungual
Dilatedcapillaryloopsatthebaseoffingernails
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
TelengiectasiaseMechanic's
Irregular,thickened,distortedcuticles,withrough
handsQ
andcrackedareasoverthelateralandpalmar
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
areasoffingerswithirregulardirtyhorizontallinesresemblingmechanic'shand.
Calcinosis
Presenceofhardcalciumdepositsintheskin
Cutise
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1383.Hereditaryangioneuroticedemaisdue
to?
a)DeficiencyofC1inhibitor
b)DeficiencyofNADPHoxidase
c)DeficiencyofMPO
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)DeficiencyofproperdinCorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,DeficiencyofC1inhibitor
HereditaryangioneuroticedemaisduetoC1inhibitor(Ciesterase
inhibitor)deficiency.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1384.Phrynodermaisdueto...deficiency-
a)VitaminD
b)Niacin
c)VitaminA
d)Essentialfattyacid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,Essentialfattyacid
Invitamin'A'deficiencythereistoadlikeskinalsoknownas
phrynoderma.
oButthisisduetoassociateddeficiencyofessentialfattyacids.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1385.Maximumcumulativedoseof
isotretinoinshouldn'texceedforacne
treatment?
a)30-60mg/kg
b)60-90mg/kg
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)90-120mg/kgd)120-150mg/kg
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.,D.120-150mg/kg
Isotretinoinisrecommendedforseverenodulocysticacneandalso
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
forthepatientswithmilderdiseasewhodon'trespondtoconventionaltreatment.
Treatmentregimensusuallybeginat0.5-1.0mg/kg/dayforthe
durationofbetween16and20weeks.
Cumulativedoseamounttoatotalofatleast12Omg/kg,butthere
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
isnoaddedbenefitwhen150mg/kgisexceeded.1386.Exanthemasubitumiscausedby?
a)HHV
b)HPV
c)HIV
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)HCVCorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.HHV
HHV-6viruscausesroseolainfantum(exanthemsubitum),themost
commonexanthematicfeverinchildrenundertheageof2years,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
withapeakincidencebetween6and9months.1387.Cocainewasfirstusedaslocal
anaestheticby?
a)Carlkollar
b)Holmerwells
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Mortond)None
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.Carlkollar
CocainewasthefirstlocalanestheticusedbyCarlKoller.Itwas
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
usedforanaesthetizingcornea.1388.Levelsofetheranesthesiawere
demonstratedbywhom?
a)Morton
b)Guedel
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Thompsond)None
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Guedel
GuedeldescribedfourstagesofetheranesthesiaknownasGuedel
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
stages.1389.Infantcircuitforanaesthesia?
a)Bainscircuit
b)Magillcircuit
c)Ayrestpiece
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)Water'scircuitCorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Ayrestpiece
1390.Ayre'sT-pieceiswhichtypeofcircuit
a)TypeA
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)TypeBc)TypeE
d)TypeD
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.TypeE
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1391.Mostreliableindicatortoprevent
oesophagealintubation?
a)Oxygensaturationonpulseoximeter
b)MeasurementofCO2inexhaledair(Etco2)
c)Directvisualizationofpassingtubebeneathvocalcords
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)AuscultationoverchestCorrectAnswer-B
Ans,B.MeasurementofCO2inexhaledair(Etco2)
1392.Allarefeaturesofdifficultairway
except?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Miller'ssignb)Micrognathiawithmacroglossia
c)TMJankylosis
d)Increasedthyromentaldistance
CorrectAnswer-D
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.D.IncreasedthyromentaldistanceDecreasedthyromentaldistancepredictsdifficultairway(not
increasedTMdistance).
1393.Ratioof02:N20inEntonoxis?
a)50:50
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)60:40c)40:60
d)25:75
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.50:50
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Entonoxcontainequalamount(50/50)ofN2OandO2.1394.WhichisthecriticaltemperatureofN20
?
a)-118?C
b)-88?C
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c)-26?Cd)-36.5?C
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D.-36.5?C
CriticaltemperatureofN2O-36.5
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CriticalpressureofN2O-214.7atm1395.Whichanaestheticagentisneither
metabolisedbylivernorbykidney?
a)Atracurium
b)Vecuronium
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Pancuroniumd)Rocuronium
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.Atracurium
1396.Dibucainnumberrefersto?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Achcholinestraseactivityderangementb)Potencyofmusclerelaxants
c)Potencyofgeneralanaesthetics
d)None
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.is'a'i.e.,AchchlinestraseactivityderangementDibucainnumber:Dibucain(alocalanaesthetic)inhibits80%of
normalpseudocholinesteraseand20%ofatypical(non-functional)
pseudocholinesterase.Thereforenormaldibucainnumberis70-
80%.Dibucainnumberisusedtomeasuretheactivityofatypical
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
pseudocholinesterase.1397.Stagesofanesthesiawereestablished
by
a)Ether
b)N20
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Halothaned)Chloroform
CorrectAnswer-A
Ai.e.Ether
1398.Fastinductionandrecoveryisseenin?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Methoxyfluraneb)Ether
c)Halothane
d)N2O
CorrectAnswer-D
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.D.N2OSpeedofonset&recoveryindecreasingorder(Increasingorderof
B:Gpartitioncoefficientandbloodsolubility).
1399.MACofdesfluraneis?
a)1.15
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)2c)4
d)6
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D.6
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1400.WhichcanreplaceN20as02carrier?
a)Argon
b)Xenon
c)Helium
d)None
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-CAns.C.Helium
Heliumcanbeusedtoreplacenitrogen,asthecarriergasfor
oxygen(Helium)toreducetheworkofbreathing.
