Download NEET PG 2015 Question Paper with Answers

1.UpperlimbdeformityinErb'spalsy?
a)Adductionandlateralrotationofarm
b)Adductionandmedialrotationofarm
c)Abductionandlateralrotationofarm
d)Abductionandmedialrotationofarm

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
DeformityinErb'spalsy(positionofthelimb):
Arm:Hangesbytheside;itisadducted&mediallyrotated
Forearm:Extendedandpronated
Thedeformityisknownas`policeman'stiphand'or`porter'stip

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

hand'

---

2.NerverootsinvolvedinErb'spalsy:
a)C5,C6
b)C6,C7
c)C7,C8,T1

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

d)C5,C6,C7,C8,T1
CorrectAnswer-A
Erb-DuchennePalsy
Upperlesionsofthebrachialplexusareinjuriesresultingfrom
excessivedisplacementoftheheadtotheoppositesideand

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

depressionoftheshoulderonthesameside.Thiscausesexcessive
tractionoreventearingofC5andC6rootsoftheplexus.Itoccursin
thenewbornduringadifficultdeliveryorinadultsafterablowtoor
fallontheshoulder.
Thesuprascapularnerve,thenervetothesubclavius,andthe

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

musculocutaneousandaxillarynervesallpossessnervefibers
derivedfromC5andC6rootsandwillthereforebefunctionless.
Thefollowingmuscleswillconsequentlybeparalyzed:the
supraspinatus(abductoroftheshoulder)andinfraspinatus(lateral
rotatoroftheshoulder);thesubclavius(depressestheclavicle);the

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

bicepsbrachii(supinatoroftheforearm,flexoroftheelbow,weak
flexoroftheshoulder)andthegreaterpartofthebrachialis(flexorof
theelbow)andthecoracobrachialis(flexestheshoulder);andthe
deltoid(abductoroftheshoulder)andtheteresminor(lateralrotator
oftheshoulder).

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Thus,thelimbwillhanglimplybytheside,mediallyrotatedbythe
unopposedsternocostalpartofthepectoralismajor;theforearmwill
bepronatedbecauseoflossoftheactionofthebiceps.
Thepositionoftheupperlimbinthisconditionhasbeenlikenedto
thatofaporterorwaiterhintingforatip.Inaddition,therewillbea

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

---

thatofaporterorwaiterhintingforatip.Inaddition,therewillbea
lossofsensationdownthelateralsideofthearm.
Treatment
ThethreemostcommontreatmentsfromErb'sPalsyare:Nerve
transfers(usuallyfromtheoppositeleg),subscapularisreleasesand

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

latissimusdorsitendontransfers.

---

3.Rootvalueofthoracodorsalnerve?
a)C5,C6,C7
b)C8,T1
c)C6,C7,C8

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)TiT2
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,C6C7C8
Branchesofbrachialplexus
Branchesofbrachialplexusarisesfromdifferentanatomical

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

segments:-
1.Branchesoftheroots
Nervetoserratusanterior(longthoracicnerve)(C5,C6,C7).
Nervetorhomboideus(dorsalscapularnerve)(C5).
2.Branchesofthetrunks

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theseariseonlyfromtheuppertrunkwhichgivestwobranches.I.
Suprascapularnerve(C5,C6)
Nervetosubclavius(C5,C6)
3.Branchesofthecords
1.Branchesoflateralcord

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Lateralpectoral(C5-C7)
Musculocutaneous(C5-C7)
Lateralrootofmedian(C5-C7)
2.Branchesofmedialcord
Medialpectoral(C8,T1)

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Medialcutaneousnerveofarm(C8,TO
Medialcutaneousnerveofforearm(C8,Ti).

---

Ulnar(C7,C8,Ti).C7fibresreachbyacommunicatingbranchfrom
lateralrootofmediannerve.
Medialrootofmedian(C8,T1).

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

3.Branchesofposteriorcord
Uppersubscapular(C5,C6)
Nervetolatissimusdorsi(thoracodorsal)(C6,C7,CO
Lowersubscapular(C5,C6)
Axillary(circumflex)(C5,C6)

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Radial(C5-C8,T1)

---

4.Teresminorissuppliedby
a)Suprascapularnerve
b)Infrascapularnerve
c)Thoracodorsalnerve

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Axillarynerve
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Axillarynerve[Ref:BDC6h/eVoI.lp.671
Axillarynervesuppliesteresminoranddeltoid.

---

5.Insertionoflevatorscapulaeis?

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Lateralborderofscapula
b)Suprolateralpartofscapula
c)Superiorpartofmedialscapulaborder
d)Inferiorangleofscapula
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'c'i.e.,Superiorpartofmedialscapulaborder
[RefRockwood,CharlesA.;Matsen,(2009).Theshoulder,VoI.1]
Origin:
*PosteriortuberclesoftransverseprocessesofC1-C4vertebrae.
Insertion:

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

*Superiorpartofmedialborderofscapula

---

6.Numberoflobesinbreast
a)5
b)10
c)15

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)30
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,15lRef;BDCtr/eVol.Ip.361
Breast(mammarygland)isamodifeilsweatglaadpresentin
thesuperficialfasciaofpectoralregion.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Itconsistsof15-20lobes.
Verticallyitextendsfrom2ndto6thribsatmidclavicularline
andhorizontalextentisfromsternalmargintomidaxillarylineat
thelevelof4hrib.

---

7.Whichofthefollowingarisesfrom

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

infraglenoidtubercle-
a)Longheadofbiceps
b)Longheadoftriceps
c)Shortheadofbiceps
d)Coracobrachialis

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Longheadoftriceps
Supraglenoidtubercleofscapula:originoflongheadofbiceps.
Infraglenoidtubercleofscapula:originoflongheadoftriceps

---

8.Notattachedonmedialborderofscapula?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Serratusanterior
b)Levatorscapulae
c)Rhamboidesmajor
d)Teresmajor
CorrectAnswer-D

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'd'i.e.,Teresmajor
Musclesattachedtoscapulaare:-
Coracoidprocess:-Tipofthecoracoidprocessgivesoriginto
coracobrachialis(medially)andshortheadofthebicepslaterally.
Theuppersurfacereceivesinsertionofpectoralisminor.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Spineofscapulaandacromionprocess:-ThereisoriginofDeltoid
andinsertionoftrapezius.
Glenoidtubercle:-Supraglenoidtuberclegivesorigintothelong
headofbicepsandinfraglenoidtuberclegivesorigintolongheadof
triceps.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Lateralborder:-Originsofteresminorandteresmajor.
Medialborder:-Insertionsofserattusanterior(anteriorly);and
rhomboideusmajor,rhomboideusminorandlevatorscapulae
(posteriorly).
Costal(anterior)surface(origin)Subscapularis.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Dorsalsurface(origins)Supraspinatus,infraspinatusandatinferior
anglelatissimusdorsi.

---

9.ApatienthasaherniatedintervertebraldiscimpingingontherightC5nerve
roots.Whichofthefollowingmovementswouldmostlikelybeaffected?
a)Extensionofthefingers

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Extensionoftheshoulder
c)Flexionoftheelbow
d)Flexionofthewrist
CorrectAnswer-C
C5helpsmediateflexion,abduction,andlateralrotationoftheshoulder,andflexionofthe

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

elbow.BothC5andC6mediateextensionoftheelbow.
ExtensionofthefingersismediatedbyC7and8.
ExtensionoftheshoulderismediatedbyC7and8.
FlexionofthewristismediatedbyC6and7.

---

10.MedialboundryofCubitalfossa?

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Brachioradialis
b)Pronatorteres
c)Supinator
d)None
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'b'i.e.,Pronatorteres

---

11.Trueaboutlumbricalsis
a)FlexIPjointsandextendsMCPjoint
b)1stand2ndsuppliedbyradialnerve
c)3and4suppliedbysuperficialbranchofulnar

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Originfromtendonsofflexordigitorumprofundus
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer.D
Originfromtendonsofflexordigitorumprofundus*
Thefourlumbricalmusclesarisefromthetendonsofflexor

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

digitorumprofundus.Theyhavedifferentorigins:
Eachpassesdistallytotheradialsideofitsnearest
metacarpophalangealjointofthefingerstobeinsertedinto
thedorsalextensorexpansionofdigitstwotofive.
Theiractionsonthesedigitsareto:

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

*Extendtheinterphalangealjoints
*Flexthemetacarpophalangealjoints
Theinnervationofthelumbricalsisdual:
*Theradialfirstandsecondlumbricalsaresuppliedby
themediannerve(C8,T1)

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

*Theulnarthirdandfourthlumbricalsaresuppliedbythedeep
branchoftheulnarnerve(C8,T1)
*Occasionally,thethirdlumbricalcanreceiveitsinnervationfrom
themediannerve.

---

12.Lateralboundaryofcubitalfossais

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

formedby:
a)Brachioradialis
b)Pronatorteres
c)Brachialis
d)Biceps

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Brachioradialis
Boundariesofcubitalfossa-
Laterally-Medialborderofbrachioradialis.
Medially-Lateralborderofpronatorteres.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Base-Itisdirectedupwards,andisrepresentedbyanimaginary
linejoiningthefrontoftwoepicondylesofthehumerus.
Apex-Itisdirecteddownwards,andisformedbytheareawhere
brachioradialiscrossesthepronatorteresmuscle.

---

13.MuscleofArmwithadditionalsupinator

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

action?
a)Brachialis
b)Biceps
c)Coracobrachialis
d)Triceps

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Biceps

---

14.Thenervesupplyofnailbedofindex
fingeris?
a)Superficialbrofradialnerve

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Deepbrofradialnerve
c)Mediannerve
d)Ulnarnerve
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Mediannerve

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

15.Contentofanatomicalsnuffbox
a)Radialartery
b)Brachialartery
c)Ulnarartery
d)Interosseusartery

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Radialartery[Ref:AKDuttap.861]
Triangulardepressiononthedorsalandradialaspectofthe
handbecomevisiblewhenthumbisfullyextended.
Boundaries

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Media/PosteriorTendonoftheextensorpollicislongus.
Lateral/Anteriortendonoftheextensorpollicisbrevisand
abductorpollicislongus,
RoofSkinandfasciawithbeginningofcephalicveinand
crossedbysuperficialbranchoftheradialnerve

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

FloorStyloidprocessofradius,trapezium,scaphoidandbase
offirstmetacarpal
ContentsTheradialartery

---

16.3rdextensorcompartmentofwrist
containstendonof?

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)ECRL
b)ECRB
c)EPL
d)EPB
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.C)EPL
Thethirdcompartmentcontainstheextensorpollicis
longustendon,whichoriginatesatthemid-ulnaandinsertsatthe
baseofthefirstdistalphalanx.
IncombinationwiththeEPBtendon,itextendsthethumbatthefirst

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

carpometacarpalandfirstinterphalangealjoints.

---

17.Whichleavesthepelvis?
a)Piriformis
b)Sciaticnerve
c)Superiorglutealvessel

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Inferiorglutealvessel
CorrectAnswer-B
Sciaticnerveleavesthepelvisandrunsposteriorlyinthethigh.
Intheupperangleofpoplitealfossa,sciaticnervedividesintotibial
nerveandcommonperonealnerve

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

18.Abductionandadductionoffootoccursat
whichjoints
a)Ankle
b)Subtalar
c)Tarso-metatarsal

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

d)None
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Subtalar[RetClinicalarthopaedicsp.7861
Adductionandabductionoffootoccursmainlyatsubtalarjoint.
Movementstakeplaceatanklearedorsiflexionand

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

plantarflexion.
InversionandeversiontakeplaceatSubtalarjointandmidtarsal
joints.

---

19.Allaretrueaboutfemoraltriangle,EXCEPT?
a)Lateralmarginisformedbysartorius

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Floorisformedbyadductorlongus
c)Containsthefemoralvessels
d)Noneoftheabove
CorrectAnswer-D
Allaretrueaboutthefemoraltriangle

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thefemoraltriangleisadepressedareaofthethighlyingdistalto
theinguinalfold.
Itsapexisdistal,itslimitsarethemedialmarginofsartoriuslaterally,
themedialmarginofadductorlongusmediallyandtheinguinal
ligamentproximally(thebase).

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Itsfloorisprovidedlaterallybyiliacusandpsoasmajor,mediallyby
pectineusandadductorlongus.
Thefemoralvessels,passingfrommidbasetoapex,areinthe
deepestpartofthetriangle.Lateraltothearterythefemoralnerve
divides.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Thetrianglealsocontainsfatandlymphnodes.

---

20.Contentoffemoralcanal
a)Femoralbranchofgenitofemoralnerve
b)Genitalbranchofgenitofemoralnerve
c)Femoralvein

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Lymphnode
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Lymphnode[RefBDC5th/eVoI.2p.53,54]
Femoralsheathisafunnelshapedfascialprolongationaround
proximalpartoffemoralvessels,situatedinthefemoraltriangle,

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

belowtheinguinalligament.Itis3-4cmlong.ltisformedby
fasciailiaca.
Femoralringbbounded:Anteriorlybyinguinalligament,medially
bythelacunarligament,posterior/bypectineuswithitscovering
fascia,andlaterallybyseptumseparatingitfromfemoralvein.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

FemoralcanalcontainslymphnodeofcloquetorRosenmuller
andlymphatics.

---

21.Apatientpresentswithdefective
adductionofthehipjointandpainsinthe
hipandkneejoint.Whichnerveis

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

involved
a)Obturatornerve
b)Femoralnerve
c)Saphenousnerve
d)Sciaticnerve

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
A.i.e.Obturatornerve
AdductorsofthigharemainlysuppliedbyobturatornerveQ.
Adiseaseinhipjointmaycausereferredpaininknee&medialthigh
becauseoftheircommonnervesupplybyobturatornerveQ.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

22.Structurewhichliesoutsidethefemoral
sheath
a)Femoralartery
b)Femoralnerve
c)Femoralvein

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Genitofemoralnerve
CorrectAnswer-B
Femoralnerve
Femoralsheath
Femoralsheathisafunnelshapedfascialprolongationaround

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

proximalpartoffemoralvessels,situatedinthefemoraltriangle,
belowtheinguinalligament.Itis3-4cmlong.Itisformedbyfascia
iliaca.
Femoralsheathisdividedinto3separatefascialcompartementsby
septa:?

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Lateralcompartment:-Itcontainsfemoralarteryandfemoral
branchofgenitofemoralnerve.
Intermediatecompartment:-Femoralvein.
Medialcompartment(femoralcanal):-Itisconicalinshape,wider
aboveadnnarrowbelow.Thewiderupperopeningisknown

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

asfemoralring,whichispotentiallyaweakpointinlowerabdomen
andisthesiteforfemoralhernia.Femoralringisbounded
:Anteriorlybyinguinalligament,mediallybylacunar
ligament,posteriorlybypectineuswithitscoveringfascia,
andlaterallybyseptumseparatingitfromfemoralvein.Femoral

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

canalcontainslymphnodeofcloquetorRosenmullerand
lymphatics.

---

23.Mostcommonligamentdamagedinknee
injuryis
a)ACL

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)PCL
c)MCL
d)LCL
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,MCL[lRef;Textbookofsportsmedicine&/ep.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

l38l]
Mostcommonlyinjuredligamentinknee-+Medialcollateral
ligament(MCL).
MCLtearisthemostcommonkneeligamentinjury"
MCLinjuryisthemostcommonligamentinjurytotheknee"

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Practicalorthopaedicssportsmedicine
MCListhemostcommonlyinjuredkneeligament"
ACListhe2ndmostcommonlyinjuredkneeligament,almostas
frequentasMCL.

---

24.Whichstructure(s)passesbehindthe

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

inguinalligament:
a)Femoralbranchofgenitofemoralnerve
b)Femoralvein
c)Psoasmajor
d)All

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-D
Ai.e.Femoralbranchofgenitofemoralnerve;Bi.e.Femoralvein;C
i.e.Psoasmajor

---

25.Lateralborderofischeorectalfossais
formedby?

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Gluteusmaximus
b)Perinealmembrane
c)Pelvicdiaphram
d)Obturatorinternus
CorrectAnswer-D

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'd'i.e.,Obturatorinternus
Boundriesofischeoanal(ischeorectal)fossaare:-
Anteriorly:-Posteriorborderofperinealmembrane.
Posteriorly:-Gluteusmaximusmuscle,sacrotuberousligament.
Laterally:-Ischialtuberosityandobturatorinternus.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Medially:-Sphincteraniexternus(externalanalsphincter)and
pelvicdiaphragm(levatorani).

---

26.Arterialbrancheswhichsupplythehead
andneckofthefemuris/are:
a)Medialcircumflexartery

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Lateralcircumflexartery
c)Profundafemorisartery
d)All
CorrectAnswer-D
A.i.e.Medialcircumflexartery;B.i.e.Lateralcircumflexartery;C.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

i.e.Profundafemorisartery
Proximalfemur(head&neck)issuppliedbyarteryofligamentum
teres(branchofobturatorartery),medial(main)&lateralcircumflex
femoralartery(botharisefromprofundafemorisartery,giveriseto
ascendingcervical(+metaphyseal)andretinacular(+

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

epiphyseal:lateral&inferior)arteriesandformextracapsular&
intracapsularsubsynovialarterialrings

---

27.Femoralnervesuppliesallexcept?
a)Pectineus
b)Sartorius

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Vastusmedialis
d)Obturatorexternus
CorrectAnswer-D
Branchesoffemoralnerveare:?
1. Fromthemaintrunk:-Nervesupplytoiliacus,nervesupplyto

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

pectineusandafewvascularbranches.
2. Fromanteriordivision:-Intermediatefemoralcutaneousnerve
(intermediatecutaneousnerveofthigh),medialfemoralcutaneous
nerve(medialcutaneousnerveofthigh)andmuscularbranchto
sartorius.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

3. Fromposteiordivision:-Saphenousnerve,nervesupplyto
quadricepsfemoris(rectusfemoris,vastusmedialis,vastuslateralis,
vastusintermedius).
4. Articularsupply:-Hipjointissuppliedbynervetorectusfemoris;
kneejointissuppliedbynervetothreevasti.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

---

28.Superiorglutealnervedoesnotsupply?
a)Tensorfasciaelatae
b)Gluteusmedius
c)Gluteusminimus
d)Gluteusmaximus

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Gluteusmaximus
Nervesupplyingmusclesofglutealregionare:-
Inferiorglutealnerve:Gluteusmaximus.
Superiorglutealnerve:Gluteusmediusandminimus.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Nervetopiriformis:Piriformis
Nervetoobturatorinternus:Obturatorinternus,Gemellussuperior.
Nervetoquadratusfemoris:Quadratusfemoris,Gemellusinferior.
Tensorfascialataeissuppliedbysuperiorglutealnerve.

---

29.Whatistrueaboutadductorsofthigh?

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Ischialheadofadductormagnusisanadductor
b)Profundafemorisarteryisthemainbloodsupply
c)Ischialheadofadductormagnusoriginatesfromadductor
tubercle
d)Adductormagnusisthelargestmuscle

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Adductormagnusisthelargestmuscle
Ischialheadofadductormagnusisahamstringmuscle(not
adductor).
Ischialheadofadductormagnusoriginatesfrominferolateralaspect

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

ofIschialtuberosity(notfromadductortubercle).
Mainarteryofadductor(medial)compartmentofthighisobturator
artery(notprofundafemoris).
Adductormagnusisthelargestmuscleoftheadductor
compartment.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

30.

---

Anerveinjuredinradicalneckdissection
leadstolossofsensationinmedialsideof
thearm,nerveinjuredis?
a)Longthoracicnerve

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Thoracodorsalnerve
c)Dorsalscapularnerve
d)Medialcutaneousnerveofarm
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.Medialcutaneousnerveofarm

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Themedialcutaneousnerveofthearmisthesmallestandmost
medialbranchofhebrachialplexus,andarisesfromthemedial
cord.
Itpiercesthedeepfasciaatthemidpointoftheupperarmtosupply
theskinoverthemedialaspectofthedistalthirdoftheupperarm.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

---

31.Secondaryossificationcenterforlower
endoffemur?
a)Presentatbirth
b)Appearsat6monthsofage
c)Appearsat1yearofage

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Appearsat5yearsofage
CorrectAnswer-A
Secondarycenteroflowerendoffemurappearsat9thmonthof
intrauterinelife(presentatbirth).
Ossificationoffemur

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Thefemurossifiesfromoneprimaryandfoursecondarycentres.
Theprimarycentrefortheshaftappearsintheseventhweekof
intrauterinelife.Thesecondarycentresappear,oneforthelower
endattheendoftheninthmonthofintrauterinelife,oneforthe
headduringthefirstsixmonthsoflife,oneforthegreatertrochanter

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

duringthefourthyear,andoneforthelessertrochanterduringthe
twelfthyear.
Therearethreeepiphysesattheupperendandoneepiphysisatthe
lowerend.Theupperepiphyses;lessertrochanter,greater
trochanterandhead,inthatorder,fusewiththeshaftatabout

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

eighteenyears.Thelowerepiphysisfusesbythetwentiethyear.

---

32.Whichofthefollowingprevents
hyperextensionofthigh
a)Ischiofemoralligament
b)Iliofemoralligament

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Patellofemoralligament
d)Puboischialligament
CorrectAnswer-B
B.i.e.Iliofemoralligament
Hipextensionislimitedbytheiliofemoralligament,whichpasses

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

overthefrontofthehipjointandconnectstheilium(hipbone)tothe
femur(thighbone).
Thisligamentelongateswhenthepelvisistiltedbackwards,
restrictingthedistancethejointcanbeextended.
Theiliofemoralligamentalsolimitsexternal(outward)rotationofthe

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

hipjointwhenflexed,anditrestrainsbothinternal(inward)and
externalrotationwhenthejointisextended

---

33.Lowerlimitofsuperiormediastinumisat
whichlevel-
a)Ti

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)T1
c)T8
d)T10
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,T1[Ref.BDC&/evol.lp.245]

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Mediastinumisintrapleuralspaceboundedoneithersideby
mediastinalpleura,anteriorlybysternumandposteriorlyby
thoracicvertebralcolumn.
Itisdividedintosuperiorandinferiormediastinumbyaline
passingthroughsternalangleandlowerborderofTnvertebra.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

34.Azygousveindrainsinto:
a)Rightsubcostalvein
b)Superiorvenacava
c)Braciocephalic
d)Rightascendinglumbarvein

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Theoriginoftheazygosveinisvariable.Itisoftenformedbythe
unionoftherightascendinglumbarveinandtherightsubcostal
vein.
Itascendsthroughtheaorticopeninginthediaphragmontheright

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

sideoftheaortatothelevelofthefifththoracicvertebra.
Hereitarchesforwardabovetherootoftherightlungtoemptyinto
theposteriorsurfaceofthesuperiorvenacava.Theazygosveinhas
numeroustributaries,includingthefifthtoeleventhrightposterior
intercostalveins,therightsuperiorintercostalvein,thehemiazygos

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

andtheaccessoryhemiazygosveins,andnumerousesophageal,
mediastinalandpericardialveins.

---

35.Archofaortabeginsandendsatwhich
level:
a)T2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)T3
c)T4
d)T5
CorrectAnswer-C
Thearchoftheaorta(TransverseAorta)beginsatthelevelofthe

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

upperborderofthesecondsternocostalarticulationoftherightside,
andrunsatfirstupward,backward,andtotheleftinfrontofthe
trachea;itisthendirectedbackwardontheleftsideofthetrachea
andfinallypassesdownwardontheleftsideofthebodyofthefourth
thoracicvertebra,atthelowerborderofwhichitbecomes

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

continuouswiththedescendingaorta.

---

36.WhichamongthefollowingisNOTabranchofArchofAorta?
a)Brachiocephalic
b)Rightcommoncarotid
c)Leftcommoncarotid

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)LeftSubclavian
CorrectAnswer-B
Thearchoftheaortabeginsattheleveloftheupperborderofthesecondsternocostal
articulationoftherightside.Thebranchesgivenofffromthearchoftheaortaarethreein
number:thebrachiocephalicartery(innominate),theleftcommoncarotid,andtheleft

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

subclavian.
BrachiocephalicArteryisthelargestbranchofthearchoftheaorta.Itdividesintotheright
commoncarotidandrightsubclavianarteries.

---

37.Whichofthefollowingrepresentthecommonestvariationinthearteries
arisingfromthearchofaorta?

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Absenceofbrachiocephalictrunk
b)Leftvertebralarteryarisingfromthearch
c)Presenceofretroesophagealsubclavianartery
d)Leftcommoncarotidarteryarisingfrombrachiocephalictrunk
CorrectAnswer-D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Mostcommonanomalyoftheaorticarchseenin10-20%individualsischaracterizedbythe
originoftheleftcommoncarotidarteryfromthebrachiocephalic(innominate)trunk.
Othercommonanomaliesinclude:Afourvesselarchwithseparateoriginsfortheright
commoncarotidandrightsubclavianarteries(2.5%),Originoftheleftvertebralartery
directlyfromafourvesselaorticarchtypicallybetweentheostiaoftheleftcommoncarotid

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

andsubclavianarteries(2.4-5.8%).

---

38.Intercostalnerveisabranchof?
a)Brachialplexus
b)Dorsalramiofthoracicspinalnerves
c)Ventralramiofthoracicspinalnerves

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Ventralramiofcervicalspinalnerves
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Ventralramiofthoracicspinalnerves
Ventralramiofupper11ththoracicspinalnervesareknownas
intercostalnervesandventralramusofT12isknownassubcostal

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

nerve.
Uppersixintercostalnervessupplythoracicwallwhereaslowerfive
intercostalnervesandsubcostalnervesupplythoracicandanterior
abdominalwallsandhenceknownasthoracoabdominalnerves.
Uppertwointercostalnervesalsosupplytheupperlimb.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Thusonly3rdto6tharecalledtypicalintercostalnerves.

---

39.Distanceofcricopharynxfromincisor
teeth
a)15cm
b)22.5cm

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

c)27.5cm
d)40cm
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,15cm[Ref-BDCSn/eVol.lp.269]
Cricopharynxisatthelevelofpharyngo-esophagealjunctioni.e.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

beginningofesophagus.Itsdistanceis15cm(6inches)from
incisor.
Cardiacendislowerendofesophaguswhichisat40cmfrom
incisors.

---

40.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

---

Anteriorpartofinterventricularseptumis
suppliedby-
a)Rightcoronaryartery
b)Leftcoronaryartery
c)Posteriordescendingcoronaryartery

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

d)None
CorrectAnswer-B
Anterior2/3rdofseptumissuppliedbyLCAandposterior1/3rdisby
RCA

---

41.Allveinsopeninsinusvenarumexcept-

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)SVC
b)Coronarysinus
c)Anteriorcardiacvein
d)Smallcardiacvein
CorrectAnswer-D

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'd'i.e.,Smallcardiacvein[Ref:Gray's38e/ep.14791
Smallcardiacveindoesnotopenintosinusvenarum
(Posteriorsmoothpartofrightatrium).

---

42.Trueaboutatrioventriculargrooveareall
except?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Containsleftanteriordescendingcoronaryartery
b)Alsocalledcoronarysulcus
c)Containsrightcoronaryartery
d)Containscircumflexbranchofleftcoronaryartery
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'a'i.e.,Containsleftanteriordescendingcoronaryartery
Grooves(sulci)ofheart
A)Atrioventriculargroove
AtriaareseparatedbyventriclesbyatrioventricularSulcus
(atrioventriculargroove,alsocalledcoronarysulcus).

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Itisdividedintoanteriorandposteriorparts.Therighthalfofanterior
partislargeandlodgesrightcoronaryartery.Lefthalfofanterior
partissmallandlodgescircumflexbranchofleftcoronaryartery.
B)Interventriculargrooves
Rightandleftventriclesareseparatedbyinterventriculargrooves.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Anteriorinterventriculargrooveisnearertoleftmarginofheartand
containsanteriorinterventricularartery(alsocalledleftanterior
descendingartery).
Posteriorinterventriculargrooveissituatedondiaphragmatic
(inferior)surface.Itcontainsposteriorinterventricularartery

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

(continuationofRCA).

---

43.Whichveinisfoundattheapexofthe
heart?
a)Greatcardiacvein
b)CoronarySinus

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Anteriorcardiacvein
d)Middlecardiacvein
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Greatcardiacvein
[RelBDC4n/eVoI.Ip.251-252;KeithMoore4e/ep.136-137;

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Snell's9/ep.1211
GreatCardiacVein:
Thegreatcardiacvein(leftcoronaryvein)beginsattheapexof
heartandascendsalongtheanteriorlongitudinalsulcustothebase
ofventricle.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

44.Whichofthefollowingdoesnotdirectly
drainintorightatrium?
a)Greatcardiacvein
b)Anteriorcardiacvein
c)Thebasianvein

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Venaecordisminimi
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.(A)Greatcardiacvein
Greatcardiacveindoesnotdirectlydrainintorightatrium.Itdrains
intocoronarysinus,whichinturndrainsintorightatrium.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Veinousdrainageofheart
Coronarysinus:Opensintorightatriumandhasfollowingtributaries
:(i)Greatcardiacvein,(ii)Middlecardiacvein,(iii)Posteriorveinof
leftventricle,(iv)Smallcardiacvein,(v)Obliqueveinofleftatrium
and(vi)Sometimesrightmarginalvein.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Anteriorcardiacvein:Opensintorightatrium.
Venaecardisminimi(thebasianveins):Alltheseareextremely
smallveinsinthewallsofallthe4chambersoftheheart.Theyopen
directlyintotherespectivechambers.They'remostnumerousinthe
rightatrium.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Rightmarginalvein:Moreoftenopensintorightatriumbut
sometimesintocoronarysinus.

---

45.Tributaryofcoronarysinus?
a)Anteriorcardiacvein
b)Thebesionvein

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Smallestcardiacvein
d)Greatcardiacvein
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.(D)Greatcardiacvein
Coronarysinus

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Itopensintheposteriorwallofrightatrium,intheposteriorpartof
coronarysulcus.
ItopensintherightatriumbetweenIVCandtricuspidorifices.
CoronarysinusisguardedbyThebesianvalve(Thebesianvalve
(incompletesemilunarvalve)guardstheorificeofcoronarysinus.)

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Tributariesofcoronarysinusare:
Greatcardiacvein:-Liesintheanteriorinterventriculargroove.Left
marginalveindrainsintoit.
Middlecardiacvein:-Liesintheposteriorinterventriculargroove.
Posteriorveinofleftventricle.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Smallcardiacvein:-Itliesintheposteriorpartofcoronarysulcus
withRCA.Rightmarginnalveinmaysometimesopenintosmall
cardiacvein,moreoften,however,rightmarginalveinopens
directlyintorightatrium.
Obliqueveinofleftatrium(veinofmarshall):-Itiscontinuousabove

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

withligamentofIVC.Thesetwostructuresareembryological
remnantsofleftcommoncardinalvein(ductofcuvier).

---

46.Whicharesegmentsofupperlobeofright
lung?
a)Anterior,posterior,media

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Lateral,medial,superior
c)Apical,anterior,posterior
d)Basal,medial,lateral
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Apical,anterior,posterior

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

47.Whatistheuppermoststructureinleft
lunghilum?
a)Pulmonaryartery
b)Pulmonaryvein
c)Bronchialartery

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Leftmainstembronchus
CorrectAnswer-A
Ai.e.,Pulmonaryartery
Arrangementofstructuresinthehilumisasfollows-
l.Anteriortoposterior(sameonbothside):-(i)Superior

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

pulmonary(ii)Pulmonaryartery,(iii)Bronchus
2.Superiortoinferior-vein,
a)Right:-(i)Eparterialbronchus(superiormost)'(ii)Pulmonary
artery,iii)Hlparterialbronchus,iv)Inferiorpulmonaryvein(inferior
most).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)Left:-(i)Puhnonaryartery(superiormost),(ii)Primary/Principal
bronchus(iii)Inferiorpulmonaryvein(inferiormost)

---

48.Lymphaticdrainageofovary?
a)Deepinguinal
b)Superficialinguinal

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Obturator
d)Paraaortic
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Para-aortic
Lymphaticsoftheovarydraintopara-aorticnodesalongsidethe

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

originoftheovarianartery(L2).

---

49.Whichstructuredoesnotpassthrough
superiorthoracicaperture-
a)Rightvagus
b)Rightbrachiocephalicartery

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Thoracicduct
d)Rightrecurrentlaryngealnerve
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans-Ans.is'd'i.e.,Rightrecurrentlaryngealnerve[Ref-
BDC6h/eVol.lp.192]

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Thoracicinlet(superioraperture)
Thenarrowupperendofthethorax,whichiscontinuouswith
theneckiscalledtheinletofthethorax'
Thestructurepassingthroughtheinletare:-l.Vkcera:-
Trachea,esophagus,apexoflungwithpleura,remainsofthe

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

thymus,thoracicduct.

---

50.Ligamentumarteriosumisderivedfrom:
a)Ductusarteriosus
b)Ductusvenosus
c)Ductusutriculosaccularis

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Ductusreunions
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A:Ductusarteriosus
Theductusarteriosusrepresentsthedistalportionofthesixthleft
aorticarchandconnectstheleftpulmonaryarterytothebeginning

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

ofthedescendingaorta.
Duringfetallife,bloodpassesthroughitfromthepulmonaryarteryto
theaorta,thusbypassingthelungs.
Afterbirth,itnormallyconstricts,latercloses,andbecomesthe
ligamentumarteriosum.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Apersistentpatentductusarteriosusresultsinhigh-pressureaortic
bloodpassingintothepulmonaryartery,whichraisesthepressure
inthepulmonarycirculation.
Apatentductusarteriosusislifethreateningandshouldbeligated
anddividedsurgically.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

51.Baseoftheheartisformedby?
a)Rightatrium
b)Rightventricle
c)Leftatrium
d)Leftventricle

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is`c>a'i.e.,Leftatrium>Rightatrium
Base(posteriorsurface)isformedmainlybyleftatriumandpartlyby
rightatrium.ItisseparatedfromT5toT8vertebraebypericardium
Theapex(themostinferior,anterior,andlateralpartas

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

theheartliesinsitu)islocatedonthemidclavicularline,inthefifth
intercostalspace.Itisformedbytheleftventricle.
Anterior(sternocostal)surfaceisformedmostlybyrightventricle
(major)andrightauricleandpartlybyleftventricleandleftauricle.

---

52.Rightborderofheartisformedby?

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Rightventricle
b)Rightatrium
c)SVC
d)IVC
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.(B)Rightatrium
Externalfeaturesofheart
Thehearthasfollowingbordersandsurfaces:-
A)Borders
Rightborder:-Formedbyrightatrium.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Leftborder(obtusemargin):-Formedmainlybyleftventricleand
partlybyleftauricle(initsuppermostpart).
Inferiorborder(acutemargin):-Formedmainlybyrightventricleand
partlybyleftventriclenearapex.
Upperborder:-Mainlybyleftatriumandpartlybyrightatriumwhere

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

SVCenters.
Apex:-Formedbyleftventricle.
B)Surfaces
Anterior(sternocostal)surface:-Formedmostlybyrightventricle
(major)andrightauricleandpartlybyleftventricleandleftauricle.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Inferior(diaphragmatic)surface:-Itisformedbyleftventricle(left
2/3)andrightventricle(right1/3).Itistraversedbyposterior
interventriculargroove(PIV)containingPIVbranchofRCA.

---

53.Trueaboutanatomyofrightventricle:
a)TV&PVSharefibrouscontinuity

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Moreprominenttrabeculation
c)CristasupraventricularisSeparateTricuspidvalve&Pulmonary
valveandApextrabeculatedboth
d)All
CorrectAnswer-D

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

AllCorrect
RightventricleissituatedanteriorlyQ.Astheanterior(sternocostal)
surfaceofheartconsistsmainlyofrightventricleQwithrightatrium
onitsrightandanarrowstripofleftventricleleftborder.Thetipof
leftauricularappendagepeepsoverthetoofthisborder.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

---

54.Sensorysupplytotongueisbyall,EXCEPT?
a)Lingualnerve
b)Vagusnerve
c)Glossopharyngealnerve
d)Noneoftheabove

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-D
Thesensoryinnervationofthetonguereflectsitsembryologicaldevelopment.
Thenerveofgeneralsensationtothepresulcalpartisthelingualnerve,whichalsocarries
tastesensationderivedfromthechordatympanibranchofthefacialnerve.
Thenervesupplyingbothgeneralandtastesensationtothepostsulcalpartisthe

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

glossopharyngealnerve.
Anadditionalareaintheregionofthevalleculaeissuppliedbytheinternallaryngealbranch
ofthevagusnerve.

---

55.

---

Internalanalsphincterisaapartof:

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Puborectalismuscle
b)Deepperinealmuscles
c)Internallongitudinalfibers
d)Internalcircularfibers
CorrectAnswer-D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

D.i.e.Internalcircularfibres
Involuantryinternalanalsphincterisformedbythickeningofcircular
musclelayer(i.e.circularlayerofmuscularisexterna,asmooth
muscle)ofupperend(2/3or3/4)ofanalcanal.Thissphincter
remainsinthestateoftoniccontractionmostofthetimetomaintain

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

restingtoneorpressures(-90cmH20)&topreventleakageoffluid
orflatus.Itscontraction(tonus)ismaintainedbysympatheticfibers
fromsuperiorrectal(periarterial)andhypogastricplexuses;and
inhibited(i.e.sphincterrelaxed)byparasympatheticpelvic
splanchnicnerves.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

---

56.

---

Shortestpartofmaleurethrais:
a)Prostatic
b)Membranous
c)Bulbar

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Penile
CorrectAnswer-B
Bi.e.Membranous
-Membranousurethraisshortest&Penileurethraislongestpart.
Prostaticurethraiswidest&mostdilatableportion&Urethralorifice

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

f/19membranousurethraisnarrowest&leastdilatablepart

---

57.Posteriorrelationofneckofpancreas?
a)IVC
b)Originofpostalvein
c)Aorta

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Commonbileduct
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Originofportalvein

---

58.Therightsuprarenalveindrainsintothe
a)Inferiorvenacava

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)Rightrenalvein
c)RightGonadalvein
d)LeftRenalvein
CorrectAnswer-A
Ai.e.Inferiorvenacava

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Lefttesticular,ovarianorsuprarenalveinusuallydrainsintoleft
renalvein,beforeenteringtheIVC
Vein Draininto
Organ
Rt.Suprarenalgland

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Rt.Suprarenalvein IVC
Lt.Suprarenalgland
Lt.Suprarenalvein LeftRenalVein
Sameistrueforgonads(testis/ovary)i.e.
Lt.Gonad(testisor Lt.Gonadal(testicular Leftrenalvein

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

ovary) orovarian)vein
Rt.Gonad(testisor Rt.Gonadal(testicular IVC
ovary) orovarian)
vein

---

59.Suprarenalglandgetsitsbloodsupply

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

fromallofthefollowingarteriesexcept:
a)Aorta
b)Renalartery
c)Inferiorphrenicartery
d)Superiormesentricartery

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-D
D.i.e.SuperiorMesentericartery
RightsuprarenalveindrainintoIVC;andleftsuprarenalveindrain
intoleftRenalveinSuprarenalglandissuppliedbysuprarenal,
renal,inferiorphrenicarteryandaorta

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

60.Inferiorpancreaticoduodenalarteryisabranchofwhichofthefollowing
artery?
a)Splenicartery
b)Leftgastricartery
c)Gastroduodenalartery

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Superiormesentericartery
CorrectAnswer-D
Inferiorpancreaticoduodenalarteryisabranchofsuperiormesentericartery.Itsuppliesthe
pancreasandadjoiningpartoftheduodenum.Itsanteriorandposteriorbranches
anastomosewiththebranchesofsuperiorpancreaticoduodenalartery.Thisanastomosisis

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

theonlycommunicationbetweenthearteriesofforegutandmidgut.
Branchesofsuperiormesentericarteryare:
Inferiorpancreaticoduodenalartery
Jejunalandilealbranches
Ileocolicartery

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Rightcolicartery
Middlecolicartery

---

61.Superiorpancreaticoduodenalarteryisa
branchof?
a)Hepaticartery

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Splenicartery
c)Gastroduodenalartery
d)Inferiormesentericartery
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Gastroduodenalartery

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Gastroduodenalarterygivesfollowingbranches:-
1. Rightgastroepiploicartery
2. Superiorpancreaticoduodenalartery

---

62.Allofthefollowingarebranchesofsplenicartery,except?
a)Hilarbranches

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)ShortGastricArtery
c)ArteriaPancreaticaMagna
d)RightGastroepiploicArtery
CorrectAnswer-D
RightGastroepiploicarteryisabranchofsuperiormesentricartery,abranchofhepatic

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

artery.TheleftGastroepiploicarteryisabranchofsplenicarterywhichanastomoseswith
therightGastroepiploicartery.

---

63.Commonhepaticarteryisabranchof-
a)Splenicartery
b)Superiormesentericartery

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Inferiormesentericartery
d)Coeliactrunk
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Coeliactrunk[RefBDC6h/eVoI.2p.2761
Commonhepaticarteryisabranchofcoeliactrunk.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

64.Esophagealvaricesoccurinwhich
portionofesophagus?
a)Upper
b)Middle
c)Lower

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Allsites
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Lower[Ref:AKDuttaP.275,2761
Esophagealvaricesoccursatlowerendofesophagusdueto
porto-cavalanastomosis.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

65.Externalobliqueformsallexcept?
a)Lacunarligament
b)Pectinealligament
c)Conjointtendon
d)Inguinalligament

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-C
Inguinalligament(Poupart'sligament)isthefoldedlowerborderof
externalobliqueaponeurosis
Lacunarligament(Gimbernatsligament)isthecrescentshaped
expansionfromthemedialendofinguinalligamentattachedto

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

pectineallineofpubis.
Pectinealligament(Cooper'sligament)isstrongfibrousband
extendinglaterallyfromthelacunarligamentalongpectineallineof
pubis.Similartolacunarligament,itismadeofexternaloblique
aponeurosis.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Reflectedpartofinguinalligamentextendsfromthelateralcrusof
superficialinguinalringformedbyinguinalligamentupwardstolinea
alba.Itformstheposteriorwallofinguinalcanal.
Conjointtendon(falxinguinalis)isformedbytheaponeurosesof
internalobliqueandtransversusabdominismuscleandisattached

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

topubiccrest.

---

66.Inferiorepigastricarteryformsthe
boundryof?
a)Femoraltriangle
b)Hesselbach'striangle

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Adductorcanal
d)Poplitealtriangle
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Hesselbach'striangle
Theinguinaltriangle(Hesselbach'striangle)isaregioninthe

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

anteriorabdominalwall.Itisalternativelyknownasthemedial
inguinalfossa.
ItwasfirstdescribedbyFrankHesselbach,aGermansurgeonand
anatomist,in1806.
Theinguinaltriangleislocatedwithintheinferomedialaspectofthe

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

abdominalwall.Ithasthefollowingboundaries:
Medial?lateralborderoftherectusabdominismuscle.
Lateral?inferiorepigastricvessels.
Inferior?inguinalligament.

---

67.Theboundariesoftheinterconnectionbetweengreatersacandlessersacof

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

peritoneumknownas'ForamenofWinslow'areall,EXCEPT:
a)Caudatelobeofliver
b)Inferiorvenacava
c)Freeborderoflesseromentum
d)4thpartofDuodenum

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-D
InterconnectionbetweengreatersacandlessersacofperitoneumisknownasForamenof
Winslow.Ithasthefollowingboundaries:
Superiorboundary:Caudatelobeofliver
Anteriorboundary:Freeedgeoflesseromentumcontainingcommonbileduct,hepatic

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

arteryandportalvein.
Inferiorboundary:Firstpartofduodenum
Posteriorboundary:Inferiorvenacavaandabdominalaorta

---

68.Anorectalangleisformedduetoactionof
-

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Internalanalsphincter
b)Circularmusclelayerofsmoothmuscles
c)Longitudinalmusclelayerofsmoothmuscle
d)Puborectalis
CorrectAnswer-D

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'd'i.e.,Puborectalis
Theano-rectalangle(ARA)istheanglebetweenlongitudinal
axisofrectum(whichisrepresentedbyposteriorrectalline)and
longitudinalaxisofanalcanal.
Thenormalaveragevalueis95-96"(physiologicalrange65-

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

100').
ARAisanindirectindicatorofthepuborectalismuscleactivity.
Duringmusclecontraction,ARAbecomesmoreacute,while
duringrelaxingphaseitbecomesobtuse.

---

69.Prostateanalogueinfemaleis-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Skenegland
b)Bulbourethralgland
c)Greatvestibulargland
d)Bartholin'sgland
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'a'i.e.,SkeneglandlRef:Clinicalanatomyp.421]
Prostateanologinfemal>Skeneglands(Periurethral
glands).
Uterusandvaginaanaloginmale>Prostaticutricle.

---

70.Theuterinearteryisabranchofwhichofthefollowing?

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Leftcommoniliacartery
b)Internaliliacartery
c)Internalpudendalartery
d)Ovarianartery
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Uterinearteriesarisefrominternaliliacarteryorhypogastricartery.
Itrunsdownwardsandforwardsalongthelateralpelvicwalluntilthebaseofthebroad
ligament.
Note:Duringpregnancytheuterinearterieshypertrophyandtheircourseisstraightened.
Ref:CompTextbookofObstetricsandGynecology,SadhanaGupta,2011,Page18

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

71.

---

Allaretrueabout1stpartofduodenum,
except?
a)5cmlong
b)Issuperiorpart

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Developsfromforegut
d)Suppliedbysuperiormesentericartery
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Suppliedbysuperiormesentericartery
Duodenum

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Duodenumis'C'shaped,shortest,widestandmostfixedpartof
smallintestine.Itis25cmlong.Itisdevoidofmesentery.Mostof
theduodenumisretroperitonealandfixed,exceptatitstwoends
whereitissuspendedbyfoldsofperitoneum,andistherefore
mobile.DuodenumliesoppositeLl,L2andL3vertebrae.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

DuodenumisC-shapedcurvewhichenclosestheheadofpancreas
andissubdividedintofourparts:
1.Firstpart(Superiorpart):Itis5cm(2inches)long.Itbeginsat
thepylorusandmeetthesecondpartatsuperiorduodenalflexure.
Thispartappearsasduodenalcaponbariumstudies.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

2.Secondpart(Descendingpart):Itisabout7.5cm(3inches)long.
Itisverticalpartwhichbeginsatsuperiorduodenalflexureandmeet
thethirdpartatinferiorduodenalflexure.Theinteriorofsecondpart
ofduodenumshowsfollowingfeatures:
i)Majorduodenalpapilla:Itispresent8-10cmdistaltothepylorus.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

ThehepatopancreaticampullaorampullaofVater(jointpartofbile
ductandpancreaticduct)openshere.
ii)Minorduodenalpapilla:Itispresent6-8cmdistaltothepylorus.
Accessorypancreaticductopenshere.

---

3.Thirdpart(Horizonalpart):Itis10cm(4inches)long.Itbeginsat

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

inferiorduodenalflexureandpassestowardstheleftinfrontofIVC
behindsuperiormesentericvesselsandrootofmesenterytomeet
4thpartofduodenum.
Fourthpart:Itis2-5cm(1inches)longandrunsupward
immediatelytotheleftofaorta.Itendsatduodenojejunalflexureby

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

joiningthejejunum.
Arterialsupply
Thepartofduodenumbeforetheopeningofbileduct(major
duodenalpapilla)developsfromforegutandthereforeissuppliedby
coeliactrunkthroughsuperiorpancreaticoduodenalartery,abranch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ofgastroduodenalartery,whichintrunisabranchofcommon
hepaticartery.Partofduodenumdistaltoopeningofbileductis
developedfrommidgutandthereforeissuppliedbysuperior
mesentericarterythroughinferiorpancreaticoduodenalartery.First
partofduodenumreceivesadditionalsupplyfromrightgastricartery,

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

supraduodenalartery(abranchofcommonhapaticartery),
retroduodenalbranchofgastrodudenalarteryandrightgastropiploic
artery.

---

72.Ventralpancreaticductgiveriseto?
a)Body

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Tail
c)Neck
d)Uncinateprocess
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Uncinateprocess

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Developmentofpancreas
Pancreasisdevelopedfromthetwopancreaticbuds.
1. Dorsalpancreaticbud:-Itislargerandmostofthepancreasis
derivedfromiti.e.mostofthehead,andwholeneck,body&tail.
2. Ventralpancreaticbud:-Itissmallerandformslowerpartofthe

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

headofpancreasincludinguncinateprocess.
During7thweekofdevelopment,theventralanddorsalpancreatic
budsfusetoformasinglepancreaticmass.
Afterthefusionofventralanddorsalpancreaticbuds,theirducts
developcrosscommunications.Finalductsystemisformedas

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

below?
1. Mainpancreaticduct(Ductofwirsung)isformedbytheductof
ventralbud,distalpartofductofdorsalbudandanoblique
communicationbetweenthetwo.Themainpancreaticductjointhe
bileducttoformhepatopancreaticampullathatentersth2ndpartof

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

duodenumatmajorduodenalpapilla.
2. Accessorypancreaticductisformedbytheproximalpartoftheduct
ofdorsalbud.Itopensinto2ndpartofduodenumatminorduodenal
papilla,2cmproximal(cranial)tomajorduodenalpapilla.
Anomaliesofpancreaticdevelopmentmaybe:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Annularpancreas:-Twocomponentsoftheventralbudfailtofuse

---

andgrowinoppsitedirectionarroundtheduodenumandmeetthe
dorsalpancreaticduct.
2. Pancreaticdivisum(dividedpancreas):-Ventralanddorsalbudsfail
tofusewitheachother.Itisthemostcommoncongenitalanomalyof

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

pancreas.
3. Inversionofpancreaticduct:-Themainpancreaticductisformedby
theductofdorsalbud,i.e.accessoryductislargerthanthemain
ductandthemaindrainageofpancreasisthroughtheminor
duodenalpapilla.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Accessorypancreatictissue:-Maybefoundin?
Wallofstomach,duodenum,jejunumorileum.
Meckel'sdiverticulum.

---

73.Tailofpancreasedevelopsfrom-
a)Hepaticdiverticulum

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Dorsalpancreaticduct
c)Ventralpancreaticduct
d)Alloftheabove
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Dorsalpancreaticduct[RefI.B.SinghVh/ep.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

28]

---

74.Haustrationsarepresentin-
a)Duodenum
b)Ileum
c)Jejunum

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Colon
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Colon[RelBDC#/eVol.2p.2661
1. Characteristicsfeaturesoflargeintestine(colon)are:-i)
3longitudinalbands,formedbylongitudinalmusclecoat,called

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Taeniaecoli.
2. Sacculationorhaustration
3. Fatfilledperitonealpouchescalledappendicesepiploicae.
Thesearenotfoundinappendix,caecumandrectum.
4. Greaterpartisfixedexceptforappendix,transversecolonand

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

sigmoidcolon.
5. Pyere'spatches(presentinsmallintestine)arenotpresent.

---

75.Themusclesattachedtoperinealbodyare
A/E
a)Ischiocavernosum

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Bulbospongiosm
c)Superficialtransverseperinea
d)Deeptransverseperinea
CorrectAnswer-A
A.i.e.Ischiocavernosus

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Tenmusclesoftheperineumconvergeandinterlaceintheperineal
body-
a)Twounpaired:(i)Externalanalsphincter,(ii)Fibresof
longitudinalmusclecoatofanalcanal.
b)Fourpaired:-(i)Bulbospongiosus,(ii)Superficialtransverse

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

perenei,(iii)Deeptransversusperenei,(iv)levatorani,
Infemales,sphincterurethrovaginalisisalsoattachedhere.