1401.Allofthefollowingarecorrectaboutketamine,EXCEPT:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Itfunctionally"dissociates"thethalamusb)Itincreasesarterialbloodpressure
c)Itisapotentbronchoconstrictor
d)Itinhibitspolysynapticreflexesinthespinalcord
CorrectAnswer-C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ketaminefunctionally"dissociates"thethalamus(whichrelayssensoryimpulsesfromthereticularactivatingsystemtothecerebralcortex)fromthelimbiccortex(whichisinvolved
withtheawarenessofsensation).
Ketamineincreasesarterialbloodpressure,heartrate,andcardiacoutput.
Racemicketamineisapotentbronchodilator,makingitagoodinductionagentfor
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
asthmaticpatients.Itinhibitspolysynapticreflexesinthespinalcordaswellasexcitatoryneurotransmitter
effectsinselectedareasofthebrain.
Ref:ButterworthIVJ.F.,ButterworthIVJ.F.,MackeyD.C.,WasnickJ.D.,MackeyD.C.,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
WasnickJ.D.(2013).Chapter9.IntravenousAnesthetics.InJ.F.ButterworthIV,J.F.ButterworthIV,D.C.Mackey,J.D.Wasnick,D.C.Mackey,J.D.Wasnick(Eds),Morgan&
Mikhail'sClinicalAnesthesiology,5e.
1402.Allaretrueaboutnitrousoxideexcept?
a)Laughinggas
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Causesmegaloblasticanemiac)Causesdiffusionhypoxia
d)Goodmusclerelaxant
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Goodmusclerelaxant
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
NitrousoxideN,OItisalsocalledlaughinggas.
Ithasgoodanalgesicbutpoormusclerelaxantactivity.
SecondgaseffectanddiffusionhypoxiaoccurwithN20only.
N20istheonlyanaestheticreportedtoproducehematologictoxicity
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
andneurotoxicitywithlongtermadministration.BothtoxicitiesaretheresultoftheinteractionofN20withvitB12.
1403.Inducingagentofchoiceinshock?
a)Isoflurane
b)Desflurane
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Ketamined)Thiopentone
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Ketamine
InducingagentofchoiceinAsthma&COPDKetamine.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
InhalationalagentofchoiceinAsthma&COPDHalothane.1404.Benefitofketamine?
a)CausesdecreaseinBP
b)Goodanalgesicaction
c)DecreaseICT
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)DecreaseIOTCorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Goodanalgesicaction
Ketamineisdifferentfrommostotheranaestheticinductionagentsin
thatithassignificantanalgesicaction
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1405.Whichofthefollowingisa
sympathomimetic?
a)Propofol
b)Etomidate
c)Ketamine
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)N2OCorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Ketamine
Ketaminehasanindirectsympathomimeticaction.
1406.Followingistrueabouthalothane
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
except?a)Volatileliquidwithsweetodour
b)Sensitiseshearttoadrenaline
c)Constrictsbronchii
d)Causesmalignanthyperthermia
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-CAns.is'c'i.e.,Constrictsbronchii
Halothane
Itisavolatileliquidwithsweetodour,nonirritatingand
noninflammable.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Itisapotentanaestheticwithpooranalgesicandmusclerelaxantproperties.
Halothanecausesdirectdepressionofmyocardialcontractilityby
reducingintracellularCa.
ItcausesfallinBPandCO.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Heartratedecreasesduetovagalstimulation.Ittendstosensitizethehearttoarrhythmogenicactionof
adrenalinecontraindicatedinpheochromocytoma.
Itcausesgreaterdepressionofrespirationandventilationperfusion
mismatch.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Itdilatesthebronchiinhalationagentofchoiceinasthmatics(intravaneousanaestheticofchoiceinasthmaticsisketamine).
Itisahepatotoxicdrugandcanalsocausemalignanthyperthermia
(Succinylcholineaccentuateit).
Recoveryissmoothandreasonablyquick.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Itcausespostanaestheticshiveringandchills.Itinhibitsintestinalanduterinecontractionsagentofchoicefor
assistingexternalorinternalversionduringlatepregnancy.
Becauseitsuterinerelaxantactionitiscontraindicatedduring
labour.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Itisparticularlysuitableforinductionandmaintenanceinchildrenandasmaintenanceanaestheticinadults.
1407.Allofthefollowingcausemyocardial
depressionexcept:
a)Halothane
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Etomidatec)Thiopentone
d)Ketamine
CorrectAnswer-B
Bi.e.Etomidate
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
-Etomidatecausesadreno-corticalsuppressionQbyinhibitingenzymes11/3hydroxylase(mainly)&17ahydroxylaseinvolvedin
cortisolandaldosterone(mineralocorticoid)productionQ.VitC
supplimentationrestorescortisollevel.
-EtomidateandmidazolamprovidecardiovascularstabilityQ.But
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
etomidateismostcardiostableagentQthatcausestheleasthemodynamicdisturbanceofanyoftheintravenousanesthetic
agents.Soitisintravenousanestheticagentofchoiceforpatients
withcardiacdiseaseandaneurysmsurgeryQ.
-Directmyocardialdepressioniscausedbyhalothane(severe),
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
nitrousoxide(moderate),iso/sevo/des-flurane(mild),thiopental(marked),propofol(dosedependent)andketamineQ(butthisis
maskedbycardiotonicsympatheticstimulatoryaction).Etomidate>
midazolemaremostcardiostableagentsQ.