---

76.Trigoneofurinarybladderdevelopsfrom:
a)Mesoderm
b)Ectoderm

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Endodermofurachus
d)Noneoftheabove
CorrectAnswer-A
Withdifferentialgrowthofthedorsalbladderwall,theureterscome
toopenthroughthelateralanglesofthebladder,andthe

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

mesonephricductsopenclosetogetherinwhatwillbetheurethra.
Thatpartofthedorsalbladderwallmarkedoffbytheopeningsof
thesefourductsformsthetrigoneofthebladder.
Thus,liningofthebladderoverthetrigoneismesodermalinorigin;
Thesmoothmuscleofthebladderwallisderivedfromthe

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

splanchnopleuricmesoderm.
Theapexofthebladderiscontinuouswiththeallantois,whichnow
becomesobliteratedandformsafibrouscore,theurachus.
Theurachuspersiststhroughoutlifeasaligamentthatrunsfromthe
apexofthebladdertotheumbilicusandiscalledthemedian

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

umbilicalligament
oLininingepitheliumofbladdermucosaistransitionalepithelium.
Whenemptymucosaisthrownintorugaeexceptintrigone,where
mucosaissmoothandfirmlyadherent.
ojustbeneaththemucosaoftrigonethereislayerofsmooth

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

muscle,TrtgonalmuscleofBellwhichreplacesthesubmucouscoat
intrigonearea

---

77.

---

Anteriorrelationtoupperpartofrectumin
maleis-

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Rectovesicalpouch
b)Sacrum
c)Seminalvesicle
d)Ductusdeference
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-is'a'i.e.,RectovesicalpouchlRef;BDCPleVol.2p.
408}
AnteriorlyInmales
Theuppertwo-thirdsoftherectumisrelatedtothe
rectovesicalpouchwithcoilsofintestineandsigmoidcolon.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Thelowerone-thirdoftherectumisrelatedtothebaseofthe
urinarybladder,theterminalpartsoftheureters,theseminal
vesicles,thedifferentductsandtheprostate.

---

78.FALSEforseminalvesicles:
September2012

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Containslargeamountoffructose
b)Storessperms
c)Situatedoneithersidenearprostate
d)Secretionofseminalvesiclegivesmucoidconsistencyto
semen

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.Bi.e.Storessperms
Spermsarestoredinepididymis

---

79.Sensorynervesupplyofgallbladderis
through-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Vagusnerve
b)Trigeminalnerve
c)Parasympatheticnerve
d)Facialnerve
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'a'i.e.,Vagusnerve[RelBDC&/eVol.3p.2901
PainsensoryfiberstogallbladderarethroughVagus,
synpatheticandphrmicnerves.Thusgallbladderpainmaybe
referredto-a)Throughvagustothestomach(epigastrium).
Throughthesympatheticnervestotheinferiorangleoftheright

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

scapula.Lateralhornofthoracic7segmentofspinalcordgives
sympatheticfibrestocoeliacganglionthroughgreater
splanchnicnerve.T7segmentreceivespainfibresfromskin
overinferiorangleofscapula.Sovisceralpainisreferredto
somaticarea.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Throughthephrenicnervetotherightshoulder(C4gives
fibrestophrenicnerveandsupraclavicularnerves).

---

80.Uvulavesicaeseeninbladderisformedfromthefollowingstructure?
a)Medianlobeofprostate
b)Laterallobeofprostate

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Anteriorlobeofprostate
d)Posteriorlobeofprostate
CorrectAnswer-A
Uvulavesicaeisasmallelevationsituatedimmediatelybehindtheurethralorifice,whichis
producedbytheunderlyingmedianlobeoftheprostate.Itenlargeswithagedueto

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

enlargementoftheunderlyingmedianlobeoftheprostateandmayinhibitcompletebladder
emptying.

---

81.Ligamentwhichpreventsspleentofallin
leftiliacfossa-
a)Leinorenalligament

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Phrenicolicligament
c)Upperpoleofrightkidney
d)Sigmoidcolon
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-'b'i.e.,Phrenicolicligament[Ref:Gruy's4Uh/ep.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

1107,1108,12141
Spleenliesinleftsideofabdomen(lefthypochondrium).
Butenlargmentofspleen(splenomegaly)doesnotcause
extensionintoleftiliacfossa.
Apathologicallyenlargedspleenextendsdownwardand

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

mediallytowardsrightiliacfossabecauseprenicocolicligament
andleftcolicflexurepreventadirectdownwardenlargement.

---

82.FloorofPetittriangleisformedby?
a)Sacrospinalis
b)Internaloblique

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Rectusabdominis
d)FasciaTransversalis
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Internaloblique[RefTextbookofsurgical
anatomyp.148]

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

BoundariesofPetittriangle(inferiorlumbartriangle)are?
Base-Iliaccrest
Anteriorboundary(abdominalboundary)Posteriorborderof
externalobliquemuscle.
Posteriorboundary(lumbarboundary)-Anteriorborderoflatissimus

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

dorsi.
Floorisformedbyinternalobliquemuscle.

---

83.Inwhichofthefollowingvessels
transversemesocolonseen?
a)Rightcolicartery

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Leftcolicartery
c)Middlecolicartery
d)Iliocolicartery
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Middlecolicartery

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Mesenteryofgut
Vesselscontainedbymesentery
Mesenteryproper(Mesentery JejunalandIlealbranchesof
ofsmallintestine)
superiormesentericvessels

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Transversemesocolon
Middlecolicvessel
Mesoappendix
Appendicularvessels
Sigmoidmesocolon

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Sigmoidvessels

---

84.Ovarianarteryisabranchof:
a)Renalartery
b)Internaliliacartery
c)Abdominalpartoftheaorta

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Externaliliacartery
CorrectAnswer-C
Theovarianarteryarisesfromtheabdominalpartoftheaortaatthe
levelofthefirstlumbarvertebra.Thearteryislongandslenderand
passesdownwardandlaterallybehindtheperitoneum.Itcrossesthe

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

externaliliacarteryatthepelvicinletandentersthesuspensory
ligamentoftheovary.
Itthenpassesintothebroadligamentandenterstheovarybyway
ofthemesovarium.

---

85.Labourpaininuterusiscarriedby

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Parasympatheticnerves
b)Sympatheticnerves
c)Pudendalnerve
d)Splanchnicnerve
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'b'i.e.,Sympatheticnerves[Ref:Clinicalobstetics
3d/ep.9121
Nervesupplyofuterus:
Theuterusissuppliedbybothsystems,sympatheticand
parasyrnpathetic.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

SympatheticsystemfibersarisefomTn,Ltsegmentsandcarry
painfulsensationsfromthebodyoftheuterus.
ParasyrnpatheticfibersarisefromS2,S3,S4(inpelvic
splanchnicnerve)andcarrypainfulsensationsfromcenix.

---

86.Nervesuplyofcremastricmuscle?

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Pudendalnerve
b)Femoralbranchofgenitofemoral
c)Genitalbranchofgenitofemoralnerve
d)Ilioinguinalnerve
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Genitalbranchofgenitofemoralnerve
Cremastricmuscleisamuscleofscrotum.Itissuppliedbygenital
branchofgenitofemoralnerve.

---

87.Trueabouttheanatomyofgreat
saphenousvein:

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Startsasacontinuationofmedialmarginalvein
b)Endsoffemoralvein2.5cmbelowtheinguinalligament
c)Thereare2-5valvesbelowtheknee.
d)Ascends2.5-3cmbehindtibialmalleolus
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Ai.e.Startsascontinuation-ofmedialmarginalvein

---

88.Posteriorrelationofrightkidneyareall
except-
a)Diaphragm
b)Subcostalnerve

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)11thrib
d)Ilioinguinalnerve
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,11thrib
Posteriorsurfaceofbothkidneyisrelatedtodiaphragm,medial

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

andlateralarcuateligament,psoasmajor,quadratuslumborum,
transversusabdominis,subcostalvessels,subcostalnerve,
iliohypogastricnerve,andilioinguinalnerve.
Inaddition,therightkidneyisrelatedto12thribandtheleft
kidneyisrelatedto11thand12thribs.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

89.NotTrueaboutbloodsupplyofkidney-
a)RenalveindrainsintoIVC
b)Renalarteryisabranchofcommoniliacartery
c)RightrenalarterypassesbehindIVC
d)Branchesofrenalarteryareendarteries

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Renalarteryisabranchofcommoniliac
artery[Re/BDC&/eVol.2p.313-3171
Eachkidneyissuppliedbyrenalartery(branchofabdominal
aorta)andisdrainedbyrenalveintoIVC.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Renalartery:-Rightrenalarteryislongerandpassesbehind
IVC.
Branchesoftherenalarteryareendarteries.

---

90.Allpassthroughdeepinguinalring,EXCEPT?
a)Spermaticcord

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Internalspermaticfascia
c)Roundligament
d)Ilioinguinalnerve
CorrectAnswer-D
Ittransmitsthespermaticcordinthemaleandtheroundligamentoftheuterusinthe

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

femaleintotheinguinalcanal.Internalspermaticfasciaispresentinthespermaticcord.Ilio
inguinalnervepassesonlythroughthesuperficialinguinalcanalandnotthroughdeep.
Inguinalcanal:containsthespermaticcordandtheilioinguinalnerveinthemale,andthe
roundligamentoftheuterusandtheilioinguinalnerveinthefemale.Itisanobliquecanalof
about4cm.long,slantingdownwardandmedialward,andplacedparallelwithandalittle

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

abovetheinguinalligament;itextendsfromthedeepinguinalringlaterallytothesuperficial
inguinalringmedially.
Deepinguinalring:aholeintransversalisfascialying3cmsuperiortothemidpointofthe
inguinalligament.
Contents:

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Spermaticcordinmales
Roundligamentinfemales
Superficialinguinalring:V-shapeddefectinthelowermedialfibresoftheexternal
obliquejustsuperiorandlateraltothepubictubercle.Ilioinguinalnervepassesthrough
superficialinguinalring.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Contentsofinguinalcanal
Spermaticcordinmales
Roundligamentinfemales
Ilioinguinalnerveinbothmalesandfemales

---

91.Superficialinguinalringisadefectinthe:

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Internalobliqueaponeurosis
b)Externalobliqueaponeurosis
c)Transverseabdominisaponeurosis
d)Internalobliquemuscle
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theinguinalcanalisanobliquepassagethroughthelowerpartof
theanteriorabdominalwall.
Thecanalisabout1.5in.(4cm)longintheadultandextendsfrom
thedeepinguinalring,aholeinthefasciatransversalis,downward
andmediallytothesuperficialinguinalring,aholeinthe

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

aponeurosisoftheexternalobliquemuscle.Inthemales,itallows
structurestopasstoandfromthetestistotheabdomen.
Infemalesitallowstheroundligamentoftheuterustopassfromthe
uterustothelabiummajus.

---

92.AllarecomponentsofSpermaticcord

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

except:
a)Poupart'sligament
b)Genito-femoralnerve
c)Vasdeferens
d)Pampiniformplexus

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Ai.e.Poupart'sligament
Poupart'sligamentisalsocalledasinguinalligament.Itformsthe
baseofinguinalcanal.
Constituentsofspermaticcordare:

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Ductusdeferens
Testicularandcremastericarteries,andthearteryoftheductus
deferens
Pampiniformplexusofveins
Lymphvesselsfromthetestis

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Genitalbranchofthegenitofemoralnerveandthesympatheticnerve
plexusaroundthearterytotheductusdeferensandvisceralafferent
nervefibres.
Remainsoftheprocessusvaginalis.

---

93.Superficialperinealspacecontains?

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Sphincterurethraemuscle
b)Ischiocavernosusmuscle
c)Deeptransverseperineimuscle
d)Bulbourethralgland
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'b'i.e.,Ischiocavernosusmuscle

---

94.

---

3'dpartofduodenumisnotrelated-
a)Superiormesentericvessels
b)Rightureter

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Headofpancreas
d)Quadratelobeofliver
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Quadratelobeofliver[RefBDC6h/eVoL2
p.2sg_262]

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Anterior:-
Superiormesentericvessel
Rootofmesentery
Posterior
Rightureter

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Rightpsoasmajor
Righttesticularorovarianvessels
IVC
Abdominalaortawithoriginofinferiormesentericartery
Superior

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Headofpancreaswithuncinateprocess.
Inferior
Coilsofjejunum

---

95.Gastrosplenicligamentcontains?
a)Splenicvessels

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Tailofpancreas
c)Shortgastricartery
d)Portalvein
CorrectAnswer-C
Shortgastricartery

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

---

96.Whichofthefollowingisaderivativeof
ventralmesogastrium?
a)Greateromentum
b)Gastrosplenicligament
c)Linorenalligament

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Lesseromentum
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Lesseromentum

---

97.Correctsequenceofuterinebloodflow-
a)UterineA-ArcuateARadialASpiralA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)UterineARadialA-ArcuateASpiralA
c)UterineASpiralARadialAArcuateA
d)UterineAArcuateASpiralA-RadialA
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-is'a'i.e.,UterineA-ArcuateARadialASpiralA[Ref:

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

TextbookofOBGp.3061
justPriortocontactwithuterus,theuterinearterygives
descendinguterinearteryOaginalartery)whichsupply
theisthmus,cervixanduppervagina.
Afterjoiningtheuterus,theuterinearteryascendsalongthe

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

lateralmarginofuterusasascendinguterineartery.
Asendinguterinearterygivesseveralbranchesbetweenmiddle
andouterthirdsofmyometrium.Thesearecalledarcuate
arteriesbecauseoftheirsemicircularcourse.
Arcuatearteriesgiveradialarterieswhichinturnterminateas

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

spiralarteriole.

---

98.Nervesupplyofstapediusis:
a)2ndnerve
b)3rdnerve
c)5thnerve

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

d)7thnerve
CorrectAnswer-D
D.i.e.7thnerve

---

99.Stapediuspullsstapesinwhichdirection-
a)Anterior

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)Superior
c)Inferior
d)Posterior
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Posterior[Ref:Textbookofauditory

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

processingp.361
Contractionofthestapediusmusclepullsthestapesheadin
posteriordirection.
Contractionoftensortympanipullsthemalleusandtympanic
membraneinwardwithalateraltomedialmotion.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Contractionofthesemusclesstiffenthetympanicmembrane
andossicularchaintherebyreducingthemobilityofthemiddle
earanddecreasingthesensitIVItyofeartoair-conductedsound.

---

100.Sternocleidomastoidmuscleisexamined
by

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Turningtheheadtowardsthesameside
b)Turningtheheadtowardsoppositeside
c)Shruggingofshoulder
d)Overheadabduction
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'b'i.e.,Turningtheheadtowardsoppositeside[Rel
BDC6h/eVoI.3p.89]
Contractionofonesideofsternocleidomastoidcauses:
1. Tilting(bending)ofheadonsameside
2. Turning(rotation)offaceandheadonoppositeside,whichcan

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

beappreciatedasturningofchintooppositeside

---

101.Occulomotornervesuppliesall
extraocularmusclesexcept?
a)Superiorrectus
b)Inferiorrectus

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Lateralrectus
d)Medialrectus
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Lateralrectus

---

102.Majorcentralnucleusofsympathetic

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

systemis
a)Nucleusambiguus
b)Nucleustractussolitarius
c)Edinger-Westphalnucleus
d)Hypothalamus

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Hypothalamus
Thehighestseatofregulationofautonomicnervoussystem(both
sympathetic&parasympathetic)ishypothalamus.

---

103.Whatisattachedtothesuperiornuchal

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

line?
a)Trapezius
b)Scalenusanticus
c)Coracobrachialis
d)BicepsBrachii

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Trapezius
[Ref:Snell'sth/ep.3a2l
Musclesattachedtosuperiornuchalline
Occipitalismuscle,

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Thespleniuscapitismuscle
Trapeziusmuscle,
Sternocleidomastoidmuscle

---

104.Dangerousareaofscalpis-
a)Superficialfacia

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Aponeurosis
c)Subaponeurotictissue
d)Pericranium
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Subaponeurotictissue

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Loosesubaponeuroticareolartissue(4slayer)iscalled
dangerousareaofscalpbecauseitcontainsemissaryveins
throughwhichinfectioninsubaponeuroticspacemayspread
readilytointracranialvenoussinuses

---

105.Whichnerveispreservedindissecting

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

thesuperficialanddeeplobesofparotid
gland-
a)Glossopharyngeal
b)Hypoglossal
c)Lingual

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Facial
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Facial[Ref-AnatomyrecallbyjaredAntevil]
Thefacialnerveseparatesparotidglandintosuperficialand
deeplobes.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Mandibularbranchoffacialnerveismostvulnerabletoinjury
duringparotidsurgery

---

106.Whichintrinsicocularmuscleissupplied
byparasympatheticinnervation-
a)Superiorrectus

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Superioroblique
c)Constrictorpupillae
d)Dilatorpupillae
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Constrictorpupillae[Ref:Gray's39h/ep.7101

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Intraocularmuscles(intraocularmuscles)
Intraocularmusclesare-
A)Musclesofiris
Therearetwotypesofmusclesiniristhatcontrolthesize
ofpupil:

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

1. Theirissphinctororconstrictorpupillae(circularmuscles):-
Thesemusclesareinnervatedbythepostganglionic
parasympatheticfibresfromEdingerwestphalnucleusvia3'd
nerveandciliaryganglion.Thesemusclescauseconstrictionof
pupil(Miosis).

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

2. Theirisdilatorordilatorpupillae(railialmuscles)These
musclesareinnervatedbysympatheticsystem
viapostganglionicsympatheticfibresforthedilatorpupillaefrom
neuronsinthesuperiorcervicalganglion.Thesemusclescause
pupillarydilatation(mydriasis).

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

B)Ciliarymuscles;-->theseareinnervatedbythepostganglionic
parasympatheticfibersfromEWNvia3rdnerveandciliary
ganglion.Thesemuscleshelpinaccommodation.

---

107.Lipsdoesnotdrainintowhichgroupof
lymphnodes?

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Submandibularnodes
b)Sublingualnodes
c)Preauricularparotid
d)Noneoftheabove
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'c'i.e.,Preauricularparotid[Ref:BDCfi/eVol.3p.
72-751
Thefacepossessesthreeareasfromwhichlymphatic
drainageisasfollows:-
1. Upperarea,comparisongreaterpartofforehead,lateralYzof

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

eyelids,conjunctiva,lateralpartofcheekandparotidarea,
drainsintopreauricular(superficial)parotidnodes.
2. Middlearea,comprisingcentralpartofforehead,externalnose,
upperlip,lateralpartoflowerlip,medialhalvesofeyelids,
medialpartofcheek,andgreaterpartoflowerjaw,drainsinto

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

submandibularnodes.
3. Lowerarea,includingcentralpartoflowerlipandthechin,
drainsintosubmentalnodes.

---

108.Postganglionicfibrestoparotidglandissuppliedby?
a)Glossopharyngealnerve

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Auriculotemporalnerve
c)Bothoftheabove
d)Noneoftheabove
CorrectAnswer-B
Preganglionicnervestravelinthelesserpetrosalbranchoftheglossopharyngealnerveand

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

synapseintheoticganglion.Postganglionicfibersreachtheglandviatheauriculotemporal
nerve.
Nervesupplyofparotidgland
Innervationofthesalivaryglandisasfollows:-
Parasympathetic(secretomotor):

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Theyreachtheglandthroughauriculotemporalnerveasthe
followingroute:-
Preganglionicfibers-Originateintheinferiorsalivarynucleus;pass
throughglossopharyngealnerve;itstympanicbranch;tympanic
plexus,andlesserpetrosalnerve.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Relayganglion:-Oticganglion.
Postganglionicfibers:-Passthroughtheauriculotemporalnerveto
reachthegland.
Sympathetic(Vasomotor):
Derivedfromtheplexusaroundthemiddlemeningealartery.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Sensory:derivedfromtheauriculotemporalnerve,exceptforparotid
fasciaandoverlyingskinwhichareinnervatedbythegreatauricular
nerve(c2,c3)

---

109.Secretomotorfiberstoparotidglandsare
through-

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Tympanicplexus
b)Geniculateganglion
c)Greaterpetrosalnerve
d)None
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'Ai.e.,Tympanicplexus(Ref:BDC@/eVol.3p.111).

---

110.Featuresoffacialnervepalsyareall
except-
a)Lossofsalivation
b)Lossoflacrimation

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Facialmuscleparalysis
d)Lossoftastesensationfromposteriortongue
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Lossoftastesensationfromposterior
tongue[Ref:Dhingra5'h/ep.105,106;Gray's39h/ep.12131

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Facialnerveparalysisproducesfollowingmanifestations:
Weaknessofthemusclesoffacialexpressionandeve
closure.whichresultsin:
1. Absenceofnasolabialfold.
2. Widepalpebralfissure

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

3. Epiphora
4. Droopingofangleofmouth
5. Lossofwrinklesofforehead
6. Thefacesagsandisdrawnacrosstotheoppositesideon
smiling.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

7. Voluntaryeyeclosuremaynotbepossibleandcanproduce
damagetotheconjunctivaandcornea.
Inpartialparalysis,thelowerfaceisgenerallymoreaffected.
Lossoftastesensationoveranterior2/3ofthetongue.
Intolerancetohigh-pitchedorloudnoises,i.e.Hyperacusis(due

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

tostapediusmuscleparalysis)
Lossoflacrimationandsalivationoccur

---

111.Thenervewhichhasthelongest
intracranialcourseis:
a)Fourthcranialnerve

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)Thirdcranialnerve
c)Sixthcranialnerve
d)Fifthcranialnerve
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.Fourthcranialnerve

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

112.Largestcranialnerveis:
a)Trochlear
b)Trigeminal
c)Oculomotor
d)Vagus

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Trigeminal
Longestintracranialcourse
Trochlearnerve
Longestcourseoverallandmost

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Vagus
widelydistributed
Smallest(thinnest)cranialnerve
Trochlearnerve
Largest(thickest)cranialnerve

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Trigeminalnerve
Theonlycranialnervearisingfrom Trochlearnerve
dorsalaspect
Onlycranialnervedecussating
Trochlearnerve

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

completelybeforeemerging
Cranialnervemostcommonly
Facialnerve
involvedinbasalskullfracture
Cranialnervemostcommonlv

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Abducentnerve
involvedinraisedintracranial
tension
Commonestcranialnerveaffected
Abducentnerve

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

inspinalanaesthesia
Cranialnervemostcommonly
Oculomotornerve
involvedinintracranialaneurysm
Cranialnervescarrying

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3,7,9,10

---

paraslrrnpatheticfibers

---

113.Nasopharynxislinedbywhich
epithelium?
a)Stratifiedsquamousnonkerationized

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Stratifiedsquamouskeratinized
c)Ciliatedcolumnar
d)Cuboidal
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Ciliatedcolumnar

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Thetwomaintypesofepithelialiningthenasopharynxarestratified
squamous(comprisingapproximately60%
ofnasopharyngealepithelium)andpseudostratifiedcolumnar
respiratoryepitheliumcontainingciliatedcells,gobletcellsand
basalcells.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

114.Greaterpetrosalnerveisformedfrom?
a)Geniculateganglion
b)PlexusaroundICA
c)Plexusaroundmiddlemeningealartery
d)Noneoftheabove

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Geniculateganglion
Petrosalnerves
Greaterpetrosalnerve
Firstbranchoffacialnerve

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Arisesfromgeniculateganglion
Inforamenlacerumitjoinsdeeppetorsalnerveandformsthenerve
topterygoidcanal
Supplieslacrimalglands,nose,mucosalglandsofpharynx,palate.
Lesserpetrosalnerve

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Branchof9thcranialnervethroughtympanicplexus(passesviaotic
ganglion)
Itsupliesparotidgland.
Deeppetrosalnerve
Itisabranchofsympatheticplexusaroundinternalcarotidartery.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Itcontainscervicalsympatheticfibers.
Externalpetrosalnerve
Itisaninconsistaentbranchofsympatheticplexusaroundmiddle
meningealartery.

---

115.Nerve3tdventricleisthecavityof-

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Mesencephalon
b)Rhombencephalon
c)Diencephalon
d)Telencephalon
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'c'i.e.,Diencephalon(Ref:BDCVol.-36h/ep.324,
441)
PartofBrain
Cavity
A)-forebrain(prosencephalon)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Lateralventricle
i.Telencephalon(cerebrum)
Thirdventricle
ii.Diencephalon(Thalamencephalon)
B)-midbrain(mesencephalon)

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Cerebralaqueduct
C)-Hindbrain(rhombencephalon)
FourthVentricle

---

116.Occulomotornucleusislocatedin-
a)Forebrain

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)Midbrain
c)Pons
d)Medulla
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,MidbrainlRef:BDC6/eVol.3p'3501

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CranialnervesI,IIForebrain
CranialnervesIII,IVMidbrain
CranialnervesV,VI,VII,VUIPons
CranialnervesIX,X,Xl,XllMedulla

---

117.Whichofthefollowingispuresensory

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

nerve?
a)Trigeminal
b)Abducent
c)Trochlear
d)Olfactory

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Olfactory
Cranialnerves
Pure
Puremotor

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Mixed
sensory
Oculomotor(III)
Trochlear(IV)
Olfactory Abducent(VI)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Trigeminal(V)
(I)
Vestibulocochlear Facial(VII)Glossopharyngeal(IX)
Optic(II)
(VIII)

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Vagus(X)
Accessory(XI)
Hypoglossal(XII)

---

118.OlfactoryGreatcerebralveinofGalen
drainsinto-

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Cavernoussinus
b)Basalvein
c)Internalcerebralvein
d)Straightsinus
CorrectAnswer-D

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'd'i.e.,Straightsinus
GreatcerebralveinofGalenisformedbytheunionoftwointernal
cerebralveins.
Itis2cmlong.
Itisdrainsintothestraightsinus.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

---

119.Superficialmiddlecerebralveindrains
into-
a)Internalcerebralvein
b)Cavernoussinus
c)GreatcerebralveinofGalen

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Straightsinus
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Cavernoussinus[RefTextbookofneuroanatomy
p.189]
Superficialmiddlecerebralvein

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Itrunsalongtheposteriorramusandstemoflateralsulcus.
Itdrainsbloodfromsuperolateralsurfaceofthecerebralhemisphere
intothecavernoussinus.
Itcommunicateswiththesuperiorsagittalandtransversesinus
throughveinofTrolardandveinofLabberespectively.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

120.Majorsupplyofmedialsurfaceof
cerebralhemisphere
a)Anteriorcerebralartery
b)Posteriorcerebralartery
c)Middlecerebralartery

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Posteriorinferiorcerebellarartery
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Anteriorcerebralartery[Ref:BDC6th/eVol.3p.
461,462]
Cerebralcortexissuppliedbybranchesofallthreecerebralarteries.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Allthethreesurfacereceivebranchesfromallthreearteries.
Buteachsurfaceissuppliedpredominantlybyoneartery:?
1. Middlecerebralarteryisthemainarteryonsuperolateralsurface.
2. Anteriorcerebralarteryischiefarteryonmedialsurface.
3. Posteriorcerebralarteryisprincipalarteryoninferiorsurface

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

---

121.Whichnucleusisnotseeninfloorofthe
4thventricle-
a)Abducensnucleus
b)Facialnucleus
c)Dorsalvagalnucleus

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Hypoglossalnucleus
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Facialnucleus{RefBDCVoI.3&/ep.410;Last's
l2n/ep.482,483}
Medialeminenceispresentineachsideofmediansulcus.It

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

presentsfacialcolliculusformedbygenu(recurvingfibers)of
facialnerveloopingaroundabducensnucleus.Facialcolliculus
liesinpons(i.e.inpontinepartoffloor).
Hypoglossaltriangleoverlyingthehypoglossalnucleusandvagal
triangleoverlyingdorsalnucleusofvagus.Bothofthesetriangle

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

liesinthemedulla(medullarypartoffloor)

---

122.Ventraltegmentaldecussationin
cerebralpeduncleisdueto-
a)Tectospinaltract
b)Tectobulbartract

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Vestibulospinaltract
d)Rubrospinaltract
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.isd'ie.,Rubrospinaltract[Ref:BDC6th/eVol.3p.398]
VentraltegmentaldecussationFormedbydecussationof

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

rubrospinaltract.
DorsaltegmentaldecussationFormedbydecussationof
tectospinalandtectobulbartracts.

---

123.Whichofthefollowingstructuresseenin
thecavernoussinus?

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)MaxillarydivisionofVnerve
b)MandibulardivisionofVnerve
c)Internalcarotidartery
d)Facialnerve
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.c.Internalcarotidartery
Contentsofthecavernoussinus
Structuresinthelateralwallofthesinus
Oculomotor(lll)nerve
Trochlear(lV)nerve

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Ophthalmic(1stdivisionofV)nerve
Trigeminalganglion
Internalcarotidartery
Abducent(Vl)nerve

---

124.Trueaboutfallopiantubesareallexcept

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

:
a)Linedbycuboidalepithelium
b)Isthmusisthenarrowerpartofthetubethatlinkstotheuterus
c)Tubalostiumisthepointwherethetubalcanalmeetsthe
peritonealcavity

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)MUllerianductsdevelopsinfemalesintotheFallopiantubes
CorrectAnswer-A
Thetwouterinetubesareeachabout4in.(10cm)longandliein
theupperborderofthebroadligament.
Eachconnectstheperitonealcavityintheregionoftheovarywith

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

thecavityoftheuterus.
Theuterinetubeisdividedintofourparts:
Theinfundibulumisthefunnel-shapedlateralendthatprojects
beyondthebroadligamentandoverliestheovary.
Thetubalostiumisthepointwherethetubalcanalmeetsthe

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

peritonealcavity.
Theampullaisthewidestpartofthetube.
Theisthmusisthenarrowestpartofthetubeandliesjustlateralto
theuterus.
Theintramuralpartisthesegmentthatpiercestheuterinewall.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Function
Theuterinetubereceivestheovumfromtheovaryandprovidesa
sitewherefertilizationoftheovumcantakeplace(usuallyinthe
ampulla).
Theinnermucousmembraneoftheuterinetubeislinedbythe

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

ciliatedcolumnarepitheliummixedwiththenonciliatedsecretory
cellsorpegcells
TheMullerianductsdevelopsinfemalesintothefallopiantubes,

---

TheMullerianductsdevelopsinfemalesintothefallopiantubes,
uterusandvagina,whiletheWolffianductsdevelopsinmalesinto

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

theepididymisandvasdeferens

---

125.Liningepitheliumofvaginais
a)Squamousepithelium
b)Columnarepithelium
c)Transitionalepithelium

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Secretoryepithelium
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans:ASquamousepithelium
(Ref:RameshBabup.24]
Vaginalmucousmembraneislinedbynonkeratinizedstratified

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

squamousepithelium.

---

126.Oxynticcellsarepresentin-
a)Pylorus
b)Cardiacnotch
c)Body

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)None
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Body
Oxyntic.cellsarepresentinprincipalglandsofbodyandfundus.
Theseglandsarefoundinbodyandfundus.Theseglands

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

containmainlychief(pepticorzymogen)cellsandparietal
(oxyntic)cells.Theseglandsalsocontainmucousneckcells,
stemcellsandenteroendocrinecells(argentaffincells).

---

127.Firstbonetostartossifying-
a)Femur

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Tibia
c)Scapula
d)Mandible
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Mandible[Ref:T*tbookofanatomywithcolor

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Atlasp.I32l
'Themandibleisoneofthefirstbonesinthebodytostart
ossifyingbeingnextinthisrespectonlytotheclavicle..
Thus,FirstbonetostartossifyingClavicle.Secondboneto
startossifyingMandible.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

---

128.Incudomalleolarjointisa?
a)Ellipsoidjoint
b)Pivotjoint
c)Hingejoint
d)Saddlejoint

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-D
Synovialjointsareclassifiedasfollows:
1)Planesynovialjoints(flatjoints)
2)Hingejoints(Ginglymusjointsorginglymi)
3)Pivotortrochoidjoints

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

4)Condylar(bicondylar)joints
5)Ellipsoidjoints
Note:Metacarpophalangealjointsareellipsoidjointsfunctionally,
butstructurallytheybelongtocondylarjoints.
6)Saddle(sellar)joints

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Thearticularsurfacesarereciprocallysaddleshaped,i.e.concavo-
convex.Examplesarefirst(thumb)carpometacarpaljoint,
sternoclavicularjoint,calcaneocuboidjoint,incudomalleolarjoint
(smallestsaddlejoint)andpatellofemoraljoint.
7)Ballandsocket(spheroidal)joints

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

129.Hilton'slawisrelatedto-
a)Venousdrainage
b)Bloodsupply
c)Nerveinnervation
d)Alloftheabove

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Nerveinnervation[RelTextbookoperative
orthopaedicsp.7861
Hilton,slawstatesthatnervescrossingajointsuppliesthat
jointbygivingbranchingtothatjoint

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

130.Spermatogenesisbeginsat-
a)Birth
b)5years
c)Puberty
d)18years

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Puberty[Ref:Clinicalembryology3'd/ep'311]
Spermatogenesisreferstotheprocessofformationof
spermatozoa(sperm)fromprimititegermcells(spetmatogonia)'
spermatogenesisbeginsatpubertyandcontinuesthroughout

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

adultlifetodeclineinoldage.

---

131.Whichisnotastageofprophase-
a)Diakinesis
b)Leptotene
c)Zygotene

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Arachytene
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,ArachytenelRef:Essentialsofmedical
geneticsbyA'K'Dutta4'h/ep'111

---

132.Fossaovalisisaremnantof-

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Septumprimum
b)Septumsecundum
c)Septumspurium
d)AVcushion
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'a'i.e.,SeptumprimumlRef:Readbeloul
Actually'floorofthefossaovalisrepresentsseptumprimum.
Fullfossaovalisisaremnantofforamenovale

---

133.Nephronisderivedfrom?
a)Uretericbud

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Mesonephricduct
c)Metanephros
d)Mesonephros
CorrectAnswer-C
Developmentofkidney

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Uretericbud(mesonephros)arisefrommesonephricductandgives
risetocollectingsystemofkidney(renalpelvis,majorandminor
calyces,collectingtubule)andureter.
Metanephricmesoderm(blastemaormetanephors)arisefrom
nephrogeniccordwhichinturnisderivedfromintermediate

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

mesoderm.Itgivesrisetoexcretoryunit(nephron),i.e.glomeruli,
PCT,LoopofhenleandDCT.

---

134.Fibrousstromaofliverisderivedfrom-
a)Foregutendoderm
b)Midgutendoderm

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Hindgutendoderm
d)Septumtransversum
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'di.e.,SeptumtransversumDevelopmentOfliver
Liverisdevelopedfrom-i)Endodermofforegut(endodermal

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

diverticulum):Mostoftheliver(includinghepatocytes)is
derivedfromforegutendoderm.ii)Septnmtransversum
mesenchyme(mesoderm):Itgivesrisetoligamentsoftheliver
(exceptligamentumteres),kupffercells,hematopoieticcells,
sinusoidsandfibrous-areolarstromaofliver'

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Ligamentumteresisderivedfromleftumbilicalvein.

---

135.TrueaboutBranchialcystis:
March2013(h)
a)Cystsaremorecommonthansinuses
b)Mostlyarisesfrom2ndbranchialsystem

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Causesdysphagiaandhoarseness
d)Sinusshouldalwaysbeoperated
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.Bi.e.Mostlyarisesfrom2ndbranchialsystem

---

136.Trueaboutnotochordareallexcept?

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Definesaxisofembryo
b)Servesasprimaryinductor
c)Derivedfromhypoblast
d)Remainsasnucleuspulposus
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Notochordisabudlikestructureformedbyepiblastcellsextending
fromcranialendofprimitivestreaktocaudalendofprochordalplate,
inbetweentheectodermandendoderm.Siginificancesofnotochord
includesfollowing:-
i. Itdefinestheaxisofembryo.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ii. Itfunctionsastheprimaryinductor,inducingtheoverlyingectoderm
todevelopintoneuralplate(theprimordiumofCNS).
iii. Itservesasthebasisfordevelopmentofaxialskeleton.The
notochordisanintricatestructurearoundwhichvertebralcolumnis
formedandindicatesfuturesiteofvertebralbodies.However,the

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

notochorddoesnotgiverisetovertebralcolumn,afterdevelopment
ofvertebralbodies,thenotochorddegeneratesanddisappears,but
partsofitpersistasthenucleuspulposusofintervertebraldisc.

---

137.Structuresderivedfromtheneuralcrest
are?

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Pia
b)Dentalpapillae
c)Adrenalmedulla
d)Alloftheabove
CorrectAnswer-D

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Di.e.Alloftheabove

---

138.Hearttubeisformedat-
a)3weeks
b)6weeks
c)10weeks

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)12weeks
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,3weeks[Ref:EmbryologybyInduKhuranap.
209]
'Tubularheartisformedattheendof3dweek"

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

---

139.Hearttubeisformedin
a)Hyaluronicacidsecretedbyendocardium
b)Chondroitinsulfatesecretedbyendocardium
c)Hyaluronicacidsecretedbymyocardium
d)Chondroitinsulfatesecretedbymyocardium

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-C
Ans-Ans.is'c'i.e.,Hyaluronicacidsecretedbymyocardium
[RefTextbookofHumanEmbryologp.7861
Cardiacjellyisathickextracellularmatrixrichinhyaluronic
acid.Itseparatesendothelialhearttubefrommyocardium.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Cardiacjellyissecretedbymyocardium.

---

140.Remnantofumbilicalartery
a)Ligamentumarteriosum
b)Ligamentteres
c)Ligamentumvenosum

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Medialumbilicalligament
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Medialumbilicalligament{Ref:Garg2d/ep.
2151}
Embryonicpart

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Remnants
Ductusarteriosus
Ligamentumarteriosum
Umbilicalartery
Proximalpart:-Superiorvesical

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

artery.Distalpart:-Medial
umbilicalligament
Umbilicalvein(left)
Ligamentumteres
Ductusvenosus

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Ligamentumvenosus
Septumprimurn
Flooroffossaovalis
Septumseconclum
Annulusovalis/Limbusfossa

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

ovalis

---

141.Whichofthefollowingisaderivativeof
paramesonephricductinmales?
a)Trigoneofbladder
b)Paraphoron

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Prostaticutricle
d)Gartner'sduct
CorrectAnswer-C
Twostructuresarederivedfromparamesonephricductin
males:-

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

1. Appendixoftestis(hydatidofmorgagni)
2. Prostaticutricle.

---

142.Myelinationinperipheralnervoussystem
isdoneby
a)Astrocytes

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Oligodendrocytes
c)Ependymalcells
d)Schwanncells
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.isdi.e.,Schwanncells

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

MyelinationincentralnervoussystemOligodendrocytes.
MyelinationinperipheralnervoussystemSchwanncell.

---

143.Malleusandincusarederivedfrom?
a)1stArch
b)2ndArch

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

c)3rdArch
d)4thArch
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,1stArch
lst(mandibulararch):-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

MuscularContribution:-Musclesofmastication,Anteriorbellyof
thedigastric,Mylohyoid,Tensortympani,Tensorvelipalatini.
SkeletalContributions:-Maxilla,mandible(onlyasamodelfor
mandible),Incusandmalleus,Meckel'scartilage,Ant.ligamentof
malleus,Sphenomandibularligament.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Nerve:-Trigeminalnerve(V2andV3).
Artery:-Maxillaryartery,externalcarotidartery.

---

144.Falseaboutlimbusfossaovalis-
a)Situatedabovefossaovalis
b)Inrightatrium

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Derivedfromseptumprimum
d)AlsocalledAnnulusovalis
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Derivedfromseptumprimum
Limbusfossaovalis(alsocalledannulusovalis)isathickenedrimin

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

rightatrium,presentabovethefossaovalis.
Itrepresentsthelowerfreemarginofseptumsecundum.(not
septumprimum.

---

145.Sertolicellsarederivedfrom-
a)Genitaltubercle

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Genitalswelling
c)Primordialgermcells
d)Germinalepithelium
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Germinalepithelium[RefI.B.Singhembryology

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

9thiep.278]
Testisdevelopsatgenitalridge(urogenitalridge).
'Primordialgermcells'aredevelopedinthe4thweekbyproliferation
ofendodermalcellsofthedorsalwallofhindgut(partofyolksac).
Theprimordialgermcellsmigrateintogenitalridge,where

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

proliferationofbothgerminalandnongerminalcellsleadsto
formationofgonads.
Genitalridgeiscoveredbygerminalepithelium(previouscoelomic
epithelium),whichproliferatesandformssexcords(primitive
seminiferouscords).Largenumberofsertolicellsarederivedfrom

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

thesesexcords.
Lyedigcellsarealsoderivedfromsexcord,whichinturnisderived
fromgerminalepithelium.

---

146.Prolactinsecretingglanddevelopsfrom-
a)Infundibulum

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Rathke'spouch
c)Tubercinereum
d)3rdventricle
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Rathke'spouch

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Prolactinissecretedbyanteriorlobeofpituitarywhichdevelops
fromRathke'spouch.

---

147.Posteriorcardinalveindevelopsinto-
a)Commoniliacvein
b)Superiorvenacava

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Internaljugularvein
d)Externaljugularvein
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-a'i.e.,CommoniliacveinfRef:Textbookof
embryologyp.786

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Derivativesofposteriorcardinalveins,subcardinalveinsand
supracardinalveinsare:
1.Inferiorvenacavaisderivedfrom:?
1. HepaticsegmentofIVCisderivedfrom:(i)righthepaticcardiac
channel,and(ii)anastomoticchannelbetweensubcardinalveinand

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

righthepaticcardiacchannel.
2. RenalsegmentofIVCisderivedfromrightsubcardinalvein.This
partreceivesbothrenalandsuprarenalveins.
3. PostrenalsegmentofIVC(majorpartofIVC)isformedby(i)
anastomosisbetweenrightsupracardinalandsubcardinalveins,(ii)

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

rightsupracardinalvein(lowerpart),and(iii)rightposteriorcardinal
vein(lowestpart).
2.Gonadalveinsdevelopfromsubcardinalveins(distalpart
belowinter-subcardinalorrenalanastomosis).
3.Suprarenalveinsdevelopfromsubcardinalveins(proximal

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

partaboveinter-subcardinalorrenalanastomosis).
4.Rightcommoniliacveinisderivedfromtherightposterior
cardinalvein(mostcaudalpart).
5.Leftcommoniliacveindevelopsfromtransverse
anastomosisbetweenlowerendofposteriorcardinalveins.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

---

6.Rightrenalveinisamesonephricveinthatdrainsintorenal
segmentofIVC(whichisderivedfromtheupperpartofright
subcardinalvein).
7.Leftrenalveindevelopsfromthreesources:(i)mesonephric
vein(drainintoleftsubcardinalvein),(ii)leftsubcardinalvein

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

(smallpart),and(ii)pre-aorticintersubcardinalanastomosis

---

148.Superiorvenacavadevelopsfrom-
a)Rightanteriorcardinalvein
b)Leftanteriorcardinalvein
c)Leftcommoncardinalvein

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Rightsubcardinalvein
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,RightanteriorcardinalveinlRef:Textbookof
embryologltp.7861
Superiorvenacava(SVC)isderivedfrom

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. rightanteriorcardinalvein(proximaltobrachiocephalic
anastomosis),and
2. rightcommoncardinalvein.

---

149.StructuredevelopingfromMullerianduct
inmales?

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Seminalvesicle
b)Epididymis
c)Prostaticutricle
d)Ureter
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.(C)Prostaticutricle
RemnantsofMullerianduct(paramesonephricduct)inmales
are:-
Appendixoftestis(HydatidofMorgagni)
Prostaticutricle.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

150.Opticcupisderivedfrom?
a)Neuralectoderm
b)Surfaceectoderm
c)Mesoderm
d)Neuralcrest

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Neuralectoderm

---

151.Whichofthefollowingisaderivativeof
Rathke'spouch-
a)Parstuberalis

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Neurohypophysis
c)Posteriorpituitary
d)Pinealgland
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,ParstuberalislRef:Textbookofembryology

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

p.7861
TheRathke'spouchisanectodermalupgrowthfromthe
stomodaeuminfrontofbuccopharyngealmembrane
ThederivativesofRathke'spouchgiverisetothevarious
componentsoftheanteriorpituitary:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Anteriorlobe
2. Parstuberalis
3. Parsdistalis
4. Parsintermedia

---

152.Whichofglialcellismesodermalin

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

origin-
a)Macroglialcells
b)Microglialcells
c)Oligodendrocytes
d)Ependymalcells

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Microglialcells
Microglialcellsarederivedfrommesenchymal(mesodermal)
cells

---

153.Trigoneofbladderisderivedfrom?

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Mesonephricduct
b)Paramesonephricduct
c)Absorbedanalmembrane
d)Mullerianduct
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Mesonephricduct

---

154.Pisiformarticulateswith-
a)Scaphoid
b)Trapezium
c)Triquetral

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Lunate
CorrectAnswer-C
Triquetral

---

155.Spleniculiareseenmostcommonlyin:
a)Colon

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Hilum
c)Liver
d)Lungs
CorrectAnswer-B
Spleniculioraccessoryspleensaremostcommonly(about80%)seenatthehilumof

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

thespleen.
Alsoknow:
Locationofaccessoryspleenindecreasingorderare:
Splenichilum
Gastrocolicligament

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Tailofpancreas
Greateromentum
Greatercurvatureofstomach
Splenocolicligament
Smallandlargebowelmesentery

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Leftbroadligamentofwomen
Leftspermaticcordinmen
Ref:Schwartz9/e,Page1246;Bailey&Love25/e,Page25/e,Page1103

---

156.StructurespassingthroughCalot's
triangleareallEXCEPT:

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Portalvein
b)Cysticartery
c)Righthepaticartery
d)LymphnodeofLund
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Portalvein
THEHEPATOBILIARYTRIANGLEORCYSTOHEPATIC
TRIANGLEORCALOT'STRIANGLE:
Boundaries:
Commonhepaticductmedially

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Cysticductinferiorly
Inferiorsurfaceofliversuperiorly
Contents:
Cysticartery
Righthepaticartery

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

LymphnodeofLund

---

157.Whatstructurepassesthroughthe
quandrangularspace?
a)Axillarynerve
b)Radialnerve

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Mediannerve
d)BrachialArtery
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,AxillarynervelRefCampbell's12h/ep.22131
Axillarynerveandposteriorcircumflexhumeralvesselsare

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

transmittedthroughquadrangularspace

---

158.Seminalcolliculusispresentin?
a)Testis
b)Prostate
c)Urethra

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Scrotum
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Urethra
Seminalcolliculusorcolliculusseminalisorverumontanumis
presentintheprostaticurethra.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Featuresoftheprostaticurethra
Urethralcrest-medianlongitudinalmucousfold.
Colliculusseminalis(verumontanum):Anelevationinthemiddleof
theurethralcrestwiththeopeningofaprostaticutricleatitssummit
andanejaculatoryductoneachside.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Openingsofejaculatoryducts:Thesearepresentoneachsideof
theorificeoftheutricle.
Prostaticsinuses:Theseareverticalgroovespresentoneachside
oftheurethralcrest.Theyarepresentwithopeningsofprostatic
glands.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

159.Whichofthefollowingisnotaderivative
offoregut?
a)Cecum
b)duodenum
c)Liver

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Pancreas
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Cecum[RefLangman11th/ep.223]:-
Derivativesare:-
Pharynx

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Lowerrespiratorytract
Esophagus
Stomach
DuodenumuptotheopeningofthemainpancreaticductLiver
Pancreas

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

160.Mostimportantfactorintransportacross
amembrane?
a)Chargeofparticle
b)Membranethickness
c)Sizeofparticle

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Concentrationgradient
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D.Concentrationgradient
[RefGuyton12h/ep.48-501]
Transportacrossacellmembraneisdividedintopassiveoractive,

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

basedonwhetheritisalongtheconcentrationgradientoragainst
theconcentrationgradient.
1)Passivetransport
Itisinthedirectionofconcentrationgradienti.e.,"Downhill
movement".

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

2)Activetransport
Itisagainstthedirectionofconcentrationgradient,i.e.,"Uphill
movement".

---

161.Tronsportprocesswhichisagainst
concentrationgradientandcarrier

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

mediatedis?
a)Facilitateddiffusion
b)Osmosis
c)Activetransport
d)Endocytosis

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Activetransport
Activetransport:
Itisagainstthedirectionofconcentrationgradient,i.e.,*Uphill
6ovenento.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Energy(e.g.,ATP)isrequired
Carrierproteinisrequired
Examplesareprimaryactivetransportandsecondaryactive
transport.

---

162.Similaritybetweenactivetransportand

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

facilitateddiffusion?
a)Energyrequirment
b)Againstconcentrationgradient
c)Carrierprotein
d)Alloftheabove

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Carrierprotein
1)Passivetransport
Directionofconcentrationgradienti.e.,'Downhillmovement"
Doesnotrequireenergyexpenditure

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Exampleare:-
1. Withoutcarriers:-Simplediffirsion,osmosis
2. Throughcarrier:-Facilitateddiftrsion
2)Activetransport
Itisagainstthedirectionofconcentrationgradient,i.e.,*Uphill

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

6ovenento.
Energy(e.g.,ATP)isrequired
Carrierproteinrequired
Examplesareprimaryactivetransportandsecondaryactive
transport.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

163.Transportthroughporesincellmembers
is?
a)Activetranspert
b)Transcytosis
c)Diffusion

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Endocytosis
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Diffusion
[Ref:Guytonp.49]
Substancescanmovebysimplediffusiondirectlyalongthepores

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

andchannelsfromonesideofthemembranetotheother.
Thus,simplediffusioncanoccurbytwopathways.
1. Throughmembranelipidbilayerforlipidsolublesubstances.
2. Throughpores(waterchannel)-+forions/electrolytes.

---

164. Percentageoftotalbodywatertobody

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

weightatbirth?
a)90%
b)80%
c)60%
d)50%

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.80%
[RefPrinciplesofmedicalphysiologyp.712]
Themajorcomponentofbodymassiswater.
Thecontributionofwatertobodyweightvarieswithage.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Totalbodywater(TBW)asapercentageofbodyweightdeclines
formashighas90%inearlyfetallifeto75-80%atbirth.
Thereafteritdelinesprogressivelyto60%bytheendofoneyear.
Afterthatitremainsconstant.

---

165.Epithelialsodiumchannelshas?

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)2a,213
b)la,i(3
c)2a,213,2y
d)2a,113,2y
CorrectAnswer-D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.D.2a,113,2y
[Ref:Principlesofmedicalphysiologyp.241]
TherearetwodifferenttypesofSodiumchannels:-
Voltage-gatedsodiumchannels:
ThesearepresentinExcitablecells.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Theseexistasheterodimerorheterotrimersofalphaandbeta
subunits,containingonealphaandoneortwobetasubunits.
Epithelial-sodiumchannels:
Thesearepresentinepitheliumofabsorptiveorsecretory
epithelium,e.g.colon,sweatglandduct,pancreaticduct,respiratory

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

passage,anddistaltubuleofkidney.
Theseexistasheterotetramersofalpha,betaandgammasubunits,
containingmostlytwoalpha,onebetaandonegammasubunits.

---

166.TrueaboutENaCareallexcept?
a)Epithelialchannel

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Composedof2homoloussubunits
c)PresentinkidneyandGIT
d)Inhibitedbyamiloride
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Composedof2homoloussubunits

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

EpithelialNa+channels(ENaC)isratelimitingstepinNa+
reabsorptionacrossseveralepitheliallinings.
Itispresentinkidney(distalpart),GIT(colon),salivary&sweat
glands,andrespiratorytract.
ENaCismadeofthreehomologoussubunits>alpha,beta,and

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

gamma.
Inlatedistaltubulesandcollectingducts,ENaCisinhibitedby
potassiumsparingdiureticslikeamilorideandtriameterene.

---

167.pHofintracellularfluidis?
a)SlightlylessthanECF

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

b)SlightlymorethanECF
c)SameasECF
d)Highlyalkaline
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.SlightlylessthanECF

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

[Ref:Principlesofmedicalphysiologyp.132]
Extracellularfluid(ECF)haspH7.4(range7.35-7.45)andis
slightlyalkaline
Intracellularfluid(ICF)hasH*ionconcentrationslightlyhigherthan
ECF.Thus,pHofICFisslightlylowthanECF,butstillitisslightly

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

alkaline.

---

168.Increasedinplasmaviscosityis
maximallycausedbywhichplasma
protein?
a)Fibrinogen

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Albumin
c)Globulin
d)Allhaveequaleffect
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Globulin

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

[Ref:Clinicalaspectsofbloodp.80]
Theeffectofaproteinonplasmaviscositydependsonitsmolecular
weightandstructure.
Theviscosityishigherifaproteinhas
1. Lessspheroidshape

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

2. Highermolecularweight
3. Higheraggregationcapacity
4. HighertemperatureorpHsensitivity
Theglobulincausesmaximumincreaseinplasmaviscosityfollowed
byfibrinogen(2dafterglobnlin)andalbumin(3rdinnumber).

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

169.Oncoticpressureiscontributedby?
a)Sodium
b)Chloride
c)Chloride
d)Albumin

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D.Albumin
[Ref:Clinicalphysiology3'd/ep.336]
Oncoticpressure,alsocalledcolloidosmoticpressure,isaformof
osmoticpressureexertedbyproteinsinbloodplasmathatusually

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

tendstopullthewaterintothecirculatorysystem.
Themajorcontributingproteinforplasmaoncoticpressureis
albumin.

---

170.Mostrecenttastesensationis?
a)Sweet

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Sour
c)Bitter
d)Umami
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D.Umami

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theumamitasteisthefifthtastewhichisunique.
Theproposedmechanismofumamitasteisthroughglutamatetaste
sensors(glutamatereceptors)withreleaseofneuronalglutamic
acid.
Innature,therearethreeumamisubstances:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Monosodiumglutamate(MSG)
Disodium5-guanosinemosphosphate(GMP)
Disodium5-ionsinemonophosphate(lMP)

---

171.Motorevokedpotentialassess?
a)Peripheralmotorpathways

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Centralmotorpathways
c)Bothoftheabove
d)Regenerationinmuscles
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Centralmotorpathways

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Motorevokedpotentials(MEPs)areelectricalsignalsrecordedfrom
neuraltissueormusclefollowingactivationofcentralmotor
pathways.
Itisusedforassessmentofnervoussystem,especiallyduring
intraoperativeneurophysiologicalmonitoring(IONM).

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Mostoften,thisisaccomplishedbyusingtranscranialelectrical
stimulation(TES)ofbrainandrecordingofevokedneuralor
myogenicactivitydistal(caudal)toareathatisatriskduringsurgery.

---

172.Inelectromyograply[EMG]transient
responseatthetimeofinsertionof

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

eloctrodeindicates?
a)Spontoneousmuscleactivity
b)Voluntarymuscleactivity
c)Inducedmuscleactivity
d)Cellmembranedamage

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D.Cellmembranedamage
[Ref:Clinicalphysiology24th/ep.222]
Electromyographyisaprocessofrecordingelectricalactivityof
muscles.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Itcanbedonebyeitherofthetwomethods:
1. Byputtingasurfaceelectrodeandrecordingactivityofunderlying
muscle.
2. Byinsertinganeedleelectrodeintothemuscle.
Therearetheretypesofsignals(byneedleelectrode):-

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

i)Insertionalactivity:
Itistheelectricalactivityatthetimeofinsertionofelectrodedueto
disruptionofcellmembrane.
Thisshouldbeignored.
ii)Restingactivity(spontaneousactivity).

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

iii)Voluntarymusclerecruitment.

---

173.Trueaboutvisualcyclecascade?
a)Associatedwithconformationalchangeinopsin
b)Lightcausesisomerizationofall-trans-retinolto11Cis-retinol
c)Retinol[alcohol]isinvolved

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Allaretrue
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.Associatedwithconformationalchangeinopsin
Thereisconformationalchangeinopsin.
Lightcausesconversionof11cis-retinaltoalltransretinal.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Retinal(aldehyde)isinvolved(notretinal).
Whenlightfansonphotoreceptors,11-Cisretinalofrhodopsinis
isomerizedtoall-transretinal(Photoisomerization).
Thechangeinphysicalconfigurationissuchthatitcannothold
proteinopsinandthereforetwoareseparated,i.e.rhodopsinis

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

hydrolyzed.

---

174.Trueaboutsmoothmusclecontraction?
a)Troponinplaysanimportantrole
b)Calmodulinhasnorole
c)Phosphorylationofmyosin

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Alloftheabove
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Phosphorylationofmyosin
[RefGuyton12'h/ep.64-66]
Insmoothmusclethereisnotroponin.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Thereforecalciuminitiatescontractionthroughamechanism
differentfromthatemployedbyskeletalmuscle.
Smoothmusclecontainsacalciumbindingproteincalled
calmodulin.
Increaseincytoplasmic(sarcoplasmic)calciumleadstoitsbinding

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

tocalmodulin.
Thecalcium-calmodulincomplexactivatesmyosinkinase,also
calledmyosinlightchainkinase(MLCK).
MLCKisaphosphorylasewhichphosphorylatesalightchain
belongingtomyosinchain,oftencalledcross-bridge

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

phosphorylation.
Thephosphorylatedmyosinheadinteractwithactin,i.e.,cross-
bridgingofmyosinwithactin.
Thecross-bridgingleadstocontraction.

---

175.IncreaseinDurationofexpirationisdue

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

to?
a)J-reflex
b)Head'sparadoxicalreflex
c)Hering-Breurereflex
d)Proprioceptors

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Hering-Breurereflex
[RefGanong24h/ep.664623d/ep.632]
TheHerring-Breuerinflationreflexisanincreaseinthedurationof
expirationproducedbysteadylunginflation,andthe

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Herring-Breuerdeflationreflexisadecreaseinthedurationof
expirationproducedbymarkeddeflationofthelung.

---

176.Walleriandegenerationisfor?
a)Nervedegeneration
b)Muscledegeneration

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Nerveregeneration
d)Muscleregeneration
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.Nervedegeneration
[Ref:SamsonWright13h/ep.288]

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Thepartofnervedistaltothepointinjuryundergoes'secondaryor
Walleriandegeneration',theproximalpartundergoes"primaryor
retrograde"degenerationuptoasinglenodeRanvier.

---

177.Withdrawalreflexisalsoknownas?
a)Extensionreflex

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Stretchreflex
c)Golgitendonreflex
d)Flexorreflex
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D.Flexorreflex

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

[RefUnderstandingofmedicalphysiologyp.680]
Withdrawalreflexisatypicalprotectivereflex.
Apainfulstimulusappliedtothehandorfootresultsinwithdrawalof
thelimb.
Withdrawalinvolvesflexionofthelimbthereforeitisalsocalledas

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

flexionreflex.
Flexionresultsfromcontractionofflexormusclesandrelaxationof
extensormuscles.
Simultaneouscontractionofflexorsandrelaxationofextensorsis
broughtaboutbyreciprocalinnervation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

---

178.Tetanyinmuscleoccursinspiteof
normalserumCa"level.Whichionis
responsible?
a)Mg2+
b)Ca2+

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

c)K+
d)Na+
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Ca2+
[Ref:Principlesofmedialphysiologyp.105,1061]

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Duringasingletwitch,theamountofCa+2releasedintosarcoplasm
isnotenoughtoproducetetanictension.
Whenthemuscleisstimulatedinrapidsuccession,Ca+2comesout
intothesarcoplasmwitheachstimulusandthereisaprogressive
accumulationofCa2+inthesarcoplasm.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

TetanictensionisreachedwhensarcoplasmicCa2+levelsreach
theirmaximum.

---

179.Unspecifiedpainpathwayisfor?
a)Neuropathicpain
b)Trauma

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Visceralpain
d)Psychogenicpain
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D.Psychogenicpain
Textbookofpsychotherapyp.6

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Idiopathicorunspecifiedpain:Itispurelypsychologicalinnature
andisthereforecalledpsychogenicpain.

---

180.Painiscarriedbywhichnervefibers?
a)Act,A13
b)Act,Ay

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

c)AS,C
d)Ay,C
CorrectAnswer-A:C
Ans.A.Act,A13&C.AS,C
[RdGanong24n/ep.92&23'd/ep.89;Principlesofphysiologyp.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5121]
Fastfiberscarryingpain-+Ad(fastpain)
Slowfiberscarryingpain-)C(slowpain)

---

181.Actionpotentialgeneratesatfastestrate
in?

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)SAnode
b)AVnode
c)BondleofHis
d)Purkinjefibers
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.A.SAnode
[Ref:Essentialsofmedicalphysiologp.856]
SAnodedischargesimpulsesatfastestrate,hencetherateatwhich
SAnodefiresdeterminestheheartrate,therefore,
SAnodeisnormalpacemakeroftheheart,i.e.,itdeterminesthe

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

paceoftheheart.

---

182.Vibrationsenseisdetectedbywhich
typeofreceptor?
a)Merkel'sdisc
b)Ruffini'sendorgan

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Pacciniancorpuscle
d)Meissner'scorpuscle
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Pacciniancorpuscle
[RefPrinciplesofmedicalphysiologyp.647]

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Tactile(touch)receptors
Fortouch(superficialtouch):-Meissner'scorpuscle(detecttextureof
surface,i.e.roughorsmooth),Merkel'sdisc(detecttwopoint
discrimination).
Forpressure(deeptouch):-Rufini'sendorgan(slowlyadapting).

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Vibrations:DetectedbyPaciniancorpuscle(rapidlyadapting).

---

183.Vibrationsenseisdetectedby?
a)Nociceptors
b)Deepreceptors
c)Superficialreceptors

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Noneoftheabove
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D.Noneoftheabove
[Refprinciplesofmedicalphysiologyp.647]
VibrationsaredetectedbyPaciniancorpuscleswhicharedeep

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

tactilereceptors.
Tactile(touch)receptors
Superficial(inepidermisandpapillarylayerofdermis)>Merkel's
disc,meissner'scorpuscle.
Deep(indermisandsubcutaneoustissue)-+Ruffini'sendorgan,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Paciniancorpuscle.

---

184.Vibrationsaredetectedbywhichtypes
ofreceptors?
a)Slowlyadapting
b)Rapidlyadapting

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Non-adapting
d)Noneoftheabove
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Rapidlyadapting
Rapidlyadaptingtouchreceptors-Paciniancorpwcle,Meissner's

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

corpuscle.
Slowlyadaptingtouchreceptors-Merkel'sdisc,Ruffini'sendorgan.
Noadaptation-Nociceptors(Painreceptors),vestibularreceptors,
musclespindle.

---

185.Whichofthefollowingreceptoris

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

stimulatedbysustainedpressure?
a)Ruffini'sendorgan
b)Merkel'sdisc
c)Haircells
d)MeissnerCorpuscles

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.Ruffini'sendorgan
[Ref;Ganong23r/ep.I50]
Pressure(sustainedpressure)stimulatesRuffini'sendorgan,

---

186."Prosopagnosia"ischaracterizedby:

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Inabilitytoread
b)Inabilitytoidentifyfaces
c)Inabilitytowrite
d)Inabilitytospeak
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.B.Inabilitytoidentifyfaces
Prosopagnosiaisarecognitiondeficitinwhichthepatientisunable
torecognizefamiliarfaces.
Faceandobjectrecognitiondeficitsareknownasprosopagnosia
andvisualobjectagnosiarespectively.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thecharacteristiclesionsinprosopagnosiaandvisualobject
agnosiaconsistsofabilateralinfarctionintheterritoryofthe
posteriorcerebralarteriesandinvolvelingualandfusiformgyri.

---

187.Broca'sareaisconcernedwith:
a)Wordformation

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)Comprehension
c)Repetition
d)Reading
CorrectAnswer-A
Ai.e.Wordformation

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Wernicke'sarea-)Siteofintegration.
Broca'sarea-+Motorpartofspeech.

---

188.Broadman'sareaformotorspeech?
a)Area1,2,3
b)Area4,6

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Area28,29
d)Area44
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D.Area44
[RefFuller's4lep.10;Ganong24nlep.293]

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

MotorspeechisformedinBroca'sarea(area44).
Striateareaofcortexisprimaryvisualarea(Brodmann'sarea17or
VI)andislocatedonthesidesofcalcarinefissure.

---

189.Maximumdensityofmusclespindleis
foundin?

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Calfmuscle
b)Lumbricals
c)Quadriepsmuscle
d)Triceps
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.B.Lumbricals
[Ref-Essentialsofmedicalphysiologyp.786]
Themorerefinedthefunction,thegreatertheconcentrationof
musclespindles.
Thegreatestconcentrationofspindlesisfoundinthelumbrical

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

musclesofthehandandtheninthesuboccipitalmusclesandinthe
extraocularmuscles.

---

190.Functionofepinephirineand
norepinephineinFightor-Flightresponse
is?

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Increasedbloodflowtoskin
b)Increasedbloodflowtomuscles
c)Bronchoconstriction
d)Bradycardia
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.B.Increasedbloodflowtomuscles
[Ref,Understandingmedicalphysiologyp.470,471]
Bothepinephrineandnorepinephrine,alongwithcortisol,are
responsibleforcoordinatingthe"Fight-or-flight"responsein
situationsofperceiveddangerorstress.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

191.EPSPisdueto?
a)K'influx
b)Na*efflux
c)Na*influx
d)Ca**influx

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Na*influx
EPSP-OpeningofligandgatedNa+channelresultinginNa+influx.
IPSP-
OpeningofligandgatedCl-channelresultinginCl-influx.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

OpeningofligandgatedK+channelresultinginK+influx

---

192.Theonlyexcitatoryneuronsincerebellar
cortexare?
a)Purkinje
b)Basket

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Golgi
d)Granulecells
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Granulecells[RefBDCVol.3p92)
Purkinjecellsaretheonlyoutputcellsfromcerebellarcortex.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Purkinjecellssendinhibitoryefferentstodeepcerebellarnuclei.
Basketcellsinhibitbodyofpurkinjecellswhilestellatecellsinhibit
dendritesofpurkinjecells.
Granulecellssendfacilitatoryefferentstobasket,stellateand
purkinjecellsthroughparallelfibers.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Climbingfibersandparallelfibersstimulatepurkinjecells.

---

193.Sleepwalkingisseeninwhichstageof
sleep?
a)REM
b)Stage1-2NREM

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Stage2-3NREM
d)Stage3-4NREM
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Stage3-4NREM
Importanteventsoccuringduringsleep

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Deepsleep/slowwavesleepdisorder:-Theseeventsoccurduring
stage3&4ofNREM.Importantdisordersare:?
1. Somnambulism(Nightwalking):-Patientwalksduringsleep.
2. Sleepterrorornightterrors(pavornocturnes):-Thepatient
suddenlygetsupscreaming,withautonomicarousal(tachycardia,

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

sweating).Sleepterrorsarerarelyrememberedinthemorning(in
contrasttonightmares).Notreatmentisrequiredonlyreassurance
isrequired.However,inseverecasesbenzodiazepinecanbeused.
3. Sleep-relatedenuresis(Nocturnalenuresis/bedwetting):-
Repetitivevoidingoccursduringsleep.Firstlineoftreatmentis

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

behaviourtherapy.Ifbehavioraltherapyfails,desmopressin(DOC)
andImipraminecanbeused.
4. Bruxism(Teethgrinding)
5. Sleep-talking(Somniloquy).
REMsleepevents

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

1. Nocturnalpeniletumescence:-Itisspontaneousoccurenceofan
erectionofthepenisduringsleep.Itisanormalphenomenonand
occursfor80-120minutespernightNocturnalpeniletumescence
canbeusedtodifferentiatebetweenpsychogenicimpotenceand

---

organicimpotenceasnocturnalpeniletumescenceispreservedin

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

psychogenicimpotencebutnotinorganiccauseofimpotence.
2. Nightmares(dreamanxietydisorder):-Theyarecharacterizedby
fearfuldreamsoccuringinthelastonethirdofnightsleep.The
personwakesupfrightnedandremembersthedreamvividly(in
contrasttonightterror).

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

3. Narcolepsy:-Thisischaracterizedbyexcessivedaytimesleep,
oftendisturbednighttimesleepanddisturbancesintheREMsleep.
Ageofonsetisbetween10-20years.Thereisirresistabledesireto
sleepandboutsofsuddensleepeachlastingfor10-30minutes
occuringduringdaytime.Inmajorityofcasesnarcolepsyis

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

associatedwithoneormoreaccessorysymptoms:?
Cataplexy:-Itisthemostcommonaccessorysymptomandis
characterizedbysuddendecreaseinmuscletoneeither,localor
generalized.
Hypnagogichallucination:-Hallucinationoccuringjustbeforefalling

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

asleep.Whenhallucinationoccursjustbeforeawakeningitiscalled
hyponopompichallucinations.
Sleepparalysis(leastcommon)
Treatmentofnarcolepsyincludestimulantmedications
(methyphenidate,amphetamines)ormodafinil.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

194.Calciumabsorptionishamperedby
a)Protein
b)Lactose
c)Acid
d)Phytates

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D.Phytates
Calciumabsorptionisincreasedbyi)Lactose,ii)Proteins,andiii)
Acidicenvironment
Calciumabsorptionisdecreasedbyi)Phytates,ii)Phosphates,iii)

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Oxalates;iv)Tetracycline;v)alkalineenvironment

---

195.SuppressorStriponanterioredgeofpre-
centralgyrushasfollowingfunction?
a)Increaseextensortone
b)Painperception

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Inhibitionofstretchreflex
d)Voluntarymovement
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Inhibitionofstretchreflex
[RefGanong25th/ep.242]

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

"Stimulationoftheanterioredgeofprecentralgyruscauses
inhibitionofstretchreflex.

---

196.Doll'seyereflexisusedin?
a)Hemiplegic
b)Paraplegic

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Unconsciouspatient
d)Cerebralpalsy
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Unconsciouspatient
Doll'seyereflex,alsocalledOculocephalicreflex,isusedtoassess

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

brainfunctioninunconscious/Comatosepatients.
Itchecksthevestibule-ocularreflexinunconsciouspatients.
Headisrotatedfromsidetosidewitheyeskeptopen.
i)Positive(normal)-
Eyesmoveinthedirectionoppositetothatoftheheadmovement.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Itsignifiesintactbrainstem.
ii)Negative(abnormal)-
Eyesmoveinthedirectionofheadmovement.
Itsignifiesbrainstemdamage.

---

197.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

Partofsympatheticsystemwhichsecrete
chemicaltransmitter?
a)Cardiacganglion
b)Cervicalsympatheticchain
c)Adrenalmedulla

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Thoracicsympatheticchain
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Adrenalmedulla
[Ref:TextbookofHumanphysiologybysherwoodp.681.]
TheAdrenalmedullaisactuallyamodifiedpartofthesympathetic

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

nervoussystem.
Theadrenalmedullaconsistsofmodifiedpostganglionic
sympatheticneuronscalledchromaffincells.
Unlikeordinarypostganglionicsympatheticneurons,chromaffine
cells,donothaveaxonalfibersthatterminateoneffectororgans.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Instead,onstimulationbypreganglionicfibers,thechromaffinein
cellsreleasetheirchemicaltransmitterdirectlyintotheblood.

---

198.Whichofthefollowinghasdirect
innervationfromsympatheticsystembut
noparasymputheticsupply?

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Heart
b)Intestine
c)Skin
d)None
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.C.Skin
Skinhasnoparasympatheticsupplybuthas:-
Sympatheticcholinergicsupply-sweatgland
Sympatheticadrenergicsupply-cutaneousbloodvessels.

---

199.Neuropraxiais?

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Damagetoaxon
b)Damagetoendoneurium
c)Damagetoepineurium
d)NoStructuraldamage
CorrectAnswer-D

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.D.NoStructuraldamage
[Ref:Apley's8'h/ep'231.]
Neuropraxia?Noanatomicaldisruption;axon&myelinsheath
remainintact.
Axontemesis-Disruptionofaxonwithmyelinsheath;Endoneurium

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

isintact.
Nuerotoemesis-Completesectionofnerve;Axon,myelinsheath,
endometrium,perimeurium,epineuriumallaredisrupted.

---

200.RMPinsmoothmuscles?
a)-90mV

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

b)-70mV
c)-150mV
d)-40mV
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D.-40mV

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

RMPFORVARIOUSEXCITABLETISSUES:
Neuron:-70mV
Skeletalmuscle&Ventricle(cardiacmuscle):-90mV
SAnode:-30to-40mV
Smoothmuscle:-30to-50mV

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Innerearhaircell:-150mV
RBC:-10mV
Thyroidgland:-50mV
Haircellsbaselinemembranepotential:-60mV

---

201.WhichofthefollowingstatementisTRUEaboutBohr'seffect?

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

a)DecreasedaffinityofHbto02isassociatedwithdecreasedpH
&increasedC02
b)DecreasedaffinityofHbto02isassociatedwithincreasedpH
&decreasedC02
c)DecreasedaffinityofHbto02isassociatedwithdecreasedpH

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

&C02
d)DecreasedaffinityofHbto02isassociatedwithincreasedpH
&C02
CorrectAnswer-A
ThedecreaseinO2affinityofhemoglobinwhenthepHofbloodfallsiscalledtheBohr

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

effect.
Itiscloselyrelatedtothefactthatdeoxygenatedhemoglobin(deoxyhemoglobin)bindsH+
moreactivelythandoesoxygenatedhemoglobin(oxyhemoglobin).
ThepHofbloodfallsasitsCO2contentincreases,sothatwhenthePCO2rises,thecurve
shiftstotherightandtheP50rises.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Ref:BarrettK.E.,BarmanS.M.,BoitanoS.,BrooksH.L.(2012).Chapter35.GasTransport
&pH.InK.E.Barrett,S.M.Barman,S.Boitano,H.L.Brooks(Eds),Ganong'sReviewof
MedicalPhysiology,24e.

---

202.HaldenEffectis?
a)CO2deliverybyincreased02

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)02deliverybyincreasedCO2
c)CO2deliverybyincreasedCO2
d)0,deliverybyincreasedCO
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.CO2deliverybyincreased02

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

[Ref:Ganong24n/ep.644&23'd/ep.612]
BecausedeoxyhemoglobinbindsmoreH+thanoxyhemoglobin
doesandformscarbaminocompoundsmorereadily,bindingofO2,
tohemoglobinreducesitsaffinityforCO2,(Haldaneeffect).

---

203.Totalsurfaceareaofrespiratory

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

membrane?
a)25cm'
b)50cm'
c)25m2
d)100m2

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D.100m2
[RelPrinciplesofmedicalphysiologyp.340]
Thicknessofrespiratorymembraneisabout0.5pmanditstotal
surfaceareaintwothelungsequalsabout100m2.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

---

204.Damagetopnemotaxiccenteralongwith
vagusnervecauseswhichtypeof
respiration?
a)Chynestokebreathing
b)Deepandslow

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Shallowandrapid
d)InspiratorySpasm
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D.InspiratorySpasm
[RefPrinciplesofmedicalphysiologyp.981).

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Damagetopneumotaxiccenterormidpontinetransection(between
upperandlowerpons)produces-
1. Withvagiintact:-Deepandslowbreathing
2. Withbilateralvagotomy:Apneusticbreathing(apneusis),i.e.
sustainedinspiratoryspasmwhichisinterruptedbybriefand

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

inefficientexpiration.

---

205.Transpulmonarypressureisthedifferencebetween:
a)Thebronchusandatmosphericpressure
b)Pressureinalveoliandintrapleuralpressure
c)Atmosphereandintrapleuralpressure

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Atmosphereandintraalveolarpressure
CorrectAnswer-B
Transpulmonarypressureisthepressuredifferencebetween
alveolarpressureandintrapleuralpressure.Beforethestartof
inspirationorattheendofexpirationitisabout+5cmH2O.Positive

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

transpulmonarypressurekeepsthealveoliopen.
Intrapleuralpressureisthepressurebetweentwolayersofpleura.
Itisabout-5cmH2Obeforethestartofinspirationorattheendof
expiration.
Alveolarpressureisthepressurewithintheterminalairspaces.It

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

isthesumofpleuralpressureandelasticrecoilpressureofthelung.
Itisatmosphericbeforethestartofinspirationorattheendof
expiration.
Transthoracicpressureisthepressuredifferencebetween
alveolarpressureandpressureatthebodysurface.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ref:FundamentalsofRespiratoryPhysiologyByASChakrabarty,
Page32

---

206.Normaltranspulmonarypressureduring
quietbreathing?
a)+8to+5cmH20

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)-8to-5cmH20
c)0to+1cmH20
d)0to-1cmH20
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.+8to+5cmH20

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Duringquietbreathing,transpulmonarypressureisbetween+8cm
(atendofinspiration)and+5cm(atendofexpiration).

---

207.Whatisthepartialpressureofoxygenat760mmHgatmosphericpressure?
a)76
b)160

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

c)120
d)130
CorrectAnswer-B
Thepressureofagasisproportionaltoitstemperatureandthenumberofmolesper
volume.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

P=nRT/V,where,
n=numberofmoles
P=Pressure
R=Gasconstant
T=Absolutetemperature

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

V=Volume
Thepressureexertedbyonegasinamixtureofgasesisequaltothetotalpressuretimes
thefractionofthetotalamountofgasitrepresents.
Thepartialpressureofoxygenindryairistherefore0.21x760=160mmofHgatsea
level.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Ref:Ganong,23rdEd,Page588

---

208.Whatisthepartialpressureforoxygenintheinspired
air?
a)116mmHg
b)158mmHg

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

c)100mmHg
d)0.3mmHg
CorrectAnswer-B
PartialpressureofO2ininspiredair(PiO2)-158mmHg
Gaseousconcentration&itspartialpressureinalveoli:

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

1.Oxygen:
Concentration&partialpressurecontrolledby,
*RateofabsorptionofO2intoblood
*RateofentryofnewO2intolungsbyventilatoryprocess.
Values:

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

*PartialpressureofO2ininspiredair(PiO2)
-158mmHg
*PartialpressureofO2inalveolarair(PAO2)
-100mmHg
-Calculatedby"Alveolargasequation".

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

*PartialpressureofO2inexpiredair(PEO2)
-116mmHg
2.Carbon-di-oxide:
*PartialpressureofCO2ininspiredair(PiCO2)
-0.3mmHg

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

*PartialpressureofCO2inalveolarblood(PACO2)
-40mmHg
*PartialpressureofCO2inexpiredair(PECO2)
-32mmHg

---

---

209.Isocapenicbufferingis?

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)IncrecasedpCO2withincreasedCO2
b)IncrecasedpCO2withdecreasedCO,
c)NormalpCO,withincreasedCO2
d)Noneoftheabove
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.C.NormalpCO,withincreasedCO2
*Duringexercise,initiallyCO2productionandincreaseinventilation
areproprotionate.
-So,pCO2remainsthesame.
-Thisiscalledisocapnicbuffering.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

*But,inlaterstages,ventilationincreasesmorethantherateof
CO2production.
*Asaresult,PCO2decreases.

---

210.Vitalcapacityismeasuredby?
a)Plethysmography

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)Gas-dilutionmethed
c)Nitrogenwashouttechnique
d)Spirometer
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D.Spirometer

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Spirometrycanmeasure:-Tidalvolume(TV),inspiratoryreserve
volume(IRV),expiratoryreservevolume(ERV),vitalcapacity(VC),
forcedvitalcapacity(FVC),FEV.
Spirometrycannotmeasure:-Residualvolume(RV),functional
residualcapacity(FRC),totallungcapacity(TLC).

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

211.Inpatientswithemphysematousbullae,
totallungvolumeisbestdeterminedby?
a)Spirometry
b)Heliumdilutionmethod
c)Plathysmography

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Anyoftheabove
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Heliumdilutionmethod
Totallungcapacity(TLC)isdeterminedbyheliumdilutionmethod
whichdoesnotmeasurevolumeinbullae.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

TLCmeasuredbyplethysmographyincludesthevolumeofbullae
also.
Thus,gasvolumeinbullaecanbedeterminedbysubtractingthe
TLCdeterminedbyheliumdilutionfromtheTLCdeterminedby
plethysmography.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

212.Allaretrueaboutcomplianceoflung
except?
a)ChangeinVolumeperunitchangeinpressure
b)TotalComplianceis0.2L/cm
c)Ameasureofdistensibility

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Decreasedinemphysema
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D.Decreasedinemphysema
[Ref.Principlesofmedicalphysiologyp.325,326;Ganong24h/ep.
632]

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Thechangeinvolumeperunitchangeinpressureiscalled
'compliance'.Thetotalcomplianceofbothlungstogetherinthe
normaladulthumanbeingisabout0.2L/cmwater.
Thatis,everytimethetranspulmonarypressureincreasesby1
centimeterofwater,thelungvolumewillexpand0.2L(200mI).

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Complianceisameasureofdispensability.
Complianceisincreasedinemphysema.

---

213.Normalrespiratorycomplianceis?
a)200ml/cmwater
b)50ml/cmwater

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)100ml/cmwater
d)150ml/cmwater
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,200ml/cmwater
Thelungsandthoraciccagearebothelasticstructures.Hencethey

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

displayaconstantrelationshipbetweendistendingpressureand
changeinvolume.
Thechangeinvolumeperunitchangeinpressureiscalled
"compliance".
Thetotalcomplianceofbothlungstogetherinthenormaladult

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

humanbeingisabout0.2L/cmwater.
Thatis,everytimethetranspulmonarypressureincreasesby1
centimeterofwater,thelungvolumewillexpand0.2L(200ml).
Complianceisameasureofdistensibility.

---

214.Inrelaxationpressurecurve,inchronic

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

smokersatZerorelaxationpressure?
a)Lungvolumeincreases
b)Lungvolumedecreases
c)Nochangeinlungvolume
d)Anyoftheabove

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.Lungvolumeincreases
ChronicsmokingcausesCOPDwithlossofelasticityoflungand
thereishyperinflationoflung.
Combinedrecoilpressureoflungsandthoraciccageisinwardly

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

directedinhyperinflatedlungs.
Aslunglosesitselasticity,thoraciccagedistends(expands)toa
highervolumeatzerorelaxationpressure-+Functionalresidual
capacityisincreased.

---

215.Whichofthefollowingparameter

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

IndicateseliminationofCO2fromlung?
a)Pa02
b)pH
c)PaCO2
d)HCO,level

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.PaCO2
[Ref:Clinicalphysiologyp.712]
PaCO2(PartialpressureofarterialCO2)Reflectstheadequacy
ofthelungsventilationandCO,elimination(knownasrespiratory

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

parameter).

---

216.InzerogravityV/Qratiois?
a)0.8
b)1
c)2

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)3
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.1
Removalofgravityresultsinmoreuniformventilationandperfusion
thisV/Qshouldbe1.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

But,inallrecentstudiesithasbeenshown,thatthereareother
(non-gravitational)factorswhichcontributestoV/Qmismatch.
Thereforeevenatzerogravity,Heterogeneityofperfusionand
ventilationoccurs.
Thus,V/Qratiocannotbe1atzerogravity.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

But,ingivenscenarioweacceptsimplegravitationalmodel,inwhich
V/QratiomustbeI'thoughtheoretically.

---

217.Normal02extractionratiooftissues?
a)5%
b)15%

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)25%
d)40%
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.25%
NormalO2extractionratiois25-30%

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

218.Poiseuille'sequationstatesthat?
a)Bloodflowisdirectlyproportionto2ndpowerofradius
b)Bloodflowisdirectlyproportiomto4thpowerofradius
c)Bloodflowisinverselyproportionto2ndpowerofradius
d)Bloodflowisinverselyproportionto4thpowerofradius

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D.Bloodflowisinverselyproportionto4thpowerofradius
Minutevolume:
Amountofairbreathedin(inspired)orout(expired)bythelungsin
oneminute.So,minutevolume=TidalvolumexRespiratoryrate.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Itisatabout6L

---

219.

---

Aorticvalveclosureoccursinwhichpartof
cardiaccycle?
a)Beginningofisovolumetriccontraction

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Beginningofventricularejection
c)Beginningofisovolumetricrelaxation
d)Duringrapidventricularfilling
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Beginningofventricularejection

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Lungcapillaryvolume?150ml.

---

220.Roleofionchannelsonvascular
endotheliumis?
a)Ca+influx
b)K+efflux

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Na+influx
d)Cl-effux
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D.Cl-effux
O2therapyisusefulinhypoxichypoxialikehypoventilation(COPD,

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

restrictivedisease)andhighaltitude.
Itisnotusefulinanemichypoxia(anemia,COpoisoning),stagnant
hypoxia(CHF)andhistotoxichypoxia(cyanidepoisoning)

---

221.ActionPotentialincardiacmuscleshas
howmanyphases?

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

a)2
b)3
c)4
d)5
CorrectAnswer-D

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.D.5
Bloodflow(Q)isthevolumeflowperunittime(cm3/s),whereas
velocityofbloodflow(V)isdisplacementofbloodperunittime
(cm/s).
Increasingtheradiustwotimeswilldecreasethevelocityby4times.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

222.Poiseuille'sequationstatesthat
a)Bloodflowisdirectlyproportionto2ndpowerofradius
b)Bloodflowisdirectlyproportionto4thpowerofradius
c)Bloodflowisinverselyproportionto2ndpowerofradius
d)Bloodflowisinverselyproportionto4thpowerofradius

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Bloodflowisdirectlyproportionedto4thpowerofradius.
POISEUILLE'SLAW:
*Alsoreferredas"Hagen-Poiseille'sLaw".
*Poiseuille'sequationstates,

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

-Q=P1-P2*{(r4)/(8L)}
-Q-Flowrate
-(P1-P2)-Pressuredifferenceacrossvessel(providedP1>P2).
--Bloodviscosity.
-r-Radius.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

-L-Tubelength.
*Ifparametervaluesremainsconstant,
-Bloodflowisdirectlyproportionalto4thpowerofradius.
*Resistanceofvesseltobloodflowcanbecalculatedbycombining
Ohm'slawwithPoiseuille'sequation.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

-BysubstitutingvaluesofQfromPoiseuille'slawinOhm'slaw.
*Implying,resistanceismainlyaffectedby,
-Bloodvesselradius,
-Vasodilatation/vasoconstriction.
*Thusultimately,ifparametervaluesremainconstant,

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

_Resistancetobloodflowisinverselyproportionalto
4thpowerofradius.

---

223.Aorticvalveclosurecorrespondstothe
beginningof:
September2011

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Systole
b)Parasystole
c)Isovolumetricrelaxation
d)Isovolumetriccontraction
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.C:Isovolumetricrelaxation
CardiacDiastole
Itistheperiodoftimewhentheheartrelaxesaftercontractionin
preparationforrefillingwithcirculatingblood.
Duringventriculardiastole,thepressureinthe(leftandright)

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

ventriclesdropsfromthepeakthatitreachesinsystole.
Whenthepressureintheleftventricledropstobelowthepressure
intheleftatrium,themitralvalveopens,andtheleftventriclefills
withbloodthatwasaccumulatingintheleftatrium.
Theisovolumicrelaxationtime(IVRT)istheintervalfromtheaortic

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

componentofthesecondheartsound,thatis,closureoftheaortic
valve,toonsetoffillingbyopeningofthemitralvalve.
Likewise,whenthepressureintherightventricledropsbelowthatin
therightatrium,thetricuspidvalveopens,andtherightventriclefills
withbloodthatwasaccumulatingintherightatrium.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Duringdiastolethepressurewithintherightventricleislowerthan
thatinaorta,allowingbloodtocirculateintheheartitselfviathe
coronaryarteries.

---

224.Cerebralbloodflowisincreasedby?
a)IncreaseinP02

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

b)IncreaseinPCO2
c)Decreasemetabolicrate
d)Alloftheabove
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.IncreaseinP02

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

[Ref:www.ncbi.nlm.nih.govl]
Onemajorfunctionofionchannelsinendothelialcellsisthecontrol
ofCa2+influxeitherbyadirectmodulationofCa2+influxpathway
orbyindirectmodulationNa+andClchannels.

---

225.STSegmentofECGCorrespondsto?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Ventriculardepolarization
b)Ventricularrepolarization
c)Atrialdepolarization
d)AVConduction
CorrectAnswer-D

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.D.AVConduction
Actionpotentialinmyocardialfibershas5phases:0,1,2,3and4.

---

226.Cerebralbloodflowisregulatedbyall,EXCEPT:
a)Intracranialpressure
b)ArterialPC02

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Potassiumions
d)Cerebralmetabolicrate
CorrectAnswer-C
Factorsaffectingoverallcerebralbloodflowinclude:
Intracranialpressure

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Localconstriction&dilationofcerebralarterioles
Meanarterialpressureatbrainlevel
Viscosityofblood
Meanvenouspressureatbrainlevel
ThemostimportantextrinsicinfluencesonCBFarerespiratorygastensionsparticularly

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

arterialPC02.CerebralbloodflowisdirectlyproportionaltoarterialPC02betweentensions
of20and80mmofHg.
Ref:BarrettK.E.,BarmanS.M.,BoitanoS.,BrooksH.L.(2012).Chapter33.Circulation
throughSpecialRegions.InK.E.Barrett,S.M.Barman,S.Boitano,H.L.Brooks(Eds),
Ganong'sReviewofMedicalPhysiology,24e.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

---

227.InanECGthecardiaceventcorrespondingtotheSTsegmentis:
a)Atrialdepolarisation
b)Ventriculardepolarisation
c)Atrialrepolarisation
d)Ventricularrepolarisation

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-D
PR?IntervalcorrespondswithatrialdepolarisationandconductionthroughAVnode
QRS?correspondswithVentriculardepolarisation+atrialrepolarisation
QT?correspondswithventriculardepolarisation+ventricularrepolarisation
Ref:ReviewofMedicalPhysiologybyGanong,20thEdition,Page532.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

228.STSegmentofECGcorrespondsto
whichphaseofactionpotential?
a)Phase0
b)PhaseI
c)PhaseII

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)PhaseIII
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.PhaseII
RelationofECGwithphasesofactionpotential-
Phase0&1=QRScomPlex

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Phase2=STsegment
Phase3=Twave.

---

229.STSegmentofECGCorrespordsto
whichphaseofactionpotential?
a)Rapiddepolarixation

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Rapidrepolarizedtion
c)Findrepolarizetion
d)PlateuPhase
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D.PlateuPhase

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Phase-2isplateauPhase.

---

230.Baroreeaptorsarelocatedin?
a)Tunicamedia
b)Tunicaintima
c)Tunicaadventitia

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

d)None
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Tunicaadventitia
Baroreceptorsaremechano-receptorsthatarelocatedinthe
adventitiaofcarotidarteryandaorta,atspecializedLocationscalled

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

sinuses.

---

231.Baroreceptorare?
a)Carotidbody
b)Carotidsinus
c)Aorticbody

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)None
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Carotidsinus
Baroreceptorsaremechanoreceptorsthatarelocatedinthe
adventiaofcarotidarteryandaorta,atspecializedlocationscalled

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

sinuses.
1)Carotidsinusisalittlebulgeattherootofinternalcarotidartery,
locatedjustabovethebifurcationofthecommoncarotidartery.Itis
innervatedbythesinusnerve,abranchofglossopharyngeal(IX
cranial)nerve.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

2)Aorticarch(aorticsinus)alsocontainsmechenoreceptors(stretch
receptors)whicharesimilartocarotidsinusreceptors.However,
theirafferentnervefiberstravelintheaorticnerve,abranchof
Vagus(Xcranial)nerve.
Thesinusnerve(fromcarotidsinus)andaorticnerve/vagalfibers

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

(fromaorticsinus)aretogethercalled`Sinoaorticnerves'.They,
together,arealsoreferedtoas'Buffernerves'becausetheyarethe
afferentsofcardiovascularreflexesthatbufferabruptchangesin
bloodpressure.

---

232.Afterloadisdecreasedby?

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Exercise
b)Anemia
c)Thyrotoxicosis
d)Alloftheabove
CorrectAnswer-D

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.D.Alloftheabove
Afterload(resistanceofferedtoventricularpumpingaction):
Leftventriclehastopumpoutbloodagainstaorticresistance.
Increasedaorticresistance(e.g.,highBP)tendstodecreasestroke
volume.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Decreasedperipheralresistanceincreasescardiacoutpute.g.,in
exercises,AVfistulaorshunt,severeanemia(duetovasodilationby
anemichypoxia),thyrotoxicosis(duetovasodilationcausedby
increasedO2consumption),andwetberi-beri.

---

233.Oxygensaturationofvenousbloodis?

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

a)30%
b)50%
c)70%
d)90%
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.C.70%
Mixedvenousoxygensaturationisthepercentageofoxygenbound
tohemoglobininvenousblood,i.e,bloodreturningtorightsideof
heart.
Normalvalueis60-80%(average70%)

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Alsoknow,Arterialoxygensaturationis95-99%(average97%).

---

234.Bloodpressureisdependanton?
a)Cardiacoutput
b)Heartrate
c)Strokevolume

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Alloftheabove
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D.Alloftheabove
Arterialbloodpressureistheproductofthecardiacoutputandthe
totalperipheralvascularresistance(TPR).

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Meanbloodpressureisthemajordeterminantofadequateblood
flowthroughthetissues.

---

235.Organwithdualbloodsupply?
a)Heart
b)Liver

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Kidney
d)Lung
CorrectAnswer-B:D
Ans.(B)Liver(D)Lung
Liverhasdualsupply-Hepaticarteryandportalvein

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Lunghasdualsupply-Pulmonaryarteryandbronchialartery.

---

236.Positionofstretchreceptorsinleft
atrium?
a)AVseptum
b)Interatrialseptum

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Entranceofpulmonaryvein
d)Noneoftheabove
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Entranceofpulmonaryvein
[Refprinciplesofmedicalphysiologp.753]

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Atrialstretchreceptorsarelocatedatthevariousvenoatrialjunction.
1. Atriocavalreceptorsarelocatedintherightatriumjustatthe
entranceofSVCandIVC,
2. Pulmonaryvenoatrialreceptorsarelocatedintheleftatriumjustat
theentranceofpulmonaryvein.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

237.TrueaboutBezold-Jarishreflex?
a)Hypertension
b)Tachycardia
c)Hyperpnea
d)Hypotension

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D.Hypotension
Theventricularbaroreceptorsarescatteredthroughouttheleft
ventricleandinterventricularseptum.
StimulationoftheserecePtorsbyinjectionofcertaindrugs(e.g.,

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

serotonine,veratibine,orniiotine)intotheleftcoronaryartery
producesapnea,bradycardiaandhypotension.
ThisiscalledBezold-Jarischreflexorcoronarychemoreflex.

---

238.TrueaboutCoronarycirculation?
a)250ml/min

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Majorflowduringsystole
c)Unifromflowduringfullcardiaccycle
d)Alloftheabout
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans,A.250ml/min

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Theheartreceivesitsbloodsupplyfromtwocoronaryarteriesright
andleftwhicharisefromtherootoftheaorta.
Coronarybloodflow,atrest,isabout250mlperminute(5%oftotal
cardiacoutput).

---

239.Glomerularfilterationofasubstance

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

dependsupon?
a)Lipidsolubilityofsubstance
b)Bindingcapacitytoalbumin
c)Bothoftheabove
d)Noneoftheabove

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Bindingcapacitytoalbumin
Plasmaproteinbindingofasubstancedecreasesisglomerular
filtration.
Onlyunboundsubstancesarefiltered.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Glomerularfiltrationdoesnotdependonlipidsolubilityasfiltration
occursthroughtheporesinglomerularmembrane
(Lipidsolubilityaffectsthetransportofsubstanceacrosscellular
membrane)

---

240.GFRmeasurementhelpindetermining?

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Heartrate
b)Recoveryfromshock
c)Stageofkidneydisease
d)Bloodvolume
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.C.Stageofkidneydisease
GFRisameasureofproperfunctioningofkidney.
Itsvaluedeterminesthestageofkidneydisease.

---

241.Tubuloglomerularfeedbackisforregulationof?
a)BP

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Bloodvolume
c)Na+reabsorption
d)GFR
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D.GFR

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Toperformthefunctionofautoregulation,thekidneyshavea
feedbackmechanismthatlinkschangesinsodiumchloride
concentrationatthemaculadensawiththecontrolofrenalarteriolar
resistance.
Thisfeedbackhelpstoensurerelativelyconstantdeliveryofsodium

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

chloridetothedistaltubuleandhelpspreventspuriousfluctuations
inrenalexcretionthatwouldotherwiseoccur.
Thetubuloglomerularfeedbackmechanismhastwocomponents
thatacttogethertocontrolGFR.

---

242.Glomerulotubularfeedbackisfor

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

regulationof?
a)BP
b)Bloodvolume
c)Na+reabsorption
d)Renalbloodflow

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Na+reabsorption
Tubulo-glomerularfeedback-RegulationofGFRinrelationtorenal
bloodflow.
Glomerulo-tubularfeedback-Regulationoftubularreabsorption

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

(especiallyNa+2)inrelationtoGFR.

---

243.Mesangialcellcontractionisdoneby?
a)cAMP
b)Dopamine
c)PAF

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)ANP
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.PAF
Contractionofmesangialcellsisproducedby:-Endothelin,
angiotensinII,vasopressin,norepinephrine,PAF,PDGF,

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

thromboxaneA2,PGF2,LeukotrienesC4&D4,Histamine.
RelaxationofmesangialcellsisproducedbyANP,Dopamine,
PGE2,cAMP.

---

244.Mechamismofsecretionofammoniain
distaltubuleis?

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Primaryactivetransport
b)Symport
c)Antiport
d)Passivediffusion
CorrectAnswer-D

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.D.Passivediffusion
Ammonia(NH3)transportinvolvespassivediffusionfromtubular
cellsintothetubularlumen.

---

245.ASubstancehasclearancesameas
inulinclearance,theSubstarceismainly

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

excretedinurineby?
a)TubularSecretion
b)Glomerularfiltration
c)Botha&b
d)Vascularleakage

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Glomerularfiltration
Iftherebeasubstancethatpassesfreelyacrosstheglomerular
membranebutisneitherreabsorbednorsecretedbytubularactivity,
urinaryexcretionwouldrepresenttheamountfilteredandnothing

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

buttheamountfiltered.
Hence,itsclearancewouldindicatehowmuchplasmagetsfiltered
everyminute.
Allthesefeaturesmakeitaverysuitablesubstanceforestimationof
glomerularfiltrationrate.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

InulinclearanceisequaltotheGFR,i.e.,126ml/min.

---

246.NormalUninarypHis?
a)5.0-6.0
b)6.5-7.0
c)8.5-9.0

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

d)None
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.6.5-7.0
BloodpH?7.4
InterstitialfluidpH?7.34

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

UrinepH?6.5?7.0(4.5to8.0)

---

247.IncreasedaldosteroneandADH
secretiomfollowingmajortraumaresults
inallthefollowingexcept?
a)DecreasedNa+excretionisurine

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)IncreasedK'excretioninurine
c)Increasedosmolarityofurine
d)Increasedwaterexcretion
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D.Increasedwaterexcretion

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aftermajortrauma,secretionofADHandaldosteroneincreases.
ADH-Causesincreasedwaterreabsorptionfromcollectingduct.
Aldosterone-CausesincreaseNa+&Cl-reabsorptionandincrease
K+secretion/excretion.

---

248.Whichcarrierpumpistransportingsolutesinthick

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

ascendinglimbofHenleloop?
a)CarrierpumpNa-K-2Cltransporter.
b)NaCl-cotransporter
c)Na2+-H+exchanger
d)Na2+-K+exchanger

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
CarrierpumpNa-K-2Cltransporter.
REABSORPTIONINTHICKASCENDINGLIMB:
Sodium,Potassium&Chloridereabsorption:
By"Secondaryactivetransport"-

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

ThroughNa2+-K+-2Cl--carriertransporter.
TransportsoneNa2+,oneK+,&twoCl-.
Activesodiumabsorptionoccurs.
30%filteredNa2+reabsorbed.

---

249.Receptiveareaofstomach?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Antrum
b)Pylorus
c)Body
d)Fundus
CorrectAnswer-D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.D.Fundus
Anatomicallythestomachisdividedintofundus,body(corpus),
antrumandpylorus.
However,functionally,thestomachisdividedintoaproximaland
distalend.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

'Proximalstomach'includesfundusandproximall/3dofthebody
and'distalstomach"includesdistal2/3dofthebodyandtheantrum.
Avasovagalreflextriggeredbyswallowingabolusoffoodcauses
theloweresophagealsphinctertoopenandtheproximalstomachto
dilate(receptiverelaxation)toaccommodatetheswallowedfood.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Asaresult,theinternalpressurehardlyrisesinspiteofthe
increasedfilling.
Thus,theproximalstomachservesprimarilythefunctionofstorage.

---

250.InnerplexusinGITis?
a)Mucosalplexus

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Submucosalplexus
c)Auerbach'splexus
d)Myentericplexus
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Submucosalplexus

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Myentericplexus(Auerbach'splexus)-Externalplexus.
Meissner'splexus(submucosalplexus)-Innerplexus.

---

251.Functionofmyentericplexusisto
regulate?
a)GIsecretion

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)Localbloodflow
c)Motility
d)Alloftheabove
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Motility

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Myentericplexus(Aurbach'splexus)controlsGImotility.
Meissner's(submucosal)plexuscontrolsGIsecretionsandlocal
bloodflow.

---

252.Chymotrypsinogenisactivatedinto
chymotrypsinby:

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Trypsin
b)Pepsin
c)Renin
d)HCl
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.A:Trypsin
Trypsinissecretedintotheduodenum,whereithydrolyzespeptides
intoitssmallerbuildingblocks,namelyaminoacids.Trypsin
catalyzesthehydrolysisofpeptidebonds.
TrypsinshaveanoptimaloperatingpHofabout8.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Trypsinsareconsideredendopeptidases,i.e.,thecleavageoccurs
withinthepolypeptidechainratherthanattheterminalaminoacids
locatedattheendsofpolypeptides.
Trypsinisproducedinthepancreasintheformofinactive
trypsinogen.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Itisthensecretedintothesmallintestine,wheretheenzyme
enteropeptidaseactivatesitintotrypsinbyproteolyticcleavage.The
resultingtrypsinsthemselvesactivatemoretrypsinogens
(autocatalysis),chymotrypsinogen,Elastase/proelastase,
CarboxypeptidaseAandB,ColipaseandPhospholipaseA2.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

253.Exampleofexopeptidaseis?
a)Trypsin
b)Chymotrypsin
c)Elastase
d)Carboxypeptidases

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D.Carboxypeptidases

---

254.Secretionofbileoutofhepactocytes
occursvia?
a)Passivediffusion

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)Facilitateddiffusion
c)Osmosis
d)Activetransport
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D.Activetransport

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Bilecontainssubstancesthatareactivelysecretedintoitcrossthe
canalicularmembrane,suchasbileacids'phosphatidylcholine,
conjugatedbilirubin,cholesterol,andxenobiotics.
Eachoftheseentersthebilebymeansofaspecific
canaliculartransPorter.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Itistheactivesecretionofbileacids,however,thatisbelievedtobe
theprimarydrivingforcefortheinitialformationofcanalicularbile.

---

255.Absorptionofcalciumionisaffected
mostlyby?
a)Calcitriol

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)Parathormone
c)Glucocorticoids
d)ACTH
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.Calcitriol

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Withanaverageintakeof1000mgofcalciumitsnetintestinal
absorptionisonly150-250mg/day.Calciumisabsorbedmainlyin
theduodenumandjejunum(proximalintestine)byanactive
transportmechanismregulatedbycalcitriol.
Parathormoneindirectlypromotesabsorptionofcalciumby

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

increasingtherenalsynthesisofcalcitriol.

---

256.VitaminDabsorptionisdecreasedby?
a)Proteins
b)Acid
c)Lactose

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Fatmalabsorption
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D.Fatmalabsorption
Absorptionofallfatsolublevitaminsisdecreasedinfat
malabsorption.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

ThesefatsolublevitaminsareA,D,EandK.

---

257.EffectofcholecystokininonGIT?
a)Increasesgastricacidsecretion
b)Increasessmallintestinalperistlasis
c)Increasesgastricmotility

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Relaxesgallbladder
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Increasessmallintestinalperistalsis

---

258.Smallintestinalperistalsisiscontrolled
by:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Myentricplexus
b)Meissnersplexus
c)Vagusnerve
d)Parasympatheticsystem
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Ai.e.Myentricplexus
Myenteric(Auerbach's)plexusissituatedb/wandinnervatesouter
longitudinal&middlecircularmuscularlayersandisprimarily
concernedwithmotorcontrolQ.Submucosal(meissner's)plexus
situatedbetweenmiddlecircularlayerandmucosaisprimarly

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

concernedwithcontrolofintestinalsecretionQasitinnervates
glandularepithelium,intestinalendocrinecells&submucosalblood
vessels.

---

259.Howisfolicacidabsorbedinproximal
jejunum?