1408.Midazolamcausesallexcept:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Anterogradeamnesiab)Retrogradeamnesia
c)Causestachyphylaxisduringhighdoseinfusions
d)Decreasedcardiovasculareffectsascomparedtopropofol
CorrectAnswer-B
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.b.RetrogradeamnesiaAtthetimeofpeakconcentrationinplasma,hypnoticdosesof
benzodiazepines(midazolam)canbeexpectedtocausevarying
degreesoflightheadedness,lassitude,increasedreactiontime,
motorincoordination,impairmentofmentalandmotorfunctions,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
confusion,andanterogradeamnesia."Midazolam:
ItcausesanterogradeamnesiaQ
Toleranceandtachyphylaxismayoccur,particularlywithlonger-term
infusionsQ(ShaferA.Complicationsofsedationwithmidazolamin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
theintensivecareunitandacomparisonwithothersedativeregimens.CritCareMed.1998;26(5):947-56)
Benzodiazepinewithdrawalsyndromehasalsobeenassociatedwith
highdose/long-termmidazolaminfusionsQ
Comparedwithpropofolinfusions,midazolaminfusionshavebeen
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
associatedwithadecreasedoccurrenceofhypotension?butamorevariabletimecourseforrecoveryoffunctionafterthecessationof
theinfusion.
1409.WhichcantbegivenbyEpidural
anaesthesia?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Morphineb)Remifentanil
c)Alfentanil
d)Fentanyl
CorrectAnswer-B
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.B.RemifentanilOpioidsusedforepiduralanalgesiaaremorphine,Fentanyl,
Tramadol,Buprenorphine,alfentanil,sulfentanil,pentazocine.
Ramifentanilcontainsglycinewhichcancausemotorweakness--?
hencenotsuitableforepiduralanalgesia.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1410.ThedrugforOPDanalgesiais-
a)Morphine
b)Pethidine
c)Fentanyl
d)Alfentanil
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-DAns.is'd'i.e.,Alfentanil
Drugsusefulfordaycaresurgery
oPropofoloSevoflurane,desflurane&isoflurane
oMidazolamoMivacurium
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
oAlfantanil1411.Additionofepinephrinetolignocaine?
a)IncreasesesdistributionofLA
b)DecreasesabsorptionofLA
c)DecreasesdurationofLA
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)IncreasesmetabolismofLACorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.DecreasesabsorptionofLA
VasoconstrictorsareusedalongwithLAwhichprolongsdurationof
actionasrateofabsorptionisdecreasedduetovasoconstriction.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Forthesamereason,metabolismofLAisreducedandtoxicityisdecreasedasthereislesserabsorptionofLA,
1412.Maximumconcentrationforepidural
block?
a)Bupivacaine
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Lidocainec)Ropivacaine
d)Chlorprocaine
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans,D.Chlorprocaine
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1413.VasoconstricatorL.A.is?
a)Cocaine
b)Procaine
c)Lidocaine
d)Chlorprocaine
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAns.A.Cocaine
AllLAsarevasodilatorexceptcocaine.Cocainecauses
vasoconstriction'
"Ropivacaineandbupivacainealsocausevasoconstriction"'
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1414.
Allarecontraindicationsofspinal
anaesthesiaExcept?
a)Bleedingdisorder
b)Raisedintracranialtension
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Hypertensiond)Infectionatinjectionsite
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans,C.Hypertension
1415.Forpreventionofheadacheduring
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
spinalanaesthesia?a)Dilutedsolutionoflocalanaestheticshouldbeused
b)Preloadingwithcrystalloids
c)FinerI.P.needleshouldbeused
d)Headendshouldbeelevated
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-CAns,C.FinerI.P.needleshouldbeused
AssinglemostimPortantpredisposingfactorislargeboreneedle
useoffineneedlepreventsPDPH.
1416.Innewborn,chestcompressionshould
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
bestartedifheartrateis?a)<120/min
b)<100/min
c)<80/min
d)<60/min
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-DAns,D.<60/min
CompressionfornewbornshouldbestartedifHR<60/min'
1417.Nonionicdyeis
a)Ioxaglate
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)lohexolc)Iothalamate
d)None
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Iohexol
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Iohexolisanonionicmonomercontrastagent.Thenon-iodineradicalsatpositions1,3and5(includingtheionic
carboxylradical)werereplacedbylongaminohydrocarbonsthat
provideadequatesolubilitywithoutionizing.
Examplesofthistypeofcompoundareiopromide,iohexol,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
iopamidol,ioversol,iopentol,iobitridol,andiomeprol.1418.HUismeasureof
a)CT
b)MRI
c)PET
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)USGCorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.CT
Hounsfield'scontributionismemorializedintheHounsfieldscale,
whichisusedtomeasurethex-rayattenuationinCTscanning.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Waterisarbitrarilyassignedavalueof0Hounsfieldunits(HU).[RefEssentialradiologyp.86]
1419.Whichofthefollowingtechniquesuses
piezoelectriccrystals?
a)Ultrasonography
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)NMRimagingc)X-raydiffraction
d)Xeroradiography
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.Ultrasonography
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ultrasonographyisbasedonpiezoelectriceffect.MRIisbasedongyeromagneticpropertyofproton(IP).
1420.WhichlookssameonTi&T2onMRI
a)Gallbladder
b)Fat
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Kidneyd)CSF
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Fat
Fat(adiposetissue)hashighsignalintensityonbothT1&T2
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
images.OtherthreeoptionshavelowsignalintesityonT1andhighsignal
intensityonT2images.
1421.Thescanwithhighestsensitivitytodetectadrenalmetastasisdueto
bronchogeniccarcinomais:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)ContrastEnhancedCTabdomenwithAdrenalprotocolb)PETscan
c)MRIscan
d)Radionuclidescan
CorrectAnswer-B
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Scanstodifferentiateadrenaladenomafromadrenalmetastasisare:CECT-
ChemicalshiftMRI
FDG-PET
PETscanhasalmost100%sensitivityfordetectingadrenalmetastasis,soanegative
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
studyexcludesthepossibilityofadrenalmets.Butadenomascangivefalsepositivetest.Ref:FundamentalsofDiagnosticRadiology,Edition-4,Page-427.