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Facilitateddiffusion
b)Activetransport
c)Passivetransport
d)Bothactive&passivetransport
CorrectAnswer-D

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

AnsD.Bothactive&passivetransport
FolatesarePresentinnaturalfoodsandtissuesaspolyglutamates
becausetheseformsservetokeepthefolateswithincell.
Inplasmaandurine,theyarefoundasmonoglutamatesbecause
thisistheonlyformthatcanbetransportedacrossmembranes.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Enzymesinthelumenofthesmallintestineconvertthe
polyglutamateformtothemonoglutamateformofthefolate,whichis
absorbedintheproximaljejunumviabothactiveandpassive
transport.

---

260.Colipaseis:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)IssecretedbyOxynticcells
b)Issecretedintheactiveform
c)Helpsgastriclipase
d)EncodedbythegeneCLPS
CorrectAnswer-D

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Colipaseisasmallproteincofactorneededbypancreaticlipaseforefficientdietarylipid
hydrolyisis.Itissecretedasaninactiveformprocolipasebythepancreasandinthe
intestinalitisconvertedtotheactiveformbytrypsin.Efficientabsorptionofdietaryfatsis
dependentontheactionofpancreatictriglyceridelipase.ColipasebindstotheC-terminal,
non-catalyticdomainoflipase,therebystabilisingasactiveconformationandconsiderably

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

increasingtheoverallhydrophobicbindingsite.ItisencodedbythegeneCLPS.
Ref:Ganong'sReviewofHumanPhysiology,21stEdition,Page476

---

261.Cholecystokininisproducedfrom:
a)Hepatocyte
b)Gastricmucosa

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Duodenalmucosa
d)Epithelialcellsofdistalcommonbileduct
CorrectAnswer-C
Themajorfactorcontrollingthecontractionofthegallbladderisthehormone
cholecystokinin(CCK),whichisreleasedfromtheduodenalmucosa(Icells)inresponseto

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

theingestionoffatsandaminoacids.
Reference:
HarrisonsPrinciplesofInternalMedicine,18thEdition,Page2616

---

262.Somatomedin-Cdeficiencycauses?
a)Achondroplasia

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Cretinism
c)Growthretardation
d)JuvenileDM
CorrectAnswer-C
An.s.C.Growthretardation

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Effectsofgrowthhormoneonskeletalgrowthismediatedby
somatomedins.
Deficiencyofsomatomedinscausesgrowthretardationand
dwarfism.

---

263.Allareaboutadiponectinexcept?

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Secretedbyadiposetissue
b)Lowersglucose
c)IncreasesFFAoxidation
d)PositiveCorrelationwithBMI
CorrectAnswer-D

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.D.PositiveCorrelationwithBMI
Adiponectionisahormonesecretedbyadiposetissue.
ItlowersglucoseandFFAlevels.
AdiponectinhasnegativecorrelationwithBMI,andmorenegatively
withvisceralfatthansubcutaneousfat.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Adiponectinhasinszlirsensitizingactionanditslevelscorrelatewith
insulinsensitivity.Byinsulinsensitizingaction,adiponectinreduces
tissueTGcontent,increaseFFAoxidation,andincreaseglucose
uptakebytissue.
Adiponectinalsoinhibitsadhesionmolecules(E-selectin,VEAM)

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

andmacrophages(decreaseuptakeofoxidizedLDL).
Adiponectinreceptorsarefoundinliverandskeletalmuscles.
Recently,receptorsarealsofoundinpancreasp-cells.
Adiponectinsecretionishormoneregulated.Decreasedlevelswith
insulinandglucorticoidsareseen.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Adiponectionlevelsarelowinobesity,type2DM,ischemicheart
disease(IHD)anitmetabolicsyndrome.
Adiponectingeneislocatedonchromosome3.

---

264.Hormoneresponsibleforgalactopoiesis
?

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Growthhormone
b)Insulin
c)Oxytocin
d)Prolactin
CorrectAnswer-D

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.D.Prolactin
Galactokinesis
Alsocalledmilkejectionormilkletdovn.
Itisbroughtaboutbyoxytocinwhichstimulatescontractionofthe
myoepithelialcellsinthemammaryalveoliandductsie.contraction

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

oflactiferousductsandsinuses.
Oxytocinsreleasedwhenthenippleisstimulatedduringsuckling.

---

265.Ionotropiceffectofthyroidhormoneis
by?
a)Membranereceptors

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

b)cAMP
c)PotentiationofCatecholamines
d)cGMP
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.PotentiationofCatecholamines

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

[RelGanong24th/ep.j49l
Thethyroidhormonesincreasetheheartrate,cardiaccontractility,
strokevolumeandcardiacoutput,andconsequentlyalsothe
systolicBP.
ButthediastolicBPmayfallduetovasodilatationinseveralvascular

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

bedswithdecreaseinperipheralvascularresistance.
Thecardiovasculareffectsofthyroidhormonesarepartlymediated
bypotentiationofeffectsofcatecholamines.

---

266.3-subumitofinsulinreceptorbindsto?
a)Guanylylcyclase

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Adenylylcyclase
c)IP3-DAG
d)Tyrosinekinase
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D.Tyrosinekinase

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Insulinreceptors
Theinsulinreceptorisacombinationof4subunitsheldtogetherby
disulfidelinkages-TwoAlphasubunitsandtwoBetasubunits,
Alphasubunitslieentirelyoutsidethecellmembraneandfunctionas
insulinbindingsite.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

BetasubunitsPenetratethroughcellmembraneandprotrudeinto
thecytoplasmwhichhasattachedlocaltyrosinekinase.
Thusinsulinreceptorisanexampleofanenzyme-linkedreceptor
(insulinkagroupIIDhormone).

---

267.Relationshipbetweeninsulinand

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

glucoseconcentration?
a)Linear
b)Hyperbola
c)Sigmoidal
d)BellShaped

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Sigmoidal
'TheRelationshipbetweenglucoseconcentrationandinsulin
secretionissigmoidal.
Theglucose-insulinresponsecurvecomefromthediscoverythat

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

insulinsecretiondidnotrespondasalinearfunctionofglucose
concentration.

---

268.Insulinmediatedtransportofglucoseis
?
a)Seeninadiposetissue

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)ViaGLUT-2
c)MainMechanisminRBCs
d)Allaretrue
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.Seeninadiposetissue

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Insulinstimulatestheuptakeofglucosebymyocytes(skeletal
muscle,cardiacmuscles),adipocytes(adiposetissue)and
hepatocytes.
Tissuesthatdonotdependoninsulinforglucoseuptakeinclude
brain,erythrocytes(RBC),theepithelialcellsofkidney&intestine,

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Liver,andCornea&lensofeye.
Themechanismthroughwhichinsulinincreasesglucoseuptakeis
differentindifferenttissues.Inthemuscleandadiposetissues,
insulinincreasefacilitateddiffusionbyincreasingglucosetransporter
(GLUT-4)onthecellmembrane.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

269.Notacontentofsperm?
a)Golgiapparatus
b)Mitochondria
c)Lysosome
d)Endoplasmicreticulum

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D.Endoplasmicreticulum
Spermatozoan(sperm)hasfollowingparts:
1. Head
2. Middlepiece

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Principalpiece
4. Endpiece(tail)

---

270.Acrosomereactionisseenin?
a)Spermatogenesis
b)Oogenesis

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Fertilization
d)Mensturation
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Fertilization
Tofertilizetheovumthespermsundergo-

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

1. Capacitation
2. Acrosomereaction
Acrosomereaction:
Itfollowsthecapacitationofthesperm.
Itoccursinampulla.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Spermbindstozonapellucida?Zonaprotein-3(ZP-3)of
zonapellucidahelpsinattachmentaswellasininducingacrosomal
reaction.
Acrosomereleaseslysomalenzymes,especiallyproacrosinwhich
hashighaffinityforzonapellucida.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Proacrosinhashydrolyticactionthatdegradeszonapellucidainthe
verylocalregionwherethespermcellisattached.
Thisallowsspermatozoatoswimtheirwaytothevitellinemembrane
oftheovum.
Afterthisfertilizationtakesplace.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

271.Ironisconservedby?
a)Hemopexin
b)Hepicidin
c)Hemomedins
d)None

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.Hemopexin
[Ref:Vasudevan3n/ep.196]
Humanbodyhasmechanismstoconserveironandpreventitsloss
frombody-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

i)WhenRBCislysed,hemoglobinentersintocirculation.
Beingsmallmolecularweightsubstancehemoglobinwillbelost
throughurine.
Topreventthisloss,Hbisimmediatelytakenupbyhaptoglobin.
ii)WhentheglobinpartisremovedfromHb,thehemeisproduced,

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

andisreleaseditocirculation.
Inordertopreventitsexcretionthroughurine,hemeisboundwith
hemopexin.

---

272.Mostimportantintracellularbuffer?
a)Bicarbonate

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Albumin
c)Phosphate
d)Ammonia
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Phosphate

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Bloodbuffers:Hemoglobin,Plasmaproteins,Bicarbonate.
Intracellularbuffers:Phosphates(H2PO4),intracellularproteins.
Urinarybuffers-Bicarbonate,Phosphate,ammonia.

---

273.Primitiveredcellsfirstoriginatesintheearlyembryoniclifeisin:
a)Liver

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Yolksac
c)Bonemarrow
d)Spleen
CorrectAnswer-B
Duringembryogenesis,hematopoiesisoccursinextraembryonicyolksac,thefetalliver,the

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

thymus,andthepretermmarrow.Theoriginofhematopoieticcellsiscloselytiedto
gastrulation,theformationofmesodermcells,andtotheemergenceoftheendothelial
lineage.Hematopoiesisisfirstestablishedsoonafterimplantationoftheblastocyst,withthe
appearanceofprimitiveerythroidcellsinbloodislandsoftheyolksacbeginningatday18
ofgestation.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

"Primitive"redcellsderivedfromtheyolksacconstituteadistinct
transienterythroidlineagethatdiffersfrom"definitive"redcellsthat
subsequentlymatureinthefetalliverandmarrow.
Ref:PalisJ.,SegelG.B.(2010).Chapter6.HematologyoftheFetusandNewborn.InJ.T.
Prchal,K.Kaushansky,M.A.Lichtman,T.J.Kipps,U.Seligsohn(Eds),Williams

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Hematology,8e.

---

274.Convergingpointofbothpathwayin
coagulationisat:
a)FactorVIII
b)StuartfactorX

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

c)FactorIX
d)FactorVII
CorrectAnswer-B
AnswerisB(StuartfactorX)
TheextrinsicandIntrinsicpathwaysincoagulationconvergeatthe

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

StuartfactorX.

---

275.Penileerectionismediatedby?
a)Parasympatheticsystemviamuscarinicreceptors
b)Parasympatheticsystemvianicotinicreceptors
c)Sympatheticsystemviaa-receptors

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Sympatheticsystemvia(3-receptors
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.Parasympatheticsystemviamuscarinicreceptors
[RefGanong24'h/ep.339-342,Ganong23d/ep.341]
ErectionofpenisMuscariniceffectofparasympatheticsystem.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Ejaculation-alpha-receptorofsympatheticsystem

---

276.Inhibitionofheartbyvagusismediated
bywhichreceptors-
a)M1
b)M2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)NN
d)NM2
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.M2
EffectofparasympatheticsystemonheartarethroughM2

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

receptors.

---

277.InhibitionofheartbyvagusbyM2
receptorsismedicatedbywhich
mechanism?
a)cAMP

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Cat'
c)DAG
d)None
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.cAMP

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Muscarinicreceptors(cholinergicreceptors)inheartareM2type.
Theseareresponsibleforvagusmediatedbradycardia.
M2mediatedactionsarethroughcAMP

---

278.Glucagonactivateswhichenzyme?
a)Pepsinogen

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Trypsinogen
c)Adenylylcyclase
d)None
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Adenylylcyclase

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

GlucagonactsthroughcAMPbyactivatingadenylylcyclase.

---

279.Sizeofplateletsis?
a)1A?
b)2A?
c)1?m

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)2?m
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D.2?m
Platelet=2-3micrometer.

---

280.RespirateryquotientistheRatioof-

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)CO2consumedto02released
b)02releasedtoCO2consumed
c)Co,releasedto02consumed
d)02consumedtoCo,released
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.C.Co,releasedto02consumed
RQistheratiooftheamountofCO2releasedtotheamountofO2
consumed.
RQofCarbohydrateis1.00,forfatis0.70andforproteinsitisabout
0.82.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

281.Intercalateddiscispresentin:
a)Cardiacmuscle
b)Smoothmuscle
c)Skeletalmuscle
d)All

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
A.i.e.Cardiacmuscle

---

282.IfHbAlCis8%,Whatwillbethevalueof
bloodglucose[mg/d1]?
a)100

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

b)150
c)200
d)300
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.200

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Meanbloodglucose(mg/dl)=(35.6xHbA1C)-77.3=(35.6x8)-
77.3=207.5
Meanbloodglucose(mmoUL)=(1.98xHbA1C)-4.29

---

283.Preaccelerinis?
a)EaterII

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)FacterV
c)FacterVII
d)FacterX
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,FacterVII

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

---

284.Conversionofprekallikreintokallikrein
requireswhichclottingfactor-
a)XIII
b)XII
c)XI

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)X
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,XII
[RelEssentialofmedicalphysiologyp.612]
InitiationofintrinsiccoagulationpathwayoccurswhenfactorXIIis

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

exposedtonegativelychargedsurface.
ThisleadstoactivationoffactorXIItoXIIa.
FactorXIIacanthenhydrolyzeprekallikreintokallikrein,whichin
turnactivatesmoreXIItoXIIa.

---

285.Caisson'sdiseaseisassociatedwith?

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Rapiddescendinaircraft
b)Rapiddescendofdeepseadivers
c)Underwaterconstructionworkers
d)Alloftheabove
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.C.Underwaterconstructionworkers
Caisson'sdisease,(alsocalleddecompressionsickness,Bends,
Diver'sParalysis,Dysbarism)isaparticularformofgasembolism,
whichoccurswhenindividualsareexposedtosuddenloweringof
atmosphericpressurelike-rapidascendofscubaanddeepsea

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

divers,individualinunpressurizedaircraftinrapidascent(e.g.,in
pilots),underwaterconstructionworkersandextra-vehicularactivity
fromspacecraft.

---

286.RegardingCaisson'sdiseasewhich
statementamongthefollowingis

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CORRECT?
a)Lungdamageiscausedbyairembolism
b)Paininthejointsisduetonitrogenbubbles
c)Tremorsareseenduetonitrogennarcosis
d)HighpressureNervoussyndromecanbepreventedbyusing

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

mixturesofOxygen&Helium
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is.B.aininthejointsisduetonitrogenbubbles
[REF:Ganong22edchapter
37,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompression_sickness]

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

DecompressionSickness:
Asadiverbreathing80%N2ascendsfromadive,theelevated
alveolarPN2falls.N2diffusesfromthetissuesintothelungsalong
thepartialpressuregradient.Ifthereturntoatmosphericpressure
(decompression)isgradual,noharmfuleffectsareobserved;butif

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

theascentisrapid,N2escapesfromsolution.Bubblesforminthe
tissuesandblood,causingthesymptomsofdecompression
sickness(thebends,caissondisease).Bubblesinthetissuescause
severepains,particularlyaroundjoints,andneurologicsymptoms
thatincludeparesthesiasanditching

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Lungdamagecausesairembolismandnotviceversa.Theproblem
ofnitrogennarcosiscanbeavoidedbybreathingmixturesof02and
helium,anddeeperdivescanbemade.However,thehigh-pressure
nervoussyndrome(HPNS)developsduringdeepdiveswithsuch
mixtures.TremorsaresymptomsofhighpressureNervous

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

syndrome

---

syndrome
Signsandsymptomsofdecompressionsickness
Bubble
Signs&symptoms(clinical

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DCStype
location
manifestations)
Mostlylarge
Localizeddeeppain,rangingfrom

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Musculoskeletal joints
mildtoexcruciating.Sometimes
(elbows,
adullache,butrarelyasharppain,
shoulders,hip, Activeandpassivemotionof

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

wrists,knees, thejointaggravatesthepain,The
ankles)
painmaybereducedbybending
thejointtofindamorecomfortable
position,Ifcausedbyaltitude,

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

paincanoccurimmediatelyorupto
manyhourslater.
Cutaneous
Skin
Etching,usuallyaroundtheears,

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

face,neck,arms,anduppertorso,
Sensationoftinyinsectscrawling
overtheskin(formication),
Mottledormarbledskinusually
aroundtheshoulders,upperchest

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

andabdomen,withitching,Swelling
oftheskin,accompaniedby
tinyscar-likeskindepressions
(pittingedema)
Neurologic

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Brain
Alteredsensation,tinglingor
numbnessparesthesias,increased
sensitivityhyperesthesia,Confusion
ormemoryloss(amnesia),

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Visualabnormalities,Unexplained
moodorbehaviourchanges,
Seizures,unconsciousness
Neurologic
Spinalcord

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Ascendingweaknessorparalysisin
thelegs,Girdlingabdominalor
chestpain,Urinaryincontinenceand
faecalincontinence
Constitutional

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Wholebody
Headache,Unexplainedfatigue,
Generalisedmalaise,poorly
localisedaches

---

localisedaches

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Audiovestibular
Lossofbalance,Dizziness,vertigo,
Innerear
nausea,vomiting,Hearingloss
Pulmonary

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Lungs
Drypersistentcough,Burningchest
painunderthesternum,
aggravatedbybreathing,Shortness
ofbreath

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

287.Followingistrueaboutoculocardiac
reflexexcept?
a)Itisalsocalledaschnerphenomenon
b)Itismediatedbyocculomotorandvagusnerve
c)Itischaracterizedbybradycardiafollowingtractiononextra-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ocularmuscles
d)Reflexismoresensitiveinneonates
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Itismediatedbyocculomotorandvagusnerve
Oculocardiacreflex

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Oculocardiacreflex,isalsoknownasAschnerphenomenon,
Aschnerreflex,orAschner-Dagninireflex,oItischaracterizedby
decreaseinpulserate(bradycardia)associatedwithtractionapplied
toextraocularmusclesand/orcompressionoftheeyeball.
Thereflexismediatedbynerveconnectionsbetweentheophthalmic

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

branchofthetrigeminalcranialnerveviatheciliaryganglion,and
thevagusnerveoftheparasympatheticnervoussystem.
Thisreflexisespeciallysensitiveinneonatesandchildren,
particularlyduringstrabismuscorrectionsurgery.However,this
reflexmayalsooccurwithadults.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Bradycardia,junctionalrhythmandasystole,allofwhichmaybelife-
threatening,canbeinducedthroughthisreflex.

---

288.InCOpoisoning,immediateemergency
treatment:
Jharkhand10

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)5%CO2inhalation
b)10%CO2inhalation
c)HighflowO2
d)Nitroglycerine
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.HighflowO2

---

289.Bloodtestisbarrierintestisisformed
by?
a)Sertolicells
b)Leydigcells

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Granulosacells
d)None
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.Sertolicells
[RefGanong23'd/ep.402]

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Junctionbetweenadjacentsertolicellsformblood-testisbarrier.

---

290.Whichofthefollowingisfalseabout
peripheralnerveinjury?
a)Neuropraxiaisirreversible
b)Epineuriumisintactinaxonotmesis

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Neurotmesisisthemostsevereformofinjury
d)Welleriangenerationstartsinaxonotmesis
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.Neuropraxiaisirreversible
Neuropraxia(Classl)

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Thisistheleastsevereformofnerveinjury,withcompleterecovery.
Inthiscase,theaxonremainsintact,butthereismyelindamage
causinganinterruptioninconductionoftheimpulsedownthenerve
fiber.
Mostcommonly,thisinvolvescompressionofthenerveordisruption

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

tothebloodsupply(ischemia).
NoWalleriandegenerationisseen.

---

291.Firsttooccurafterasharpnervecut?
a)Chromatolysis
b)Polymorphicarrangement

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Increasedproteinsynthesis
d)Macrophageactivation
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.Chromatolysis
Within6hoursofinjury,thenucleusmigratestotheperipheryofthe

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

cellwhereNissl'sgranulesandroughendoplasmicreticulumbreak
upanddisperse.
Thisphenomenoniscalledchromatolysis.
Thepartofnervedistaltothepointinjuryundergoes'secondaryor
Walleriandegeneration',theproximalpartundergoes"primaryor

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

retrograde"degenerationuptoasinglenodeRanvier.

---

292.LDHhashowmanyisoenzymes
a)3,basedonBandMpolypeptidesubunits
b)5,basedonBandMpolypeptidesubunits
c)7,basedonHandMpolypeptidesubunits

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)5,basedonHandMpolypeptidesubunits
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,5,basedonHandMpolypeptidesubunits
lRef:Dineshpuri3'd/ep.1221
LDHisatetramerwithtwotypesofpolypeptideunits:(H)(for

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

heart)andM(formuscle).
lthasfiveisoenzymes:
LDH1(HHHH),LDH2(HHHM),LDH3(HHMM),LDH4
(HMMM),andLDHs(MMMM).
LDH-IandLDH-2arethepredominantisozymesinmyocardium,

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

thereforetheseareraisedinMI(LDHf>LDH2),
LDH-fismorespecificformyocardium(asithas4H)than
LDH-2.
ThepredominentisoenzymeinliverisLDH5;HenceLDH5is
raisedinliverdiseaseslikeviralhepatitis.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

NormalLDHpatternonelectrophoresisisLDH2>LDHI>LDH
3>LDH4>LDH5.
InMILDHIisraisedmoretharLDHz,So,patternbecomes
LDHI>LDH2>LDH3>LDH4>LDH5.
IncreaseintotalLDHlevelisalsoseeninhemolyticanemia,

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

hepatocellulardamage,musculardystrophies,leukemia,
carcinomas,cerebrovascularaccident,pancreatitis,kidney
disease,intestinalandpulmonaryinfarction,megaloblastic
anemiaandinfectiousmononucleosis.Thereforestudyofspecific

---

isozymeismoresignificant.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

293.Whichofthefollowingisknownas
suicidalenzyme?
a)Lipoxygenase
b)Cyclooxygenase
c)Thromboxanesynthatase

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)5'nucleotidase
CorrectAnswer-B
Suicidalenzymeisone,whichundergoesself-destructioninorderto
terminateitsownacitivity,e.g.Cyclooxygenase.
SuicidalInhibitionisconversionofasubstratebytheenzymeintoa

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

metabolite,whichisapotentinhibitoroftheenzyme;example:
Xanthineoxidaseconvertsallopurinoltoalloxanthine(oxypurinol),
whichisamorepotentinhibitorofallopurinol.
Cycloorygenaseisknownassuicideenzymebecauseit
catalyzesitsowndestruction.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

294.Ratelimitingenzymeinbileacid
synthesis?
a)Desmolase
b)21-hydroxylase
c)7-hydroxylase

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)12-hydroxylase
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,7-hydroxylase
Abouthalfofthecholesterolinthebodyisultimatelymetabolizedto
bileacids.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theprimarybileacidsaresynthesizedfromcholesterolinliver.
Thesearecholicacidandchenodeoxycholicacid.
Ratelimitingenzymeinprimarybileacidssynthesisis7-
hydroxylase(cholesterol7-hydroxylase).
Thisenzymeisinhibitedbybileacidsandinducedbycholesterol.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thyroidhormonesinducetranscriptionof7a-hydroxylase,thusin
patientswithhypothyroidismplasmacholesteroltendstorise
(becauseofinhibitionof7-hydroxylasewhichinturninhibits
conversionofcholesteroltobileacids).

---

295.Enzymeactivityisexpressedas:

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Millimoles/lit?
b)Milligm/lit?
c)Mg/dl
d)Micromoles/min
CorrectAnswer-D

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is.D.Micromoles/min

---

296.Exampleofallostericinhibition
a)Inactivationofglycogensynthasebyphosphorylation
b)Decreasedsynthesisofglucokinasebyglucagon
c)InhibitionofPFK-1bycitrate

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Alloftheabove
CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-Ans.is'c'i.e.,InhibitionofPFK-lbycitrate[lRef,
Dineshpuri3d/ep.1161]
Enzyme:-PhosphofructokinaseI

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Pathway:-Glycolysis
Stimulator:-AMP,ADP,fructose-6-phosphaie,fuctose-2,6-
bisphophate.
Inhibitor:-ATP,citrate,Ca2+,Mg+

---

297.Lysyloxidaserequireswhichcofactor-

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Zn
b)Cu
c)Se
d)Fe
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'b'i.e.,Cu[RelHarper27t'/ep.546]
metal
metalloenzymes
Calcium
Lipase,Lecithinase

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Cytochromeoxidase,Tyrosinase,Lysyloxidase,
Copper
Superoxidedismutase,Ascorbicacidoxidase,
Ferroxidase(ceruloplasmin)
Cytochromeoxidase,Xanthineoxidase,Catalase,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

iron
Peroxidase
Carbonicanhydrase,alkalinephosphatase,RNA
polymerase,alcoholdehydrogenase,
Zinc

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Carboxypeptidase,Prophobilinogensynthase,
glutamatedehydrogenase,lactatedehydrogenase,
Superoxidedismutase
Hexokinase,phosphofructokinase,glucose-6-
Magnesium phosphatase,enolase,creatininekinase,

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Phosphatases,kinase
Arginase,Pyruvatecarboxylase,phosphoglucomutase,
Manganese Glycosyltransferase,Hexokinase,Enolase
Potassium
Pyruvatekinase

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Selenium
Glutathioneperoxidase
Nickel
Urease
molybednum Xanthineoxidase

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

---

molybednum Xanthineoxidase

---

298.Mechanismofconversionoftrypsinogen
totrypsin-
a)Hydrolysis
b)Phosphorylation

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Removalofpartofprotein
d)RemovalofCarboxylgroup
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Removalofpartofprotein[Ref:Dineshpuri
3'd/ep-1181

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Allzymogens(includingtrypsinogen)areactivatedbyremovalof
asmalllengthofprotein(fewaminoacids)fromoneendofthe
molecule.
TrypsinogenTrypsin+peptidefragent
Pepsinogenpepsin+peptidefragment

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

---

299.Immediatesourceofenergyis?
a)Cori'scycle
b)HMP
c)ATP
d)TCAcycle

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,ATP
Therearethreeenergysystemstoprovideenergyformuscular
activities.
Immediateenergysystem:EnergyisprovidedbystoredATPand

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

creatinephosphate.
Anaerobicglycolyticsystem(lacticacidsystem):Energyis
generatedbyutilizationofglucoseorglycogenbyanaerobic
glycolysis.Thisenergyisalsogeneratedearly.
Aerobicoroxidativesystem:Energyisgeneratedbyutilizationof

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

glucose/glycogen,andfattyacidsthroughoxidativepathways,e.g.
TCAcycle.
Thesethreeenergysystemsoperateasacontinuum;eachsystem
isalwaysfunctioning,evenatrest.oWhatvariesistherelative
contributioneachsystemmakestototalATPproductionatanygiven

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

time.
Oxidative(aerobic)
Immediate
Anerobic
system

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

energysystem
glycolyticsystem Glucoseor
ATP,creatine
Glucoseor
glycogen,fatty

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

phosphate
glycogen
Substrates
acids
EnergyproductionVery

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Fast
Slow
fast
Peakat
0-30sec.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

20-180sec.
>3min

---

Peakat
0-30sec.
20-180sec.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

>3min
Limiting
DepletionofCrP, Lacticacidas_. Glycogendepletion
factor
ATP

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

vitiation
Activity
Powerlifting&
Longersprints
Enduranceevents

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

example
weight
lifting,short
Middledistance
Teamsports

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

sprints
teamsports
Jumping,
Ballgames
Ballgames(Soccer,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

throwing
(Soccer,rugby)
fieldhockey)

---

300.Themechanismofactionofuncouplersofoxidativephosphorylation
involves:

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a)InhibitionofATPsynthase
b)StimulationofATPsynthase
c)Disruptionofprotongradientacrosstheinnermembrane
d)Disruptionofprotongradientacrossoutermembrane
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Uncouplersareproteincarriersthatcanfreelypassthroughtheinnermitochondrial
membrane.
Itallowstranslocationoftheprotonsintotheintermembranousspaceduringtheelectron
transportintherespiratorychainbutblockstheformationofprotongradientacrossthe
innermitochondrialmembrane.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Thermogeninaproteinpresentintheinnermitochondrialmembraneofadipocytesis
anexampleofphysiologicuncouplersofoxidativephosphorylation.

Examplesofuncouplersare:2,4dinitrophenol,pentachlorophenol,nigericin,
thyroxinandthermogenin.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Ref:Jaypee'sReviewofMed.BiochemistryByS.M.Rajupage102.

---

301.TrueaboutNADP-
a)ActsascoenzymeformofNiacin
b)InvolvedinHMPshunt

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Notinvolvedinglycolysis
d)Allaretrue
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Allaretrue
Niacin,intheformofnicotinamide,isincorporatedintothe

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

structureoftwocoenzymes:nicotinamideadeninedinucleotide
(NAD+)andnicotinamideadeninedinucleotidephosphate
(NADP+)
NADPisinvolvedinHMPshuntandNAPDHisproduced.
InglycolysisNADisinvolved(notNADP).

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

---

302.Inmalateshuttle,NADHProduceshow
manyATPs
a)1
b)1-5
c)2

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)2.5
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans-is'd'i.e.,2.5(Ref:Harp*2*/ep.129-130)
Inglycerophosphateshuttle,themitochondrialennlmeislinked
torespiratorychain(ETC)viaaflavoprotein,Soonlyl.5molof

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

ATPareproduced(Accordingtooldercalculations,2ATPmol
ofATPareproduced).
Inmalateshuttle,themitochondrialenzymeislinkedtoETCvia
NAD,so2.5molofATPareproduced(accordingtoolder
calculations3molofATPareproduced).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

---

303.Notasubstrateforgluconeogenesis-
a)Glycerol
b)Leucine
c)Lactate
d)Propionate

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Leucine
Substratesforgluconeognesis?
1. Lactate
2. Allaminoacidsexceptleucineandlysine

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Pyruvate
4. Propionate
5. Glycerol
6. Intermediatesofcitricacidcycle
Alanineisthemostimportantgluconeogenicaminoacid.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

304.Pyruvatedehydrogenaserequiresall
cofactorsexcept
a)Thiamin
b)Riboflavin
c)Niacin

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Pyridoxin
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Pyridoxin[RefHarper29thlep.176]
Pyruvatedehydrogenasecatalysesoxidativedecarboxylationof
pyruvatetoacetylCoA.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

ThecoenzymerequiredbyPDHare:-
1. Thiaminepyrophosphate
2. Riboflavin(FAD)
3. CoA
4. Niacin(NAD)

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

5. Lipoicacid

---

305.Lactateproducedanaerobicallyisused
by
a)Gluconeogenesis&Glycolysis
b)Coricycle&gluconeogenesis

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

c)TCAcycle&Glycogenolysis
d)Coricycleonly
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,coricycle&gluconeogenesis[RefLehninger
4h/ep.523,53g-391

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Coricycleorlacticacidcycle
Anaerobicglycolysisinmusclesresultsintheproductionof
lactate,whichcannotbeconvertedintoglucose,
asgluconeogenesisdoesnotoccurinmuscles.
Throughblood,Lactateistransportedtotheliverwhereitis

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

oxidizedtopyruvate.pynrvatesoproduced,isconverted
toglucosebygluconeogenesis,whichisthentransportedto
themuscle.
Theglucosethusreformedfromlactateagainbecomes
availableforenergypurposeinskeletalmuscle.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

306.Citratesynthaseisinhibitedby-
a)ATP
b)ADP
c)Insulin
d)Glucagon

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,ATP[RefChatterjee&ShindeVh/ep.171,166-
180;Harper28th/ep.145-147

---

307.Fumarateisformedfromwhichamino
acid

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Methionine
b)Valine
c)Histidine
d)Tyrosine
CorrectAnswer-D

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'd'i.e.,Tyrosine[RefHarper29th/ep.166-67]
Allmajormembersofthecitricacidcyclefromcitrateto
oxaloacetateareglucogenicandtherefore,areinvolvedin
gluconeogenesis.Someglucogenicaminoacidsentersthe
TCAcycleaftertransaminatione.g.:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Histidine,proline,glutamineandarginineareconvertedtoglutamate
whichisthentransaminatedtoa-ketoglutarate.
2. Isoleucine,methionineandvalineenterbyconversionintosuccinyl
CoA.Propionate(ashortchainfattyacid)alsoenteratthislevel.
3. Tyrosine,andphenylalanineenterbyconversionintofumarate.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

4. Tryptophanisconvertedtoalaninewhichisthentransaminatedto
pyruvate.
5. Hydroxyproline,serine,cysteine,threonineandglycineenterby
conversionintopyruvate.

---

308.Themajorroleof2,3

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

bisphosphoglycerateinRBCsis-
a)Acid-basebalance
b)Reversalofglycolysis
c)Releaseofoxygen
d)Bindingofoxygen

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,ReleaseofOxygen[RefLehningerilthiep.171]
RapoportLueberingcycle(Bisphosphoglycerateshunt)
Thiscycleoccursinerythrocytes(ABCs).
InthisproductionofATPbysubstratephosphorylationfrom1,3-BPG

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

isbypassedbytakingdiversionpathways,i.e.,sidereactionof
glycolyticpathway.
Inthiscycle,1,3-BPGisconvertedto2,3BPGbyanenzyme
bisphosphoglyceratemutase.Then2,3BPGisconvertedto3-
phospholycerateby2,3-bisphosphoglyceratephosphatase.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

---

309.EnzymedeficientinHersdisease-
a)Musclephosphorylase
b)Liverphosphorylase
c)Acidmaltase
d)Debranchingenzyme

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.isB'i.e.,Liverphosphorylase[RefHarper250/ep.181]
Organ(s)
Type
Enzymedeficiency

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

affected
vonGierke's
I
Glucose6-phosphatase
Liver,kidney

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

disease
alpha(14)Glucosidase
II
Pompe'sdisease
Allorgans

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

(acidmaltase)
Cori's
III
disease/Forbe's
Debranchingenzyme

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Muscle,liver
disease
Liver,
IV
Andersen'sdisease Branchingenzyme

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

myocardium
V
McArdle'sdisease
Phosphorylase
Muscle

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

VI
Hers'disease
Phosphorylase
Liver
Muscle,

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

VII
Tarui'sdisease
Phosphofructokinase
RBCs
VIII

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Phosphorylasekinase
Liver

---

310.Immediatemetabolicproductsduring
conversionofFructus1-6bisphosphate
to2moleculesofpyruvate-

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphateand1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
b)Dihydroxyacetonephosphateand1,3bisphosphoglycerate
c)Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphateanddihydroxy-acetonephosphate
d)3-phosphoglycerateand1,3bisphosglycerate
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'c'i.e.,Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphateand
dihydroxyacetonephosphate(Ref:Harper29h/ep.170-177).

---

311.Inconversionofglucosetoglucose-6-
phosphateinglycolysistrueis
a)Glucokinasehaslowkm

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Hexokinaseisfoundonlyinliver
c)Glucokinaseisinducedbyinsulin
d)Hexokinaseisnotspecificforglucose
CorrectAnswer-C:D
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Glucokinaseisinducedbyinsulin&'d'i.e.,

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Hexokinaseisnotspecificforglucose(Ref:Harper29h/ep.
170-177;Vasudevan#/ep.98)
Hexokinaseisnotspecificforglucosemetabolism.Itisfound
inmosttissuesexceptglucose.
GlucokinasehashighKM.Itisinducedbyinsulin.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

312.Majorcarbohydratestoreinthebody-
a)Bloodglucose
b)Glycogeninadiposetissue
c)Hepaticglycogen
d)Noneoftheabove

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Hepaticglycogen(Ref:Harper29/ep.161;
Dineshpuri3d/ep.320)
MajorCarbohydratesourceofbodyishepaticglycogen.
Humanscarrysuppliesoffuelwithintheirbody.Caloriesare

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

storedinthebodyasfat(triglycerides),glycogenandsome
protein.

---

313.Mostabundantsourceoffuelin
starvation-
a)Liverglycogen

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Muscleglycogen
c)Adiposetissue
d)Bloodglucose
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Adiposetissue[RefHarper29thlep.161&28thle

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

p.134,140;Vasudevan6th/ep.84,85]
Fat(triglycerides)intheadiposetissueisthelargeststoreofenergy
ofthebody.

---

314.Majormetabolismofsaturatedfatty
acidsinthemitochondriaiscalledas-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)-oxidation
b)-oxidation
c)-oxidation
d)Noneoftheabove
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'a'i.e.,-oxidation[RefHarper29"'/ep.208]
-oxidationistheprincipalpathwayforcatabolismofsaturatedfatty
acids.P-oxidationmainlyoccursinthemitochondrialmatrix
(whereasfattyacidsynthesisoccursincytosol).

---

315.Bileacidsaresynthesizedfrom?

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Heme
b)Cholesterol
c)Ribulose
d)Arachidonicacid
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'b'i.e.,Cholesterol
Primarybileacidsarecholicacidandchenodeoxycholicacid,which
aresynthesizedfromcholesterolinliver.
Intheintestinesomeoftheprimarybileacidsareconvertedinto
secondarybileacids,i.e.,deoxycholicacid(formedfromcholicacid)

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

andlithocholicacid(derivedfromchenodexoxycholicacid).
Glycineandtaurineconjugatesofthesebileacidsarecalledasbile
salts.
Forexample,cholicacidisabileacid,anditsglycineconjugate
(glycocholicacid)isabilesalt.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Bilesaltshelpindigestionandabsorptionoffatbyemulsification
andmicellesformation.
Bilesaltsactasdetergents,i.e.,theyhavesurfacetensionlowering
action.
Detergentactionisduetoamphipathicnatureofbilesalts(Note:

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Amphipathicmoleculesaremoleculesthatcontainbothhydrophobic
non-polaraswellashydrophilic-polarends).

---

316.Whichmethodisusedtoseparatea
mixtureoflipids-
a)Electrophoresis

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Chromatography
c)Isoelectricfocusing
d)PAGE
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Chromatography[RefClinicalbiochemistryp.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

719]
Extractedlipidsareseparatedintoindividualclassby
chromatography.
Chromatographycanseparateacomplexmixtureoflipidsinto
simplergroup.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Varioustypesofchromatography,usedtoseparate,lipidsare-
Adsorption(solid-liquid)chromatography
Partition(liquid-liquid)chromatography
Thinlayerchromatography(TLC)
Gaschromatography(GC)

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Highperformanceliquidchromatography(HPLC)->methodof
choiceifavailable.

---

317.Transportoflipidsfromtheintestineto
othertissuesisby-
a)Chylomicrons

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)LDL
c)HDL
d)VIDL
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Chylomicrons

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Transportoflipids
oTherearetwopathwaysoflipidtransportinthebody?
1.Transportofdietrylipid(Exogenouspathway)
*Itisthetransportof1ipid.fromintestinetoliver.
-Chylomicronstransportthedietrylipidfromintestinetoliver.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

*InDietthemajorlipidsaretriglycerideandAolesterol.
*Cholesterolisabsorbedassuchinproximalsmallintestineandis
esterifiedtocholesterylester(ChE).oTriglyceridesarehydrolysed
bylipasestoglycerolandfattyacidswhichareabsorbedinintestine.
oInsideintestinalcellstriglycerideissynthesizedbyfattyacids.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

-Chylomicronsaresynthesizedinthesmallintestinethatcontain
triglyceride,cholesterylester,cholesterol,phospholipidsand
apoproteinB-48(apoB-48).
*Thesechylomicronsaresecretedintheintestinallymphandreach
thesystemiccirculationviathoracicduct.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

-InthecirculationApoEandApoCaretransferedto
chylomicronesbyHDL,sonowchylomicronscontainApoB-48,Apo
E,&ApoC.
*Inthecirculation,Triglyceridesofchylomicronesarehydrolysed

---

bylipoproteinlipase(LPL)presentonendothelialcellsofvessels

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

ofskeletalmuscles,adiposetissueandheart.
*Thereleasedfattyacidsareutilizedlocallybythesetissues.
*Thechilomicronparticleprogressivelyshrinksinsizebyactionof
LPLand,cholesterol,phospholipidsandapoCaretransferredto
HDL,creatingchylomicronremnantsthatcontainsmorecholesterol,

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

lesstriglycerides,apoE&apoB-48.
*ChylomicronremnantsareremovedbyliverbytheLDL
receptorsthatrequireapoEasligand.
Note-ApoC-II,thatistransferedfromHDLtochylomicronsactasa
cofactorforlipoproteinlipase.ApoA-VpromotesLPLmediated

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

triglyceridelipolysisinVLDLandchilomicrons.
2.TransportofHepaticlipids(Endogenouspathway)
*VLDLissynthesizedinliverthatcontainshightriglyceride,ChE,
cholesterol,phospholipidandApoB-100.
*(VLDLparticlesresembelchylomicronesincompositionexceptthat

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

VLDLcontainsApoB-100insteadofApoB-48).
*VLDLparticlesaresecretedintheplasmaandaswith
chylomicron,ApoEandApoCaretransferredfromHDLtoVLDL.
NowVLDLcontainsApoB-100,ApoEandApoC.
*Inplasma,triglyceridesofVLDLarehydrolysedbysame

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

lipoproteinlipase(seeabove)andapoCistransferredtoHDLand
theremmantsarecalledIDL.
*40-60%ofIDLisremovedbyliverviaLDLreceptormediated
endocytosis,thisprocessrequireApoEwhichactsasligandforLDL
receptors.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

*Remaining1DLisremodeledbyhepaticlipasetoformLDLthat
containsmaximumcholesterol.
*70%ofLDLisremovedbyliverviaLDLreceptorand30%is
utilizedbyperipheraltissuesasasourceofcholesterol.

---

318.Chylomicronscoreisformedby?

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Triglyceride
b)TriglycerideandCholesterol
c)Triglyceride,CholesterolandPhospholipids
d)Freefattyacids
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'B'i.e.,TriglycerideandCholesterol[RefHarper27th/ep.
218;Lehninger4th/ep.633]
Thesurfaceisalayerofphospholipids,withheadgroupsfacingthe
aqueousphase.Triacylglycerolssequesteredintheinteriormakeup
morethan80%ofthemass.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Severalapolipoproteinsthatprotrudefromthesurface(B-48,C-III,
C-II)actassignalsintheuptakeandmetabolismofchylomicron
contents.
Thediameterofchylomicronsrangesfromabout100to500nm.
Core:It'smadeupofneutrallipidsliketriacylglycerolsand

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

cholesterol/cholesterolesters.Shell:composedofapolipoproteins,
phospholipids.

---

319.(-oxidationofpalmiticacidyields
a)3acetylCoA
b)129ATPnet

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

c)131ATPnet
d)16AcetylCoA
CorrectAnswer-B
Bi.e.129ATPnet

---

320.AllaretrueaboutNiemann-Pickdisease

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

except-
a)Duetodeficiencyofsphingomyelinase
b)CNSsymptomsintypeA
c)HistiocytesshowingPASpositiveinclusionsandTypeBisless
severe

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)None
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.isD.None[RefClinicalbiochemistry4th/ep.786]
Niemann-Pickdiseaseisanautosomalrecessive`lysosomalstorage
diseaseduetodeficiencyofsphingomyelinase.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

CharacteristichistopathologicalfeatureishistiocytesshowingPAS
positivediastaseresistantinclusionswhichonmicroscopyshows
concentricorparrallellamellararrangement.
Clinicalcasesaredividedinto-
1. TypeA:Thesearemorecommonwithmoreseveredeficiencyof

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

sphingomyelinase.ThereisvisceralandCNSinvolvement.
Symptomsmaypresentsincebirthanddeathusuallyoccursbefore
theageof4years.
2. TypeB:Thereislessseveredeficiencyofsphingomyelinase.
Patient'shaveonlyvisceralinvolvementbutnoCNSinvolvement.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Patientspresentbytheageof3-4yearswithorganomegalyand
mayremainreasonablyhealthy.

---

321.Plasminogendomainresembles
a)Fibrinogen
b)LDLreceptor

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Apolipoprotein(a)
d)Prothrombin
CorrectAnswer-C
Apolipoprotein(a)REF:
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pro.5560031222/pdf,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7756992

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Phylogenyoftheserineproteinasedomainsandanalysisofintron-
exonboundariesandKringlesequencesindicatethathepatocyte
growthfactor/scatterfactor(HGF/SF),hepatocytegrowthfactor-
like/macrophagestimulatingprotein(HGFVMSP),plasminogen,and
apolipoprotein(a)haveevolvedfromacommonancestralgene.The

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

nameKringlecomesfromtheScandinavianpastrythatthese
structuresresemble.

---

322.AcetylCoACarboxylaseisstimulatedby
-
a)Starvation

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Glucagon
c)Citrate
d)Alloftheabove
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Citrate[RefHarper29th/ep.219]

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Activator Inhibitor
Allosteric(palmitoylCoA) Citrate
Longchainacyl-CoA
Covalent
Insulin

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Glucagon,epinephrine

---

323.Whichofthefollowingenzymeisnota
componentoffattyacidsynthase
complex?
a)AcetylCo-Acarboxylase

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)Ketoacylsynthase
c)Enoylreductase
d)Acetoacetyl
CorrectAnswer-A
TheFattyAcidSynthaseComplexIsaHomodimerofTwo

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

PolypeptideChainsContainingSixEnzymeActivitiesandtheAcyl
CarrierProtein.
The6enzymesare-
Ketoacylsynthase
Ketoacylreductase

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Malonyltransacylase
Dehydratase
Enoylreductase
Thioesterase
AcetylCo-Acarboxylaseistherate-limitingenzymeoffattyacid

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

synthesisandisanenzyme,whichisnotacomponentoffattyacid
synthasecomplex.

---

324.Cholesterolisnotaprecursorfor
synthesisof-
a)VitaminD

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Progesterone
c)Bileacids
d)Lipocortin
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Lipocortin

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Cholesterolisanimportantprecursorforthesynthesisof:-
1. Steroidhormones:-Progesterone,estrogen,,androgens,
glucocorticoids,mineralocorticoids
2. VitaminD
3. Bileacids

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

325.HDLiscalledgoodcholesterolbecause-
a)Removescholesterolfromextrahepatictissues
b)Causestransportofcholesteroltoextrahepatictissues
c)StimulatehepaticTGssynthesis
d)Activateslipoproteinlipase

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Removescholesterolfromextrahepatictissues
TheHDLparticlesarereferredtoasscavengersbecausetheir
primaryroleistoremovefree(unesterified)cholesterolfrom
extrahepatictissues,whichisthenexcretedthroughbile.Thisisa

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

crucialmechanismthatpreventstheinappropriateaccumulationof
cholesterolinperipheraltissues.Becauseaccumulationof
cholesterolintissuesisstronglyassociatedwiththedevelopmentof
atherosclerosis,thelevelofHDLinserumisinverselyrelatedtothe
incidenceofMI(myocardialinfarction).Thus,HDLis

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

cardioprotectiveandanti-atherogenicinnature,andisreferredtoas
"goodcholesterol".
Therefore,HDL-Cholesterolappearstobethebestindependent
predictorofcoronaryarterydisease(inverserelationship)thanany
otherknownriskfactor.ThatmeanslowHDLisamuchstronger

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

predictorofcoronaryarterydiseasethanincreasedLDLcholesterol
orincreasedtotalcholesterol.

---

326.

---

Amidegroupispresentinwhichpartof
protein-

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Amino-terminal
b)Carboxy-terminal
c)Peptidebond
d)Disulfidebond
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'c'i.e.,Peptidebond[RefTextbookofbiochemistryby
Talwar-p.30]
Apeptidebondisachemicalbondthatconnectsaminoacidsto
eachother.
Apeptidebondessentiallyresultsfromadehydrationsynthesis

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

reaction.
Itisformedbetweentwoaminoacidswhenthecarboxylgroupof
oneaminoacidreactswiththeaminogroupoftheother,releasinga
moleculeofwater(H20).
PeptidebondistheresultingCO-NHbondandtheresulting

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

moleculeisanamide.
Thefour-atomfunctionalgroup-C(=0)NH-iscalledanamide
grouporpeptidegroup.
Peptidebondisapartialdoublebond.
Partialdoublebondnaturerenderstheamidegroupplanarandrigid,

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

makingalltheatomsthatareinvolvedinthepeptidebondlieinaflat
plane.

---

327.Non-essentialamino-acidsareallexcept
-
a)Basicaminoacids

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)Acidicaminoacids
c)Neutralaminoacids
d)Noneoftheabove
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Basicaminoacids[RefHarper29th/ep.266]

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

There,arethreebasicaminoacids(Arginine,Histidineandlysine),
allofthemareessentialaminoacids
Essentialaminoacids(PVT.TIM.HALL):Phenylalanine,valine,
threonine,tryptophan,isoleucine,methionine,histidine,arginine,
lysine,leucine.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Amongthese,arginineandhistidinearesemiessentialaminoacids.
Nonessentialaminoacids:alanine,asparticacid,aspargine,
cysteine,glutamine,glutamicacid,glycine,proline,tyrosine,serine.
Neutralaminoacids:Alanine,asparagine,cysteine,glycine,
glutamine,isoleucine,leucine,methionine,proline,phenylalanine,

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

serine,threonine,tyrosine,tryptophan,valine.
Acidicaminoacids(negativelychargedoranion):Asparticacid
(aspartate),glutamicacid(glutamate).
Basicaminoacids(positivelychargedorcation):Arginine,histidine,
lysine.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

328.Aminoacidwhichcanbeusedinboth
gluconeogenesisandketogenesis-
a)Threonine
b)Valine
c)Tyrosine

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Arginine
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Tyrosine[RefChatterjee5''/ep.448]
Aminoacidswhichcanbeusedbothingluconeogenesisand
ketogenesis(Bothglucogenic&ketogenicaminoacids)are:-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Tyrosine
2. Phenylalanine
3. Tryptophan
4. Isoleucine.

---

329.Inphenylketonuria,dietrestrictionis

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

advisedfor-
a)Tyrosine
b)Phenylalanine
c)Maize
d)All

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Phenylalanine,Themaintreatmentisa
phenylalaninerestricteddietforlife.

---

330.Guanidiniumgroupisassociatedwith-
a)Tyrosine

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Arginine
c)Histidine
d)Lysine
CorrectAnswer-B
Someaminoacidscontainaspecialfunctionalgroupintheir

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

sidechainwhichprovidessomespecificfunctionstothat
aminoacids.Theseare
1. Hydroxylgroupinserineandthreonine
2. Indoleringintryptophan
3. Amidegroupinaspargineandglutamine

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

4. 13-Carboxylinglutamicacid
5. Thioetherinmethionine
6. Imidazoleinhistidine
7. Sulfhydrylincysteine
8. Phenolintyrosine

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

9. y-carboxylinglutamicacid
10. Pyrrolidineinproline
11. Guanidiniuminarginine
12. c-aminoinlysine
13. Benzeneinphenylalanine

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

331.Creatinineisformedfrom-
a)Glycine
b)Lysine
c)Leucine
d)Histamine

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.Glycine
Creatinineandcreatinearesynthesizedfromglycine,arginine,and
methionine.
Synthesisofcreatineandcreatinine

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Creatineandcreatininearenotaminoacids,butspecialized
productsofaminoacids.Creatineissynthesizedfromglycine,
arginine,andmethionine.Thesynthesisstartswiththeformationof
guanidinoacetatefromglycineandarginineinthekidney.Further
reactionstakeplaceintheliverandmuscle.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

---

332.Coenzymeforphenylalaninehydroxylase
is-
a)Tetrahydrofolate
b)Pyridoxalphosphate
c)S-adenosylmethionine

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Tetrahydrobiopterin
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Tetrahydrobiopterin
Phenylalaninemetabolismisinitiatedbyitsoxidationtotyrosine
whichthenundergoesoxidativedegradation

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

333.Glycineisrequiredinformationofall
except?
a)Heme
b)Purines
c)Glutathione

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Thyroxine
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Thyroxine
Glycine
lycineisanonessentialaminoacidwhichissynthesizedfromserine.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Glycineismetabolizedbyfollowingthreepathways-
Itcanbeconvertedtoserine,areactionthatrequiretetrahydrofolate
(derivativeoffolicacidandpyridoxalphosphateascoenzyme.
Furtherserineismetabolizedbyserinedehydrataseintopyruvate
andNH4+.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Themajorpathwayofglycinedegradationisoxidativecleavageinto
CO,andNH:byglycinecleavagecomplexofliver.H4folateis
requiredwhichisconvertedtoN5,N10-methyleneH4folate.Thus
folicacidisrequiredforglycinemetabolism.
Glycinemaybeoxidativelydeaminatedbyglycineoxidaseto

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

glyoxylicacid.
Glycineisnecessaryfortheformationoffollowingproducts:-Heme,
purinering,bileacidsconjugation(formationofglycocholicacid,and
glyco-chenodeoxycholicacid),creatine,glutathione,glucose(by
gluconeogenesis).

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

334.Whichofthefollowingisrequiredinthe
synthesisofacetylcholine-
a)Inositol
b)Carnitine
c)Glycine

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Choline
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Choline[RefPrinciplesofmedicalphysiologyp.
96]
Acetylcholineissynthesizedinthecytosolofnerveterminalfrom

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

acetyl-CoAandcholine,inthepresenceofcholine-0-
acetyltransferase

---

335.Mostimportantfactorwhichcauses
lacticacidosisinalcoholics-
a)PruductionofNADH

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Formationofacetaldehyde
c)Productionofacetate
d)Noneoftheabove
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,ProductionofNADH[RefPankajNaik3rd/ep.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

351]
ExcessintakeofalcoholleadstoexcessiveproductionofNADHwith
aconcomitantdecreaseinNAD..
TheincreasedavailabilityofNADHfavoursthereductionofpyruvate
tolactateandoxaloacetatetomalateanddecreasingitsavailability

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

forgluconeogenesisanddecreasesynthesisofglucose.Thisresults
inHypoglycemia.
Excessoflactateproductionleadstolacticacidosis

---

336.Respiratoryquotientofcarbohydrateis:
a)0.5

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)0.8
c)0.75
d)1
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans:D.1

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Therespiratoryquotient(orRQorrespiratorycoefficient),is
adimensionlessnumberusedincalculationsofbasalmetabolic
rate(BMR)whenestimatedfromcarbondioxideproduction.Itis
calculatedfromtheratioofcarbondioxideproducedbythebodyto
oxygenconsumedbythebody.Suchmeasurements,like

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

measurementsofoxygenuptake,areformsofindirectcalorimetry.It
ismeasuredusingarespirometer.
Therespiratoryquotient(RQ)istheratio:
RQ=CO2eliminated/O2consumed

---

337.Insulindependantcellsare-

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Pituitocytes
b)Myocytes
c)Adipocytes
d)RBCs
CorrectAnswer-B:C

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'b'i.e.,Myocytes&'c'i.e.,Adipocytes[RefGanong
24th/ep.435]
Insulinstimulatestheuptakeofglucosebymyocytes(skeletal
muscle,cardiacmuscle),adipocytes(adiposetissue)and
hepatocytes.Tissuesthatdonotdependoninsulinforglucose

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

uptakeincludebrain,erythrocytes(RBC),theepithelialcellsof
kidney&intestine,Liver,andCornea&lensoftheeye.
Intheliver,insulinstimulatesglucoseentryintohepatocytes
indirectlybyinductionofglucokinasesothattheglucoseentering
thelivercellsispromptlyconvertedtoglucose-6-phosphate

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

(glucosetrapping).Thiskeepstheintracellularglucose
concentrationlowandfavoursentryofglucoseintotheliver.Thus,
thoughtheliverdonotdependoninsulinforglucoseuptake,insulin
stimulatesglucoseentryintohepatocytes.Thatmeansglucoseentry
canoccurinliverwithouttheactionofinsulin,butthisisfacilitatedby

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

insulin.Ontheotherhand,myocytes(skeletalandcardiacmuscles)
andadipocytes(adiposetissue)aredependentoninsulinfor
glucoseuptake.

---

338.Epinephrineincreasesfreefattyacid
levelbycausing-

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Increasedfattyacidsynthesis
b)Increasinglipolysis
c)Increasingcholesterolcatabolism
d)Alloftheabove
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'b'i.e.,Increasinglipolysis[RefPankajNaik%talep.248]
Epinephrineandglucagonacceleratelipolysisinadiposetissueby
activatinghormonesensitivelipase.Instarvationanddiabetes,
glucagonishigh(andinsulinislow),leadingtoenhancedlipolysis.

---

339.Energysourceusedbybraininlater

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

daysofStarvationis
a)Glucose
b)Ketonebodies
c)Glycogen
d)Fattyacids

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Bi.e.Ketonebodies

---

340.Whichofthefollowingenzymeactivity
decreasesinfasting?
a)Hormonesensitivelipase

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Glycogenphosphorylase
c)AcetylCoACarboxylase
d)PhosphofructokinaseI
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans:D.PhosphofructokinaseI

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans:D.PhosphofructokinaseI
Phosphofructokinase1(PFK1)providesthefirstenzymaticstepat
whichaglucosemoleculebecomescommittedtoglycolysisand
thereforeissubjecttoregulation(Nelson&Cox,2008).PFK1
activitydependsontheconcentrationsofAMP,ADP,andATP

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

withallostericactivationbyAMPandADPandallosteric
inhibitionbyATP.
Inthefastingstate,glucagoncausesthelivertomobilizeglucose
fromglycogen(glycogenolysis)andtosynthesizeglucose
fromoxaloacetateandglycerol(gluconeogenesis).

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

GlucagonstimulatesanincreaseincAMP,leadingtoanincreasein
phosphorylationbyproteinkinaseA.
Thewaveofphosphorylationthatspreadsthroughthelivercell
activatesenzymessuchasglycogenphosphorylasethatare
involvedinglycogendegradationwhilesimultaneouslyinhibiting

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

glycogensynthesis.
Inhibitionofglycogensynthasepreventsfutileresynthesisof
glycogenfromglucose1-phosphate(G1P)viaUDP-Glc.Glucose-6-
phosphatase(G6Pase),agluconeogenicenzymethatispresentin
theliverbutnotinmuscle,thenconvertsG6Ptoglucoseforrelease

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

intotheblood.
Ref:Harper'sillustratedbiochemistry,3a,ed.,pg.I88andLippincott's
illustratet!reviewsr6't'ed.,pg.107

---

341.Vitaminformedinthebody-
a)B1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)B3
c)B6
d)B12
CorrectAnswer-A:B:D
Ans.is'b>a&d'i.e.,B3>B1&B12

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Thisquestionisconfusingone(Readtextbelow).
Niacin(VitaminB3)issynthesizedfromtryptophaninsidethe
body(endogenous).
Somevitaminsarealsoformedbybacterialactivityincolon:-
1. VitaminK

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

2. Riboflavin(VitaminB2)
3. VitaminB12
4. Biotin(VitaminB7)
5. Thiamin(VitaminB1)
Thus,optionsa,b&dallarecorrecthere.Butthebestanswer

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

amongtheseisniacinasitistheonlyvitaminwhichissynthesized
byproperanabolicmetabolism.

---

342.Whichofthefollowingisnotseenin12
daysoffasting-
a)Gluconeogenesis

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Ketogenesis
c)Lipolysis
d)Glycolysis
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.isi.d.e.,Glycolysis[RefHarper28'Vep.140;Dineshpurl

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

3'/ep.414]
Intermediate
Latestate{>24
Duration
Earlystage

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

stage(3-24d) d}
Ketonebody
Glycogenolysis
oxidationBybrain
Gluconeogenesis

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gluconeogenesis
Lipolysis
Pathways
Lipolysis
Byothertissues

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Ketogenesis
enhanced
Ketogenesis
Fattyacid
Ketonebody

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Protein
utilization
oxidation
degradation
Gluconeogenesis

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Glycolysis
TCA
Protein
Pathways
Proteinsynthesis

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

degradation
slowed
anddegradation
Proteinsynthesis Glycogensynthesis
anddegradation

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

343.Pyridoxineisrequiredin-
a)Glycolysis
b)TCAcycle
c)Glycogenesis
d)Glycogenolysis

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Glycogenolysis[RefDineshpurip.187;Harper
29th/ep.180&27th/ep.159-160]
PLPisacofactorforglycogenphosphorylase,henceitfavors
glycogenolysis.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

344.Pruritis[Itching]iscausedbydeficiency
of-
a)HMBsynthase
b)5-ALAdehydratase
c)Uroporphyrinogen-Isynthase

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Uroporphyrinogen-IIIsynthase
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Uroporphyrinogen-IIIsynthase[RefRooks7th/e
p.12.7,12.8]
Cutaneous(erythropoietic)porphyriascauseskinmanifestations

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

likephotosensitivity,rashandpruritus.
Amongthegivenoptions,UroporphyrinegenIIIsynthasedeficiency
causescutaneousporphyria(Congenitalerythropoieticporphyria).

---

345.Vitaminactingonintranuclearreceptors
-

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a)VitaminK
b)VitaminD
c)VitaminE
d)VitaminE
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'b'i.e.,VitaminD[RefUnderstandingsmedical
physiologyp.408]
Twovitaminsareconsideredashormoneswhichacton
intranuclearreceptors(steroidreceptorfamily).Thereare:-
1. VitaminA(retinoicacid)

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

2. VitaminD

---

346.Whichofthefollowinghasantioxidant
property?
a)Selenium
b)Copper

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Zinc
d)All
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,All
Theactivityoftheantioxidantenzymesdependsonsupplyof

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

minerals:?
1. Manganese
2. Copper
3. Zinc
4. Selenium

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Manganese,copperandzincarerequiredfortheactivityof
superoxidedismutase.
Seleniumisrequiredfortheactivityofglutathioneperoxidase.

---

347.Niacinactsascoenzyme-
a)TPP

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

b)FAQ
c)NAD
d)NAD
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,NAD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Niacin,intheformofnicotinamide,isincorporatedintothestructure
oftwocoenzymes:nicotinamideadeninedinucleotide(NAD*)and
nicotinamideadeninedinucleotidephosphate(NADI)*).

---

348.Coenzymenotrequiredinformationof
glutamate-

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Thiaminepyrophosphate
b)Pyridoxialphosphate
c)Niacin
d)Noneoftheabove
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.'A'Thiaminepyrophosphate
NAD+isderivedfromnicotinicacid,amemberofthevitaminB
complex,usedinthesynthesisofGABA.
Duringtransaminationreactionglutamateisformed.Pyridoxal
Phosphateactsasacoenzyme.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

349.Notametabolicproductofureacycle-
a)Citrulline
b)Ornithine
c)Alanine
d)Arginine

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Alanine
Metabolicproductsinureacyclearecarbamoylphosphate,
ornithine,citrulline,argininosuccinate,arginineandfumarate.
Biosynthesisofureaoccursinfivesteps

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

1-Carbamoylphosphatesynthetase-I(CPS-I),amitochondrial
enzyme,catalyzestheformationofcarbamoylphosphateby
condensationofCO,andammonia.
2-Ornithinetranscarbamoylasecatalyzestheformationofcitrulline
fromcarbamoylphosphateandornithine.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

3-Argininosuccinatesynthasecatalyzestheformationof
argininosuccinatefromcitrullineandaspartate.Thisreaction
requires!ATP,
4-Argininosuccinatelyase(arginosuccinase)catalysesthecleavage
ofargininosuccinateintoarginineandfumarate.Fumarateenters

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

TCAcycle.
5-)Arginasecatalysestheformationofureafromarginineby
hydrolyticcleavageofargininetoyieldureaandornithine.Ornithine
isthusregeneratedandcanentermitochondriatoinitiateanother
roundoftheureacycle.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

---

350.Whichaminoacidisnotinvolvedin
transamination-
a)Alanine
b)Aspartate
c)Lysine

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Histidine
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Lysine
Mostaminoacidsundergotransaminationreactionexceptlysine,
threonine,prolineandhydroxyproline.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

351.Boiledcabbageorrancidbutter
smellingurineisseenin
a)Phenylketonuria
b)Tyrosinemia
c)IsovalericAcidaemia

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Multiplecarboxylasedeficiency
CorrectAnswer-B
Tyrosinemia
REF:Sapira'sart&scienceofbedsidediagnosis-Page138,
TextbookofPediatricEmergencyMedicinebyGaryR.Fleisher,

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

StephenLudwigPage1566
Tyrosinaemiaisanerrorofmetabolism,inherited,inwhichthebody
cannoteffectivelybreakdowntheaminoacidtyrosine,foundinmost
animalandplantproteins.Itisanautosomalrecessive,which
meanstwocopiesofanabnormalgenemustbepresentinorderfor

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

thistodevelop.Therearethreetypesoftyrosinemia,eachwith
distinctivesymptomsandcausedbythedeficiencyofadifferent
enzyme.OneofthesymptomsofTyrodinaemiatype1isanodor
likecabbageorrancidbutter.

---

352.ApoB48issynthesizedin-

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Liver
b)Kidney
c)Intestine
d)RBCs
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'c'i.e.,Intestine
ItmediateuptakeofLDLbyLDLreceptorsofliver,

---

353.Allantoinistheendproductof
metabolismof?
a)Glycogen

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Purine
c)Pyrimidine
d)Histidine
CorrectAnswer-B
Innon-primatemammals,endproductofpurinemetabolismis

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

allantoinduetopresenceofenzymeuricase.Uricaseconvertesuric
acidtoallantoin.
Humanslacktheenzymeuricase.Therefore,endproductofpurine
catabolisminhumansisuricacid.

---

354.Trueaboutsigmafactor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Subunitof50sribosome
b)SubunitofDNApolymerase
c)SubunitofRNApolymerase
d)InitiatesDNAreplication
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans-'C'SubunitofRNApolymerase
ThebasicDNA-dependentRNApolymeraseofthebacterium
Escherichiacoliexistsasanapproximately400-kDacorecomplex
consistingoftwoidenticalsubunits,twolarge,andsubunits,
andasubunit.ThecoreRNApolymerase,2,oftentermed

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

E,associateswithaspecificproteinfactor(thesigma[]factor)to
formholoenzyme,2,orE.
Sigmafactorshaveadualroleintheprocessofpromoter
recognition;associationwithcoreRNApolymerasedecreasesits
affinityfornon-promoterDNA,whilesimultaneouslyincreasing

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

holoenzymeaffinityforpromoterDNA.

---

355.Replicationandtranscriptionaresimilar
processesinmechanistictermsbecause
both:
a)UseRNAprimersforinitiation.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Usedeoxyribonucleotidesasprecursors.
c)Aresemiconservedevents
d)Involvephosphodiesterbondformationwithelongation
occurringinthe5'-3'direction
CorrectAnswer-D

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Di.e.Involvephosphodiesterbondformationwithelongation
occurringinthe5'-3'direction.
InbothDNAandRNAsynthesis,thegeneralstepsofinitiation,
elongationandterminationoccurin5'-3'directionwiththeformation
ofphosphodiesterbondsQ.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

356.Whatareokazzakifragments-
a)LongpiecesofDNAonlaggingstrand
b)LongpiecesofDNAonleadingstrand
c)ShortpiecesofDNAonlaggingstrand
d)ShortpiecesofDNAonleadingstrand

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,ShortpiecesofDNAonlaggingstrand[Ref:
Lippincott's5thiep.399,401,406]
DNApolymerasesresponsibleforcopyingtheDNAtemplatesare
onlyableto"read"theparentalnucleotidesequencein3'-5'

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

direction,andtheysynthesizethenewDNAstrandsonlyin5'-
3'direction.
Therefore,2newlysynthesizedchainsmustgrowinopposite
directions:?
1. TheDNAchainwhichrunsinthe3'45'directiontowardsreplication

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

forkascontinuedstrandiscalledtheleadingstrand.Thisrequires
onlyoneRNAprimer
2. TheDNAchainwhichrunsinthe5'43'directionawayfromthe
replicationforkiscalledlaggingstrand.Itissynthesized
discontinouslyandrequiresnumerousRNAprimers.Asthe

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

replicationforkmoves,RNAprimersaresynthesizedatspecific
intervals.TheseRNAprimersareextendedbyDNApolymeraseIII
intoshortpiecesofDNAcalledOkazakifragments.

---

357.Firstpurinenucleotide,whichis
synthesizedinpurinebiosynthesis?

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)AMP
b)GMP
c)IMP
d)UMP
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Thebiosynthesisofpurinebeginswithribose-5-phosphate,derived
frompentosephosphatepathway(PPP).
Firstintermediateformedinthispathway,5-phosphoribosyl-
pyrophosphate(PRPP),isalsoanintermediateinpurinesalvage
pathway.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

358.C4,C5,N7inpurineringarederived
from-
a)Aspartate
b)Glutamine
c)Glutamine

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)CO
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Glycine[RefHarper29th/ep.332]
Indenovosynthesis,purineringisformedfromavarietyof
precursorsisassembledonribose-5-phosphate.Precursorsforde

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

novosynthesisare?
1. GlycineprovidesC4,C5andN7
2. AspartateprovidesNI
3. GlutamineprovidesN3andN9
4. TetrahydrofolatederivativesfurnishC2andG

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

5. CarbondioxideprovidesC6

---

359.Mostimportanttoolusedingenetic
engineering
a)Halicase
b)Topoisomerase

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

c)DNALigase
d)Restrictionendonuclease
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Restrictionendonuclease[RefSatyanarayanp.
579]

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Geneticengineeringsimplymeansmanipulationofgeneticmaterial
toachievethedesiredgoalinapredeterminedway.
Mostimportantmoleculartoolsingeneticengineeringareenzymes
usedinrecombinantDNAtechnology.(alsocalledgenetic
engineering).

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Mostimportantoftheseenzymesisrestrictionendonuclease.
AttheheartofgeneticengineeringistheabilitytocutDNA
moleculesatpreciselydefinedsites.
Thisisusuallydonewithpurifiedbacterialenzyme,therestrication
endonuclease.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

---

360.IfcontentofAis15%,whatisthe
amountofGinDNAaccordingto
Chargaffsrule?
a)15%
b)85%

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

c)35%
d)70%
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,35%[RefHarper'sIllustratedbiochemistry27th/e
p.311-313]

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Chargaff'srule:
Amountofpurine=Amountofpyrimidine(A+G=T+C)Also
A+G+T+C=100
SinceA=T,Therefore15+G+15+C=100
SinceG=C,Therefore30,+2G=100

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

2G=704G=35

---

361.ThegapsbetweensegmentsofDNAon
thelaggingstrandproducedby
restrictionenzymesarerejoinedsealed
by:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)DNALigases
b)DNAHelicase
c)DNAtopoisomerase
d)DNAphosphorylase
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Ai.e.DNALigases

---

362.cDNAfromRNAissynthesizedby-
a)Helicase
b)DNAdependentDNApolymerase
c)Topoisomerase

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Reversetranscriptase
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Reversetranscriptase[RefSatyanarayan4th/ep.
550]
TheenzymeRNAdependentDNApolymerase(reverse

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

transcriptase)isresponsiblefortheformationofDNAfromRNA.
ThisDNAiscomplementary(cDNA)toviralRNAandcanbe
transmittedintohostDNA.

---

363.Whichisnotachaperonprotein-
a)Calnexin

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Proteindisulfideisomerase
c)Calreticulin
d)Calbindin
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Calbindin[RefHarper29thlep.598-599&28th/ep.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

497]
SomeChaperonesandEnzymesInvolvedinFoldingthatare
LocatedintheRoughEndoplasmicReticulum:-
BiP(immunoglobulinheavychainbindingprotein)
GRP94(glucose-regulatedprotein)

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Calnexin
Calreticulin
PDI(proteindisulfideisomerase)
PPI(peptidylprolylcis-transisomerase)

---

364.Allarefunctionsofglycosaminglycans

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

except-
a)Lubrication
b)Woundhealing
c)Anticoagulant
d)Transportoflipids

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Transportoflipids[RefPankajNaik4th/ep.29]

---

365.Bilesaltshelpinabsorptionoffatby-
a)Micellesformation
b)Activationoftransporterprotein

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Creationofconcentrationgradient
d)Alloftheabove
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Micellesformation[RefGangong24thlep.465]
Emulsificationistheprocesswhichbreaksdowningestedfats

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

(mainlytriglycerides)intosmallerdropletssothattheycanbe
digestedmoreefficiently.Thusemulsificationmainlyhelpsin
digestionofingestedfats.
Micellesformationistheprocessinwhichdigestedfats(FFAsand
monoglycerides)areincorporatedintomuchsmallerdroplets

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(micelles)sothattheycanbeabsorbedmoreefficiently.Thus,
micellesformationhelpsinabsorptionofdigestedfats.
Detergentactionofbilesaltsisnecessaryforbothemulsificationand
micellesformation.

---

366.a-aminolevulinicacidisametabolic

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

productinsynthesisof-
a)Tryptophan
b)Collagen
c)Glycosaminoglycans
d)Heme

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Heme
Hemesynthesistakesplaceinallcells,butoccurstogreatestextent
inbonemarrowandliver.Thefirststepinthesynthesisofhemeis
thecondensationofglycineandsuccinylCo-Atoform6-

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

aminolevulinicacid(6-ALA),whichoccursinmitochondria.This
reactioniscatalyzedby6-ALAsynthasewhichrequirespyridoxal
phosphate(PLP)ascofactor.Thisistheratelimitingstepinheme
synthesis.

---

367.Whichisaninhibitorofferrochelatase?

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Lead
b)Mercury
c)Iron
d)Arsenic
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'a'i.e.,Lead[RefEssentialsofbiochemistry4thiep.919]
Ferrochelatase,alsocalledhemesynthase,catalysesthelast
reactioninhemesynthesis.
LeadinhibitsALAdehydratase.Therefore,leadpoisoningcauses
inhibitionofhemesynthesisandexcessiveamountof6-ALAis

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

excretedinurine.Leadcanalsoinhibitferrochelatase(heme
synthase).

---

368.Bileacidsconsistofallexcept-
a)Lithocholicacid
b)Taurocholicacid

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Deoxycholicacid
d)Chendeoxycholicacid
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Taurocholicacid[RefGanong22nalech.26]
Taurocholicacidisbilesalt(notbileacid).

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Bileacidsaremainlypresentsassodiumorpotassiumsaltswhich
areconjugatedwithglycineortaurinetoformbilesalts.
Primarybileacidsarecholicacidandchenodeoxycholicacid,which
aresynthesizedfromcholesterolinliver.Intheintestinesomeofthe
primarybileacidsareconvertedintosecondarybileacids,i.e.,

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

deoxycholicacid(formedfromcholicacid)andlithocholicacid
(derivedfromchenodexoxycholicacid).
Glycineandtaurineconjugatesofthesebileacidsarecalledasbile
salts.Forexample,cholicacidisabileacid,anditsglycine
conjugate(glycocholicacid)isabilesalt.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

---

369.TrueaboutcAMPandcGMP-
a)Secondmessengers
b)Actonmembranereceptors
c)Actbypost-translationalmodification
d)Alloftheabove

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Alloftheabove
Secondmessengers
Secondmessengersaremoleculesthatrelaysignalsfromthe
membranereceptorstotargetmoleculesinsidethecells.Inabove

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

describedreceptorssecondmessengersarecAMP,cGMP,
Phosphatidylinositol,diacylgleceral,IP3,Ca.
Secondarymessengersofmembranereceptorsactby
posttranslationmodification,i.e.,modificationofproteins(e.g.,
enzymes)aftertheyhavealreadyformed(i.e.,aftertranslation).

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

370.Spectroscopyisusedforinteractionof-
a)Electromagneticradiation
b)Protons
c)Alphaparticles
d)Positrons

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Electromagneticradiation
Spectroscopyisthestudyofthestructureofatoms/moleculesfrom
studyingtheirinteractionwithelectromagneticradiation.

---

371.Abnormalproteinswhichareboundto

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

ubiquitinaredegradedin-
a)Proteosomes
b)Golgiapparatus
c)SmoothER
d)Lysosomes

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Proteosomes[RefHarper250/ep.560-561&28th/e
p.498-99]
Ubiquitinplaysmajorroleindegradationofproteinsandis
particularlyassociatedwithdisposalofmisfoldedproteins.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Itissmall,highlyconservedproteinthatplaysakeyroleinmarking
variousproteinsforsubsequentdegradationinproteosomes

---

372.Enzymedegradationiscausedby-
a)Ubiquitin
b)RNAse

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Zymase
d)Chaperone
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Ubiquitin[RefHarper29thiep.560-561]
Degradationofdefective(misfolded)proteins(includingenzymes)is

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

causedbyubiquitin

---

373.G1cNAc-P-P-oligosacharrideis-
a)Proteoglycan
b)Glycoprotein
c)Collagen

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Phospholipid
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Glycoprotein[RefMedicalBiochemistryby
Bhagvanp.312]
Dolicholplaysaroleinpost-translationalmodificationofproteinby

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

glycosylationtoformglycoproteins.
ItactsintheformofDolicholpyrophosphate(DolicholPP)and
transferOligosaccharidefromdolicholtoglycoproteins
N-acetylgalactosamine-P-P-Dolichol(GLcNAc-P-P-dol)compound
formedinthebionsynthesisoflipid-linkedoligosaccharides.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Dolichol-P-Pactsasacarrierofoligosaccharideandtransferitto
glycoprotein.

---

374.Prolylhydroxylaserequirewhich
cofactor-
a)Sc

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)VitaminC
c)Mo
d)VitaminK
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,VitaminC[RefHarper29'Vep.590-593]

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Hydroxylationofprolineandlysineresiduetakesplaceduringpost-
translationalmodificationinroughER.Theenzymecatalyzingthe
reactionsareprolylhydroxylase(forproline)andlysylhydroxylase
(forlysine).Boththeseenzymesaredioxygenasesusingmolecular
oxygen(02)andcofactorforboththeseenzymesisvitaminC

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

(ascorbicacid).a-Ketoglutatrateisacoreductant,whichisoxidized
tosuccinate.

---

375.Sidechainlinkageinproteoglycons-
a)Covalent
b)Hydrogenbond

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Electrostaticbond
d)Van-derWaal'sforce
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Covalent[RefEssentialsofbiochemistryp.712]
Amongthegivenoptionstwobondsareinvolvedin

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

proteoglycanstructure:
1. Covalent-Inproteoglyconmonomer,i.e.betweencentralcore
proteinandsidechainofrepeateddisaccharides
2. ElectrostaticInproteoglycanaggregatesbetweenproteoglycan
monomerandhyaluronicacid.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

376.Whichoffollowingisnotafreeradical-
a)H202
b)(M?
c)Superoxideanion
d)HOC1-

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,HOC1?[RefPrinciplesinmedicalpathologyp.
391]
Freeradicalsarechemicalspeciesthathaveasingleunpaired
electronintheouterorbit.Mostofthesearepartiallyreduced

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

reactiveoxygenformsthatareproducedasanunavoidable
byproductofmitochondria!respiration-alsoknownasreactive
oxygenspecies.
Themostimportantarehydrogenperoxide(1120),Superoxideanion
(02)andhydroxylradical(OH).

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

---

377.Notanirreversibleinjury-
a)Pyknosis
b)Pyknosis
c)Karyolysis
d)Blebformation

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.Blebformation
Damagetonucleuscanbeofthreeforms-
Pkynosis-nuclearshrinkage&chromatincondensationand
clumping.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Karyorrhexis-Nuclearfragmentation.
Karyolysis-decreasedbasophiliaduetodissolutionofnucleus.

---

378.Hypertrophyis-
a)Increaseincellnumber
b)Increaseincellsize

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Decreaseincellnumber
d)Decreaseincellsize
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'B'i.e.,Increaseincellsize
Hypertrophy

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

*Hypertrophyreferstoanincreaseinthesizeofcellswithout
increaseinthenumber,resultinginanincreaseinthesizeoftissue.
*Hypertrophyinvolvescellenlargementwithoutcelldivision.
*So,hypertrophiedorganhasjustlargercells,butnonewcells(by
contrast,inhyperplasiathereisincreaseinnumberofnewcells

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

withoutincreaseinsize).
*NucleiinhypertrophiedcellshaveahigherDNAcontentthanin
normalcellsbecausethecellsarrestinthecellcyclewithout
undergoingmitosis.
*Myocardium(heartmuscle)andskeletalmuscleundergo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

hypertrophy.
*Themostcommonstimulusforhypertrophyisincreasedworkload.
Mechanismofhypertrophy
*Theincreaseincellsizeisduetosynthesisofmorestructural
proteins.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

*Thegenesthatareinducedduringhypertrophyincludethose
encodingtranscriptionfactors(C-fos,C-jun),growthfactors(TGF-(3,
TGF-1,FGF);andvasoactiveagents(a-agonists,endothelin-1,
angiotensinII).
*Theremayalsobeaswitchofcontractileproteinsfromadultto

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

fetalorneonatalforms,e.g.,duringmyocardialhypertrophy,thea-
myosinheavychainisreplacedby13-formofthemyosinheavy
chain,whichleadstodecreasemyosineATPaseactivityanda
slower,moreenergeticallyeconomicalcontraction.
*Inaddition,somegenesthatareexpressedonlyinembryoniclife

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

arere-expressedinhypertrophiedmyocardium,e.g.,inthe
embryonicheart,thegeneforAtrialnatriuraticpeptide(ANP)is
expressedinbothatriumandventricle.Afterbirth,ventricular
regulationofthegeneisdownregulated.Myocardialhypertrophyis
associatedwithreinductionofANFgeneexpression.ANPinduces

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

saltexcretionbykidneyLbloodvolume&pressure,decreasework
load.
Whydothesechangesoccur?
*Asalreadyexplained,themostcommonstimulusformyocardial
hypertrophyisincreasedworkload.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

*Alltheabovemorphologicalchangesthatoccurinhypertrophy
eitherincreasemuscleactivity(tohandletheincreasedworkload)or
decreasetheworkloadtoheart.

---

379.Hyalinedegenerationisfoundin-
a)MI

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Parkinson's'disease
c)Yellowfeverhepatitis
d)Basophiliccellofpituitary
CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.Yellowfeverhepatitis

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

1)Intracellularhyaline:councilmanbodiesinyellowfever
2)Extracellularhyaline:nCorporaamylaceaareroundmasseof
hyalineseeninprostateinelderly,brainandspinalcordofold
peopleandoldinfarctsoflung.

---

380.Programmedcelldeathisknownas-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Cytolysis
b)Apoptosis
c)Necrosis
d)Proptosis
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'b'i.e.,Apoptosis
*Programmedcelldeathisapoptosis.
*Butrememberthisimportantfactthatnotallapoptosisare
programmedcelldeath(readtextbelow)Apoptosis
*Apoptosisispathwayofcelldeaththatisinducedbyatightly

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

regulatedintracellularprograminwhichcelldestinedtodieactivate
enzymesthatdegradethecell'sownnuclearDNA,andnuclear&
cytoplasmicproteins.
*Apoptosisgenerallyinvolvessinglecellsincontrasttonecrosisthat
usuallyinvolveagroupofcells.oApoptosismaybeoftwotypes?

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

A.Physiological(mostofthetime)Programmedcell
death.
B.PathologicalUnprogrammedcell
death.
A.Physiologicalapoptosis

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

*Deathbyapoptosisisanormalphenomenonthatservesto
eliminatecellsthatarenolongerneeded.oItisimportantinthe
followingphysiologicsituation:?
1. Theprogrammeddestructionofcellsduringembryogenesis,
includingimplantation,organogenesis,andmetamorphosis.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

2. Hormonedependentinvolutioninadult,e.g.,endometrialcell
breakdownduringmensturalcycle,ovarianfollicularatresiainthe

---

menopause,theregressionoflactatingbreastafterweaning,and
prostaticatrophyaftercastration.
3. Celldeletioninproliferatingcellpopulationinordertomaintaina

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

constantnumber,e.g.,intestinalcryptepithelium.
4. Deathofhostcellsthathaveservedtheirusefulpurpose,suchas
neutrophilsafteranacuteinflammatoryresponse,andlymphocytes
attheendofanimmuneresponse.
5. Eliminationofpotentiallyharmfulself-reactivelymphocytesin

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

thymus.
6. CelldeathinducedbycytotoxicTcellstoeliminatevirusinfected
andneoplasticcells.Samemechanismoccursingraftversushost
disease.
B.Pathologicalapoptosis

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

*Apoptosismayalsobepathological.
*Whencellsaredamagedbeyondrepair,especiallywhenthe
damageaffectsthecell'sDNA,theirreparablydamagedcellsare
eliminated:?
1. Celldeathproducedbyinjuriesstimuli-->Radiationandcytotoxic

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

anticancerdrugsdamageDNA,andifrepairmechanismscannot
copewiththeinjury,thecellkillsitselfbyapoptosis.Inthese
situations,eliminationofthecellmaybeabetteralternativethan
riskingmutationsandtranslocationsinthedamagedDNAwhich
mayresultinmalignanttransformation.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

2. Cellinjuryincertainviraldiseases,e.g.,inviralhepatitis.
3. Pathologicatrophyinparenchymalafterductobstruction,suchas
occursinpancreas,parotidgland.
4. Celldeathintumors.

---

381.Whichisactivatedfornuclear

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

fragmentationinapoptosis-
a)Caspases
b)Apaf-1
c)Oxygenfreeradicals
d)All

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Ansis'a'i.e.,Caspases
Caspasesandendonucleasecausechromatinfragmentationin
apoptosis.
Theyareinactive,sofirsttheyshouldbeactivated.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Cytochrome'c'bindswithApaf-1andthiscomplexactivates
caspases.
Caspasescausefragmentationofchromatinandalsoactivate
endonuclease.
Aboutoption'b'

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

ThoughApaf-1helpsinactivationofcaspases,ithasnorolein
chromatinframentationandItdoesnothavetwoseprateforms
activeorinactive.Itjustformscomplexwithcytochrome'C'to
activatecaspases.

---

382.Incelldeath,myelinfigures,arederived

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

from-
a)Nucleus
b)Cellmembrane
c)Cytoplasm
d)Mitochondria

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Cellmembrane
Myelinefiguresarecytoplasmicbodiescomposedofconcentric
whorlsofmembranes,derivedfromdamagecellmembrane.
Myelinfiguresappearduringreversibleinjurybuttheyaremore

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

pronouncedinirreversibleinjury.

---

383.Lipofuscinis
a)Wearandtearpigment
b)Fatdeposits
c)Bloodpigment

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Formofcalcification
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Wearandtearpigment
Itisaninsolublepigment,alsoknownasIandwearortearoraging
pigment.Lipofuscinisnotinjurioustothecelloritsfunctions.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Itsimportanceliesinbeingthetell-talesignoffreeradicalinjuryand
lipidperoxidation.

---

384.Antiapoptoticgene
a)FLIP
b)P53

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

c)BAX
d)BIM
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.FLIP
Proapoptoticgenes:Apaf-1,CytochromeC,Bak,Bax,Bim,AIF,

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

P53,Caspases,TNFRI,FAS(CD95),FADD,BH3onlyproteins
(Bim,Bid,Bad),Smac/DIABLO.
Antiapoptoticgenes:BCL-2,BCL-X,Mcl-1,IAPs,FLIP

---

385.Inapoptosiswhichis/areinvolved-
a)Apaf-1

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Bc12
c)Caspases
d)All
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Apaf-1;'b'i.e.,BCl2;'c'i.e.,Caspases

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Proapoptoticgenes:Apaf-1,CytochromeC,Bak,Bax,Bim,AIF,
P53,Caspases,TNFRI,FAS(CD95),FADD,BH3onlyproteins
(Bim,Bid,Bad),Smac/DIABLO.

---

386.Notaapoptoticgene
a)P53

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Bax
c)Mcl-1
d)n-myc
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.n-myc

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Proapoptoticgenes:Apaf-1,CytochromeC,Bak,Bax,Bim,AIF,
P53,Caspases,TNFRI,FAS(CD95),FADD,BH3onlyproteins
(Bim,Bid,Bad),Smac/DIABLO.

---

387.Fatnecrosisiscommonin-
a)Omentum

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)Breast
c)Retroperitonealfat
d)Alloftheabove
CorrectAnswer-D
Thereare2TypesofFatNecrosis

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

1.Enzymaticfatnecrosis
*Thisisduetoactionoflipaseonadiposetissue.
*Itoccursmostfrequentlyinacutepancreatitisduetoleakageof
lipase.
*Dependingontheseverityofacutepancreatitis,fatnecrosismay

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

occurin:
-Adiposetissuecontiguoustopancrease,i.e.,retroperitonealfat.
-Adiposetissueinanteriormediastinum.
-Bonemarrow
-Omentalandabdominalfat

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

2.NonenzymaticorTraumaticfatnecrosis
*Occursduetotrauma
*Isseeninsubcutaneoustissueofbreast,thigh,andabdomen.

---

388.Caseatingnecrosisoccursin
a)Brain

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)liver
c)kidney
d)lung
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.lung

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Gaseousnecrosis,avariantofcoagulativenecrosiscanbe
encounteredinanyorganwherecelldeathisattributabletocertain
organismse.g.,mycobacteriumtuberculosis(TB),syphilisandfungi
(Histoplasma,Coccidioidomycosis).
Pulmonarytuberculosisisthemostcommoncauseofcaseous

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

necrosis.Thereforeanswershouldbe"lung".

---

389.Liquefactivenecrosisisseenin:
a)Heart
b)Brain
c)Lungs

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Spleen
CorrectAnswer-B
Brain

---

390.Spreadofinfectioncauses
a)Fibrinoidnecrosis

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Fatnecrosis
c)Liquifactivenecrosis
d)Coagulativenecrosis
CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.Liquifactivenecrosis

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Liquefactiveorcolliquativenecrosisoccursduetolysosomal
permeabilityandenzymesofleukocytesdigestthetissue
transformingthetissueintoliquidviscousmass.
Tissuearchitectureislost.
Examplesare-Infarctbrainandabscesscavity.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

---

391.MIisatypeof-
a)Coagulativenecrosis
b)Liquefactivenecrosis
c)Caseousnecrosis
d)Fatnecrosis

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Coagulativenecrosis
Coagulativenecrosis
*Thisismostcommontypeofnecrosis.
*Thistypeofnecrosisismostfrequentlycausedbysudden

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

cessationofbloodflow(ischemia)inorganssuchasheart(MI),
Kidney(ATN),adrenalgland,andspleen.
Note:Brainistheonlyexception,i.e.,.Itistheonlysolidorganin
whichischemialeadstoliquifactivenecrosisnotcoagulative
necrosis.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

*Itisalsoseenwithothertypesofinjurye.g.,livernecrosisinviral
hepatitis,Coagulativenecrosisofskinafterburns(Thermalinjury).
*Whythereispredominantproteindenaturationandnoenzymatic
digestion?
Hypoxiacausesintracellularacidosis(hasbeenexplainedearlier)--

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

>.tpHresultsindenaturationofproteinswhichincludesnotonly
structuralproteinshutalsoenzymes
So,thereisnoenzymaticdigestion.oThenecroticcellsretaintheir
cellularoutlineforseveraldays.
Liquefactivenecrosis

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

*Itisthenecroticdegradationoftissuethatrapidly
undergosofteningandliquefactionbecauseoftheactionof
hydrolyticenzymes.
*Itoccursafter

---

*Itoccursafter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1.Infectioni.e.,suppurativeinflammation(mostcommon).
2.Ischemicnecrosisinbrain.
Note:Brainlacksanysubstantialsupportivestroma,soischemic
necrosisinbrainisliquifactiveunlikeotherorganswhereitis
coagulative.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

*Mechanismofliquefactivenecrosis-->Microbesstimulates
accumulationofinflammatorycellsandthesecellsrelease
lysosomalenzymes.
Caseousnecrosis
*Itisavariantofcoagulativenecrosis.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

*Itismostcommonlyencounteredwhencelldeathisattributableto
certainorganismse.g.,mycobacteriumtuberculosis(TB)and
fungi(Histoplasma,Coccidioidomycosis).
Whyisitcalledcaseousnecrosis,notcoagulativenecrosis?
*Incontrasttocoagulativenecrosiswheretissuearchitectureis

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

maintained,incaseousnecrosis,thetissuearchitectureis
completelyobliterated.So,ithasbeencalledcaseousbecauseofits
cheesywhiteappearanceoftheareaofnecrosis.

---

392.Diabeticfootisassociatedwithfollowing
typeofgangrene-

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Drygangrene
b)Wetgangrene
c)Gasgangrene
d)Fournier'sgangrene
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-B.Wetgangrene
Whenoverlyingskinofdrygangrenoustissueisdevitalized,
bacterialinfectionissuperimposedandthecoagulativenecrosis
ismodifiedbyliquifactivenecrosis.Morecommonlyduetovenous
occlusionthenarterialocclusion.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Occursindiabeticfootandbedsores

---

393.Unfoldedproteinmetabolismis
associatedwith
a)Endoplasmicreticulum
b)Golgiapparatus

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Mitochondria
d)Noneoftheabove
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Endoplasmicreticulum
Theunfoldedproteinresponse(UPR)isacellularstressresponse

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

relatedtotheendoplasmicreticulum(ER).
DiseasesamenabletoUPRinhibitionincludeCreutzfeldt-Jakob
disease,Alzheimer'sdisease,Parkinson'sdisease,andHuntington's
disease.

---

394.Mostreactivefreeradicalis:

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Peroxide
b)Carboxyl
c)Hydroxyl
d)Superoxide
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ans:C.Hydroxyl
(RefRobbins9/ep480)
Hydroxylradical(*OH)isthemostpotentreactiveoxygenspecies.
Mostreactiveoxygen-derivedfreeradical.
PrincipalROSresponsiblefordamaginglipidsproteins&DNA.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

395.Notanexampleofexcesstissuegrowth
a)Granulationtissue
b)Neoplasia
c)Hyperplasia
d)Fibrosis

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Granulationtissue
Granulationtissueisahallmarkofhealing.Itischaracterizedby
formationofnewsmallbloodvessels(angiogenesisor
neovascularization)andproliferationoffibroblasts

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

---

396.1stmediatorofinflammationtobe
releasedis
a)Nitricoxide
b)PAF
c)Histamine

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)IL-1
CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.Histamine
Vasoactiveaminesarepresentinpreformedstoresincellsandare
thereforeamongthefirstmediatorstobereleasedduring

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

inflammation
Thetwoaminesareespeciallyimportant.Theseare:-(i)Histamine
and(ii)Serotonin

---

397.Rollingofleucocytesonendothelialcells
ismediatedby

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)ICAM-1
b)(3,integrin
c)IL-8
d)P-selectin
CorrectAnswer-D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-D.P-selectin
Rolling&adhesion-
Itisbroughtby-PselectinorCD62
PECAM-1involvedinleucocytemigrationfromendothelialsurface.

---

398.Perioperativeshockisanexampleof

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Hypovolemicshock
b)Septicshock
c)Cardiogenicshock
d)Neurogenicshock
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-A.Hypovolemicshock
"Mostcommoncauseofhypovolemicshockishemorrhagewhich
maybeintraoperativeorpostoperative."

---

399.Substanceplayingaroleintumor
metastasiscascadeis

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)CollagenaseIV
b)TNF-alpha
c)CD99
d)NM23
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Ansis'a'i.e.CollagenaseIV
Variousstepsofmetastasisandmoleculesinvolved
1. Detachmentoftumorcells-Downregulationofexpressionofeither
E-cadherinsorcatenins
2. AttachementtoECM(includingbasementmembrane)-Tumorcells

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

expressintegrinsthathelpsintheattachement.
3. DegradationofECM-proteolyticenzymes(mostimportant
proteasesaremetalloproteinases(MMPs)includingcollegenaseIV).
4. Vasculardisseminationandhomingoftumorcells-Amongadhesion
moleculeCD44isofparticularinterest.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

400.

---

WhichofthefollowingisnotapartofECM?
a)Lectin
b)Fibronectin
c)Laminin

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Proteoglycans
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Lectin
Basementmembrane(BM):-PASpositiveamorphousstructure
whichlieunderneathepitheliaofdifferentorgansandendothelial

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

cells.ComponentsofBMarelaminin,fibronectin,tenascin,collagen
typeIV,enatactin(nidogen),proteoglycan&perlecan(heparan
sulphate).

---

401.Whichofthefollowingisderivedfrom
fibroblastcells?

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a)TGF-13
b)MMP2
c)Collagen
d)Angiopoietin
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-C.Collagen
Fibroblastsproducetheglycosaminoglycans,collagens,elastic
fibers,reticularfibresandglycoproteinsthatcanbeseeninthe
extracellularmatrix.TheyalsoproducecytokineTSLP.

---

402.Chemotaxisismediatedby-

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Histamine
b)LeukotrieneB4andC5a
c)LeukotrieneC4andC3a
d)Bradykinin
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'b'i.e.,LeukotrieneB4andC5a
Chemotaxisisunidirectionallocomotionofleukocytestowardsthe
siteofinjury,orientedalongachemicalgradient.Thischemical
gradientiscreatedbysubstancescalledchemoattractants
(chemotacticagents),whichmaybeexogenous(bacterialproducts)

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

orendogenous(C5a,LTB-4,IL-I,TNF,IL-8).
C5aisthemostpowerfulchemo-attractant(chemokine).

---

403.Whichofthefollowingenhancesacute
phaseresponse?
a)a-2microglobulin

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Transferrin
c)Albumin
d)Retinalbindingprotein
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.a-2microglobulin

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Positiveacutephaseproteins
Theseproteinsareincreasedduringinflammation.Important
examplesareC-reactiveprotein:CRP(f31-globulin),
a-1antitrypsin,fibrinogen,ferritin,serumamyloidA,hepatoglobulin,
ceruloplasmin,anda-2microglobulin.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Negativeacutephaseproteins
Theseproteinsaredecreasedduringinflammation.Important
examplesarealbumin,prealbumin,transferrin,transcortin,
transthyretinandretinalbindingprotein.
Generally,positiveacutephaseproteinsareconsideredasacute

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

phaseproteins.

---

404.InterleukinresponsibleforPyrexiais:
a)IL1
b)IL3
c)IL4

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)IL8
CorrectAnswer-A
IL1

---

405.Interleukin2isproducedby
a)Thelpercells1

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Thelpercells2
c)Naturalkillercells
d)Basophils
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Thelpercells1

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

A)Thelper-1(TF,')secretes4IL-2andinterferon-y
B)Thelper-2(T 2
0 )secretes->IL-4,IL-5,IL-6,IL-13

---

406.Processofmigrationofleukocytesthroughtheendotheliumisthrough:
a)Phagocytosis

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Pinocytosis
c)Diapedesis
d)Apoptosis
CorrectAnswer-C
Thenextstepintheprocessofleukocyterecruitmentismigrationoftheleukocytesthrough

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

theendothelium,calledtransmigrationordiapedesis.
Transmigrationofleukocytesoccursmainlyinpost-capillaryvenules.
Chemokinesactontheadherentleukocytesandstimulatethecellstomigratethrough
interendothelialspacestowardthechemicalconcentrationgradient,thatis,towardthesite
ofinjuryorinfectionwherethechemokinesarebeingproduced.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Ref:Robbins8thedition,Chapter2.

---

407.IFN-gammaisproducedby
a)Neutrophills
b)Macrophages
c)T-cells

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

d)B-cells
CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.T-cells
ActivatedT-cells(helper)produceIFN-y,themajorcytokineof
granulomatousinflammation.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

IFN-y
HelperT-cellsareactivatedbyIL-2andproduceIFN-y,themajor
cytokineofgranulomatousinflammation
FinallythereisformationofgranulomainducedbyIFN-y.

---

408.Extremitiesarewarminwhichtypeof

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

shock
a)Hypovolemicshock
b)Neurogenicshock
c)Anaphylacticshock
d)Cardiogenicshock

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Neurogenicshock
Inhyperdynamicstageofsepticshockandinneurogenicshock,
extremitiesarewarmduetovasodilatation.

---

409.Serumamyloidassociatedprotein,found

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

in?
a)Alzheimer'sdisease
b)Chronicinflammatorystates
c)Chronicrenalfailure
d)Malignanthypertension

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Chronicinflammatorystates
a)ChronicinflammatoryconditionslikeRA(mostcommon),TB&
leprosy,osteomyelitis,ankylosingspondylitis,IBD
(Crohn'sdisease,UC),bronchiectasis.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

SometumorslikeRenalcellcarcinoma(hypernephroma),Hodgkins
lymphoma

---

410.HLA-Cw6isassociatedwith
a)Myatsheniagravis
b)Behcet'sdisease

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Pemphigusvulgaris
d)Psoriasisvulgaris
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.Psoriasisvulgaris
HLAassociationinpsoriasis

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Psoriasisvulgaris-Cw6,B13,B17,DRB1*0701/2,B37
Psoriaticarthritis-B27
Generalizedpustularpsoriasisandacrodermatitiscontinuaof
Hallopeau-B27,B8
Pustolosisofpalmsandsoles-Aw19,Bw35

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

411.Followinginjectionoflymphokines,the
sameclassofimmunoglobulinare
produced.Thisistobereferredas-
a)Groupswitching
b)Clonalselection

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Hybridisation
d)Classswitching
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Clonalselection
*B-cellsareabletomakeaspecificantibodyagainstaspecific

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

antigen.
*ItisduetopresentofspecificreceptoronB-cells-B-cellreceptor
(BCR),thatisusuallyanimmunoglobulinIgMorIgD.
*AnantigeninteractswithB-cellthatshowsbestfitbyvirtueofits
BCR.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

*Theantigenbindstothisreceptor,andtheB-cellisstimulatedto
divideandformaclone(clonalselection).
*Thiscloneofcellswillbecomeplasmacellsthatwillsecretes
antibodyofaparticularspecificityandsameclass.
*Although,B-cellsarethemajorsourceofantibodies(aftertheir

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

conversionintoplasmacells),Helper-Tcellsarealsoimportant.
*HelperT-cellsactivateB-cellsbysecretingcytokines
(lymphokines).oInantibodyformationT-cellsareinvolvedearlier
thanB-cells.
Antigenexposure

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

AntigenpresentingcellspresentthisantigentohelperTcells
Tcellsareactivated

---

SecretionoflymphokinebyT-cells
B-cellsthatcarryBCRspecifictothatantigenare,stimulated(clonal
selection)

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

B-cellsproliferateanddifferentiateintoplasmacells
Plasmacellssynthesizeanimmunoglobulinofsamespecificityas
thatcarriedbytheB-cellprecursors
Alsoknow
Classswitching

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

*Isotypeorclassswitchingisabiologicalprocessthatchangesan
antibodyfromoneclasstoanother.ForexamplefromIgM(in
primaryresponse)toIgG(insecondaryresponse).

---

412.ShrinkingLungSyndromeisseenin:
a)SLE

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

b)RheumatoidArthritis
c)Scleroderma
d)Sarcoidosis
CorrectAnswer-A
AnswerisA(SLE):

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

ShrinkinglungsyndromereferstoaconditiontypicalofSLEthat
consistsofapurelyrestrictiverespiratorydiseasewithnormallung
parenchymaandmarkedlydecreasedlungvolumes.
Shrinkinglungsyndrome
ShrinkinglungsyndromereferstoaconditiontypicalofSLEthatconsistsofapurelyrestrictive

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

respiratorydiseasewithnormallungparenchymaandmarkedlydecreasedlungvolumes
PathogenticMechanism
Diaphragmaticdysfunctionhasbeenadvocatedasthemainpathogeneticmechanismof
shrinkinglungsyndrome
ClinicalPresentation

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Shrinkinglungsyndromeusuallymanifestsasexertionaldyspneaofvariableseverity,whichcan
progressoveraperiodofweeksormonths.(Orthopneaattributedtodiaphragmaticweakness
mayalsooccur).
Pleuriticchestpainisreportedfrequently,andaprevioushistoryofpleurisyandpericarditisis
common.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Physicalexaminationisremarkablynormal.
Investigations
Chestradiographytypicallyshowselevatedhemi-diaphragms,althoughthisisnotauniversal
findinganditsabsencedoesnotexcludethediagnosis.Pleuraleffusions,Pleuralthickening,and
atelectasismaybealsoevidentonplainfilmsorCTscans.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Pulmonaryfunctiontestsshowamarkedrestrictivepattern,withdecreasedforcedvitalcapacity

---

Pulmonaryfunctiontestsshowamarkedrestrictivepattern,withdecreasedforcedvitalcapacity
(FVC).
Carbonmonoxidediffusioncorrectedbylungvolumesistypicallynormal.
Anti-Roantibodiesmaybepresent,althoughtheydonotofferanadditionaldiagnosticaid.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Prognosis
Theprognosisofthissyndromeisusuallygood(Mostpatientsshowlong-termstabilization)

---

413.MHC-2ispresentinallexcept
a)Corticalmacrophages
b)Medullarymacrophages

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Corticalepithelialcells
d)Medullaryepithelialcells
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Medullarymacrophages
Corticalmacrophages,epithelialcellsanddendriticcellsexpress

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

highlevelofclassIIMHCmolecule.Medullarymacrophages
expressonlyclassIMHC,whilemedullaryepithelialcellsand
dendriticcellsexpressbothclassI&IIMHCmolecules.