1422.HypertranslucentchestX-rayisseenin
allexcept
a)Mcleodsyndrome
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Emphysemac)Pneumonectomy
d)Polandsyndrome
CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.Pneumonectomy
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CausesofopaquehemithoraxTechnical:-Rotation,Scoliosis.
Pleural:-Pleuraleffusion,Pleuralthickening,Mesothelioma.
Surgical:-Pneumonectomy,Thoracoplasty.
Congenital:-Pulmonaryagenesis.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Mediastinal:-Grosscardiomegaly,tumors.Pulmonary:-Collapse,Consolidation,fibrosis,Foreignbody.
Diaphragmatichernia
1423.WhatisnotseenonchestX-rayin
pulmonaryarteryhypertension
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Enlargementofcentralarteriesb)Peripheralprunning
c)Narrowingofcentralarteries
d)None
CorrectAnswer-C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Answer-C.NarrowingofcentralarteriesCharacteristicradiologicalfeatureofpulmonaryhypertensionis
enlargementofcentralarterieswithperipheralprunning.
Increasedpulmonaryarterypressureandpulmonaryvascular
resistancecharacterizepulmonaryhypertension.PAHisdefinedas
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
systolicpressureinthepulmonaryarteryexceeding30mmHg.1424.Whichchamberenlargementshowsa
doublerightheartborderwithawide
subcarinalangle?
a)Leftatrium
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Leftventriclec)Rightatrium
d)Rightventricle
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A-Leftatrium
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Radiologicalsignsofleftatrialenlargement:A'double'rightheartborder
Elevationoftheleftmainbronchus
Splayingofthecarina
Enlargementoftheleftatrialappendage
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Theprominenceoftheportionoftheleftheartborderattheleveloftheleftmainbronchus
1425.Corkscrewesophagusisseeninwhich
ofthefollowingconditions?
a)Carcinomaesophagus
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Sclerodermac)Achalasiacardia
d)Diffuseesophagusspasm
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.isdi.e.,DiffuseEsophagealspasm
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Radiologicalappearancesofdiffuseesophagealspasmhavebeendescribedas:
curlingesophagus
Corkscrewesophagusor
-pseudodiverticulosis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Diffuseesophagealspasmisamotordisorderofesophaguscharacterizedbyrepetitivesimultaneousnon-peristalticcontractions.
Symptomsaresubsternalchestpainand/ordysphagia
Diagnosedbymanometry
Alsoknow
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Nutcrackeresophagusalsoknownas'supersqueezer'esophagus
-itischaracterizedbyextremelyhigh-amplitudeperistaltic
contraction
-Symptomsarepainanddysphagia
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Diagnosedbymanometrystudywhichshowsperistalticesophagealcontractionswithpeakamplitudesgreaterthantwostandard
deviationsabovethenormalvalues.
1426.Rattailappearanceincontrast
radiographyisseenin?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Achalasiacardiab)Carcinomaesophagus
c)Corkscrewesophagus
d)Diffuseesophagealspasms
CorrectAnswer-B
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CarcinomaesophagusREF:sabiston's18'editionchapter41Seetableinthepreviousquestion
"Rat-tail"appearanceonbariumstudyisseenincarcinoma
esophagus.
1427.ColonisidentifiedonX-ray
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Haustrab)Valvulaeconniventes
c)Stringofbeadssign
d)Morenumberofloops
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Answer-A.HaustraHaustra(incompletebandacrossthebowelgasshadow)areseenin
colon.
1428.Doubletracksignisseenin
a)Duodenalatresia
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)CHPSc)Gastriculcer
d)Achalasia
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.CHPS
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Double/tripletracksignisseenincongenitalhypertrophicpyloricstenosis.
1429.Investigationofchoiceforstudying
RenalCorticalmass
a)99TcDTPA
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)53CrStudyc)99TcDMSA
d)99TcPyrophosphate
CorrectAnswer-C
Ci.e.99-Tc-DMSA
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
DTPA(Renogram)DMSA(IsotopeScanning)
-DTPAisfreelyfilteredat -Tc.99DMSAisusedforrenal
glomeruluswithno morphological
tubularreabsorptionor (anatomic)imagine
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
excretion(i.e.GFR=-Thiscompoundgetsfixedinrenal
Excretoryfunction)
tubules&images
-DTPAisusefulforevaluating maybeobtainedafter1-2hoursof
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
perfusionand injection.Lesionsexcretoryfunctionofeach
suchastumors&benignlesionsas
kidneyQ
cystsshowfilling
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
-Indications: defectQ1.Measurementofrelative
-Usedtoassesscorticalfunctionof
renal
KidneyQanddetect
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
functionQineachkidney. renalscarringQ.2.UrinarytractobstructionQ
3.Diagnosisof
Renovascularcauseof
hypertensionQ
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
4.InvestigationofRenal
transplantQ
1430.RimsigninIVPisseenin
a)PolycysticKidney
b)Hydronephrosis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Chronicpyelonephritisd)Hypernephroma
CorrectAnswer-B
Bi.e.Hydronephrosis
RimSigninNephrogram-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1.Severehydronephrosisofthekidneys2.Acutecompletearterialobstruction
1431.Investigationofchoiceformultiple
sclerosis
a)CT
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)MRIc)USG
d)PET
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.MRI
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
MRIistheinvestigationofchoicefordemyelinatingdisorder,e.g.multiplesclerosis.