---

414.Bcellsarelocatedinwhichregionof
lymphnodes

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Paracorticalregion
b)Corticalfollicles
c)Medullarsinuses
d)Subcapsularregion
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-B.Corticalfollicles
Locationofimmunecellsinlymphnode:
1. T-cells:Paracorticalarea.
2. B-cells:Corticalfollicles,germinalcenters,medullarycords.

---

415.PSGNisanexampleofwhichtypeof

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

hypersensitivity
a)Type-1hypersensitivity
b)Type-2hypersensitivity
c)Type-3hypersensitivity
d)Type-4hypersensitivity

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.Type-3hypersensitivity
Glomerulonephritis(PSGN:Post-streptococalGN)isatypeIII
hypersensitivity.

---

416.NumberofcriteriaforHLAmatchingare

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

a)10
b)4
c)16
d)22
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-A.10
Atleast8HLAmarkersfortheseminimumrequirements:twoA
markers,twoBmarkers,twoCmarkers,andtwoDRB1markers.
Sometimesanadditionalmarker,calledDQ,isalsomatchedmaking
it10markers.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

417.Organwithleastchanceofrejection
a)Blood
b)Kidney
c)Heart
d)Liver

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.Liver
HLAmatchingplayaveryminimalroleinlivertransplanttherefore
immunerejectionislesscommoninlivertransplant.

---

418.Mctypeofgraftrejectionis

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Hyperacute
b)Acute
c)Chronic
d)Acuteonchronic
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-C.Chronic
"Acutegraftrejectionisthemostcommonform"

---

419.Trueaboutserumsicknessis
a)Type2hypersensitivity
b)Canleadtoleukocytoclasticvasculitis

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Hypercomplementemia
d)Canoccurduetohomologousantigen
CorrectAnswer-B
Answe-B.Canleadtoleukocytoclasticvasculitis
SerumsicknessisatypeIIIhypersensitivity(immunecomplex

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

mediated)reactionthatresultsfromtheinjectionofheterologousor
foreignproteinorserum.
Whenanantiserumisgiven,thehumanimmunesystemcan
mistaketheproteinspresentforharmfulantigens.Thebody
producesantibodies,whichcombinewiththeseproteinstoform

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

immunecomplexes.Thesecomplexesprecipitate,enterthewallsof
bloodvessels,andactivatethecomplementcascade,initiatingan
inflammatoryresponseandconsumingmuchoftheavailable
complementcomponent3(C3).Theresultisaleukocytoclastic
vasculitis.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

---

420.Mostlethalcombinationis
a)Autosomalmonosomy
b)Chromosomalmonosomy
c)Autosomaltrisomy
d)Chromosomaltrisomy

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Autosomalmonosomy
Autosomalmonosomies(lossofoneautosome)areincompatible
withfetaldevelopmentandarenotfoundinlivebirths.Only
monosomycompatiblewithlivebirthisduetoinvolvementofsex

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

chromosome,i.e.Turnersyndrome(45X).

---

421.AllofthefollowingaretrueaboutDown
syndromeexcept
a)IncidenceofRobertsoniantranslocationis1:1000
b)Extrachromosomeisofmaternalorigin

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Mostcommoncauseistrisomy21
d)Mosaicism21hasnoassociationwithmaternalage
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.IncidenceofRobertsoniantranslocationis1:1000
CytogeneticsinDown'ssyndrome

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Trisomy21:Itismostcommon(95%)cause.Extrachromosomeis
maternalinorigin.
2. Robertsontronslocations(t22:21;t14:21;t15:21):Thisaccounts
for3%(3:100)ofcases.
3. Mosaicismof21:Thisaccountsfor2%ofcases

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

4. Partialtrisomy:Very-veryrare

---

422.Hypophosphatemicricketsis
a)AR
b)AD
c)XR

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)XD
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.XD
X-linkeddominantdisorders
VitamineDresistant(X-linkedhypophosphatemic)Rickets.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Familialhypophosphatemia.
FragileX-syndrome.
Incontinentiapigmenti.
Rettsyndrome.

---

423.Chromosomalinstabilitysyndromeis

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Fanconisyndrome
b)AtaxiaTelangectasia
c)Bloomsyndrome
d)Alloftheabove
CorrectAnswer-D

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'd'i.e.,Alloftheabove[RefTalwarGPp.855]
Chromosomalinstabilitysyndromesareagroupofdisorders
characterizedbychromosomalinstabilityandbreakage.
Thereare:
1.Xerodermapigmentosa3.Fanconisyndrome

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

2.Bloomsyndrome4.Ataxiatelangectasia

---

424.Structureofchromosomesisstudied
by?
a)C-banding
b)G-banding

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Q-banding
d)BrdV-staining
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.G-banding
Metaphasecellsarethenfixedwithmethanol/glacialaceticacid

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

mixtureandstainedbyoneoftheseveralbandingtechniques:-
1. G-Banding(Giemsabanding):Itisusedmostcommonly.
2. Otherbandingtechniques:Q-Banding(Quinacrinebanding),C-
Banding(Constitutivebanding),andR-Banding(Reversestaining
Geimsabanding).

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

425.Locationofgeneonchromosomeis
identifiedby
a)Karyotyping
b)Geneticmapping
c)Microarray

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Genomicimprinting
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Geneticmapping
Amapofthehumangenomeallowstounderstandwheregenesare
located.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

426.Tyrosinekinasereceptorisassociated
withproto?oncogene-
a)RAS
b)MYC
c)RET

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)RB
CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.RET
Itisagrowthfactorreceptor(receptortyrosinekinase).RETprotein
isareceptorforglialcelllinedderivedneurotrophicfactor.RETis

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

normallyexpressedinparafollicular'C'cellsofthyroid,adrenal
medullaandparathyroidcellprecursons.
PointmutationinRETprotooncogenesisassociatedwithMEN-2A,
MEN-2B,medullarythyroidcarcinomaandHirschsprungdisease.

---

427.Reversiblechangefromoncelltypeto

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

otherisknownas-
a)Hyperplesia
b)Hypertrophy
c)Metaplesia
d)Dysplasia

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Metaplesia[Ref:Robbin's9th/ep.376,styep10]
Metaplasiaisanadaptivechangeinwhichoneadult(mature)cell
typeisreplacedbyanotheradult(mature)cell.Itiscompletely
reversible

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

---

428.Whichisnotatumorsuppressorgene?
a)WT-1
b)Rb
c)p53
d)RAS

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-D
RAS[Ref.Robbins7th/ep295]
RASisnotatumoursuppressorgene,itisanoncogene.
Normalgrowthandcelldivisionisunderthecontroloftwotypesof
genes:

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

(i)Protooncogenes
(ii)Tumoursuppressorgenes
Protooncogenesarethegenesthatnormallycontrolhowoftenacell
dividesandthedegreetowhichitdifferentiates.Theyallowcell
divisionatacontrolledrate.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Whenaprotooncogenemutatesinto,anoncogeneitbecomes
permanently"turnedon"oractivatedevenwhenitisnotsupposed
tobe.Whenthisoccurs,celldividestooquicklywhichcauses
cancer.
Tumoursuppressorgenesarenormalgenesthatslowcelldivision.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Atumoursuppressorgeneislikethebrakepedalonacar,it
normallykeepsthecellfromdividingtooquicklyjustasabrake
keepsacarfromgoingtoofast.
Whenitmutates,celldivisioncangetoutofcontrol.
Functionsoftumoursuppressorgene:-

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Repressionofgenesthatisessentialforthecontinuingofthecell
cycle.
AnimportantfunctionoftumoursuppressiongeneisrepairingDNA

---

damage.
Everytimeacellpreparestodivideinto2newcellsitmustduplicate

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

itsDNA.Thisprocessisnotperfectandcopyingerrorsometimes
occurs.
Fortunately,cellshaveDNArepairgeneswhichmakeproteinsthat
proofreadDNA.
ButifthegenesresponsiblefortherepairarefaultythentheDNA

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

candevelopabnormalitiesthatmayleadtocancer.
Ifthereistoomuchdamagetoacell'sDNAtobefixedbytheDNA
repairgenes,thetumoursuppressorgeneisresponsiblefor
destroyingthecellbyaprocesscalledApoptosis.
Ifthetumoursuppressorgeneisnotworking.cellswithDNA

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

damagewillcontinuetogrowandcaneventuallybecome
cancerous.
ExamplesofTumoursuppressorgene
Gene Cancerassociated
?TGF

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Carcinomaofstomach
Preceptor
?E-cadherin
Carcinomaofcolon
?NF-1

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Neuroblastomas
Schwannomaand
?NF-2
meningiomas
?APC/13

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Carcinomaofstomach
catenin
colon,
pancreas,melanoma
Endometrialandprostate

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

?PTEN
carcinoma
?SMAD2and Colon,pancreastumour
?SMAD4
?RB

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Retinoblastoma,
osteosarcoma
carcinomaofbreast,colon
andLung.
?P53

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Mosthumancancers
?WT-1
WilmsTumour
?P16
Pancreatic,breastand

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

esophagealcancers

---

esophagealcancers
?BRCA1and Unknown
?BRCA2
?KLF6

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Prostate

---

429.Whichofthefollowinghastumor
promotingeffect?
a)BRAC
b)RB

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)MYC
d)p16
CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.MYC
RAS,Mitogen-activatedproteinkinasekinase,VEGF,orAkt

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

430.CEAis
a)Hormone
b)Glycoprotein
c)Enzyme
d)Tumorassociatedprotein

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Glycoprotein
Carcinoembryonicprotein(CEA)isaglycoprotein.

---

431.CEAisincreasedinwhichnon-
neoplasticcondition

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Hemolyticanemia
b)Pancreatitis
c)BPH
d)Pregnancy
CorrectAnswer-A:B

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

CEA-Carcinoembryonicantigen(CEA):CEAisalsoaglycoprotein
normallysynthesizedinembryonictissueofthegut,pancreas,and
liver.
Theirserumlevelsarehighincancersofthegastrointestinaltract,
pancreas,ovariancancerandbreast.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

CEAlevelsarealsoelevatedincertainnon-neoplasticconditions
e.g.inulcerativecolitis,Crohn'sdisease,hepatitis,andchronic
bronchitis,Alcoholiccirrhosis,smoking,pancreatitis,hemolytic
anemia

---

432.Carcinomaoriginatingfromglandsis

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

called
a)Basalcellcarcinoma
b)Squamouscellcarcinoma
c)Adenocarcinoma
d)Fibrosarcoma

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.Adenocarcinoma
BenigntumorofglandsAdenoma.
MalignanttumorofglandAdenocarcinoma.

---

433.Hematologicalcarcinomaiscommonly

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

linkedto
a)Nicotine
b)Benzene
c)Lithium
d)Alcohol

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Benzene
Benzeneexposureisassociatedwithleukemia.

---

434.Majorcontributiontocachexiawith
advancedcancer?

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Clathrin
b)Histamine
c)Interferon
d)Tumor-necrosis-factor(TNF)
CorrectAnswer-D

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'd'i.e.,Turnor-necrosisfactor(TNF)
Patientswithcancercommonlysufferprogressivelossofbodyfat
whichisaccompniedbyprofoundweaknessanorexia,andanemia.
Thiswastingsyndromeisreferredtoascachexia.
oTNFproducedbymacrophagesorsometumorcellsisthemost

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

importantmediatorofcachexia.

---

435.Elasticfibersoftunicamediaare
secretedby
a)Fibroblast
b)Endothelium

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Smoothmuscle
d)Externallamina
CorrectAnswer-C
Amswer-C.Smoothmuscle
Thebloodvesselsaremadeofthreelayers,calledfromtheluminal

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

sideoutward,thetunicaintima,thetunicamediaandthetunica
adventitia.
1. Thetunicaintimaconsistsofanendotheliumandanysub-
endothelialconnectivetissue.Itisseparatedfromtunicamediaby
internalelasticlamina.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

2. Thetunicamediaisthelayerofconcentrically-arrangedsmooth
muscle.Smoothmusclecellshavesecretorycapabilitiesandthe
tunicamediacontainsvaryingamountsofcollagenfibers,elastic
fibers,elasticlamellae,andproteoglycanssecretedbythesmooth
musclecells.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

---

436.Levelofwhichofthefollowingisnot
elevatedinheartdisease
a)LDH
b)5-nucleotidase
c)SGOT

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

d)ALP
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.5-nucleotidase
5-nucleotidaseiselevatedinliverdisease,bonediseaseand
pregnancy.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

ALP(alkalinephosphatase)israisedincongestiveheartfailure

---

437.Whichproteinisdefectiveindialated
cardiomyopathy?
a)Myosin
b)Troponin

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Tropomysoin
d)Dystrophin
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.Dystrophin
Dialatedcardiomyopathyoccusduetodefectivecytoskeleton

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

proteins.Mostimportantproteininovolvedisdystrophin.Other
proteinsaffectedare:(1)Desmin;(2)MLPProteinand(3)aP
crystallineproteins

---

438.LinesofZahnareseenin-
a)Heart

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Lung
c)Liver
d)Kidney
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Heart

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

LinesofZohnCharacteristicofthrombithatisformedinheartor
aorta.Theyhavevisibleandmicroscopiclaminationsproducedby
alternatingpalelayerofplateletsmixedwithfibrinanddarkerlayer
containingredbloodcells.

---

439.Smallvesselvasculitisare-

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a)ClassicalPAN
b)Wegner'sgranulomatosis
c)Giantcellarteritis
d)All
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is`b'i.e.,Wegner'sgranulomatosis
Inflammationofvesselwalliscalledvasculitis.
oOfthesesystemicnecrotizingvasculitis,severaltypesaffectthe
aortaandmediumsizedvessels,butmostaffectsmallvessels,such
asarterioles,venules,andcapillaries-->smallvesselvasculitis.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

LargevesselvasculitisMediumvessel
vasculitisSmallvesselvasculitis
oGiantcellarteritisoPolyarteritisnodosaANACA
positiveANCAnegative
(Temporalarteritis)oKawasakidiseaseo

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Wegner'sgranulomatosisoBechet'ssyndrome
oTakayasuarteritisoBuerger'sdiseaseo
MicroscopicpolyangitisoHypersensitivity
oCogansyndromeo
ChurgstrausssyndromeoUrticarialvasculitisoDruginduced

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

FollowinginformationhavebeenaddedinPieofRobbins
oFollowingaresmallvesselsvasculitisandareimmune-complex
mediated:
1. SLE3)Cryoglobulinemia
2. Henochschonleinpurpoura4)Good-pasturedisease

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

oFollowingsmallvesselvasculitisarepauci-immune,i.e.thereis
paucityofimmunecomplexes:

---

1.Microscopicpolyangitis3.Chrug-strauss
syndrome
2.Wegenergranulomatosis

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

---

440.Heartfailurecellsare
a)Neutrophils
b)Macrophages
c)Lymphocytes
d)Basophils

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Macrophages
HeartfailurecellsareHemosiderinladenalveolarmacrophages.
Heartfailurecellsareamanifestationofpulmonarycongestionand
edema(asseeninheartfailure).

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Ruptureofdilatedandcongestedcapillariesmayresultinminute
intra-alveolarhemorrhages.Thebreakdownoferythrocytesliberates
haemosiderinpigmentwhichistakenupbyalveolarmacrophages,
so-calledheartfailurecells,seeninthealveolarlumina.

---

441.Heartfailurecellsareseenin-

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Pulmonaryedema
b)Pulmonaryinfarction
c)Pulmonaryabscess
d)PulmonaryTB
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-A.Pulmonaryedema
Pulmonaryedema&pulmonaryinfarctioncanbedifferentiatedby
thepresenceofheartfailurecellsinpulmonaryedema.
HeartfailurecellsareHemosiderinladenalveolarmacrophages.
Heartfailurecellsareamanifestationofpulmonarycongestionand

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

edema(asseeninheartfailure).

---

442.Obliterativeendarteritisinvasavasorum
isseenin-
a)Hypertension
b)Tuberculosis

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Syphilis
d)SLE
CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.Syphilis
Obliterativeendarteritisthatinvolvesvasovasorumofaortaisseen

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

inthetertiarystageofsyphilis.Itmayleadtosyphiliticaneursym
(leueticaneurysm).
Itusuallyaffectstheproximalascendingaorta,particularlytheaortic
ring.Syphiliticaortitismayoccasionalyinvolvetheaorticarchor
descendingaorta.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

---

443.Concentrichypertrophyofleftventricle
isseenin-
a)Cong.bicuspidaorticvalve
b)MS
c)AR

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)HOCM
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Cong-Bicuspidaorticvalve
Aorticstenosiscausespressureoverloadthatresultsinconcentric
hypertrophy.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

oCongenitalbicuspicaorticvalvecausesvalvularaorticstenosis.

---

444.Whichtypeofarteryismostcommonly
involvedinPAN?
a)Muscular
b)Pulmonary

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Skin
d)GIT
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Muscular
Polyarteritisnodosaorclassicalpolyarteritisnodosaissystemic

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

necrotizingvasculitisofmediumsizedmusculararteries,butdoes
notinvolvesmallvesselsi.e.,arterioles,venulesorcapillaries.
Ittypicallysparesthepulmonarycirculation.
Renalarteryinvolvementisthemajorcauseofdeath.

---

445.AmountofbloodlossinStageIof

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

hemorrhagicshockis-
a)<10%
b)<20%
c)<30%
d)<40%

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.<20%
Mildhypovolemia(stage1)(<20%volumeloss):Onlymild
tachycardiaistherewithnormalBP
Rapidlossofupto20%ofthebloodvolume,orslowlossesofeven

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

largeramounts,mayhavelittleimpactinhealthyadults;greater
losses,however,cancausehemorrhagic(hypovolemic)shock

---

446.hL/hbloodgroup-
a)lacksH-antigen
b)lacksA-antigen

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)lacksB-antigen
d)Alloftheabove
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.Alloftheabove
InBombaybloodgroup(h/horOhbloodgroup)theprecursor

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

antigen(Hantigen)isabsent,consequentlyAandBantigenswhich
arederivedfrommodificationofHantigenarenotformed.Thus,
BombaybloodgrouplacksH,AandBantigen.

---

447.NormalMyeloid-erythroidratiois-
a)l:l

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)2:l
c)3:l
d)4:1
CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.3:l

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Bonemarrowisthemajorsourceofallhematopoieticcells
(proginatorhematopoieticcells)inpost-natallife.Innormaladults,
ratiooffatcellstohematopoieticcellsis1:1.Ratioofmyeloidto
erythroidis3:1.Ratiooffatcellstoerythroidcellsis4:I.

---

448.Distinguishingfeatureofreticulocyteis-

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Constitute10%oftheredcells
b)Nonucleus
c)SmallerinsizethenRBCs
d)MatureinlymPhnodes
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-B.Nonucleus
Reticulocytesareimmatureredbloodcells
Reticulocytesdonothaveanucleus.

---

449.LifespanofneonatalRBC?
a)60-90days

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)90-120days
c)120-150days
d)150-200days
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,60-90days

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

450.Whatistrueaboutsicklecell-
a)Sicklingoccursbothinheterozygousandhomozygousstate
b)FetalhemoglobinfacilitatesSickling
c)Sicklingisreversiblewithoxygenation
d)SicklingLeadstodecreasedMCHC

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.Sicklingisreversiblewithoxygenation
Sicklingofredcellsisreversibleinitially,i.e.,withoxygenation,HbS
depolymerizesandcellshapenormalizes.
Repeatedepisodesofdeoxygenationandsickling,membrane

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

damageoccursandcellsbecomeirreversiblysickled,andretain
theirabnormalshapeevenwhenfulloxygenated.

---

451.WarmantibodyinAIHAis-
a)IgE
b)IgM

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

c)IgG
d)IgD
CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.IgG
Warmantibodyautoimmunehemolyticanemiaisthemostcommon

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

formofautoimmunehemolyticanemia.
MostcausativeantibodiesareoftheIgGclass,sometimesIgA
antibodiesareculprit.

---

452.Osmoticfragilitytestiscommonlyused
for-

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Irondeficienryanemia
b)Megaloblasticanemia
c)HereditaryspherocYtosis
d)Aplasticanemia
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-C.HereditaryspherocYtosis
IncreasedOsmoticfragility-
Hereditaryspherocytosis
Hemolyticanemia(acquiredimmune)
Malaria

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Severepyruvatekinasedificiency

---

453.Whichofthefollowingfindingsisdiagnosticofirondeficiencyanemia?
a)IncreasedTIBC,decreasedserumferritin
b)DecreasedTIBC,decreasedserumferritin
c)IncreasedTIBC,increasedserumferritin

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)DecreasedTIBC,increasedserumferritin
CorrectAnswer-A
IrondeficiencyanemiaisassociatedwithincreasedTotalironbindingcapacity(TIBC)and
decreasedserumferritin(storageformofiron)
Ref:Harrison'sPrinciplesofInternalMedicine,17thEdition,Page631,663;Davidson's

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

principlesandpracticeofMedicine,20thEdition,Chapter24,Page1025-1027&1030

---

454.RistocetintestingvonWillebrand
diseaseshows?
a)Increasedagglutination
b)Decreasedagglutination

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Normalagglutination
d)Noagglutination
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Decreasedagglutination
Addingristocetinatafinalconcentrationof1.25g/1toplateletrich

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

plasma(PRP)ofapatientwithvonWillebranddisease(VWD)
almostinvariablyresultsinareducedagglutinationoftheplatelets
comparedtoanormalPRP.

---

455.Shelflifeofplateletstobloodbankis
a)5days

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)7days
c)10days
d)21days
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.5days

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

PlateletsareapprovedbyFDAforstoredupto5daysat20-24
(RoomTemperature)becauseofriskofbacterialcontamination.

---

456.RoutineRhtypingincludestesting?
a)Aantigen
b)Bantigen

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Cantigen
d)Dantigen
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.Dantigen
AfterABO,themostimportantantigenintransfusionpracticeisD.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

TheDantigenisamemberoftheRhsystem.

---

457.Followingareseeninpolycythemiavera
except:
a)Mostcommoncauseofpolycythemia
b)Increasederythropoietin

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Erythropoietinindependentgrowthofredcellprogenitors
d)Intrinsicabnormalityofhematopoieticprecursors
CorrectAnswer-B
Polycythaemiavera(PV)isaclonaldisordercharacterizedby
increasedproductionofallmyeloidelementsresultinginpancytosis

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(i.eincreasedredcells,granulocytes,platelets)intheabsenceof
anyrecognizablecause.
Theterm`polycythemiavera'or`polycythemiarubravera'isused
forprimaryoridiopathicpolycythemiaonlyandisthemostcommon
ofallthemyeloproliferativedisorders.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Secondarypolycythemiaorerythrocytosis,ontheotherhand,may
occursecondarytoseveralcausese.g.highaltitude,cardiovascular
disease,apulmonarydiseasewithalveolarhypoventilation,heavy
smoking,inappropriateincreaseinerythropoietin(renalcell
carcinoma,hydronephrosis,hepatocellularcarcinoma,cerebellar

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

hemangioblastoma,massiveuterineleiomyoma);
clinicalfeatures:
headache,vertigo,tinnitus,visualalterationssyncopeorevencoma.
Increasedriskofthrombosisduetoacceleratedatherosclerosis.
Increasedriskofhemorrhagesduetoincreasedbloodvolumeand

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

intrinsicplateletdysfunctione.g.epistaxis,pepticulcerdisease
Splenomegalyproducingabdominalfullness.
Pruritus,especiallyafterabath

---

---

458.Whichofthefollowingdoesnot
predisposetoleukemia?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Geneticdisorder
b)Alcohol
c)Smoking
d)Chemicalexposure
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-B.Alcohol
Etiologicalagentsareradiation,chemicals(benzene,ethylene
oxide),smokinganddrugs(alkylatingagents,topoisomeraseII
inhibitors).

---

459.'Hairycellleukemia'isaNeoplastic

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

proliferationof:
a)T.cells
b)B.cells
c)Myeloidcells
d)Macrophages

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
AnswerisB(BCells)
Wain'CellisararehutdistinctiveB-cellneoplasm.
Hairycellleukemiareview:
Presentationiswithatriadof:

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

1. SplenomegalyQ:oftenmassive.Howeverhepatomegalyisless
commonwhilelymphadenopathyisrare.
2. PancytopeniaQandthereby,resultinginfections.
3. VasculitislikesyndromeQ:Erythemanodosumandcutaneous
nodulesduetoperivasculitisandPAN.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Course:Hairycellleukemiafollowsanindolentcourse.Q

---

460.AMLbestprognosisisseenwith?
a)Acutemyelomonocyticleukemia.
b)Acutemonocyticleukemia.
c)Acutepromyeloblasticlukemia(M.3).

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Erythroleukemia
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Acutepromyeloblasticleukemia(M.3)
Acutepromycloblasticleukemia
AlsoknownasM-3

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Associatedwitht(15:17)
DIC,chloromascommon
Veryresponsinetoretinoicacidcombinedwithanthracylines.
M.7(acutemegakaryocyticleukemia)mostlyseenindown
syndrome.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

French-American-British(FAB)ClassificationofAcuteMyelogenous
Leukemia

---

461.AMLcausingGumhypertrophy?
a)M1
b)M2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)M3
d)M4
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,M4
Inacuteleukemiastheclinicalfeaturesareprimarilyseen

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

becauseof:
Replacementofnormalcellsofbonemarrowbyleukemiccells
resultinginanemia,thrombocytopenia,neutropenia.Infiltrationof
leukemiccellinvariousextramedullaryorganscausing,
hepalomegaly,splenomegaly.Gumhypertrophyduetoinfiltrationof

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

gumsbyleukemiccellsisonesuchfeature.Itischaracteristically
associatedwithAML-M5andAML-M4i.e.(acutemonocytic
leukemia).

---

462.Radiotherapyinducedradiation
pneumonitismediatedbyallofthe

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

followingexcept-
a)TNF-c
b)PAF
c)TGF-p
d)NF-kB

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.PAF
ImportantmediatorsofRadiationinducedpneumonitisareTNF-a,
TGF-I3andTh2cellscytokines(IL-4,IL-5,IL-6&IL-13).
mlresponse(II,-2,IFN-y)issuppressedduringradiationpneumonitis

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

463.Mostcommonlungcancerinnon-
smokersis:
a)Adenocarcinoma
b)Squamouscellcarcinoma
c)Oatcellcarcinoma

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Noneoftheabove
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A:Adenocarcinoma
Adenocarcinomaaccountsfor40%ofnon-smallcelllungcancers.It
usuallyoriginatesinperipherallungtissue.Mostcasesof

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

adenocarcinomaareassociatedwithsmoking;however,among
peoplewhohaveneversmoked("never-smokers"),adenocarcinoma
isthemostcommonformoflungcancer.
Asubtypeofadenocarcinoma,thebronchioloalveolarcarcinoma,is
morecommoninfemalenever-smokers,andmayhavedifferent

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

responsestotreatment.

---

464.Mostcommonhistologicalformoflung
Cathatmetastasizesis-
a)SquamouscellCA
b)Adenocarcinoma

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Alveolar-carcinoma
d)Smallcellcarcinoma
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.SquamouscellCA
Smallcellcarcinomasarethemostaggressiveoflungtumors,

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

metastasizewidelyandarevirtuallyincurablebysurgicalmeans.

---

465.Mostcommontnreofrenalcarcinomais
-
a)Clearcelltype
b)Chromophobetype

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Papillarytype
d)Tubulartype
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Clearcelltype
Clearcellcarcinomaisthemostcommontypeofrenalcancer

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

accountingforabout70%to80%oftherenalcellcancer.

---

466.CharacteristicfeatureofIgA
nephropathy-
a)Serumcomplimentlevelisnormal
b)Morecommoninoldage

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)ItisatFpeofmembranoproliferativeGN
d)Grosshematuriapresentsafterl0days
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Serumcomplimentlevelisnormal
ComplimentlevelisnormalinIgAnephropathy.Itiscommonin

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

children.Grosshematuriaisseenin1-2days.Itisatypeof
mesangioproliferative(notmembranoproliferative)GN.
Itisthemostcommontypeofglomerulonephritisworldwide.

---

467.IgAnephropathyisnotassociatedwith?
a)FocalMesengialproliferation

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Grosshematuriawithin1-2daYs
c)OnimmunofluorescencedepositscontainbothIgAandIgG
d)Increasedcomplimentlevel
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.Increasedcomplimentlevel

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

ComplimentlevelisnormalinIgAnephropathy.Itiscommonin
children.Grosshematuriaisseenin1-2days.Itisatypeof
mesangioproliferative(notmembranoproliferative)GN.
Itisthemostcommontypeofglomerulonephritisworldwide.

---

468.Mostcommonnephropathyassociated

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

withmalignaneNis:
a)Focalsegmentalglomerulosclerosis(FSGS)
b)Minimalchangedisease
c)IgAnephropathy
d)Membranousglomerulonephritis

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-D
Ans:D.Membranousglomerulonephritis
Mostcommonnephropathyassociatedwithmalignancy-
Membranousglomerulonephritis.
In25-30%-Associatedwithmalignancy(solidtumorsofbreast,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

lung,colon),infection(hepatitisB,malaria,Schistosomiasis),or
rheumatologicdisorderslikelupusorrarelyrheumatoidarthritis.
Histopathology:
Electron-densedepositsalongtheepithelialsideofthebasement
membranewitheffacementoffootprocessesoverlyingdeposits.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(RefRobbins9/ep917-918;Harrison19/ep1843).

---

469.Irregularscarredkidneywithpelvic
dilatationisseenwith-
a)Chronicpyelonephritis
b)Polycystickidney

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Renalarterystenosis
d)Tuberculosisofkidney
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Chronicpyelonephritis
Pathologicalchangesofchronicpyelonephritisare:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Irregularscarringofkidney
2. Thehallmarksofchronicpyelonephritisarecoarsecorticomedullary
scarsoverlyingbluntedcalyces;dilatedpelvisandflatteningof
papillae.

---

470.NottrueaboutAlport'ssyndrome-

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

a)X-linked
b)Autosomaldominant
c)Nervedeafness
d)Glomerulonephritis
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'b'i.e.,Autosomaldominant
oAutosomaldominantformalsoexist,butitisveryrare.Thus,
amongthegivenoptions,itisthebestanswer.oOtherthreeoptions
areclassicalfeaturesofAlport'ssyndrome(seeprevious
explanations).

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

---

471.Subepithelialdepositsinkidneyareseen
in-
a)MPGN-1
b)GPS
c)PSGN

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

d)All
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,PSGN
Glomerulardeposits:(i)Subepithelial:
oAcuteGN(likePSGN)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

oMembranousGN
oHeymanGN
oRPGN
(ii)Subendothelial:
(iii)Basementmembrane:

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

(iv)Mesangium:
MPGN(Type-I)
SLE
oAcuteON(H'1583)
oMPGN(TypeII)

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

oGoodpasturesyndrome
oIgAnephropathy,HSP
Remember
oAnionicantigensformsubendothelialdepositsoCationicantigens
formsubepithelialdepositsoNeutralantigensformmesangial

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

deposits

---

472.NotafeatureofPSGN-
a)HTN
b)Increasedurea
c)Increasedcreatinine

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)NormalC3level
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.NormalC3level
ComplementlevelisdecreasedinPSGN.Otheroptionsarecorrect.

---

473.Infollicularcarcinomachromosomal

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

translocationis?
a)PAXS-PPARTI
b)RET-PTC
c)ALK-NMPI
d)IAK-TEL

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.PAXS-PPARTI
Follicular-PAX8-PPARrltranslocation

---

474.Tauproteinseenin?
a)Alzhiemer'sdisease

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)Lewybodydementia
c)Picksdisease
d)Amylodosis
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is`a'i.e.,Alzheimer'sdisease

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Alzhiemer'sdisease:?
Thereisatrophyoffrontalandtemporallobestovariableextentand
severity.
Thepatternofatrophycanoftenbepredictedinpartbytheclinical
symptomatology.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Theatrophicregionsofcortexaremarkedbyneuronalloss,gliosis,
andthepresenceoftau-containingneurofibrillarytangles

---

475.Allofthefollowingarefeaturesof
granulomatousthyroiditisexcept?
a)Hyperthyroidism

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Hypothyroidism
c)Painless
d)Giantcellsonhistology
CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.Painless

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

ClinicalFeatures-
Painfulenlargedthyroid,fever
Hypothyroidism
Malaise
Sorethroat,painreferredtothejaworear.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Subacutethyroiditisisaself-limitedthyroidconditionassociatedwith
atriphasicclinicalcourseofhyperthyroidism,hypothyroidism,and
returntonormalthyroidfunction

---

476.Sezarycellsshowwhichtlpeofnucleus-
a)Pleomorphic

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Round
c)Eosinophillic
d)Cerebriform
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.Cerebriform

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

SezarycellsareneoplasticT-cellsfoundinsezarysyndrome
(cutaneousT-celllymphoma).

---

477.Prusianbluedetects?
a)Ferriciron
b)Ferrousiron

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Glycogen
d)Lipids
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Ferriciron
Itistheclassicmethodfordemonstratingironintissues.Thesection

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

istreatedwithdilutehydrochloricacidtoreleaseferricionsfrom
bindingproteins

---

478.Lysosomewithundigestedparticle
insideisknownas-
a)Residualbody

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Phagosome
c)Phagolysosome
d)Autophagosome
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Residualbody

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

ThelysosomesthatpinchedofffromGolgicomplexarecalled
primarylysosomes.Afteraprimarylysosomehasfusedwiththe
vacuoleorvesiclecontainingthematerialtobedigested,itformsthe
secondarylysosome.Aftertheprocessofdigestionhasbeen
completed,asecondarylysosomeformstheresidualbody.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

479.ThepredominantisozymeofLDHinLungis:
a)LD-1
b)LD-2
c)LD-3
d)LD-5

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-C
IsoenzymesofLactateDehydrogenase:Lactatedehydrogenaseisatetramericenzyme
andconsistsoffoursubunits.Thesesubunitscanoccursintwoisoformsi.e.Hisoform(for
heart),Misoform(formuscle).
LDH-1(4H)-intheheartandRBCs

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

LDH-2(3H1M)-inthereticuloendothelialsystem
LDH-3(2H2M)-inthelungs
LDH-4(1H3M)-inthekidneys,placenta,andpancreas
LDH-5(4M)-intheliverandstriatedmuscle
NormalvalueofLDHinserumis100-200U/L.LDHlevelis100timesmoreinsidetheRBC

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

thaninplasma,andthereforeminoramountofhemolysiswillresultinafalsepositivetest.
Ref:Harper'sIllustratedBiochemistry,26thEdition,Page57;TextbookofBiochemistryBy
Vasudevan,5thEdition,Page53

---

480.Homerrosetteisseenin-
a)Neurobastoma

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)Nephroblastoma
c)Hepatoma
d)Ependymoma
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Neurobastoma

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

HomerWrightrosettes
Homer-Wrightrosettesarecharacteristicofneuroblastomasand
medulloblastomas.
Mayalsobeseenin-4Primitiveneuroectodermaltumors(PNET),
Pineoblastomas,Retinoblastomas

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

481.Neuroblastomas-goodprognositcfactor
is?
a)N-mycamplification
b)RASoncogene
c)Hyperdiploidy

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Translocations
CorrectAnswer-C
Answeris'c'i.e.Hyperdiploidy

---

482.'Flare'inTripleresponseismediatedby:
a)Axonreflex

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Arteriolardilation
c)Histaminerelease
d)Localhormones
CorrectAnswer-A
Ai.e.Axonreflex

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

483.HDLreceptoris-
a)SR-BI
b)LDLR
c)HDLR
d)SR-82

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.SR-BI
HDLisremovedbyHDLreceptorsscavengerreceptorBI(SR-BI),
whichmediatetheselectiveuptakeofcholesterolfromHDL.
Thisreceptorismostabundantinliver,ovariesandadrenalglands.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

484."Citronbodies"boatorleafshaped
pleomorphicorganisminanexudateis
a)Cl.welchii
b)Cl.edematiens
c)Cl.septicum

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Cl.tetani
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Clostridiumsepticum
Citronbodiesandboatorleafshapedpleomorphicbacilliwith
irregularstainingsuggestCLsepticum".

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Clostridium
Clostridialspeciesare:
Grampositive
Anaerobic(obligateanaerobe)
Sporeforming

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Bacilli
MotilebyperitrichateflagellaexceptCperfringensandC.tetanitype
IVwhicharenonmotile.
NoncapsulatedexceptC.perfringensandC.butyricumwhichare
capsulated

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Pathogenesisisduetoexotoxinnotendotoxin.
Clostridiumbotulinumcausesbotulismnotgasgangrene.
Gasgangreneiscausedby:
C.perfringens(80%)Cnovyi
C.septicumC.histolyticum

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

---

485.Ghon'sfocusreflects:
September2005
a)Miliarytuberculosis
b)Primarycomplex
c)Tuberculouslymphadenitis

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Postprimarytuberculosis
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B:Primarycomplex
OnlyaverysmallpercentofMycobacteriumtuberculosis(MTB)
infectionsresultindisease,andevenasmallerpercentageofMTB

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

infectionsprogresstoanadvancedstage.
Thebacilliisengulfedbyalveolarmacrophagesmultiplyandgive
risetoasubpleuralfocusoftuberculouspneumonia,commonly
locatedinthelowerlobeorthelowerpartoftheupperlobe.Thisis
knownasGhonfocus.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

TheGhonfocustogetherwiththeenlargedhilarlymphnode
constitutestheprimarycomplex.
SmallmetastaticfocicontaininglownumbersofMTBmayalso
calcify.
However,inmanycasesthesefociwillcontainviableorganisms.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

ThesefociarereferredtoSimonfoci.
TheSimonfociarealsovisibleuponchestX-rayandareoftenthe
siteofdiseasereactivation.

---

486.Calrexinandcalreticulinare-
a)Glycoproteins

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Chaperons
c)Tumormarkers
d)Enzymes
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Chaperons

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Calreticulin&calrexinaremajorCa2+binding(storage)chaperones
intheendoplasmicreticulum.

---

487.Whichofthefollowingispotassium
Channelopathy-
a)Hypokalemicperiodicparalysis

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Hyperkalemicperiodicparalysis
c)EpisodicataxiaI
d)LongQT-syndrome
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Hypokalemicperiodicparalysis

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Dent'sdisease(Xlinkedproteinuria&Kidneystones)
Osteopetrosis(recessiveordominant)
BartersyndrometypeIII
BartersyndrometypeIV(associatedwithsensorineuraldeafness)
Hyperkplexia(startledisease)

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Juvenilemyoclonusepilepsy
Epilepsy

---

488.COXtype3isaproductof-
a)COXIgene
b)COX2gene

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)COX3gene
d)Noneoftheabove
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.COXIgene
TheCOX-3isozymeisencodedbythesamegeneasCOX-1

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

(PTGS1gene),withthedifferencethatCOX-3retainsanintronthat
isnotretainedinCOX-1.Itisnotfunctionalinhumans.

---

489.Whichofthefollowingisfalseregarding
carcinoidtumor?
a)Neuroendocrinetumor

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Mostcommonsiteislung
c)Associatedwithserotoninproduction
d)Potentiallymalignanttumor
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Mostcommonsiteislung

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Carcinoidtumorsarisefromtheneuroendocrinecells(Argentaffin
cellsorKulchitskycells).
ThemajorityarefoundnGItract,andmorethan40%insmall
intestine(jejunum&ileum).Thetracheobronchialtreeandlungsare
thenextcommonsitesinvolved.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Carcinoidtumorsmayrarelyarisefromtheovaryorthymus
Carcinoidtumorsarethemostcommonmalignancyoftheappendix.
Allcarcinoidsareconsideredtohavemalignantpotential.
About10%ofcarcinoidssecreteexcessivelevelsofarangeof
hormones,mostnotablyserotonin(5-HT),leadingtocarcinoid

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

syndrome.ItischaracterizedbyFlushing,Diarrhea,Wheezing,
Abdominalcramping,Peripheraledema

---

490.Fibrosisassociatedwithlivercirrhosisis
mediatedby-
a)PDGF

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)IFN-y
c)ICAM-1
d)PcAM-l
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.PDGF

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Mostimportantmediatorsinvolvedinliverfibrosis-PDGF,PAF,
MMPs,TNF-a,TGF-13,IL-1.

---

491.Solutioncurrentlyusedforliver
preservationfortransplantis-
a)UWsolution

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)IGLsolution
c)KyotoETsolution
d)RossMarshalCitratesolution
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.UWsolution

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

UWsolutionhasbecomethegoldstandardlivertransplantationfor
manyyears."

---

492.Skininvolvementalongwithcollarstud
ulcerationinintestineonradiography.
Diagnosisis-

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a)TBintestine
b)Ulcerativecolitis
c)IntestinalAmebiasis
d)Crohn'sdisease
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-B.Ulcerativecolitis
SkininvolvementcanoccurinInflammatoryboweldiseasei.e.both
Crohn'sdiseaseandUlcerativecolitis.
CollarstudulcerationisradiographicalsignofUlcerativecolitis.
ULCERATIVECOLITIS:

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

PATHOLOGY:
Colonicmucosalinflammation;rectumalmostalwaysinvolved,with
inflammationextendingcontinuously(noskipareas)proximallyfora
variableextent;histologicfeaturesincludeepithelialdamage,
inflammation,cryptabscesses,lossofgobletcells.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

CLINICALMANIFESTATIONS
Bloodydiarrhea,mucus,fever,abdominalpain,tenesmus,weight
loss;thespectrumofseverity(amajorityofcasesaremild,limitedto
rectosigmoid).Inseverecases,dehydration,anemia,hypokalemia,
hypoalbuminemia.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

COMPLICATIONS
Toxicmegacolon,colonicperforation;cancerriskrelatedtoextent
anddurationofcolitis;oftenprecededbyorcoincidentwith
dysplasia,whichmaybedetectedonsurveillancecolonoscopic
biopsies.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

---

biopsies.
DIAGNOSIS
Sigmoidoscopy/colonoscopy:mucosalerythema,granularity,
friability,exudate,hemorrhage,ulcers,inflammatorypolyps
(pseudopolyps).Bariumenema:lossofhaustrations,mucosal

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

irregularity,ulcerations.

---

493.Whichofthefollowingmarkersis
specificforgastro-intestinalstomal
tumor(GIST)-
a)CD117

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)CD34
c)CD23
d)S-100
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,CD117

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

lmmunohistochemistry
oFollowingmarkersarepresentinGISTs:
i)CD117(ckit)-->95%
ii)CD34-->70%
iii)Smoothmuscleactin5%

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

CD117(ckit)isconsideredthemostspecificmarker
oCD117(ckit)immunoreactivityisthebestdefiningfeatureof
GISTsdistinguishingthemfromtruesmoothmuscletumors
(leiomyoma)andtumorsarisingfromneuralcrest.
oAlthoughCD117(ckit)isconsideredthemostspecificmarkerfor

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

GIST,itisnotpathognomonicofGISTasothertumorsmayalso
expressCD117.Thesetumorsincludemastcelltumor,germcell
tumors(seminomas),leukemias,malignantmelanoma,
angiolipomas,andsomesarcomas.

---

494.Primaryhyperparathyroidism,phaeochromocytomamaybeassociatedwith

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

whichtypeofthyroidcancer?
a)Medullarycarcinomaofthethyroid
b)Papillarycarcinomaofthethyroid
c)Anaplasticcarcinomaofthethyroid
d)Follicularcarcinomaofthethyroid

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Itischaracterizedclinicallybymedullarythyroidcarcinoma(MTC),
pheochromocytoma,andhyperparathyroidism.Approximately70-
95%ofindividualswithMEN2AdevelopMTC,50%develop
pheochromocytoma,and15-30%develophyperparathyroidism.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Ref:BaileyandLove'sShortPracticeofSurgery,24thEdition,Page802;Harissons
InternalMedicine,18thEdition,Chapter351.

---

495.Featureofmicroscopicpolyangitisis:
a)IgGdepositsinkidney
b)Bronchospasm

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Renalinvolvementin80%ofcases
d)Alloftheabove
CorrectAnswer-C
AnswerisC(Renalinvolvementin80%ofcases):
Renalinvolvementisseeninatleast80%ofpatientswithMPA.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Renalinvolvementisseeninatleast80%ofpatientswithMPA
Renalinvolvementisseeninatleast80%ofpatientswithMPA-
CRDTGlomerulonephritisoccursinatleast79%ofpatients?
Harrison
MicroscopicpolyangitisisnotassociatedwithIgGDepositsin

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

kidney
MicroscopicPolyangitisisapauci-immuneglomerulonephritis.
Immunofluorescenceandelectronmicroscopyshownoimmune
deposits
MicroscopicPolyangitisisnotassociatedwithbronchospasm

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Asthma(bronchospasm)andEosinophiliaarefeaturesofChurg-
StraussSyndromeandaretypicallyabsentinmicroscopic
polyangitis.
Features
H.S.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Churg-
purpura Microscopic Wegner's
Strauss
Polyangitis Granulomatosis syndrome
Depositsin

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

--nt(IgA

kidney
deposits)
-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Bronchospasm -
-
-
(Asthma)
+

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Eosinophilia
-
-
-
+

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

---

Eosinophilia
-
-
-
+

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Predominant
-
p-ANCA
c-ANCA
p-ANCA

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

ANCA

---

496.Firstorderkineticsis:
September2005
a)Absorptionofthedrugisindependentoftheserum
concentration

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Eliminationofthedrugisindependentoftheserum
concentration.
c)Eliminationofthedrugisproportionaltotheserum
concentration
d)Absorptionofthedrugisproportionaltotheserum

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

concentration
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C:Eliminationofthedrugisproportionaltotheserum
concentration.
A0-orderkineticshasaratewhichisindependentofthe

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

concentrationofthereactant(s).Increasingtheconcentrationofthe
reactingspecieswillnotspeeduptherateofthereaction.Zero-
orderreactionsaretypicallyfoundwhenamaterialthatisrequired
forthereactiontoproceed,suchasasurfaceoracatalyst,is
saturatedbythereactants.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Withfirst-orderelimination,therateofeliminationisdirectly
proportionaltotheserumdrugconcentration(SDC).Thereisa
linearrelationshipbetweenrateofeliminationandSDC.Although
theamountofdrugeliminatedinafirst-orderprocesschangeswith
concentration,thefractionofadrugeliminatedremainsconstant.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Theeliminationrateconstant(Kel)representsthefractionofdrug
eliminatedperunitoftime.

---

497.Alkalinediuresisinacidicdrug
poisoningisnotdonein?
a)Aspirin

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Methotrexate
c)Morphine
d)Phenobarbitone
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Morphine

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Acidicdrugs(barbiturate,methotrexate,salicylate)aremoreionized
atalkalineurineandarenotabsorbedfromrenaltubulesiftheurine
isalkaline,andtheirexcretioninurineisincreased.
Therefore,alkalinizationofurineisdonebyNaHCO2inpoisoningof
acidicilrugs.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

498.Postmarketingsurveillanceincludedin
whichphaseofdrugclinicaltrial?
a)I
b)II
c)III

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)IV
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,IV
Surveillanceaftermarketing,i.e.afterthedrugisoutinthemarketis
apartofPhaseIVofclinicaltrials.Itincludesfollow-upofpatients

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

takingthedrugandadversedrugreaction(ADR)reportingaswell
aslookingfornewertreatmentindications

---

499.PermissionfromDCGI[Drugcontroller
general,India]isneededbeforewhich
phaseofdrugtrial?

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Phase1
b)Phase2
c)Phase3
d)Phase4
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans,.A.Phase1
Followingaretheprerequisitesforstartingaclinicaltrialin
India:-
1. PermissionfromDCGl
2. Approvalfromethicscommittee

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

3. MandatoryregistrationontheICMRmaintainedwebsitewwwctri.in

---

500.CYP3Ainhibitorsis/are-
a)Ritonavir
b)Amiodarone
c)Verapamil

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)aandc
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Ritonavir;'c'i.e.,Verapamil
CYP3A4/3A5inhibitorsare
oRitonaviroErythromycinoItraconazoleo

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

TroieandomycinoVerapamil
oClarithromycinoAzamulinoDiltiazemo
Ketoconazole
oGrapefruitjuice(Furanocoumarins)

---

501.Regardingefficacyandpotencyofadrug,allaretrue,EXCEPT:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Inaclinicalsetup,efficacyismoreimportantthanpotency
b)Inthelogdoseresponsecurve,theheightofthecurve
correspondswithefficacy
c)ED50ofthedrugcorrespondstoefficacy
d)Drugsthatproduceasimilarpharmacologicaleffectcanhave

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

differentlevelsofefficacy
CorrectAnswer-C
ED50referstoEffectiveDoseofadrugneededtoproduceaparticularresponsein50%
ofpopulation.Itisaquantitativemeasureofthepotencyofadrug.SmallertheED50value,
morepotentisthedrug.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Ref:EncyclopediaofPsychopharmacologyByIanP.Stolerman,Volume2,Page456

---

502.Volumeofdistributionofadrugis500ml
andtargetconcentrationofdruginblood
is5g/L.20%ofadministereddrugis
reachedtosystemiccirculation.What

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

willbetheloadingdoseofthatdrug-
a)1gm
b)5gm
c)12.5gm
d)25gm

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.12.5gm
Loadingdose=(TargetCp*Vd)/F
Targetconcentration(Cp)=5gm/L
Volumeofdistribution=500ml=0.5L

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

F(Fractionofadministereddrugreachessystemiccirculation)=
20Vo=0.25x0.5
So,loadingdose=r2.5gm

---

503.Volumeofdistributiondependsuponall
except?

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Drugdose
b)Plasmaconcentration
c)Extentofabsorption
d)Halflifeofdrug
CorrectAnswer-D

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

AnS.D.Halflifeofdrug
Afteradrugreachestheblood,itmaybedistributedtovarious
tissues.
Thisisdeterminedbyahypotheticalparameter,volumeof
distribution.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Volumethatwouldaccommodateallthedruginthebody,ifthe
combinationthroughoutwasthesameasinplasmaiscalledvolume
ofdistribution.
Orinsimplewords,itkthefluidvolumethatwouldberequiredto
containalltheadministereddruginthebodywithaconcentration

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

equaltoplasma.

---

504.Highvolumeofdistributiondependson
?
a)Highplasmaproteinbinding
b)Lipidsolubility

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Elimination
d)Halflife
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Lipidsolubility
[Ref:Clinicalpharmacology3d/ep.31]

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Itadrughashighvolumeofdistribution(>42L),thedrugisthought
tobedistributedtoalltissuesofthebody,especiallyfattytissue.
Agivendrugwillhavehighvolumeofdistribution,ifithas:
Highlipidsolubility(non-polardrug)
Lowrateofionization

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Lowplasmaproteinbinding

---

505.Drugswhichisnotmetabolizedby
acetylation?
a)Dapsone
b)Metoclopramide

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Procainamide
d)INH
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Metoclopramide
Drugsmetabolizedbyacetylation:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Sulfonamides(includingdapson)rProcainamide
INH
Hydralazine
PAS
Clonazepam

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

506.Trueaboutdrugmetabolism?
a)GlucuronidationisphaseIreaction
b)MostcommonenzymeinvolvedisCyp3A4/5
c)Reductionismostcommonreaction
d)Cytochromep450isinvolvedphase-IIreaction

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,MostcommonenzymeinvolvedisCyp3A4/5
(Ref:KatzungIlth/ep.55)
Cytochromep450enzymesaremicrosomalenzymesthatare
involvedinphaseImetabolismofmanydrugs.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

MostofthedrugsaremetabolizedbyCyp3A4isoform.
Cyp3A4/5carryoutbiotransformationoflargestnumber(nearly
5O%)ofdrugs.