1432.Investigationofchoicefor
intramedullarySOLis-
a)MRI
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)USGc)CT
d)X-ray
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.MRI
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
InvestigationofchoiceforintramedullaryspaceoccupylesionisMRI.
1433.Investigationofchoiceforscreeningof
proximalinternalcarotidarterystenosis
is:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)DopplerflowUSGb)CTsubstractionangiography
c)MRI
d)Angiography(DSA)
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
AnswerisA(DopplerflowUSG):'StenosisattheoriginoftheinternalcarotidArterycanbeidentified
andquantifiedreliablybyultrasonographythatcombinesBmode
ultrasoundimagewithaDopplerultrasoundassessmentofflow
velocity.'
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1434."Sunrayappearance"onX-raysis
suggestiveof:
a)AChondrosarcoma
b)Ametastatictumourinthebone
c)AnOsteogenicsarcoma
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)AnEwing'ssarcomaCorrectAnswer-C
Ci.e.OsteogenicSarcoma
Sunrayappearanceisclassicallyseeninosteosarcoma.Itmayalso
occurinmetastases,Ewingssarcoma,Haemangoma,Meningioma
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
andtuberculosis.1435.Bonewithinboneappearanceisseen
in?
a)CML
b)Osteoporosis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Osteopetrosisd)Boneinfarct
CorrectAnswer-C
Ci.e.Osteopetrosis
Inosteopetrosis,thereisreducedosteoclasticboneresorption
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
resultingindiffusesymmetricalskeletonsclerosis.Alsok/amarblebonediseased/titsstonelikequalityofbones;howeverthebones
areabnormallybrittle&fracturelikeapieceofchalk.Itcanpresent
radiologicallyas?
SclerosisofallbonesmoreprominentatbaseofskullQ.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Sclerosisofvertebralendplate1/tcharacteristicsandwitchorbroadstripped(rugbyjerseyspine)QBoneinboneappearanceQd/t
scleroticfociwithinthebone.
1436.WhitelineofFrenkelisseenin:
September2008
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Osteoporosisb)Osteomalacia
c)Scurvy
d)Beri-Beri
CorrectAnswer-C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.C:ScurvyClinicalsymptomsandsignsofinfantilescurvy,inorderoffrequency
areirritability,tendernessandweaknessoflowerextremities,a
scorbuticrosaryofthelegs,bleedingofthegums(usuallywhere
teethhaveerupted),andfever.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Radiographicfindingsofscurvy:Densemetaphysealline-Thisisduetoanintensificationofthezone
ofpreparatorycalcification,resultingfrommatrixformationfailing,is
hasbeenreferredtoasthewhitelineofFrenkel,butisnon-specific,
asitisalsoseeninhealingrickets,andleadorphosphorus
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
poisoning.Groundglassosteoporosis:Thisappearsattheendoftheshaftwith
blurringordisappearanceoftrabecularmarkings.
Haloossificationcentre:AlsocalledtheWimberger'sring,itisthe
sameeffectthatproducesthewhitelineofFrenkel,affectingthe
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
epiphysealossificationcenter.Cornersign-Seenduetosubepiphysealinfarction,orseparationof
theepiphysisfromthemetaphysis.
Lateralspurs-Thesemetaphysealspursprojectatrightanglestothe
axisoftheshaft,theymaybeseenduetomushroomingofepiphysis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
onthemetaphysis,ormayrepresentearliestcalcificationofperiosteumelevatedbyasubperiostealhemorrhage.
Subperiostealhematomas-Theseoccurattheendoflongbones,
seenafterabout2weeksofonsetofclinicalsymptoms;itisnotthe
periostealhemorrhagethatcalcifies,buttheelevatedperiosteum,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
secondarytoresumptionofboneformation.Metaphysealfractures-Subperiostealcomminutedfracturesatthe
endoflongbones,extendingonlypartiallythroughthewidthofthe
bone.
Atrophyscurvyline-AradiolucentzoneontheshaftsideofFrenkel's
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
whiteline,ithasbeenreferredtoastheTrummerfeldZone.1437.VonRosen'sviewisfor
a)CDH
b)Perthe'sdisease
c)CTEV
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)NoneCorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.CDH
InVonRosen'sviewisusedinDDH/CDH.
1438.Popcorncalcificationisseenin:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Pulmonaryhamartomab)Fungalinfection
c)Metastasis
d)Tuberculosis
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.PulmonaryhamartomaPopcorncalcification
oPopcorncalcificationisaclusterofsharplydefined,irregularly
lobulated,calcification,usuallyinapulmonarynodule.
oPopcorncalcificationischaracteristicofhamartomaonchestX-ray
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
examination.oItmayalsobeseeninmediastinallymphnodesofacute
histoplasmosis.
Egg-shellcalcification
oEgg-shellcalcificationmeansperipheralrimcalcificationoflymph
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
nodes:oItisseenin:
NSilicosis(mostcommoncause)
(vi)Histoplasmosis(vii)Tuberculosis
(ii)Coalworker
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
pneumoconiosis(v)Sarcoidosis(viii)Coccidiodomycosis
(iii)Lymphomafollowingradiotherapy(vi)Progressivemassive
fibrosis
1439.Nuchaltranslucencyisusedin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Headscanb)MRIneck
c)ANCUSG
d)Anthropometry
CorrectAnswer-C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Answer-C.ANCUSGNuchaltranslucencyisusedforscreeningofdownsyndromein
antenatalUSG.
1440.Half-lifeofIodine131is
a)8hours
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)8daysc)8weeks
d)8months
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.8days
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Iodine-131Halflife8daysIodine-123-3Halflife13hours
Iodine-132Halflife2.3hours
1441.CalcificationofIntervertebralDiscis
seenin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Goutb)Rheumatoid
c)Alkaptonuria
d)Psoriasis
CorrectAnswer-C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ci.e.AlkaptonuriaFeatures Disease
FishMouthVertebrae
-SickelCellAnemiaQ
HomocystinuriaQ
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CodFishVertebra-Osteomalacia,Osteoporosis,
(Biconcavevertebra)
Hyperparathyroid
Ruggerjerseyspine
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
-CRFinducedosteomalaciaQ(sclerosisofupper&
-Osteopterosis(marbelbone
lowerspineborders)
disease)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Calcificationof-Alkaptonuria(m.c.)
Intervertebraldisc
PictureFramevertebrae -Paget'sdisease
Vertebraeplana
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
-EosinophilicgranulomaQ1442.ThemaximumDALYlossisforthe
followingdisease-
a)Schizophrenia
b)Unipolardepression
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Bipolardepressiond)Mania
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Unipolardepression
AmongstthepsychiatricdisordersmaximumDALYlossiscausedby
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
majordepression.1443.Etheromaniasreferto?
a)Acutepsychosispostetheranaesthesia
b)Etheraddiction
c)Excessiveetherusedruganaesthesia
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)NoneCorrectAnswer-B
Ans,B.Etheraddiction
Etheraddictionoretheromaniaistheaddictiontoinhalationor
drinkingofdiethylether.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1444.Theterm"Dementiaprecox"was
coinedby?
a)Freud
b)Bleuler
c)Kraepelin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)SchneiderCorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Kraepelin
1445.Theterm'id'wascoinedby?
a)Freud
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Skinnerc)Wayker
d)Blueler
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans,A.Freud
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Structuraltheoryofmind(theid,egoandsuperego)wasgivenbysigmundfreud.
1446.
Subcorticaldementiaisseeninall
except?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Parkinsonismb)Alzheimer'sdisease
c)Wilson'sdisease
d)Huntingtonschorea
CorrectAnswer-B
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans.B.Alzheimer'sdiseaseSubcorticaldementiaisseeninparkinsonism,Huntington'sdisease,
wilson'sdisease,progressivesupranuclearpalsy,idiopathicbasal
ganglioncalcification(Fahr'sdisease),thalamiclesions,multiple
sclerosis,HIVassociateddementiaandmultisYstematroPhY.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Alzheimer'sdiseasecausescorticaldementia.1447.Formicationisseenwith?
a)Acuteamphetamineintoxication
b)Chronicuseofamhetamine
c)Alcoholwithdrawal
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)CannabispoisoningCorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Chronicuseofamhetamine
Magnan'ssyndrome(alsocalledformication)isseeninchronic
cocaineandchronicamphetamineabuse.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1448.Hangoverfollowingalcohol
consumptioncanbetreatedwith?
a)Pyridoxine
b)Thiamine
c)Riboflavin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)NiacinCorrectAnswer-B
ANs.B.Thiamine
Thiaminehelpspreventthebuildupofglutarateinthebrain,which
maybeassociatedwithpartoftheheadacheassociatedwith
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
hangover.1449.Mostcommonlyabusedopioid-
a)Morphine
b)Diacetylmorphine
c)Oxycodine
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)BupremorphineCorrectAnswer-B
Ans,B.Diacetylmorphine
Diacetylmorphine(heroin)isthemostcommonlyabusedopioid.
1450.Hallucinationsareproducedby?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a)Amphetamineb)Morphine
c)Paraxetine
d)Chlorpromazine
CorrectAnswer-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ans,A.AmphetamineAmphetaminepsychosismimicparanoidschizophrenia.Theremay
bedeleusionsandhallucinations.
1451.Anxietyis?
a)Neurosis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Psychosisc)Personalitydisorder
d)None
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.,A.Neurosis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ImportantneuroticdisordersareAnxietydisorders(Panic),Phobia(Phobicanxietydisorder),obsessivecompulsiveDisorder&
Dissociativeconversiondisorder.
1452.Negativesymptomofschizophrenia?
a)Hallucination
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Delusionc)Ambivalance
d)Motorhyperactivity
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Ambivalance
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Symptomsofschizophreniacanbedividedinto:?1. Positivesymptoms:-Positivesymptomsarepsychoticsymptoms
notseeninnormalindividualsbutare"activelyexpressed"inpatient,
i.e.,hallucinations,delusionsandbizarremotoracts.Positive
symptomsaremorecommoninacuteschizophrenia.Theserespond
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
welltotypicalantipsychotics.2. Negativesymptoms:-Negativesymptomsarenormallyexpected
behaviours,emotions(feeling),thoughtsanddrivesthattheperson
withschizophreniafailtoexhibit,i.e.,deficitstate(diminutionorloss)
ofnormalfunction.Theprominentnegativesymptonsareflattening
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
orbluntingofaffect,anhedonia,ambivalence(avolition)asociality(socialwithdrawal),alogia,apathy,paucityofthoughtandpoverityof
speech.Negativesymptomsaremorecommoninchronic
schizophrenia.Negativesymptomsdonotrespondwelltotypical
antipsychoticsThereforepatientontypicalantipsychoticsmayshow
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
improvementofpositivesymptomsandpersistentofnegativesymptoms.
Morerecentlyathirdcategoryhasbeenproposed.