---

507.Whichistopicalwayofdrug
administration?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Inhaledsteroid
b)Transdermalpatch
c)SublingualNTG
d)Rectaldiazepam
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans,A.Inhaledsteroid
InhaledCorticosteroids(usedinasthma)havehightopicalactivity.
Theyactlocallytoreduceinflammationandhyper-reactivityof
bronchialtree.
Transdermalpatch,sublingualNTGandrectaldiazepamare

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

systemicroutesofdrugadministration.

---

508.Trueabouttransdermaldrugdelivery
systemareallexcept?
a)Appliedtochest,abdomenandback
b)Drugisdeliveredataconstantrate

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Goodoptioninemergencysituations
d)Fentanylisused
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans,C.Goodoptioninemergencysituations
Themicroporemembraneintransdermalpatchissuchthatrateof

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

drugdeliverytoskinsurfaceislessthantheslowestrateof
absorptionfromtheskin.
Thisoffsetsanyvariationintherateofabsorptionaccordingtothe
propertiesofdifferentsites.Assuch,thedrugisdeliveredata
constantandpredictablerateirrespectiveofsiteofapplication.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Usuallychest,abdomen,upperarm,lowerback,buttockormastoid
regionarcutilized.
TransdermalpatchesofGTN,fentanyl,nicotineandestradiolare
availableinIndia,whilethoseofisosorbidedinitrate,hyoscine,and
clonidinearemarketedelsewhere.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

---

509.Physiologicalantagonistsare?
a)AdrenalineandIsoprenaline
b)Histamineandadrenaline
c)Isoprenalineandpropranolal
d)Alloftheabove

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Histamineandadrenaline
Physiologicalantagonistsarethosethatproduceoppositeactionby
actingondifferentreceptors.
Example

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

HistaminecausesbronchoconstrictionviaH1receptorsandthis
actionisantagonizedbyadrenalinewhichcausesbronchodilatation
throughbeta2receptors(optiond).

---

510.Receptorlevelantagonismisshownby?
a)AdrenalineandIsoprenaline

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Histamineandadrenaline
c)Isoprenalineandpropranolol
d)Alloftheabove
CorrectAnswer-C
AnS.C.Isoprenalineandpropranolol

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Receptorantaoonists(Pharmalogicalantaqonists)
Receptorantagonistsarethosedrugsthatblockstheactionof
agonistbyactingonsamerecePtors.
Example
Isoprenalineisbeta1&beta2receptoragonistwhilepropranololhas

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

antagonisticactiononbeta1&beta2recePtors(option'c')

---

511.Fastestreceptormediatedactionis
through?
a)Cellmembranereceptors
b)Intrinsicionchannels

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Enzymelinkedreceptors
d)Intracellularreceptors
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Intrinsicionchannels
Fastestactingreceptors-Receptorswithintrinsicionchannels

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Slowestactingreceptors?Intracellularreceptors(receptors
regulatinggeneexpressions/transcriptionfactors)?Cytoplasmicor
nuclearreceptors.

---

512.Sideeffectsofclonidineareallexcept?
a)Xerostomia

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Sedation
c)Impotency
d)Diarrhea
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans,.D.Diarrhea

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Adverseeffectsofclonidineare
(i)drynessofmouth(xerostomia),nose'eye,(ii)sedation,(iii)mental
depression'(iv)constipationand(v)impotency.
Ithasnoeffectonlipidprofile.

---

513.Lipidinsoluble(3-blokceris-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Timolol
b)Carvedilol
c)Pindolol
d)Celiprolol
CorrectAnswer-D

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.D.Celiprolol
Lipidinsolublebetablocker:
Acebutolol
Atenolol
Bisoprolol

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Betoxalol
Carteolol
Celiprolol
Esmolol
Nodalol

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Sotalol
Labetalol

---

514.Nonselectivea+1blockeris?
a)Carvedilol
b)Timolol

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Pindolol
d)Acebutolol
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.Carvedilol
Combinedalpha&betablockers:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Carvedilol
Labetalol
Bucindolol
Bevantolol
Nipradilol

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Dilevalol
Medroxalol

---

515.Non-selectiveBeta-blockerwith
sympathomimeticactivity?
a)Pindolol

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Acebutalol
c)Nodalol
d)Metoprolol
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.Pindolol

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Beta-blockerswithintrinsicsympatheomimetic(partialagonist)
activity:
Acebutolol
Carteolol
Pindolol(non-selectivebetablocke).

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Bipindolol
Oxprenolol
Penbutolol
Alprenolol
Labetalol

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Celiprolol

---

516.Whichofthefollowingisnon-selective
3rdgenerationBetablocker?
a)Betaxolol
b)Celiprolol

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Carteolol
d)Nadolol
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Carteolol
Nonselectivethirdgenerationbeta-blockersarecorteolol,Carvedilol

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

andlabetalol.

---

517.Dopaminereceptorwithinhibitoryaction
?
a)D5
b)Di

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)D2
d)None
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,D2
Twotypesofdopaminereceptors(DI,D2)wereoriginally

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

described.Threemore(D3,D4,D5)havenowbeenidentifiedand
cloned.AllareGproteincoupledreceptorsandaregroupedintotwo
families:
Dllike:(Dl,D5)areexcitatory
D2like:(D2,3,4)areinhibitory

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

---

518.ActionofM,cholinergicreceptors?
a)Skeletalmusclecontraction
b)Acidsecretioninstomach
c)Decreasedheartrate
d)Salivationandlacrimation

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Decreasedheartrate
Effectofcholinergicsystemonheart(e.g.decreasedheartrate)is
throughM2receptors.

---

519..Beta-blockershouldbeusedwith

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

cautioninpatientof-
a)Hypertension
b)Glaucoma
c)Conductiondefect
d)CHF

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Conductiondefect
Partialandcompleteheartblock
Beta1receptorsincreaseconductioninAVnode.
Betablockersdecreaseconductionbyreducingsympatheticdrive

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

onbeta1receptors-Worseningofblock.

---

520.Antimuscarinicdrugusedinoveractive
bladder-
a)Pirenzepine
b)Trospium

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Tropicamide
d)Atropine
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Trospium
Drugsusedforoveractivebladder:

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Darifenacin,Solefenacin,Tolterodine,Trospiumchloride,
Oxybutynin,Solifenacin,Flavoxate

---

521.Anti-cholinesterasewithcentralaction?
a)Neostigmine
b)Physostigmine

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Pyridostigmine
d)Edrophonium
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Physostigmine
Lipidsolubleagents(organophosphatesandphysostigmine)have

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

moremarkedmuscarinicandCNSeffect;andstimulategangliabut
actiononskeletalmuscleislessprominent.

---

522.Contraindicationofantimuscarinicdrug
?
a)Glaucoma

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Asthma
c)Pepticulcer
d)Urinaryincontinence
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.Glaucoma

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Antimuscarinic(e.g.-atropine)drugsarecontraindicatedin:
1. Glaucoma
2. Benignprostatichyperplasia

---

523.Maximumcycloplegicactionofatropine
isseenat?

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)30-40minutes
b)1-3hours
c)8-10hours
d)1-2weeks
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.B.1-3hours
Atropineisapowerfulcycloplegicandmydriaticagent.
Mostpotentcycloplegicavailableforoptometrists.
Maximummydriasisisreachedtypicallyin30-40minuteswhile
recoverymaytakeaweekormore.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Cycloplegiacommencesafter30minutesofapplication,withmarked
cycloplegiabeingreachedin1-3hours.
Theeffectmaylastupto6-12daysbeforenormalaccommodationis
restored.

---

524.Oneofthefollowingisnotasideeffect

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

ofatropine?
a)Blurringofvision
b)Diarrhoea
c)Urinaryretention
d)Confusionofelderly

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Diarrhoea
Sideeffectsandtoxicityofatropine
Drymouth
Fever

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Difficultyinswallowing
Constipation
Dry,flushedhotskin
Difficultyinmicturition
Palpitation

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Delirium
Dilatedpupil
Photophobia
Blurredvision
Respiratorydepression

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Cardiovascularcollapse
Psychoticbehavior
Convulsionandcoma

---

525.Longestactinganti-cholinesterase-
a)Pyridostigmine

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Ambenonium
c)Edrophonium
d)Echothiophate
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D.Echothiophate

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Therearetwobasiccategoriesofcholinesteraseinhibitors:
1. Reversibleinhibitors
2. Irreversibleinhibitors
Thereversibleinhibitorsproduceeffectsofmoderateduration,and
theirreversibleinhibitorsproduceeffectsoflongduration.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Echothiophateisirreversibleinhibitor?longacting.

---

526.Propranololisusedin?
a)Thyrotoxicosis
b)AVblock
c)Cardiacarrest

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Alloftheabove
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.Thyrotoxicosis
Usesofbeta-blockers:
Hypertension.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Cardiactachyarrhythmias
Myocardialinfarction
Classicalanginapectoris
CHF
Dissectinganeurism

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

HOCM
Glaucoma
Thyrotoxicosis
Pheochromocytoma
CNSuses-Anxiety,essentialtremor,migraineprophylaxis,alcohol

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

withdrawal.
EmergencymanagementofsymptomsofTOF.
Prophylaxisofbleedinginportalhypertension.

---

527.Maximumpotassiumlossiscausedby
whichdiuretics?

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Furosemide
b)Thiazide
c)Acetazolamide
d)Spironolactone
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.C.Acetazolamide
ForthesamedegreeofnatriuresisCAseinhibitorscausesmost
markedkaliuresiscomparedtootherdiuretics.

---

528..Hyoscineisantagonistatwhich
cholinergicreceptor?

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Muscarinic
b)Nicotinic
c)Both
d)None
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.A.Muscarinic
Hyoscine(Scopolamine)actsbycompetitiveantagonismof
acetylcholineatmuscarinicreceptors(Non-selectivereceptors).
Ithaslittleeffectatnicotinicreceptors.

---

529.Fenoldopamisusedinthemanagementof?

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Hypertensiveemergencies
b)Congestiveheartfailure
c)Migraineprophylaxis
d)Tachyarrhythmias
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.A.Hypertensiveemergencies
Fenoldopam
Itisperipheral,arteriolardilatorusedinhypertensiveemergencies
andpost-operativehypertension.
ItactsasanagonistofdopamineD1receptors,resultingindilatation

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

ofperipheralarteriesandnatriuresis.
Fenoldopamincreasesintraocularpressure>shouldbeavoidedin
patientswithglaucoma.

---

530.Trueaboutcardiacmusclefibers?
a)Digitalisdecreasesforceofcontraction

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Na+-Ca+exchangerrequiresATPdirectly
c)Na+-Ca+exchangeractstopumpCa2+intoheartmusclecells
d)Allaretrue
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Na+-Ca+exchangeractstopumpCa2+intoheart

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

musclecells
3Na+/1Ca+2exchanger
ThispumptransportsCa+2inexchangeofNa+.
WhenNa+concentrationinsidethemyocyteishigh,Na+/Ca+2
exchangercauseeffluxofNa+outofthemyocytesandinexchange

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

itcausesinfluxofCa+2insidethemyocytes.
Na+/Ca+2exchangerdoesnotrequireATPtofunction,ionsmove
alongtheirconcentrationgradient.

---

531.Sideeffectsofamiodaroneareallexcept
?

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Hyperthyroidism
b)Peripheralneuropathy
c)Skindiscoloration
d)Hyperglycemia
CorrectAnswer-D

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.D.Hyperglycemia
AdverseeffectsofAmiodarone
Thyroiddysfunction(Hypothyroidismorhyperthyroidism)
Bluishdiscolorationofexposedskin.
Peripheralneuropathy

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Myocardialdepression
Pulmonaryfibrosis
Cornealmicrodeposits
Photosensitivity
Hepatitis

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thrombocytopenia(Majorspecificsideeffect).

---

532.Whichamongthefollowingisrenin
antagonist?
a)Losartan
b)Benazepril

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Remikiren
d)Imidapril
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Remikiren
Renininhibitors:Aliskiren,remikiren,enalkiren.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Aliskiren,remikiren,andenalkirenarethedrugsthatinhibitthe
enzymerenin.
SothesedrugsdecreasetheactivityofRAAScausingafallinblood
pressure.
Thesedrugscanbeusedorallyforthetreatmentofchronic

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

hypertension.

---

533.Antihypertensivedrugcausingerectile
dysfunction?
a)Calciumchannelblocker
b)ACEinhibitors

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

c)AT1receptorantagonists
d)13-blockers
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D.13-blockers
Importantdrugscausingerectiledysfunction

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Beta-blockers
Diuretics(especiallythiazide)
Lithium
Clonidine
OCPs

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

TCAs&SSRIs
Sedatives/hypnotics

---

534.Thiazidescausehypercalcemiaby?
a)IncreasedCa"absorption
b)IncreasedPTHsecretion

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Decreasedcalcitoninsecretion
d)Decreasedcalciumexcretion
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D.Decreasedcalciumexcretion
Thiazidescausehypercalcemiaby:-

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Reducedurinaryexcretionofcalciumduetoadirecttubulareffector
ECFdepletionwithsecondaryincreaseintubularreabsorptionof
sodiumandcalcium,orboth.
IncreasedboneresponsivenesstotheresorptiveactionofvitaminD
andPTH.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

535.Drugaffectingpositivefreewater
clearancewithoutaffectingnegativefree
waterclearance-
a)Loopdiuretics
b)Thiazides

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Acetazolamide
d)Amiloride
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.b.Thiazides
Loopdiureticsabolishesthecortico-medullaryosmoticgradientand

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

blockspositiveaswellasnegativefreewaterclearance.
Thiazidesdecreasepositivefreewaterclearancewithoutaffecting
negativefreewaterclearance.

---

536.Whichofthefollowingadverseeffectof
ACEinhibitorsisnotduetobradykinin?

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Cough
b)Angiodema
c)Hypotension
d)Noneoftheabove
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.C.Hypotension
BradykininandsustanceParesubstrateforACE.
ACEinhibitorsincreaselevelofthesekininsbyinhibitingACE,which
isresponsibleforcoughandangiodema.
Coughandangioedemaareduetoelevatedbradykinin,causedby

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

inhibitionofbradykinin/srbstancePmetabolisminlungs.

---

537.WhichACEinhibitorinsafeinrenal
failure?
a)Captopril
b)Enalapril

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Benazapril
d)None
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Benazapril
Benazaprilconferrredsubstantialrenalbenefitsinpatientswithout

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

diabeteswhohadadvancedrenalinsuficiency".
Benazaprilisconsideredsafeinrenalfailure.

---

538.Sympathomimeticdrugwhichcauses
decreaseinheartrate?
a)Adrenaline

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)Isoprenaline
c)Noradrenaline
d)None
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Noradrenaline

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

539.Followingarethesideeffectsof
thiazidesexcept?
a)Hypokalemia
b)Hypocalcemia
c)Hepaticcoma

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Impotence
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Hypocalcemia
Followingarethesideeffectsofthiazides:
Hypokalemia

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Acutesalinedepletion,hemoconcentrationandincreasedriskof
peripheralvenousthrombosis
Dilutionsalhyponatremia
Nauseaomittingdiarrhea
Rarelyheadache,giddiness,weakness,parethesias,impotence

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Hearingloss
Rashes,photosensitivity
Hyperuricemia
HyperglycemiahyperlipidemiaoHypercalcemia
Magnesiumdepletion

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Aggravatedrenalinsufficiency
Briskdiuresisleadingtomentaldisturbanceandhepaticcoma

---

540.SpironolactoneshouldNOTbegivenwiththefollowingpharmacological
agent:
a)Chlorothiazide

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)b-blocker
c)ACEinhibitors
d)Amlodipine
CorrectAnswer-C
Unlikemostotherdiuretics,K+-sparingdiureticsreduceurinaryexcretionofK+andcan

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

causemild,moderate,orevenlife-threateninghyperkalemia.
Theriskofthiscomplicationisgreatlyincreasedbyrenaldisease(inwhichmaximalK+
excretionmaybereduced)orbytheuseofotherdrugsthatreduceorinhibitrenin(beta
blockers,NSAIDs,aliskiren)orangiotensinIIactivity(angiotensin-convertingenzyme
inhibitors,angiotensinreceptorinhibitors).

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

SincemostotherdiureticagentsleadtoK+losses,hyperkalemiaismorecommonwhen
K+-sparingdiureticsareusedasthesolediureticagent,especiallyinpatientswithrenal
insufficiency.
Ref:IvesH.E.(2012).Chapter15.DiureticAgents.InB.G.Katzung,S.B.Masters,A.J.
Trevor(Eds),Basic&ClinicalPharmacology,12e.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

541.Na*-K*-2Cl-isinhibitedby-
a)Thiazides
b)Acetazolomide
c)Furosemide
d)Amiloride

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Furosemide
Highefficacy(highceilingorloopdiuretics-inhibitorsofNa+-
K+-2Cl-)
Furosemide

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Bumetanide
Torasemide
Ethacrynicacid

---

542.Foractivityofantipsychotic,actionis
requiredatwhichreceptor-

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a)M,muscarinic
b)D1dopaminergic
c)DZdopaminergic
d)5HT4serotonergic
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.C.DZdopaminergic
TypicalantipsychoticactsbyblockingD2receptors(D2
antagonists).

---

543.Mechanismofactionofopioids?
a)Inhibitionofcyclooxylgenase

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Inhibitionofopioidreceptorsatspinallevel
c)Inhibitionofopioidreceptorsatsupraspinallevel
d)Inhibitionofopioidreceptorsatspinalandsupraspinallevel
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D.Inhibitionofopioidreceptorsatspinalandsupraspinal

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

level
Opioidshavebothspinal&supra-spinalcomponentsfortheir
analgesiceffects.

---

544.Opioid[morphine]causes?
a)Increasedheartrate

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Increasedmuscletone
c)Mydriaris
d)Respiratorystimulation
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Increasedmuscletone

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Morphinecausesbothstimulantanddepressiveeffects.
OnCNSstimulation(Corticalareaandhippocampus)morphine
causesmuscularrigidity&convulsions.

---

545.Besidedepression,otheruseofSSRIs?
a)Erectiledysfunction

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)Retrogradeejaculation
c)Prematureejaculation
d)Sterility
CorrectAnswer-A:C
Ans.A.Erectiledysfunction&C.Prematureejaculation

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

SSRIsareeffectivelyusedinprematureejaculation.
SSRIscancauseprolongationofpreorgasmicplateauandthus
delayejaculation.
SSRIscanalsobeusedinerectiledysfunctionsecondaryto
depression.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

OtherusesofSSRIs:
Depression(mostcommonuse)
OCD
Panicdisorder
Socialphobia

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

PTSD
Generalizedanxietydisorders
Pre-mensturaldysphoricdisorders

---

546.Lithiumcausesallexcept-
a)Polyuria

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Nephropathy
c)Ebstein'sanomaly
d)Hyperthyroidism
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.isdi.e.,Hyperthyroidism

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Lithiumisknowntoexacerbatepsoriasisandcauseacne.
ItisknowntocauseEbstein'sanomalyinchildren.
Italsocausesthyroiddysfunction,hypothyroidismandnot
hyperthyroidism.
Lithiumnephrotoxicityiswellknown.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

---

547.Mostcommonrenalsequeloflithium
toxicityis?
a)NephrogenicDM
b)Renaltubularacidosis
c)Glycosuria

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)MPGN
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,NephrogenicDM
Lithiumassociatedrenaltoxicity
Theuseoflithiumsaltsforthetreatmentofmanic-depressiveillness

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

mayhaveseveralrenalsequelae,themostcommonofwhichis
nephrogenicdiabetesinsipidusmanifestingaspolyuriaand
polydipsia.
Lithiumaccumulatesinprincipalcellsofthecollectingductby
enteringthroughtheepithelialsodiumchannel(ENaC),whereit

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

inhibitsglycogensynthasekinase3anddown-regulates
vasopressin-regulatedaquaporinwaterchannels.
Lessfrequently,chronictubulointerstitialnephritisdevelopsafter
prolonged(greaterthan10-20years)lithiumuseandismostlikelyto
occurinpatientsthathaveexperiencedrepeatedepisodesoftoxic

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

lithiumlevels.

---

548.Drug(s)notgivenastransdermalpatch:
a)Fentanyl
b)Diclofenac
c)Morphine

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Clonidine
e)Buprenorphine
CorrectAnswer-B:C
Ans.B,Diclofenac&C,Morphine
[Ref:KDT7th/476

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Transdermalfentanyl(Durogesic)hasbecomeavailableforusein
cancer/terminalillness.
Butransskinpatchescontainbuprenorphineanopioidpain
medication.
Clonidinetransdermaldelivery(patch)systemshavebeenavailable

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

sincethe1980

---

549.Antidepressantdrugusedinnocturnal
eneuresisis:
a)Imipramine
b)Fluoxetine

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Trazdone
d)Sertaline
CorrectAnswer-A
Ai.e.Imipramine
AdverseeffectsofTCAs

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

l.Anticholinergic-Drymouth,badtaste,urinaryretention,blurred
vision,palpitation,constiPation.
2.Sedation,mentalconfusion,weakness.
3.Increasedappetiteandveigfitgain.
4.Sweatingandfinctremer.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5.Decreasedseizurethreshold(clomipramine,maprotiline&
bupropion).
6.Posturalhypotension>MarimumbyamitripSline-Goodman&
Gillman11/ep.4j3.
7.Cardiacarrythmia;Maximumbyamitriptylineanddosulpin.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

550.Zonisamideactson?
a)GABAreceptors
b)TtypeCa2+channels
c)Na+Channels
d)Cl-channels

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Na+Channels
Anti-epilepticscausingprolongationofNa2+channel
inactivation:
Phenytoin

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Carbamazepine
Valproate
Lamotrigine
Topiramate
Zonisamide

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

551.Buprenorphinepartialagonistatwhich
opioidreceptor?
a)Mu
b)Kappa
c)Delta

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Lambda
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Mu
Buprenorphineispartialagonistonmureceptorandantagonistat
Kappareceptor.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

552.Dexmedetomidineactsonwhichreceptorforits
analgesicaction?
a)5HT2A
b)D2
c)2A

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)D5
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.'c'i.e.,2A
Dexmedetomidineisacentrallyactiveselectivealpha(2)agonist
thathasbeenintroducedforsedatingcriticallyillventilatedpatients

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

inintensivecareunits.

---

553.Adverseeffectsofphenytoinincludeallofthefollowing
except?
a)Lymphadenopathy
b)Ataxia

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Hypercalcemia
d)Hirsutism
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Hypercalcemia
Phenytoininterfereswithcalciummetabolismbydesensitizingtarget

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

tissuetovit.D,thiscauseshypocalcemia(nothypercalcemia).
Attherapeuticlevel(10-20microg/ml)-Gumhypertrophy,hirsutism,
hypersensitivity(rashes,lymphadenopathy,DLE,neutropenia),
hyperglycemiaduetoinhibitionofinsulinrelease,megaloblastic
anemia,pseudolymphoma,hypocalcemia,VitaminDdeficiencyand

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

osteomalacia,andteratogenicity(fetalhydantoinsyndrome).
Attoxiclevel(dose-related)cerebellarsyndrome(ataxia,vertigo),
fallingBP,arrhythmias,drowsiness,mentalconfusion,Glsymptoms
(epigastricpain,nausea,vomiting)andlocalvascularinjurybyiv
injection.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

554.Whichofthefollowingdrugisnotusedinthetreatmentofakathisia?
a)Benzodiazepam
b)Propranolol
c)Trihexyphenidyl
d)Haloperidol

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-D
Akathisiareferstosomaticrestlessnesswhichoccurinpatientstreatedwithfirst
generationantipsychotics.
Amongtheoptionsgivenhaloperidolisanoldgenerationantipsychoticwhichcausesaside
effectofakathisia.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Drugscommonlyusedtotreatakathisiaarepropranolol,benzodiazepinesand
anticholinergics.
Ref:AmericanPsychiatricAssociationPracticeGuidelinesforthetreatmentofPsychiatric
Disorders2006,page649

---

555.BenzodiazepinebindingsteonGABA

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

receptorsison?
a)y-subunit
b)a-subunit
c)-subunit
d)-subunit

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,a-subunit
[Ref:Goodman(tGilman1I'h/ep.405,406;RecEttorsubunit&
coffiplexesp.168]
TheexactsubunitstructuresofnativeGABAreceptorsarestillare

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

unknown,butitisthoughtthatmostGABAreceptorarecomposed
ofalpha,beta&gammasubunitsthatCoassemblewithsome
uncertainstoichiometry.
BindingsiteofGABAisonbeta-subunit.
Benzodiazepinesiteislocatedontheasubunitbutthestabilization

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

orcompletionofthatsiteintheassembled.Structurealsorequires
theysubunit.

---

556.Whichofthefollowingistrue?
a)GlucocorticoidsupregulateMHCexpression
b)GlucocorticoidsactivateT-helpercells

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)GlucocorticoidsactivatecytotoxicTcells
d)Noneoftheabove
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.GlucocorticoidsupregulateMHCexpression
GlucocorticoidsbothinhibitaswellasupregulateMHCexpression

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

dependinguponcellsandspeciesinvolved.
DexamethasoneincreasesMHCclass2expressiononhuman
endothelialcellsandmonocyteswhereasitdownregulatesitonB-
cells.
GlucocorticoidshaveinhibitoryeffectonbothT-Helpercellsand

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

cytotoxicTcells.

---

557.Betablockersusedinthyroidstorm
cause?
a)Quickreliefofsymptoms
b)Increasedmetabolismofthyroxine

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Blockadeofthyroxinereceptors
d)Decreasedsynthesisofthyroxine
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.Quickreliefofsymptoms
Non-selectivebeta-blocker:

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Mostvaluablemeasureinthyroidstorm.
Inthyroidstormmostofthesymptomsarebecauseofadrenergic
overactivityduetoincreasedtissuesensitivitytocatecholaminesin
hyperthyroidism.
Thisincreasedsensitivityisduetoincreasednumberofp-receptors.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

So,quickreliefcanbeobtainedbyblockingreceptors.

---

558.A47-year-oldwomanpresentswithcomplaintsofnervousnessand
increasedsensitivitytohotweather.Sheisdiagnosedwithhyperthyroidism
andprescribedpropylthiouracil.Whatistheprincipalmechanismbywhich
thisdrugacts?

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)DecreasingtheefficacyofTSHbindingtothethyroidTSH
receptor
b)Decreasingtherateofproteolysisofthyroglobulin
c)Increasingtheamountof3,3',5'-triiodothyronine(reverseT3;
rT3)

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Inhibitingdeiodinationofthyroxine(T4)
CorrectAnswer-D
PropylthiouracilworksprimarilybyinhibitingtheperipheralconversionofT4toT3.
Thethyroidextractsiodidefromtheplasmaand,inanoxidativeprocess,iodinatedtyrosine
residuesinthyroglobulinmolecules.Monoiodotyrosineanddiiodotyrosineareformedand

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

thencoupledtoproduceeitherthyroxine(tetraiodothyronine,T4)ortriiodothyronine(T3).
ProteolyticcleavageofthyroglobulinmoleculesleadstofreeT3orT4,whichisthen
releasedintothecirculation;T3isseveraltimesmorepotentthanT4.Peripheral
deiodinationofT4atthe5'positionleadstoT3formation(mainlyintheliver);thisstepis
inhibitedbypropylthiouracil.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

DecreasingtheefficacyofTSHbinding,decreasingtherateofthyroglobulinproteolysis,
increasingtheamountofrT3formation,andinhibitingtheuptakeofiodideintothethyroid,
wouldalltendtodecreasetheformationofthyroidhormonesinthethyroiditself.

---

559.Whichofthefollowingisanaromatase
inhibitor?

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Tamoxifen
b)Letrozole
c)Danazol
d)Taxane
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'b'i.e.Letrozole
Aromataseinhibitorsareoftwotypes
oTypeI(steroidal)aromataseinhibitor-Theycauseirreversible
inhibitionofaromatase,e.g.Exmestane,formestane.oTypeII(non-
steroidal)aromataseinhibitor-Theycausereversibleinhibitionof

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

aromatasxee.g.Anastrazole,Letrozole,vorozale.

---

560.Drugwhichiscontraindicatedbefore2nd
stageoflaboris:
March2009
a)Mifepristone

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Oxytocin
c)Misoprostol
d)Ergometrine
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D:Ergometrine

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Drugsusedformedicalmethodofinductionoflabourare:
Mifepristone
Oxytocin
Misoprostol(ProstaglandinsEl)
Ergometrineiscontraindicatedinpregnancy,1ststageoflabour,2nd

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

stageoflabourbeforecrowningoftheheadandinbreechdelivery
priortocrowning.

---

561.Whichantithyroiddrugcrossesplacenta
?
a)Carbimazole

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Propylthiouracil
c)Both
d)None
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Both

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Bothpropylthiouracilandmethimazole/carbimazolecrossplacenta.
Butbecauseofhighproteinbindingcapacityofpropylthouracilis
transferredlessacrossPlacenta).
Therefore,itispreferredinpregnancy.

---

562.Whichofthefollowingoralantidiabetic

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

drugisinsulinsecretagogues?
a)Metformin
b)Pioglitazone
c)Nateglinide
d)Acarbose

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Nateglinide
Nateglinideisanoralantidiabeticdrugthatcausesthereleaseof
insulin(insulinsecretagogue).
ItisaD-phenylalaninederivativewhichprincipallystimulatesthe1st

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

phaseinsulinsecretion.
Itisusedintype2diabetesmellitusalongwithotherantidiabetics,to
controltheprandialriseinbloodglucose

---

563.Whichofthefollowingantidiabeticdrug
isinsulinsecretogogue?

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Pramlintide
b)Glucomannan
c)Exenatide
d)None
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.C.Exenatide
Amongparentralantidiabetic(hypoglycemic)drugs-Enenatideis
insulinsecretagogue,i.e.stimulateinsulinerelease.

---

564.Oralsoreduetoinhaledsteroidsare
treatedby?

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Griseofulfin
b)Amphotericin-B
c)Fusidicacid
d)Muprocinointment
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.B.Amphotericin-B
Oneofthecommonsideeffectofinhaledcorticosteroidsisoro-
pharyngealcandidiasis,whichcanbetreatedby,
Topicalantifungal(nystatin,clotrimazole,amphoterianBoral
suspension).

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Systemicoralazoles(fluconazole,itraconazole,posaconazole).

---

565.PGE1analogueis?
a)Carboprost
b)Alprostadil
c)Epoprostenol

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Dinoprostone
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Alprostadil
PGI2analogue-Epoprostenol,treprostinil.
PGE1analogue-Alprostadil,Misoprostol

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

PGE2analogue-Dinoprostone.
PGF2(alpha)analogue-Carboprost,latanoprost,bimatoprost,
travoprost.

---

566.Longacting13-2agonistis?
a)Formoterol

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Isoprenaline
c)Salbutamol
d)Ephedrine
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.Formoterol

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Beta-2agonists:
Usedinasthma.
Longacting-Salmeterol,formoterol.
Shortacting-Salbutamol,terbutaline.

---

567.Triptantakenbynasalrouteis?

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Sumatriptan
b)Rizatriptan
c)Naratriptan
d)Frovatriptan
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.A.Sumatriptan
Sumatriptancanalsobetakenas:
1. Nasalspray
2. Suppository
3. Subcutaneousinjection

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Besidesumatriptan,Zolmitriptancanalsobeusedbynasalroute.

---

568.Acetaminophen[Paracetamol]induced
livertoxicityisdueto?
a)N-acetylcystine
b)NAPQ

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Co-Q
d)Cytochrome'C'
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.NAPQ
ParacetamolismetabolizedtoN-acetyl-

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

paraaminobenzoquinoneimine(NAPQ)bymicrosomalenzymes.
Thismetabolitehashighaffinityforsulf-hydrylgroupsandcan
combinewiththeenzymesandotherbiomoleculesresultingin
hepatotoxicity.
N-acetylCystineisusedasanantidote.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Itreplenishstheglutathionestoresofliverandpreventsbindingof
thetoxicmetabolitetoothercellularconstituents.

---

569.Drugswhichareusedinacuteasthma
include?
a)Budesonide

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Terbutaline
c)Salbutamole
d)Theophylline
e)Sodiumcromoglycate
CorrectAnswer-B:C:D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'b'i.e.,Terbutaline,'c'i.e.Salbutamole&'d'i.e.
Theophylline
[Ref:KDTVh/ep.223]
Treatmentofacuteasthma:
Theonlydrugseffectiveforthetreatmentofacuteattackofasthma

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

arebronchodilators(beta2-receptoragonists,anticholinergics,and
methylxanthines).
Mildattacks:
Forpatientswithmildattackinhalationofashortactingbeta-2
receptoragonist,e.g.salbutamol(albuterol),terbutalineisused.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Aninhaledanticholinergic,e.g.ipratropiummaybeaddedifthereis
nosatisfactoryresponsetobeta2-agonistsalone.
Inpatientswhoarerefractorytoinhaledtherapies,i.v.aminophylline
(theophylline)maybeeffective.
Severeattacks:

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Oxygenphtscontinuousadministrationofaerosolizedsalbutamol
(albuterol)plussystemicsteroids,e.g.methylprednisolone,
hydrocortisone.

---

Recently,MgSO4hasbeentriedinacutesevereasthmabyIVor
inhalationroute.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

570.Maximumeffectofbronchodilatationin
asthmaiscausedby?
a)Corticosteroids
b)Theophylline
c)Anticholinergic

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)2-Agonist)
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,2-Agonist
-agonistsinAsthma
Bronchihave,-adrenergicreceptorswhichcause

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

bronchodilatationSo,theadrenergicdrugsusedinasthmaare
selective2agonists.
-agonistsarethemosteffectivebronchodilators
2-agonistshavesomeothereffectsalsoonairways(other
thanbonrchodilatation),thatareresponsibleforbeneficialeffectsin

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

asthma:
Inhibitionofreleaseofmastcellsmediatorsmastcellsstabilizing
action.
Inhibitionofexudationandairwayedema.
Increasedmucociliaryclearance

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Decreasedcough
2-agonistshavenoeffectoninflammation
noantiinflammatoryaction.

---

571.Atypicalsideeffectmontelukast?
a)Goodpasturesyndrome

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Churg-Strausssyndrome
c)Membranousglomerulonephritis
d)Bronchialasthma
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Churg-Strausssyndrome

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Churg-Strausssyndromecanbeceusedbyleukotrieneantagonists
(e.g,Monteleukast).

---

572.Trueaboutoralironpreparations?
a)Mostcommonlyusedpreparationisferrousgluconate
b)Ferrousfumarateismostefficient

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Differentpreparationshavedifferentbiovailability
d)Ferricpreparationsaremoreeffective
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Differentpreparationshavedifferentbiovailability
Preferredrouteforironsupplementationisoral.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Ferroussaltsareinexpensive,havegoodironcontentandarebetter
absorbedthanferricsalts.
Mostcommonlyusedpreparationisferroussulfute,whichisthe
cheapestandaseffectiveasourceofelementalironasmore
expensivepreparations.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Itcontains32%ironindriedsaltand20%ironinhydratedsalt.
Othereffectiveandinexpensivepreparationsareferrousgluconate
(12%lron)andferrousfumarate(33%iron),whichareequivalentto
ferroussulfate.

---

573.Trueaboutheparininduced

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

thrombocytopenia?
a)Lowmolecularweightheparinisbetteralternative
b)Antibodiesareformedagainstplatelets
c)VitaminKisspecificantidote
d)Within12hoursofstartingheparin

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Antibodiesareformedagainstplatelets
Heparininducedthrombocytopenia(HlT)
HeParininducedthrombocytopeniaisanimportantadverseeffect
ofheparinadministration,usuallycausedbyunfractionatedheparin,

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

butmayalsobeseenwiththeuseoflowmolecularweightheparin
(LMWH).
HITmaybeoftwotypes:
1. TypeI(Non-immunemediated):-Itismildandheparinmaybe
continued.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

2. Type2(Immunemediated):-Itisduetoformationofantibodies
againstplatelets.Paradoricalthrombosiscanoccur.
Heparinmustbediscontinuedimmediately.
WarfarinandLMWarecontraindicated.
Lepirudin(adirectthrombininhibitor)isanticoagulantofchoice.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Alternativesaredanaparoid,hiruitinandArgaboban.

---

574.Mechanismofactionofticagrelor?
a)Coxinhibition
b)GPIIB/IIIAinhibition
c)Inhibitionofthromboxanesynthase

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

d)P2Y12receptorantagonist
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans,D.P2Y12receptorantagonist
Ticlopidine,clopidogrel,Prasugrel?theyblockADPmediatedplatelet
activationbyirreversibleantagonismofP2Y12receptoronADP.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

---

575.Mechanismofactionofticgrelor?
a)ReversibleinhibitionofADPaction
b)IrreversibleinhibitionofADPaction
c)ReversibleinhibitionofGPIIb/IIIa
d)IrreversibleinhibitionofGPIIb/IIIa

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.ReversibleinhibitionofADPaction
CangrelorandticagrelotarereversibleantagonistofADP(P2Y12),in
contrasttoticlopidine,whichisirreversibleantagonist.

---

576.WhichofthefollowingisaPAR

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

antagonist?
a)Prasugrel
b)Ticlopidine
c)Tirofiban
d)Vorapaxar

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D.Vorapaxar
PARsareactivatedafterthrombin-mediatedproteolyticcleavageof
theirN-terminalexodomain.
PlateletactivationbythrombinismediatedviatwoPARs:PAR-Iand

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

PAR-4.PAR-Iisthemajorhumanplateletreceptor,exhibiting10-
100timeshigheraffinityforthrombinwhencomparedwithPAR-4.
TwoselectivePAR-Iantagonistsareunderclinicalevaluation:
Vorapaxar(SCH530348)andAtopaxar(E5555).

---

577.Reboundincreaseingastricacid

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

secretionafterstoppingprotonpump
inhibitortherapyisdueto?
a)Parietalcellhyperplasia
b)Increasedhistaminerelease
c)Hypergastrinemia

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)HypersensitivityofAchreceptors
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Hypergastrinemia
Reboundacidhypersecretion(RAH)resultsingastricacidsecretion
abovepretreatmentlevelsafteracidsuppression.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

PPItherapyleadstodiminishedacidsecretionandantralD-cell
releasesofsomatostatin,whileincreasingG-cellreleaseof
circulatinggastrin.
Theincreasedgastrinconcentrationexertsatrophiceffecton
oxynticmucosa,causinghyperplasiaandincreasedfunctional

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

capacityoftheenterochromafin-like(ECL)cellandparietalcell.
Increasedacidsecretionduetosustainedhypergastrinemiaisnot
apparentduringPPItherapybutappearswithdrugcessation
theoretically,leadingtoacid-relatedheartburn,acidregurgitationor
dyspepsia,

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

---

578.Whichoffollowingisastoolsoftener?
a)Bran
b)Senna
c)Phenalphthalein
d)Docusates

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D.Docusates
Stoolsoftener(Docusates,liquidparaffin)
Theysoftenthestoolsbynetwateraccumulationinthelumenbyan
actionontheintestinalmucosa.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Theyemulsifythecoloniccontentsandincreasepenetrationofwater
intofeces.

---

579.Drugofchoicefordruginducedpeptic
ulcer?
a)Prostaglandinanalogues

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

b)H2-receptorantagonists
c)Protonpumpinhibitors
d)Antacids
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C,.Protonpumpinhibitors

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DrugofchoiceforNSAIDsinducedpepticulcer>PPIs
MostspecificdrugforNSAIDsinducedpepticulcer>Prostaglandin
analogue.

---

580.Atropineplusdiphenoxylatecombination
isusedfor?

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Glaucoma
b)Iridocyclitis
c)Diarrhea
d)Motionsickness
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.C.Diarrhea
Diphenoxylate(2.5mg)plusatropin(0.025mg)combinationisused
asantimotilitydrugfortreatmentofdiarrhea.

---

581.Latestoraldirectthrombininhibitoris?
a)Ximelagatran

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Indraparinux
c)Dabigatran
d)Fondaparinux
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Dabigatran

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Ximelagatranwasthefirstoraldirectthrombininhibitorapproved;
however,itwassubsequentlywithdrawnfromthemarketbecauseof
reportsofliverfailure.
Recentlyaneworaldirectinhibitor,dabigatran,wasapprovedfor
useinEuropeforpreventionofvariousthromboembolisminpatients

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

whohaveundergonehiporkneereplacementsurgery.

---

582.Ximelagatranisusedas?
a)Antiplatelet
b)Anticoagulant
c)Fibrinolytic

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Antifibrinolytic
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Anticoagulant
DirectThrombinInhibitors:
Thisgroupincludeshirudin,lepirudin,bivalirudin,argatroban,

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

dabigatran,melagatran,andximelagatran.
DabigatranandXimelagatran(aprodrugofmelagatran)canbe
givenorally.
Allotherdrugsareusedparenterally.
ThesedrugsdirectlyinactivatefactorIIa(thrombin).

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Thesearetheanticoagulantofchoiceforheparin-induced
thrombocytopenia

---

583.Specificfeatureofsimvastatin?
a)Mostpotentstatin
b)Longestactingstatin

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Lipophilic
d)Notmetabolized
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Lipophilic
StatinsarethemostpowerfulLDLloweringdrugs.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Statinsarethemosteffectiveandbesttoleratedhypolipidemic
drugs.
Simvastatinandlovastatinarelipophilicandhence,theirCNS
penetrationismorethanhydrophilicagentslikepravastatinand
fluvastatin.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

584.Statinhavinglongesthalflife:
September2012
a)Rosuvastatin
b)Pravastatin
c)Simvastatin

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Lovastatin
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.Ai.e.Rosuvastatin
Rosuvastatin
ItisacompetitiveinhibitoroftheenzymeHMG-CoAreductase,

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

havingamechanismofactionsimilartothatofotherstatins.
Itsapproximateeliminationhalflifeis19handitstimetopeak
plasmaconcentrationisreachedin3-5hfollowingoral
administration.

---

585.Antituberculardrugwhichmakesthe

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

patientnon-infectiveearliest?
a)INH
b)Rifampin
c)Ethambutol
d)Pyrazinamide

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.INH
InthosewithopenorinfectiouspulmonaryTB,thegreatmajorityof
bacilliisfreelyreplicatinginthecavitywallsandisrapidlykilledby
INH,therebyspeedilyrenderingthepatientnon-infections.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

---

586.Thymidineisresponsibleforresistance
towhichantibiotic?
a)Erythromycin
b)Sulfonamide
c)Tetracycline

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Nitroforantoin
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Sulfonamide
ThesulfonamidesareantimetabolitesthatcompetewithPABA,
therebypreventingsynthesisoffolicacid.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Thisinhibitionblockstheformationofthymidine,somepurines,
methionineandglycine.
Theenterococciareabletouseexogenousthymidineandare
thereforeintrinsicallyresistanttothesulfonamides.

---

587.Whichofthefollowingisnotexcretedin

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

kidney?
a)Ciprofloxacin
b)Ofloxacin
c)Levofloxacin
d)Moxifloxacin

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D.Moxifloxacin
Fluroquinolonethatareprimarilyexcretedbyrenal
mechanismsandforwhichdoseadjustmentisneededinclude:
Ciprofloxacin

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Gatifloxacin
Cinafloxacin
Levofloxacilin
Lomefloxacilin
Norfloxacin

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Ofloxacin

---

588.Levamisolisa/an?
a)Immunomodulator
b)Immunostimulant
c)Antiheliminthic

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Alloftheabove
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D.Alloftheabove
Levamisolisananti-helminthicdrugwithimmune-modulatoryaction.
Atlowdosesithasimmune-stimulatoryaction.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

589.Gametocidalantimalarialdrugforall
speciesofplasmodium?
a)Chloroquine
b)Quinine
c)Primaquine

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Mefloquine
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Primaquine
Gametocidal-Actsongametocytes
Forallspecies:Primaquine,artimisinins

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

ForP.vivax:Chloroquine,quinine

---

590.Quinineactsonwhichstageof
plasmodiumlifecycle?
a)Exoerythrocytic
b)Pre-erythrocytic

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Erythrocytic
d)Alloftheabove
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Erythrocytic
Anti-malarialdrugsactingonErythrocyticschizogony.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Fastacting===Chloroquine,amadioquine,quininamefloquine,
halofantrine,lumefanterine,atovaquone,artimisinin.
Slowacting===Pyrimethamine,proguanil,
sulfonamides,tetracyclines.

---

591.Whichamongthefollowingispresent

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

onlyiniv[intravenous]form-
a)Vancomycin
b)Meropenem
c)Streptomycin
d)Alloftheabove

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Meropenem
Meropenemisgivenintravenously.
Vancornycinisusedintravenouslyforallinfections,exceptfor
pseudomembranouscolitis,whereitisusedbyoralroute.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Streptomycinisadministeredbyintramuscularroute.

---

592.Emtricitabineisclassifiedas?
a)Alkylatingagent
b)Antimetaboliteanticancer
c)NRTI

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Noneoftheabove
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.NRTI
Emtricitabineisananti-retroviraldrug.
Itisanucleoside-reversetranscriptaseinhibitor(NRTI).

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Itisasyntheticcytidineanalogue.
Majorsideeffectsarelacticacidosisandliverdysfunction.

---

593.Emtricitabineisa/an?
a)Alkylatingagent
b)Antimetabolite

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Mitoticinhibitor
d)Noneoftheabove
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Antimetabolite
Emtricitabineisanantimetabolite,butitisnotananticancerdrug(it

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

isananti-retroviraldrug).
AIINRTIsareantimetabolites:-
'AlthoughallNRTIshavesamebasicmechanismofaction,different
drugsintheclassserveasantimetabolitesofdifferentpurineand
pyrimidinebasesofDNA.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

594.Synergisticactionisshownbyallexcept
?
a)Penicillinplussulfonamide
b)Streptomycinplustetracycline
c)Rifampicinplusdapsone

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Penicillinplustetracycline
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D.Penicillinplustetracycline
Combinationofabactericidalwithabacteriostaticdrugmaybe
synergisticorantagonisticdependingontheorganism.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Iftheorganismishighlysensitivetothecidaldrug-responsetothe
combinationisequaltothestaticdruggivenalone(apparent
antagonism),becausecidaldrugsactprimarilyonrapidlymultiplying
bacteria,whilethestaticdrugretardsmultiPlication.
Thishasbeenseenwithpenicillin+tetracydine/chloramphenicolon

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

pneumococciwhicharehighlysensitivetopenicillin.
Pneumococcalmeningitistreatedwithpenicillin+tetracyclinehad
highermortalitythanthosetreatedwithpenicillinalone.
Penicillin+erythromycinforgroupAStreptococciandnalidixicacid
+nitrofurationforE.colihavealsoshownantagonism.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

595.NeuropathywithINHtherapyisleastin
patients?
a)Havingmalnutrition
b)Alcoholics
c)Fastacetylators

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)VitaminBcomplexdeficiency
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Fastacetylators
Peripheralneuropathyismorelikelytooccurinslowacetylatorsand
patientswithpredisposingconditionssuchasmalnutrition,

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

alcoholism,diabetes,AIDS,anduremia.

---

596.DrugsusedforH.Pyloriareallexcept?
a)Bismuth
b)Amoxicillin
c)Domperidone

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Clarithromycin
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Domperidone
DrugsusefulforH.Pyloriinfection
Amoxicillin

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Tinidazole/metronidazole
Omeprazole
Ranitidine
Tetracycline
Bismuth

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Clarithromycin.

---

597.Durationoferythromycinusedin
treatmentofdiphtheriais?
a)3days
b)7days

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

c)14days
d)30days
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.14days
Drugofchoicefordiphtheriaiserythromycin.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Totalcourseofantibioticsisgivenfor14days
AlternativeantibioticsarepenicillinG,clindamycinandrifampir.

---

598.Longestactingcarbapenems?
a)Imipenem
b)Meropenem

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Doripenem
d)Ertapenem
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D.Ertapenem
Ertapenemisalong-actingcarbepenemwithabroadspectrum

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

antimicrobialactivitysimilartooldercarbapenems,imipenemand
meropenem.
However,unlikeimipenem,ithasPooractivityagainst
pseudomonas.

---

599.XDRTBisdefinedas?

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)MDRplusresistancetofluoroquinolone
b)MDRplusresistancetofluoroquinoloneandstreptomycin
c)MDRplusresistancetofluoroquinoloneandAmikacin
d)MDRplusresistancetoAmikacin
CorrectAnswer-D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.D.MDRplusresistancetoAmikacin
MDRisdefinedasresistanceINHandrifampicinwithorwithout
resistancetootherdrugs.XDRisdefinedasresistancetoINHand
rifampicinaswellastoallfluoroquinolonesandoneofnjectable
drugs(capreomycin,kanamycin,amikacin).

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

600.NeuropathycausedbyINHincreasesin
allexcept?
a)Uremia
b)Hyperthyroidism
c)Diabetesmellitus

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Poornutrition
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Hyperthyroidism
[RefKatzung11'h/ep.1069]
isoniazidinducedperipheralneuropathy:

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Peripheralneuropathyisobservedin10to20%ofpatientsgiven
dosesgreaterthan5mg/kg/d,butitisinfrequentlyseenwiththe
standard300-mgadultdose.
Peripheralneuropathyismorelikelytooccurinslowacetylatorsand
patientswithpredisposingconditionssuchasmalnutrition,

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

alcoholism,iliabetes,AIDS,anduremia.

---

601.Idoxuridineisusedfortreatmentof?
a)Influenza
b)RSV
c)HSV

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

d)HIV
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.HSV
IdoxuridineisusedonlytopicallyforkeratoconjunctivitisbyHSV'

---

602.Whichantibioticshouldnotbegiven

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

afterdrinkingmilk?
a)Chloramphenical
b)Tetracycline
c)Erythromycin
d)Sulfonamide

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Tetracycline

---

603.Post-transplantationhypertensioncan
becausedby:I.Rejection.II.
Cyclosporinenephrotoxicity.III.Renal

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

transplantarterystenosis(RTAS).IV.
Recurrentdiseaseintheallograft.
a)I,II,III,IVarecorrect
b)I,II,IVarecorrect.
c)I&IIIarecorrect

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Noneoftheaboveiscorrect.
CorrectAnswer-A
Bothacuteandchronicrejectionmayresultinhypertension.The
formercausesacutefluidretentionandpluggingofperitubular
capillarieswithinflammatorycells.Thismayprogresstointimal

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

swellingandmedialnecrosisandeventuateinischemiasecondary
toendothelialproliferationandobliterationofsmallvessels.Chronic
rejection,thoughttoberelatedtoprotractedhumoralinjury,results
inobliterationofcapillariesviathedevelopmentofintimal
hyperplasia.Cyclosporinehasavasoconstrictiveeffectwhich,

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

throughactivationoftherenin-angiotensinsystem,mayleadto
hypertension.RTASisresponsibleforhypertensionin4%to12%of
renalallograftrecipients.Itrespondswelltopercutaneous
angioplasty.Acarefultrialofangiotensin-convertingenzyme
inhibitorsmaybediagnosticofRTAS.Recurrentdiseasesuchas

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

membranoproliferativeglomerulonephritisandfocalglomerular
sclerosismayresultinsignificanthypertensioninrenalallograft
recipients.

---

604.Capecitabinebelongstowhichclassof
anticancerdrug?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Antimetabolite
b)Alkylatingagent
c)Nitrogenmustards
d)Vincaalkaloids
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.C.Nitrogenmustards
Antimetabolites
Purineantagonists-Mercaptopurine,Thioguanine,Azathioprine,
Fludarabine,Cladaribine
Pyrimidineantagonists-S-Fluorouracil,Cytosinearabinoside

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(cytarabine),CaPecitabine,Gemcitabine.
Folateantagonist-Methotrexate,Pemetrexed.