3.Disorganizedsymptoms:-Disorganizedspeech/thinking,and
disorganizedbehavior.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1453.Typeofschizophreniawithmental
retardation:
NEET13
a)Von-Goghsyndrome
b)Paranoidschizophrenia
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Catatonicschizophreniad)Pfropfschizophrenia
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.Pfropfschizophrenia
1454.Erotomaniaisseenin:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
NEET13a)Bipolarmania
b)Unipolarmania
c)Neurosis
d)Obsessivecompulsivedisorder
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CorrectAnswer-AAns.Bipolarmania
1455.Indepressions,thereisdeficiencyof?
a)5-HT
b)Acetylcholine
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
c)Dopamined)GABA
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.5-HT
Depression=Decreaseinserotoninandnorepinephrine.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
SerotoninisthemostimPortantneurotransmitterindepression.Mania=Increasedofnorepipherine.
1456.Theaminoacidderivedneurotransmitter
usedfortreatingdepressionis?
a)Serotonine
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Histaminec)acetylcholine
d)none
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.Serotonine
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Thethreemainneurotransmittersinvolvedindepressionaredopamine,norepinephrineandserotonin(s-HT).
WhenbrainIevelsofoneormoreneurotransmitterarelowor
unbalanced,depressioncanresult.Generally,antidepressantdrugs
workbyincreasingproductionordecreasingthebreakdownofone
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ormoreoftheseneurotransmitters.1457.Suicidaltendenciesaremostcommonly
seenin:
March2003
a)Female
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
b)Youngeragec)Severedepression
d)Alloftheabove
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.Ci.e.Severedepression
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1458.Repetitiveirresesistablethoughttodo
something
a)Phobia
b)Obsession
c)Compulsion
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d)AnxietyCorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Obsession
Obsessivecompulsivedisorder(OCD)
OCDisananxietydisorderwhichischaracterizedbyrecurrent,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
unwantedthoughts(Obsessions)andrepettivebehaviors(compulsions).
Anobsessionhasfollowingcharacteristic:-
1. Anidea,impulseorimagewhichintrudesintotheconscious
awarenessrepeatedly.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2. Itisrecognizedasone'sownideas,impulseorimagebutisperceivedasegoalien(foreigntoone'spersonality).
3. Itisrecognizedasirrationalandabsurd(insightispresent--4
Patientknowsaboutdisorder).
4. Patienttriestoresistagainstitbutisunabletodosowhichleadsto
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
markeddistressoranxiety.Acompulsionhasfollowingcharacteristics:-
1. Itisrepetitive,purposefulformofbehavioriscarriedoutbecauseof
strongfeelingofcompulsiontodoso.
2. Itusuallyfollowsanobsession.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3. tsgoalistopreventorreducetheanxietyorstresscausedbyobsessionhoweveritdonotalwayssucceedindoingso.
4. Itisirrationalorexcessiveandnotrealistic.
5. Insightispresent.
ApatientwithOCDmayhaveanobsession,acompulsionorboth
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(mostlypatientshaveboth).ApatientwithOCDrealizestheirrationalityoftheobsessionand
experiencesboththeobsessionandthecompulsionasego-dystonic
(unwantedbehavior).
Thepersonispreoccupiedwithdetailsrules,listorder,organisation
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orschedulestotheextentthatthemajorpointofactivityislost.Thepersonshowsperfectionismthatinterferswithtaskcompletion
(e.g.,unabletocompleteprojectbecausehisownovertlystrict
standardarenotmet).
1459.Repetitivetimesworkdoingfor
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premonitionof?a)Obscession
b)Compulsion
c)Anxiety
d)None
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CorrectAnswer-BAns.B.Compulsion
Repetitiveirresistablethoughts>Obsession.
Repetitivepurposefulbehavior(workdoing)>compulsion.
1460.Derelation&depersonalisationseenin
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whichtypeofdisorder?a)Dissociativedisorder
b)Personalitydisorders
c)Mania
d)None
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CorrectAnswer-AAns.A.Dissociativedisorder
1461.Phobiais:
a)Psychosis
b)Fearofanimal
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c)Anxietyd)Neurosis
CorrectAnswer-D
Neurosis
1462.Persistentpreoccupationwithserious
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illnessandnormalbodyfunctioniscalled?
a)Obsession
b)Somatization
c)Hypochondriasis
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d)ConversiondisorderCorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Hypochondriasis
Hvpochondriasis(hypochondriacaldisorder)
Theprimaryfeatureofhypochondriasisispersistentpreoccupation
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withexcessivefearofaserious(e.g.,cancer)orincurable(e.g.,AIDS)disease,whichisbasedonperson'sowninterpretationof
physicalsymptomsorsensation,i.e.,misinterpretationofphysical
symptomsorsensations,forexampleanoccasionalchangeinheart
ratewillleadapersonwithhypochondriasistofearofheartdisease.
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Therefore,Hypochondriasisisabnormalpreoccupationaboutnormalbodyfunction,i.e.,bodyfunctioningisnormalbutpatientthinksitas
abnormal.
Thepreoccupationwiththepresenceofafearedillnesspersists
inspiteofnormalmedicalassessmentandinvestigations.Patient
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goesfromonedoctortoanotherforaconsultation.Peoplewithhypochondriasisareabletoacknowledgethattheir
fearsareunrealistic(insightispresent),butthisintellectual
realizationisnotenoughtoreducetheiranxiety.
Twoimportantfactsdifferentiatehypochondriasisfromsomatization
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disorder:-1. Patientwithhypochondriasisispreoccupiedwithillness,ontheother
handpatientwithsomatizationdisorderisoccupiedwithsymptoms.
2. Hypochondriasispatientispreoccupiedwithoneillness(usually)
whilepatientwithsomatizationdisorderhasmany(atleast8or
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more)symptoms.1463.Allaretrueregardingsomatization
dosorderexcept:
a)Maintainsickrole
b)4-Painsymptoms
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c)1-Sexualsymptomd)1-Pseudoneurologicalsymptom
CorrectAnswer-A
Ai.e.Maintainsickrole
1464.Schizoidpersonalitydisorderallare
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seenexcept?a)Aloof&detached
b)Pronetofantasy
c)Suspicious
d)Introspective
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CorrectAnswer-CAns.C.Suspicious
Suspiciousnessisseeninparanoidpersonalitydisorder.
1465.Narcolepsyisduetoabnormalityin?
a)Hypothalamus
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b)Neocortexc)Cerebellum
d)Medullaoblongata
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.Hypothalamus
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NarcolepsyisuniqueinthatthosewhosufferfromittyPicalyfallalmostinstantaneouslyintoREMsleep.
Itisthoughtthatnarcolepsyiscausedbyamalfunctioningofthe
hypothalamusinbrain.
1466.MaxdurationoftimespentisinNREM
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stage?a)I
b)II
c)III
d)IV
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CorrectAnswer-BAns.B.II
1467.NREMSleeptrueis?
a)Teethgrinding
b)Narcolepsy
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c)Nightmaresd)Sleepparalysis
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.Teethgrinding
Slowwavesleep(stage3&4ofNREMsleep)disordersrSleep
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walking(somnambulism),nightterror(sleepterrororpavornocturnus),Nocturnalenuresis,Bruxism(teethgrinning),and
sleeptalking(somniloquy).
REMsleepevents/disorder:-Nightmares,nocturnalpenile
tumescence,Narcolepsy.
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1468.Bruxismis?
a)Walkingduringsleep
b)Nocturnalenuresis
c)Grindingofteethduringsleep
d)Sleepapnoea
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CorrectAnswer-CAns.C.Grindingofteethduringsleep
1469.Narcolepsy,nottrue?
a)Cataplexy
b)Sleeparchitecturenormal
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c)Lossofmuscletoned)Hallucination
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Sleeparchitecturenormal
ThereisdisturbedREMsleep.
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Cataplexy(suddenlossofmuscletone)isthemostcommonaccessorysymPtom.
Theremaybehallucinations.
1470.Howtodifferentiatebetween
psychologicalandorganicerectile
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dysfunction?a)Nocturnalpeniletumescence
b)PIPEtherapy
c)Sildenafilinducederection
d)Squeezetechnique
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CorrectAnswer-AAns.A.Nocturnalpeniletumescence
Oneoftheimportantmethodtodistinguishpsychogenicimpotence
fromorganicimPotenceisnocturnalpeniletumsescence&early
morningerectionwhicharepreservedinpsychogenicimpotencebut
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notinorganiccauseofimpotence.1471.Desensitizationisatypeof?
a)Psychotherapy
b)Psychoanalysis
c)Behavioraltherapy
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d)NoneCorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Behavioraltherapy
Typesofbehavioraltherapyare:-Systemicdesensitization,
therapeuticgradedexPosure,exPosure&responseprevention,
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flooding,aversiontherapy,andoperantconditioning.1472.Stimulantdrugisgiventochildfor?
a)Conductdisorder
b)Speechdevelopmentaldisorder
c)Pervasivedisorder
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d)ADHDCorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D.ADHD
Stimulants(likemethylphenidate,dextramphetamine)arethedrugs
ofchoiceforADHD.
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1473.Kleinlevinsyndrome?
a)Insomnia
b)Anxiety
c)Depression
d)Hypersomnia
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CorrectAnswer-DAns.D.Hypersomnia
Kleinelevinsyadromeorsleepingbeautysyndromeisaneurological
disorderofrecurringperiodsofexcessiveamountsofsleepingand
eating.
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1474.AccordingtorecentroundsbyDSM
whatcodeisgiventopsychiatric
diseasesinICD10?
a)E
b)F
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c)Pd)G
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.F
ICD-10isWHOclassificationforalldiseasesandhealthproblems
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(andnotonlypsychiatricdisorders).ICD-10usesalphanumericcodemadeofanalphabet?incontrast
DSM-IVusesnumericalcoding)?'F'isformentaldisorders.
Therearel0maincategoriesdenotedbydigits0to9.
1475.Thecurrentagentofchoicefortreatmentofbipolaraffective(manic-
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depressive)disorderis:a)Chlorpromazine
b)Haloperidol
c)Diazepam
d)Lithiumcarbonate
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CorrectAnswer-DLithiumcarbonateisthecurrentagentofchoice,particularlyduring
themanicphase.Becausetheonsetofactionisslow,concurrent
useofantipsychoticagentssuchaschlorpromazineorhaloperidol
maybenecessarytocontrolmania.
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Concurrentuseoftricyclicantidepressantsmaybenecessaryinthedepressivephase.
Monitoringoflithiumlevelsisnecessarybecauseoftheserious
natureoftheadverseeffects(neurologic,renal,cardiac).
Ref:RopperA.H.,SamuelsM.A.(2009).Chapter57.Depression
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andBipolarDisease.InA.H.Ropper,M.A.Samuels(Eds),AdamsandVictor'sPrinciplesofNeurology,9e.
1476.DSMIVcriterionfordepressionis?
a)1week
b)2weeks
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c)3weeksd)4weeks
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.2weeks
Forthediagnosisofminordepression2-4andformajordepression
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>5DSMIVsymptomsarerequiredforatleastforatwoweekperiod.
1477.Typeofconnectivetissuepresentinthe
arrowmarkedareais:
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a)Looseandirregularb)Specialized
c)Denseirregular
d)Denseregular
CorrectAnswer-C
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Ans.C.DenseirregularThemarkedareaisreticulardermis.
Itiscomposedofdenseirregularcollagenousconnectivetissue
(mostcommonlytypeIcollagen)containingtheusualarrayof
connectivetissueelements,includingcells,bloodandlymphatic
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vessels.invalidquestionid