---

605.Whichofthefollowingdrugsis
associatedwithuntowardsideeffectof
renaltubulardamage-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Cisplatin
b)Steptozotocin
c)Methysergide
d)Cyclophosphamide
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'a'i.e.Cisplatin
Somenephrotoxicagentswhichcausetubularnecrosis.
oAminoglycosidesoColistino
MethoxyfluranesoSulfonamides
oAmphotericinBoCyclosporineo

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

PolymyxinoTetracyclines
oCephaloridineoIntravenousimmuneglobulino
RadioiodinatedcontrastoAcetaminophenmedium
oCisplatin

---

606.Drugthatcancausehypertrophicpyloric

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

stenosisis?
a)Tertacyclin
b)Erythromycin
c)Ampicillin
d)Rifampicin

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Erythromycin
oMaternalandinfantuseoferythromycinandothermacrolide
antibioticshavebeenreportedasriskfactorsforinfantile
hypertrophicpyloricstenosis(IHPS).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

---

607.Bestmethodformethanolpoisoning
treatment:
March2007
a)Ethanol
b)Calciumgluconate

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Desferroxamine
d)BAL
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A:Ethanol
Whenmetabolizedbyhepaticalcoholandaldehydedehydrogenase,

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

methanolformsformaldehydeandformicacid,bothofwhichare
toxic.
Formicacidistheprimarytoxinthataccountsforthemajorityofthe
aniongap,metabolicacidosis,andoculartoxicity.Formicacid
inhibitscytochromeoxidaseinthefundusoftheeye.Swellingof

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

axonsintheopticdiscandedemaresultinvisualimpairment.
Degradationofformicacidisfolatedependent.Thus,ifafolate-
deficientpersoningestsethanol,toxicitymaybemoreseveredueto
theincreasedaccumulationofformicacid.
Approximately90-95%ofmethanolmetabolismoccursintheliver,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

while5-10%isexcretedunchangedthroughthelungsandkidneys.
Methanolisprimarilymetabolizedbyalcoholandaldehyde
dehydrogenase.
Formaldehydehasashorthalf-life,lastingonlyminutes.
Formicacidismetabolizedmuchmoreslowly,anditbioaccumulates

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

withsignificantmethanolingestion.PhysicalSign
Ocularphysicalfindingsincludesluggishlyreactiveorfixedand

---

dilatedpupils.
Retinaledemaorhyperemia
Edemaoftheopticdiscmaybeseen.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Opticatrophymayappearinlatestages(permanentblindness).
CNSsignsincludelethargyandconfusion.
Respiratorysignsincludedyspnea(rarecases)orevenKussmaul
respiration,despiteacidosis.
Cardiacsigns(e.g.,hypotension,bradycardia)arelatesigns

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

associatedwithapoorprognosis.
Labstudies
Methanolconcentration:Thisstudyconfirmsingestionandhelps
guidetreatment.Rememberthatlowserumconcentrationdonot
ruleoutsignificanttoxicity;latepresentersmayhavelowmethanol

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

concentrationsbutelevatedformicacidlevelsandsevereclinical
toxicity(e.g.,severemetabolicacidosis,blindness,coma).
Treatment
Supportivemeasures
Attemptedcorrectionofacidosisusingsodiumbicarbonateis

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

indicatedifpHislessthan7.20.AnalkalemicpHmakesitmore
likelythatformicacidwillexistasitsanion(formate),whichcannot
accesstheCNSandopticnerveasreadily.
Administerfolicacidforseveraldaystopotentiatethefolate-
dependentmetabolismofformicacidtocarbondioxideandwater.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ethanolinfusionisrecommended:Ethanolisacompetitiveinhibitor
ofalcoholdehydrogenaseand,thereby,impairsthemetabolismof
methanolandethyleneglycol.Ethanolhas10-20timesgreater
affinityforalcoholdehydrogenasethanmethanoldoes.
Plasmaformateconcentrationisofprognosticvalue

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

608.Loweresophagealsphincterpressureisincreasedbyallofthefollowing
substances,EXCEPT:
a)Gastrin
b)Vasopressin
c)Glucagon

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Secretin
CorrectAnswer-D
Theloweresophagealsphincter,aphysiologicentitybutnotananatomicstructure,plays
animportantpartinpreventinggastroesophagealreflux.Neural,hormonal,myogenic,and
mechanicalfactorsinfluencethetoneofthesphincter.Gastrin,vasopressin,glucagon,

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

adrenergicagonists,andcholinergicagentsincreasethepressure.Secretinhasthe
oppositeeffect.

---

609.Interstitialnephritisisseenwithall
except
a)Betalactaminhibitors

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

b)INH
c)Diuretics
d)Allopurinol
CorrectAnswer-B
INH[Ref.Harrison17th/ep1806,1807&16th/ep1702,1703]

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DRUGSCAUSINGINTERSTITIALNEPHRITIS
Antibiotics
Diuretics Anticonvulsants Miscellaneous
.filactamso
?ThiazideQ ?Phenytoinu

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

.Captopril0
.
?
?
?H2receptor

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

SulfonamidesQ FurosemideQ PhenobarbitoneQ blockerse
.
?
?QuinolonesQ
.Omeprazole

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Triamterene Carbamazepine
.Vancomycin .NSAIDS?
?Valproicacid
.Mesalazine
?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

.Indinavir
Erythromycin
.Minocycline
.Allopurinol
.Rifampicin

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

?Ethambutol
.Acyclovir

---

610.Lorcaserinisusedas?
a)Anti-anxiety
b)Anti-smoking

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Anti-helminthic
d)Anti-obesity
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D.Anti-obesity
Lorcaserineisselective5-HT2cagonistwhichdecreasesappetitein

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

treatmentofobesity.

---

611.HalflifeofNicotineinblood?
a)15minutes
b)2hours
c)5hours

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

d)24hours
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.2hours
'Nicotinehasahalf-Iifeofapproximately2hours(range1-2hours).

---

612.ICcontentofRinger'slactate[mmol/L]?

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)130
b)109
c)4
d)50
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.C.4
OneliterofRinger'slactatesolutioncontains:-
1. 130mEqofsodiumion=130mmoVl
2. 109mEqofchlorideion=109mmol/L
3. 28mEqoflactate=28mmol/L

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

4. 4mEqofpotassiumion=4mmol/L
5. 3mEqofcalciumion=1.5mmol/L

---

613.Flulikesyptomsissideeffectofwhich
antiTBdrug?
a)NH

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Rifampicin
c)Pyrzinamide
d)Streptomycin
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Rifampicin

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

614.Allofthefollowingareknownadverse
effectsofthalidomide,except:
a)Diarrhoea
b)Teratogenicity
c)DVT

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Neuropathy
CorrectAnswer-A
Ansis'a'i.e.Diarrhoea
oThalidomidecausesconstipationandnotdiarrhoea.

---

615.Oxidationofdrugsismainlytakesplace

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

in?
a)Nucleu
b)SmoothER
c)RoughER
d)Cytoplasm

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.SmoothER
Mostofthemicrosomaldrugmetabolizingenzymes(Cyt.P450)are
locatedonsmoothendoplasmicreticulum.

---

616.IPC304Bisrelatedto-

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Punishmentforcrueltybyhusbandorhisrelatives
b)Dowrydeath
c)Deathcausedbynegligence
d)Punishmentofculpablehomicide,notamountingtomurder
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'b'i.e.Dowrydeath
IPC304-Punishmentofculpablehomicide,notamountingto
murder
IPC304A-Deathcausedbynegligence
IPC304B-Dowrydeath:10yearsofimprisonmentwhichcan

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

extendtolife.
IPC498-Punishmentforcrueltybyhusbandorhisrelatives.

---

617.IPC201isfor-
a)Punishmentforembalmingbeforeautopsy
b)Perjury

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Voluntarycausinggrievoushurt
d)Kidnapping
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.Punishmentforembalmingbeforeautopsy[Ref:
Reddy30th/ep.11]

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

IPC201isforpunishmentforembalmingbeforeautopsy(andalso
forthedisappearanceofevidence).

---

618.Sec191IPCisfor-
a)Medicalnegligence
b)Hostilewitness

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Criminalnegligence
d)Assaultpunishment
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.Hostilewitness[RefReddy30th/ep.11]
Perjury,Hostilewitnessandfalsecertificate

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

191IPC:(i)Givingfalseevidence(perjury)underoathand(ii)
hostilewitness.
192IPC:Fabricatingfalseevidence(perjury).
193IPC:Punishmentforfalseevidence(punishmentforperjury):
imprisonmentupto7years+fine.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

194IPC:Givingorfabricatingfalseevidencetoprocureconviction
ofcapitaloffence.
195IPC:Givingorfabricatingfalseevidencetoprocureconviction
ofoffencepunishablewithimprisonmentforlife.
197IPC:Issuingorsigning(attesting)falsecertificatebyadoctoris

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

acriminaloffence.
201IPC:Causingdisappearanceofevidence.

---

619.Dyingdeclarationisa:
MAHE10
a)Circumstantialevidence

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Oralevidence
c)Documentaryevidence
d)Hearsayevidence
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.Documentaryevidence

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

620.Novusactusinterveniensis-
a)Factsspeakingforitself
b)Breakingofchain
c)Contributorynegligence
d)Therapeuticmisadventure

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.Breakingofchain
Apersonisresponsibleforhisactionsandtheirconsequences.This
principleappliestocasesofassaultoraccidentalinjuries.However,
sometimessuchcontinuityofeventsisbrokenbyanentirelynew

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

andunexpectedhappening,duetonegligenceofsomeother
person,i.e."Novusactusinterveniens"(anunrelatedaction
intervening).
Forexample,Ifapersonhasbeenassaultedduetowhichhehas
sustainedalargeliverlaceration,forwhichheisoperatedbya

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

surgeon.Ifthepatientdiesintraoperativelyorpostoperativelydueto
complicationsrelatedtosurgeryorinjury,thepersonwhohas
assaultedthepatientwillbeheldresponsible.
But,ifthedoctorhasdonesomenegligentactduringsurgery,e.g.
lefttheswaborinstrumentinabdomenduringsurgery;andpatient

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

diesbecauseofthatact(sepsisduetoswab),thentheresponsibility
maypassfromoriginalincidenttolaternegligentactofdoctorby
principleof`Novusactusintervention'(anunrelatedaction
intervening).Thusthedoctorisresponsiblefornegligentacts,i.e.
criminalnegligence,andtheassailantwillnotbefullyresponsiblefor

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

theultimateharm.

---

621.Inquest,notfollowedinIndiais-
a)Policeinquest
b)Magistrateinquest
c)Coroner'sinquest

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Alloftheabove
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Coroner'sinquest
Coroner'scourtusedtobeheldinIndiainBombay(Mumbai).Now,
itisheldnowhereinthecountry.ItwasabolishedevenfromMumbai

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

in1999.

---

622.Lengthofthefetusis40cms.Whatwould
betheageofgestation?
a)4months
b)6months

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

c)7months
d)8months
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,8months[RefModi23'diep.1016,1037;Dutta
Obstetrics6th/ep.41]

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

AccordingtoRuleofHasse:Length=5xmonthsofpregnancy.
Thus,40=5xmonthsofpregnancyormonthsofpregnancy=8

---

623.Extrapermanenttoothtoeruptis-
a)Upperincisor
b)Canine

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Molar
d)Lowerincisor
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Upperincisor[RefTextbookofPediatric
Decntistryp.354]

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Mostcommonsupernumeraryteetharepermanent,anteriorincisor
inthemaxilla(maxillaryincisors),calledmesiodens.
Aftermaxillaryincisors,maxillaryandmandibularfourthmolars
calleddistodensordistomolars

---

624.Trueaboutfingerprintingis-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Mostcommontypeiswhorls
b)Mostspecificmethodofidentification
c)Notpresentatbirth
d)Alloftheabove
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'b'i.e.Mostspecificmethodofidentification[RefReddy
30thiep.76]
Fingerprintsarepresentfrombirthbothonepidermisanddermis,
remainconstantthroughoutlifeandcan'tbealteredwithout
destroyingtrueskin.Fingersprintsareduetopapillaryorepidermal

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

'ridges'onthetipsoffingersandthumb.
Fingerprintpatternisabsolutelyindividuali.e.notwohandsare
entirelyalike,notevenidenticaltwins.That'swhy,itis
best(mostsensitiveandmostspecific)andmostreliablemethodof
identification(Quetelet'sruleofbiologicalvariation).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Loops(67%mostcommon)>Whorls(25%)>archer(7%)>
composite(2%leastcommon)arefourmaintypesofpattern.
Itisacceptedthatchancesof2fingerprintsmatching16ridge
characteristicareinfinitelysmall(Parikh's).Inpractice8-6pointsof
finecomparisionareacceptedasproofofidentity.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

625.UVraysexaminationisdonefor-
a)Fadedtattoo
b)Bloodsatins
c)Hairexamination
d)Noneoftheabove

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.Fadedtattoo[RefPrinciplesofForensicMedicine
andToxicologybyRajeshBardale]
Tattoomarkispermanentwhendyepenetratesthedermis.
Ultravioletlampmakesoldtattoosreadilyvisible.Afaded

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

tattoomarkbecomesvisiblebyuseofInfraredphotographyor
rubbingthepartandexaminingwithmagnifyinglens.

---

626.Justbeforethebirthwhichepiphysis
appears?
a)Lowerendoffemur

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Upperendofhumerus
c)Lowerendoffibula
d)Upperendoftibia
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Lowerendoffemur[RefReddy30/ep.64,65]

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Atbirthcenterappearsupperendoftibiaandheadofhumerus.
2. At2monthsintrauterinelife(IUL)Centerappearsformandible,
clavicle,ribs,vertebrae,frontalandparietalbones.
3. At3monthsIULCenterappearsforsacrum.
4. At4monthsIULCenterappearsfortemporalandoccipital

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

bones.
5. At5monthsIULCenterappearsforcalcaneum.
6. At6monthsIULCenterappearsforsternum.
7. At7monthsIUL4Centerappearsfortalus.
8. At9monthsIUL/birthCenterappearsforlowerendoffemur.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

9. AtbirthCenterappearsupperendoftibiaandheadofhumerus.

---

627.Baseofsphenoidfuseswithoccipitat
theageof-
a)20years
b)30years

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)40years
d)50years
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,20years[RefDr.AnilAggrarwalp.68]
Spheno-occipitistheearliesttofuse(20years).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Saggitalsutureobliteratesat30-35years.
Coronoid(coronalsuture)obliteratesat35-40years.
Lambdoidsutureobliteratesat45-50years.
Squamoussutureobliteratesat60years.
Spheno-parietalsutureobliteratesat70years.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

---

628.Falseaboutdeclarationofbrainstem
deathinhospital-
a)Presenceofneurologistisnotrequired
b)Drugoverdoseshouldberuledout
c)Patientmustbeincoma

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Alloftheabove
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.Presenceofneurologistisnotrequired[Ref
PrinciplesofForensicMedicine&ToxicologyByRajesh
Bardalep.134]

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Guidelinesfordeclarationofbrainstemdeath
Braindeathneedstobecertifiedbyaboardofdoctor'sconsistingof:
RegisteredMedicalPractioner(RMP)inchargeofhospitalwhere
braindeathhasoccurred.
AnindependentRMP-aspecialist.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

ANeurologist/Neurosurgeonnominatedbypanel.
RMPtreatingthepatient.
Thepatientmustbeexaminedbyteamofdoctorsatleasttricewith
areasonablegapoftimeinbetween(atleast6hours).
Noneofthedoctor'swhoparticipateindiagnosisofbraindeath

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

shouldhaveanyinterestintransplantationororganremovalfrom
cadaver.
Braindeathcertificatehastobesignedbyallthemembersofboard.
Diagnosisofbrainstemdeathdependsuponfollowingfindings
Thepatientmustbeindeepcomaandcauseofthecomamustbe

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

irreversiblestructuralbrainstemdamage(i.e.prolongedhypoxia,
trauma,illnessortoxicinsult)mustbeestablished.
Exclusionofothercausesofcoma:

---

Hypothermia,
Drugoverdoseeg:CNSdepressants(benzodiazepines,barbiturates

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

etc)
Metabolicorendocrinedisturbances
Intoxication(alcohol)
Demonstratingofabsenceofbrainstemreflexes(Pupillaryreflex,
oculovestibularreflex(,cornealreflex,pharyngealandtracheal

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

reflexes.)
Nospontaneousrespiration.

---

629.Timeintervalbetweensomaticand
moleculardeathis-
a)5-10min

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

b)10-30min
c)30-1hr
d)1-2hrs
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.1-2hrs[Refe-bookofPostmortemchangesby

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

DRDRao]
Deathofthetissuesandcellsindividually(moleculardeath)takes
placeusually1-2hoursafterstoppageofvitalfunctions(somatic
death).
Moleculardeathofvariousorgansoccuratdifferentintervalsafter

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

somaticdeath:
1. NervoustissueAfter5minutes.
2. Liver-After15minutes.
3. Heart-After45minutes.
4. Kidney4After1hours.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

5. MusclesAfter3hours

---

630.Bishop'stripodoflifeincludesallexcept
-
a)Respiration
b)Circulation

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Spinalcordreflexes
d)Brainfunctions
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Spinalcordreflexes
Somaticdeath

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Itisthecompleteandirreversiblestoppageofthecirculation,
respirationandbrainfunctions(bishop'stripodoflife).
Somaticdeathisassociatedwithimmediatesignsofdeath:?
1. Permanentandcompletecessationoffunctionofbrainandflat
electricEEGwithnoresponsetoexternalstimuli;i.e.braindeath.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

2. Permanentandcompletecessationoffunctionofheartandflat
ECG.
3. Permanentandcompletecessationoffunctionoflungs

---

631.Forautopsy,stomachisopenthrough-
a)Lessersac

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Greatersac
c)Greatercurvature
d)Lessercurvature
CorrectAnswer-C
Ansis'c'i.e.Greatercurvature[RefAtlasofAdultAutopsyp.66]

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Stomachisopenedthroughgreatercurvaturewhichallowstosee
lessersac.
Dependingontypeofcase,anyofthebodycavitycanbeopened
first.Spinalcordisroutinelynotopened.
Itisconvenienttostarttheexaminationwiththecavitychiefly

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

affected.
Incasesofdeathduetoasphyxia(especiallyhangingand
strangulation),neckshouldbeopenedlast.
Spinalcordcanbeapproachedeitherfromposterior(most
preferred)oranteriorapproach.Highcervicalspineinjuriesarebest

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

seenbyposteriorandthoracicspinebyanteriorapproach.
Bloodforthesampleistakenfromfemoralvein.Thejugularor
subclavianveinscanalsobeused.10-20mlofbloodistakenandit
istakenbeforeautopsy.30mlofbloodshouldbepreserved
(minimumis10ml).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

---

632.Tachenoiredesalenorticaisa
postmortemfindingisrelatedto
a)Eye
b)Muscle
c)Hair

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Semen
CorrectAnswer-A
Brownishdiscolourationofthescleraduetocellulardebrisanddust-
Tachenoire

---

633.Bacteriamostcommonlyinvolvedin

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

boweldecompositionafterdeathis-
a)Streptococcuspyogenes
b)Clostridiumwelchii
c)Pseudomonasaeruginosa
d)None

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Clostridiumwelchii[RefReddy30th/ep.149-152]
Boweldecompositionisbroughtaboutbyaerobicandanaerobic
bacteriapresentinsmallintestine(e.g.C.welchii,staphylococcus,
E.colietc.)whichreleaseenzymes(especiallylipaseand

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

lecithinase)whichactonbodytocausebreakdown.

---

634.Negativeautopsyisdefinedas-
a)Nocauseofdeathisfoundongrossaswellas
histopathologicalexamination
b)Causeisapparentongrossexaminationbutnoton

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

histopathologicalexamination
c)Grossfindingsareminimal
d)Causeisapparentongrossexaminationbutnotfoundbecause
ofconstraintsonthepartofdoctor
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'a'i.e.,Nocauseofdeathisfoundongrossaswellas
histopathologicalexamination[RefDr.AnilAggrawalp.124]
Typesofautopsy
Normalautopsy-causeisapparentfromgrossexamination
Defectiveautopsy-causewasascertainable,butwasnot

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

ascertainedduetoconstrainsonthepartofdoctor,hospital,facilities
etc
Obscureautopsy-grossfindingsareminimal,indecisiveorobscure,
asinadrenalinsufficiency,anestheticoverdose,myxedema,rare
plantpoisons,thyrotoxicosisetc.subsequentexaminationlike

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

histology,microbiology,toxicologyorserologyrevealthecause.
Negativeautopsy/inconclusiveautopsy-Causeisnotclearfrom
grossaswellassubsequentexaminations.

---

635.Lastorgantoputrefyinfemalesis:
BHU12

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Kidney
b)Uterus
c)Brain
d)Spleen
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.Uterus

---

636.Adipocereformationisseenin:
a)Deadbodyexposedtoair
b)Deadbodyburiedindamp,claysoil
c)Burialindryhotair

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

d)All
CorrectAnswer-B
Bi.e.Deadbodyburiedindamp,claysoil
Idealconditionforadipocereformationarewarm(hot)temperature,
moisture(humid)&diminutionofairQe.g.deadbodyimmersedin

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

waterordampsoilQ

---

637.InAdipocere,colorchangeseenis-
a)Grayishwhite
b)Black
c)Brown

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Red
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.Grayishwhite[RefReddy30th/ep.155-156]
Adipocereisacrumbly,waxy,water-insolublematerialconsisting
mostlyofsaturatedfattyacids.Dependingonwhetheritwasformed

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

fromwhiteorbrownbodyfat,adipocereiseithergrayishwhiteortan
incolor.

---

638.Notafeatureofpostmortemstaining-
a)Occurimmediateafterdeath
b)Commonindependentpart

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Disappearwithputrefaction
d)Marginsaresharp
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Occurimmediateafterdeath[RefReddy30th/e
p.141,142]

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Postmortemstainingisanearlysign(notimmediatesign)ofdeath.
Itreferstodiscolorationofskinandinternalorgansafterdeathdue
toaccumulationoffluidbloodintonelesscapillariesandsmallveins
ofdependentpartofthebody.
Itdoesnotappearelevatedabovethesurfacebuthassharply

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

defined(usuallyhorizontal)margins.
Itisanearlysignofdeath.Itstartsatabout1hour,becomesa
seriesofmottledpatcheswithin1-3hoursandthesepathces
increaseinsizetocoalesceinabout3-6hours.After6-12hours,
lividityisfullydevelopedandfixed(unchangeable),i.e.primary

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

lividity.Itendswhenputrificationsetsin.Fixationoflividityisdueto
stagnationofbloodindistendedcapillariesandvenules(notdueto
coagulationofblood).

---

639.Trueaboutcadavericspasm:
a)Developsimmediatelyafterdeath

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Maydevelophoursafterdeath
c)Developsonlyinfacialmuscles
d)All
CorrectAnswer-A
Ai.e.Developsimmediatelyafterdeath

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

640.Besttemperatureforputrefactionis-
a)0-10C
b)10-45C
c)45-100C
d)100-150C

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,10-45C[RefReddy30th/ep.149-152]
Optimumtemperatureforputrefaction10?C-45?C.
Putrefactionisthelaststageinresolutionofbodyfromtheinorganic
toorganicstateandiscertainsignofdeath.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Putrefactionrateinairistwiceascomparedtoinwater,andeight
timeascomparedtoinearth(Casperdictum).
Putrefactionisdelayedindeathduetowastingdiseaseanemia,
debility,poisoningbycarbolicacid,zincchloride,strychineand
chronicheavymetalpoisoning.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

---

641.InIndiaexhumationisorderedby?
a)Magistrate
b)HealthSecretory
c)HealthMinister
d)AnylocalMLA

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Magistrate
Exhumation
Exhumationislawfuldiggingoutofaburriedbodyfromthegravefor
thepurposeofidentificationordeterminationofcauseofdeath.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Onlyamagistrate(executivemagistrate)canorderforexhumation.
Inindia,thereisnotimelimitforexhumation,i.e.canbedoneatany
timeafterdeath.
ItisdoneundersupervisionofmedicalofficerandMagistratein
presenceofapoliceofficerwhoprovideswitnessestoidentifygrave,

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

coffinanddeadbody,wheneverpossible,Magistrateshouldinform
therelativesandallowthemnottoremainpresentatthetimeof
enquiry.
Thewholeprocedureshouldbeconductedandcompletedinnatural
daylight.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Therefore,itisusuallystartedearlyinmorning.

---

642.Inapatientofunilaterallossofvision,
thepatienthadinjurytooppositeeye
leadingtocornealopacification.The
patientwasoperatedbycornealgrafting,

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

hecouldseeclearlyagainwithoneeye.
Theinjuryissaidtobe
a)Simple
b)Grievous
c)Dangerous

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Hazardous
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Grievous
Thispatienthadpermanentvisionlossasitwascorrectedby
surgery(cornealtransplant).

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Permanentlossofsightofeithereyeisgrievoushurt.
Injuriescanbeclassifiedas
1.Asimpleinjuryisonewhichisneitherextensivenorserious,and
whichwouldhealrapidlywithoutleavinganypermanentdeformityor
disfiguration.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

2.Agrievousinjuryisone(i)Whichisextensiveorserious(ii)Which
doesnothealrapidly,and(iii)Whichleavesapermanentdeformity
ordisfiguration.Section320IPCdefinesfollowinginjuriesas
grievous.
1. Emasculation(cuttingofthepenis,castration;orcausinglossof

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

poweroferectionduetospinalinjury).
2. Permanentprivationofthesightofeithereye.

---

3. Permanentprivationofthehearingofeitherear.
4. Privationofanymember(part,organ,limb)orjoint.
5. Destructionorpermanentimpairingofpowersofanymemberor

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

joint.
6. Permanentdisfigurationofheadorface.
7. Fractureordislocationofaboneoratooth.
8. Anyhurtwhichendangerouslifeorwhichcausesthesufferertobe,
duringthespaceoftwentydaysinseverebodilypain,orunableto

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

followhisdailyroutine.Section319IPCdefineshurtasbodilypain,
disease,orinfirmity,causedtoanyperson.
Grievoushurtisacognisableoffenceforwhichapoliceofficercan
arrestapersonwithoutawarrantfrommagistrate.
3.Dangerousinjuryisavarietyofgrievousinjury.Itisaninjury

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

whichposesanimmediatedangertolifeandisfatalinabsenceof
surgicalaid,e.g.gunshotwounds,compoundskullfracture,trauma
tolargebloodvesselorruptureofinternalorganlikespleen.

---

643.Chickenfatappearanceisseenin-
a)Antemortemwound

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Postmortemwound
c)Gunshotinjury
d)None
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.Postmortemwound[RefReddy29th/ep.164,168;

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Parikh6th/ep.4.76]
Chickenfatclotisseeninpostmortemwound.
Gapingofthewound,presenceofvitalreactionandincreased
serotoninarefeaturesofantemortemwound.

---

644.Trueaboutheathematoma:

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

PGI12
a)Insidethebrain
b)Betweenskullandduramater
c)Betweenskullandpericranium
d)Betweenscalpandpericranium

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.Betweenskullandduramater

---

645.Homicidalgunshotwoundcanbe
differentiatedfromsuicidalgunshot
woundby-

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Multiplegunshotwounds
b)Presenceofgunpowderonhand
c)Nosignofstruggle
d)None
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Ansis'a'i.e.Multiplegunshotwounds
FollowingareafewwaystoDifferentiatemurderfromsuicide
1. Whereonthebodytheinjuryoccurred:Ashottothesideofthe
head,inthemouth,ortothefrontofthechestisusuallysuicide.
Woundslocatedanywhereelsearemostlikelyhomicide.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Distanceofgunfromthebody:Mostsuicideshotsareatcontactor
nearcontactrange,causingaburnmarkaroundthewoundand
leavinggunpowderresidue(whichcanbewipedoff).Atcontact
range,andifthegunisfiredjustaboveabone,suchastheskullor
thesternum,astar-likewoundisproduced.Anythingfurtherawayis

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

likelyhomicide.
3. Angleoftheshot:Mostsuicideshotsareangledslightlyupward.
4. Numberofshotsfired:Afteroneshot,evenifasuicidevictimisn't
dead,hewouldlikelybeunconsciousorphysicallyunabletofirea
secondtime.Multipleshotsusuallyindicatehomicide.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

5. Presenceofgunpowderresidueonvictimshand:Ifamanshot
himself,therewouldbepowderresiduefromunburnedcarbonon
thehandthatfiredthegun.
6. Shotsthroughclothing:Asuicidevictimwillrarelyshootthrough

---

clothing.Ifheshootshimselfinthechest,whichisunusual,hewill

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

openhisshirttoexposetheskin.Shotsthroughclothingsuggest
homicide.
7. History,anote,otherfactors:Ifthevictimleftasuicidenote,orwas
knowntohavepersonalproblems,oriftherewasevidenceofdrug
useordrinking,suicideislikely.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

8. Evidenceofastruggle:Iftherearescratches,cuts,bruises,
homicideislikely.

---

646.Chokingischaracteristicofthefollowing
weapon:
a)Revolver

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Pistol
c)Shotgun
d)Rifle
CorrectAnswer-C
Thechokinglessenstherateofspreadofshotafteritleavesthe

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

muzzle,increasestheexplosiveforceandincreasesthevelocity.
Shotgunshavevariablechokeadapters.
Differentdegreesareknownasfull-choke,half-chokeand
quarter-chokeorimprovedcylinder.
Ref:TheEssentialsofForensicMedicineandToxicologybyKS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Reddy,27thedition,Page184.

---

647.Bevelingofskullisseenin-
a)Broadendoftheentrypointinbulletinjury
b)Narrowendoftheentrypointinbulletinjury
c)Exitpointofbullet

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Depressedfractureoftheskull
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Exitpointofbullet[RefParikh6th/ep.4.43]
Woundofentranceshowsapunchedin(clean)holeintheouter
table.Coneshapedboneisdetachedfromtheinnertableforminga

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

craterthatislargerthantheholeoftheoutertableandshows
beveling(slopingsurface).
Thus,fromlookingoutside,entrancewoundiscleancutholeand
exitwoundisbevelledopening.

---

648.Emphysemaaquosumisseenin:

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Wetdrowning
b)Drydrowning
c)Immersionsyndrome
d)Secondarydrowning
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Ai.e.Wetdrowning
-Emphysemaaquosumisseeninwet(typical)drowningQwhere
drowningfluidcausesalveolarwalldisruption&enterstissue&
bloodvessels.Ifdeadbodyisthrownintowater,duetohydrostatic
pressurewaterpassesintolungsknownashydrostaticlung.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Oedemaaquosum(nocolumnsoffroth)isseenindrowningof
unconscious.
-ARDS&Fibrosingalveolitisisseeninneardrowningorsecondary
drowningsyndrome.
-DryLungisseenindrydrowninginwhichdeathoccursdueto

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

laryngealspasm.
-Ifdrowningissurvived,theeventisreferredtoasneardrowning&
complicationsasnear(secondary)drowningsyndrome..
-InImmersionsyndromedeathresultsfromcardiacarrestdueto
vagalinhibition.Q

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

---

649.Bestindicatorofantemortemdrowning
is:
Delhi07;TN11
a)Frothinnostrils
b)Cutisanserina

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Washerwoman'shand
d)Waterinstomach
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.Frothinnostrils

---

650.MostspecificsignofAntemortemburns

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

is-
a)Sootinrespiratorypassage
b)Cyanosisoffingernails
c)Pugilisticattitude
d)Heatruptures

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Sootinrespiratorypassage[Ref:Parikh6thlep.
4.152-4.156]
Oneofthemostimportantcharacteristicofantemortemburnsisthe
findingof'Sootandcarbonparticles'inlarynx,tracheaandmaybe

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

inlungs.
A.Specificsigns(whichindicateantemortemburning):
1. SootandCarbonparticlesinrespiratorypassages
2. Increasedcarboxyhemoglobin(>5%)inblood
3. Signsofvitalreaction

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

4. Signsofinflammation
5. Redlineofdemarcation
6. Trueblister(vesicle)containingprotein(albumin)andchloride
7. Increasedenzymeandsulfhydryl(-SH)group
8. Increasedserotorineandhistamine

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

9. Signsofhealingandrepair.
B.Non-specificsigns(mayalsooccurinpostmortemburning):
1. Pugilisticattitude
2. Heathematoma
3. Heatfracture

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

4. Heatruptures.

---

651.Sexualgratificationofawomenis
obtainedbyanotherwomaniscalled?
a)Tribadism
b)Bestiality

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Fellatio
d)Cunnilingus
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Tribadism[RefParikh6th/ep.5.50,5.52;Reddy
31"/ep.401;Rao2"'Ilep.373-74;RajesBardale1"/ep.325-26]

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Tribadism(Lesbianismorfemalehomosexuality):
Sexualgratificationofawomenisobtainedbyanotherwomanby
kissing,bodycontact,manipulationofbreastandgenitalia.
Activepartneriscalleddykeorbutchandthepassiveagentis
calledfemme.ThisisnotanoffenceinIndia.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

652.Sexwithcadaveriscalled-
a)Necrophilia
b)Exhibitionism
c)Voveyrism
d)Undinism

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Necrophilia[RefNarayanReddy30thiep.394]
Necrophilia:Inthiscondition,thereisadesireforsexualintercourse
withdeadbodies.Itissaidtohavesadomasochisticfoundationand
thatdecomposition,foulsmellandcoldnessactasstimulants.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

---

653.Sexualgratificationbyinflictingpainon
partner-
a)Sodomy
b)Sadism
c)Necrophilia

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Bestiality
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Sadism[RefReddy30th/ep.394]
Sexualgratificationisobtainedorincreasedfromactsofphysical
crueltyorinflictionofpainonone'spartner.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Itisseenmorecommonlyinmen.Toobtainsexualgratification,the
sadistmaybite,beat,whip,producecutsonthevictim,etc

---

654.Masochismmeans:
TN09
a)Sexualintercoursewithdeadbody

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Sexualpleasurebycontactwitharticlesofoppositesex
c)Sexualpleasurebysufferingofpain
d)Sexualpleasurebyself-stimulation
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.Sexualpleasurebysufferingofpain

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

655.Irresistiblesexualdesireinamaleis
knownas:
AIIMS08
a)Nymphomania
b)Tribadism

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Satyriasis
d)Sadism
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.Satyriasis
Satyriasisisexcessivesexualdesireinmalewhereheenjoys

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

havingmultiplesexualpartnersordesiresexcessivesexualactivity.
Thefemale-specifictermforthesameconditionisNymphomania.
Afetishisanabnormalstimulusorobjectofsexualdesire.
Fetishismmeanstheuseofsuchobjectsofsexualgratification
leadingtoorgasm.Forexmapleunderclothing,brassiere,petticoat,

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

stocking,shoes,etc.
Frotteurism:
Sexualsatisfactionisobtainedbyrubbingagainstpersonsincrowd.
Iftheyattemptintercourse,theyhaveaprematureejaculationor
theyareimpotent.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Itisanuncommonperversionandrarelyoccursalone

---

656.Sexualgratificationobtainedbyenemais
called-
a)Exhibitionism
b)Fetichism

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Klismaphillia
d)Frotteurism
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.Klismaphillia[RefInternet]
Klismaphilia(orklysmaphilia),isaparaphiliainvolvingenjoymentof,

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

andsexualarousalfrom,enemas.

---

657.Toexaminethevaginalcellsinofthe
rapevictimtestusedis-
a)Lugol'siodinetest
b)Takayamatest

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Florencetest
d)Precipitintest
CorrectAnswer-A
Ansis'a'i.e.Lugol'siodinetest[RefGRaop.301]
Lugol'siodinetest

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Itisdoneonthewashingofglanspenis(orfromamoistblotting
paper)ofaccused,whichthenexposedtoiodinevaporsorlugol's
iodinesolution.Browncolormeansthetestispositive(on4thday).
Browncolorisduetoglycogenpresentinvaginalepithelialcellsof
thevictim.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

658.Absorptionelutiontechniqueisusedfor
-
a)Bloodgroupdetection
b)Speciesdetection
c)Seminalstainexamination

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Noneoftheabove
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Bloodgroupdetection[RefParikh6th/ep.7.15-
7.18;SKSinghal4'1'1ep.158-162]
Forbloodgrouping,followingtestsareused:

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

1)Immunological(serological):
1. absorption-elutiontest,
2. absorption-inhibitiontest,
3. mixedagglutinationtest,
4. latextest.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

2)Enzymologicalmethods.
3)Latte'scrustmethod.

---

659.Testtoknowthespeciesfromblood
stainis-
a)Takayamatest

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Benzidinetest
c)Precipitintest
d)Teichmann'stest
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Preciptin-test[RefParikh6m/ep.7.15-7.18;S.K.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Singhal4'/ep.158-162]
Fordetectionofspecies,serological(immunological)testsare
used.Thesetestsare:
Precipitintest
Haemagglutination

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

inhibitiontest
Geldiffusiontest.
Doublediffusiontest.
Precipitation
Latexagglutinationtest.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

electrophoresis.
Isoenzymemethod
(enzymologicaltest)

---

660.Allofthefollowingaretrueforingestion
ofacidexcept-

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Theyarehygroscopic
b)Coagulateproteins
c)Hemoglobintohematin
d)Systemicsymptomsaresevere
CorrectAnswer-D

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'd'i.e.Systemicsymptomsaresevere
Acidsfix,destroyanderodethesurfacewithwhichtheycomein
contact.Theymainlyactlocallyby
1. Hygroscopicextractionofwaterfromtissues
2. Coagulationofproteins

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Conversionofhemoglobinintohematin.
Asarulethereisnoremotesystemicactionwithexceptiontoshock.

---

661.Maxdamageisdonebywhichpoison-
a)Irritantpoison
b)Corrosivepoison

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Alcohol
d)Opioid
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Corrosivepoison[RefRajeshBardalep.437]
Corrosivesfix,destroyanderodethesurfacewithwhichtheycome

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

incontact.Thus,theycauseextensivetissuedamage.
Irritantsproducelessseverdamagethancorrosivesandproduce
symptomssimulatinggastroenteritis.

---

662.Leasttoxicformofleadis-
a)Leadacetate

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Leadoxide
c)Leadcarbonate
d)Leadsulphide
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Leadsulphide[RefParikh6thlep.9.17-9.20;

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Reddy30thlep.497-498]
Noheavymetalispoisonousinnativeform,exceptlead.Metallic
leadandallitssaltsarepoisonous.Theprincipalsaltswhich
producetoxiceffectsare:(1)Leadacetate(sugaroflead),(2)lead
carbonate(safedaorwhitelead),(3)leadchromate,(4)lead

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

monoxide(lethrage),(5)leadtetraoxide(redlead,vermilion,sindur)
and(6)leadsulphide(leasttoxic).

---

663.Charasis:
a)LeavesofCannabisIndica
b)FlowersofCannabisIndica

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

c)StemofCannabisIndica
d)ResinexudateofCannabisIndica
CorrectAnswer-D
Di.e.ResinexudatesofcannabisIndica

---

664.Methanolattacks?

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Cones
b)Rods
c)Ganglioncellsofretina
d)Germinalcelllayer
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'c'i.e.,Ganglioncellsofretina
Methylalcoholismetabolisedveryslowlyandthusstaysforalonger
periodinthebody.
Itisoxidisedintoformicacidandformaldehydeinthetissues.These
toxicagentscauseoedemafollowedbydegenerationoftheganglion

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

cellsoftheretina,resultingincompleteblindnessduetooptic
atrophy.

---

665.Arsenicpoisoningpresentswith
symptomsmimicking
a)Cholera

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Dhaturapoisoning
c)Barbituratespoisoniong
d)Morphinepoisoning
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans:A.)Cholera.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

ARSENIC
?Copperarsenite-sheele'sgreen
?Copperacetoarsenite-parisgreen
?Permissiblelimitsofarsenicingroundwater-0.05mg/L
?Thegastroenterictypeofpoisoningresemblescholera

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?Greatestquantityisseenin-liver
?Redvelvetyappearanceofmucosaofstomach
?Mostaffectedpartofthestomach?pylorus
?Subendocardialpetechialhemorrhagesoftheventricleistypicalof
arsenicpoisoning(alsofoundinphosphorus,barium,mercuryandin

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

casesofheatstrokeandacuteinfectiousdiseasee.g.influenza)
?Rigormortislastslongerthanusual,Delaysputrefaction
Acutepoisoning
?Necrosisofintestinalmucosawithhemorrhagicgastroenteritis
?Hypotension,delayedcardiomyopathy

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Chronicpoisoning
?AldrichMee'slineonfingernails
?Raindroppigmentationonskin(measteslikerash)
?Chronicconsumptionofwatercontaininghigharsenic
concentrationsleadtovasospasmandperipheralvascular

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

---

insufficiency-blackfootdisease
?Diabetes,peripheralneuropathy,gangrene
?Cancerofskin,lung,liver(angiosarcoma),bladder,kidney.
?Arsenophagists-somepeopletakearsenicdailyastonicor

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

aphrodisiacandacquiretolerance
?Chelatingagent-Dimercaprol
Arsenicwasusedasmurderweaponsinroyalfamilies,andcalled
as"thepoisonofkingsandkingofpoisons"

---

666.Whichofthefollowingismostspecific

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

forarsenicpoisoning?
a)Redvelvetystomachmucosa
b)Blueliningongums
c)Tremors
d)Anemia

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.Redvelvetystomachmucosa[RefParikh6th/ep.
9.9-9.11;Reddy30"`/ep.493-494;Essentialsofforensic
medicine-812]
Redvelvetymucosaisatypicalpostmortemfindinginacutearsenic

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

poisoning.

---

667.Blackfootdiseaseiscausedby
a)Arsenic
b)Cadmium
c)Lead

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Mercury
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Arsenic
Chronicarsenicexposurecancause'blackfootdisease'asevere
formofperipheralvasculardisease,causinggangreneoflower

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

limbs.
Arsenicpoisoningmaybeacuteorchronic.
Acutearsenicpoisoning
Itcanpresentinanyofthetwoways:
1. Gastrointestinaltype:Itisthecommonformandresembles

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

bacterialgastroenteritis(e.g.cholera).Thereisgarlicadourwith
hemorrhagicgastroenteritisandnecrosisofintestinalmucosa.There
istenesmusandanalirritation.Dehydrationmaycauseacute
circulatorycollapse,withhypotension,oliguriaandacutetubular
necrosis(ATN).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Fulminantnarcoticform:Largedoseofarsenicisrapidlyabsorbed
withoutproducingGIsymptoms.Thesearegiddiness,headache,
myalgia,formication,vertigoanddeathin2-3hours.
Postmortemappearanceinclude:
1. Redvelvetymucosaofstomachandsubmucouspetechial

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

haemorrhage.
2. Subendocardialpetechialhaemorrhage.
3. Fattydegenerationofliver,kidneyandheart.
Chronicarsenicpoisoning

---

Chronicarsenicpoisoninghasfourstages:

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

1. Firststage(nutritionalandgastrointestinaldisturbances):The
earliestsignisgradualemaciation.Thereislossofappetite,nausea
andintermittentvomitinganddiarrhea.
2. Secondstage(catarrhalchanges):Itresemblescommoncold,i.e.
conjunctivitis,runningnoseandeyes,coughingetc.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

3. Thirdstage(skinrash):Thereisclassical'raindroppigmentation',
i.e.patchybrownpigmentationofskin.Atinitialstages,thereisa
vesiculareruptionwhichmayresemblenettlerash.Hyperkeratosis
ofpalmsandsolesoccur.Therearewhitetransversebands
crossingthenails,knownasMee'sline,andindicateperiodsof

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

arrestedgrowthduetointerferencewithnormalmetabolism.There
isalopeciaandexfoliativedermatitis.
4. Fourthstage(nervousdisturbances):Thereissensoryandmotor
(i.e.mixed)polyneuropathy,withpainfulparesthesiaofhandsand
feetandmuscletenderness.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Theremaybeevidenceofliver(fattyliver)andkidneydamageand
bonemarrowsuppression(causinganemiaandothercytopenias).
Heartmayalsobeinvolved.
Chronicarsenicexposurecanalsocause'blackfootdisease'a
severeformofperipheralvasculardisease,causinggangreneof

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

lowerlimbs.
Arseniciscarcinogenic,cancausecancersofskin(squamouscell
carcinomaandbasalcellcarcinoma),lung,liver,bladder,kidney,
larynxandlymphoidsystem(leukemia).

---

668.Marschtestisdoneforpoisoningwith?

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Lead
b)Mercury
c)Arsenic
d)Nickel
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'c'i.e.Arsenic[RefParikh6thlep.9.9-9.11;Reddy30th/e
p.493-494;Essentialsofforensicmedicine-812]
Marsh'stestandReinsh'stestwereusedarsenicpoisoning,butare
obsoletenow.

---

669.Papaversemniferummilkexudesfrom?

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Leaf
b)Root
c)Poppyseed
d)Unripecapsule
CorrectAnswer-D

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'd'i.e.,Unripecapsule[RefReddy30th/ep.533-534]
Opioids(opiates)arederivedfromthepoppyplant.Opiumisthe
driedjuiceobtainedbyincisionoftheunripecapsuleofthewhite
poppy,papaversomniferum.Naturalderivativesofopiumare
morphine,heroinandcodeine.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

---

670.Arrowpoisonis?
a)Opium
b)Curare
c)Cannabis
d)Cyanide

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.curare[RefDr.AnilAggrawalp.447]
Arrowpoisons?
1. Plantbased-Abrusprecatorius,aconite,calotropis,crotonoil,
curare,strychnine,stropanthus.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

2. Animalbased-Batracotoxin(BTX).

---

671.Acidusedforforgingsignatureis?
a)Sulphuricacid
b)Nitricacid
c)Carbolicacid

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Oxalicacid
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Oxalicacid[RefParikh6th/ep.8.32-8.34;Reddy's
Essentialsofforensicmedicineandtoxicology27th/ep.468-
469]

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Oxalicacidisusedtoerasewriting,asableachingagentandin
calicoprinting

---

672.Smackis-
a)Cocaine
b)Heroine

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Dhatura
d)Cannabis
CorrectAnswer-B
Ansis'b'i.e.,Heroin
Heroin(smackorbrownsugar)isthemostcommonlyabusedopioid

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

and2"mostcommonlyabusedsubstance,afteralcohol.

---

673.MickeyFinnis?
a)Chloroform
b)Methylalcohol
c)Chloralhydrate

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Ethyleneglycol
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Chloralhydrate[RefReddy30th/ep.540]
Mickeyfinnisacombinationofalcoholandchloralhydrate.

---

674.Thornappleis?

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Dhatura
b)Naxvomika
c)Opioid
d)Cannabis
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'a'i.e.Dhatura[RefParikh&hiep.10.50-10.51;
Essentialsofforensicmedicine-812]
Dhatura(thornapple)growsonwastelandalloverindiaandisof
twotypes(i)Dhaturaalbaand(ii)dhaturaniger.Allpartsofplantis
poisonous,especiallyseedsandfruits.Activeprinciplesofdhatura

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

arelevohyoscyamine,hyoscine(scopolamine)andatropine.

---

675.Acidinjurycanbedifferentiatedfrom
alkaliinjuryby?
a)Liquefactivenecrosis
b)Acidburnsaremoredangerous

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Perforationismorecommon
d)Affectsmorecommonlyesophagus
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.Perforationismorecommon

---

676.BestmethodoftreatmentofMethyl

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

alcoholpoisoningis:
a)Calciumgluconate
b)Ethylalcohol
c)Amphetamines
d)1%Ammonia

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Bi.e.Ethylalcohol

---

677.Howmanydaysapersoncanlive
withoutfoodandwater?
a)1to2days

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)2to4days
c)5to7days
d)10to12days
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is.d,10to12days[RefParikh6th/ep.3.74;SKSinghalele

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

p.146]
Feelingofintensehungerlastsfor30-48hours
Emaciation&absorptionofsubcutaneousfatbeginstooccurAfter
4-5days
Newbornmaysurvivewithoutfood&waterFor7-10days

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Adultmaysurvivewithoutfood&water10-12days
Iffoodaloneiswithdrawndeathoccursin6-8weeks(50-60days)

---

678.MTPcanbedonebyasingledoctortill?
a)8weeks
b)12weeks

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

c)20weeks
d)24weeks
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,12weeks[RefDutta6th/ep.174;Park22"/ep.
467]

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

TheActprovidessafeguardstothemotherbyauthorizingonlya
RegisteredMedicalPractitionerhavingexperienceingynecology
andobstetricstoperformabortionwherethelengthofpregnancy
doesnotexceed12weeks.

---

679.Alcoholistakenwithaeratedsoftdrinks

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

because-
a)Absorptionisfaster
b)Effectisincreased
c)Toavoidhangover
d)Noneoftheabove

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Absorptionisfaster[RefHandbookofAlcoholic
Beverages]
Therateofalcoholabsorptionisdependentonitsconcentration,
beingthehighestfrombeveragescontainingabout20%to30%

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

alcohol,andonthespeedofitsconsumption.
Alcoholconsumedinacratedbeveraesismorereadilyabsorbed,as
isalcoholtakenonanemptystomach.

---

680.Blistersareabsentin?
a)Burns

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Putrefaction
c)ArsenicPoisoning
d)Postmortemcaloricity
CorrectAnswer-D
Ansis'd'i.e.,Postmortemcaloricity[RefReddy03tivep.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

139,140;S.K.Singhalp.92]
Thereisnoblisteringinpostmortemcaloricity.
Allotherconditionsareassociatedwithblisterformation

---

681.Miner'scrampsarealsocalled:
NEET13

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Heatcollapse
b)Heatcramps
c)Sunstroke
d)Heatexhaustion
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.Heatcramps

---

682.Ophitoxemiais?
a)Snakevenompoisoning
b)Scorpionbite
c)Spiderbite

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Tickbite
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Snakevenompoisoning[RefRameshGupta
Zoologybook]
Ophitoxemiaispoisoningbysnakevenom.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

683.Afterdeath,bloodistakenfrom?
a)Femoralvein
b)Antecubitalvein
c)Jugularvein
d)Carotidartery

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.Femoralvein[RefForensicNeuropathologyp.174]
"Ideally,thebloodshouldbecollectedfromfemoralveindistalto
clamporligatureandwithoutmilkingthecalforthigh"-Forensic
Neuropathologyp.174

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

"Femoralveinbloodsampleispreferredoveraheartbloodsample"
-Water-RelatedDeathInvestigationp.269
Bloodforthesampleistakenfromfemoralvein.Thejugularor
subclavianveinscanalsobeused.10-20mlofbloodistakenandit
istakenbeforeautopsy.30mlofbloodshouldbepreserved

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

(minimumis10ml).

---

684.Coronamortisis?
a)Isavascularanastomosis
b)Postmortemheart&coronaryarteriesexamination
c)Anothertermusedforrigormortis

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Noneoftheabove
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.Isavascularanastomosis[RefBRSGross
Anatomyp.112]
Coronamortis:

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Thisisalsocalledascircleofdeathandreferstovascularringform
bytheanastomosisofanaberrantarterywiththenormalobturator
arteryarisingfromabranchoftheinternaliliacartery.Atthetimeof
laparoscopicherniathisvesselistornbothendofvesselcanbleed
profusely,becausebotharisefromamajorartery.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thesurgeonshouldremembertheseanatomiclandmarksandthe
pointofmeshfixationshouldbeselectedsuperiorly,laterallyand
medially.

---

685.Crystalvioletbloodagarisusedfor
whichbacteria?

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Corynebacteriumdiphtheriae
b)Staphaureus
c)-hemolyticstreptococcus
d)Meningococcus
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

-hemolyticstreptococcus
Crystalvioletbloodagarisaselectivemediumforisolationofp-
hemolyticgroup-Astreptococcus.
oCrystalvioletpermitsthegrowthofstreptococcusbutinhibits
growthofothergrampositivebacteria(including

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

staphylococcus)

---

686.Exampleoftransferofdrugresistance
byconjugation-
a)Staphylococcitorifampicin
b)PneumococcustopenicillinG

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Mtuberculosistoantituberculardrugs
d)Ecolitostreptomycin
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Ecolitostreptomycin[RefBasicsinlaboratory
microbiologyp.781]

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Drugresistance
Itreferstounresponsivenessofamicroorganismtoanantimicrobial.
Drugresistancemaybeacquiredby:
1.Mutation
Itmaybesinglestep(entercoccitostreptomycine,staphlococcito

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

rifampicin)ormultistep(erythromycin,tetracycline,chloramphenicol,
salmonellaforciproflaxacin).
Mutationaldrugresistanceisalsoimportantintuberculosis.
2.Genetictransfer
Drugresistancefromoneorganismtoothermaybetransferredby:

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Conjugation(mostcommon):Itisresponsibleformultidrug
resistance.ItisimportantforresistanceofS.typhiagainst
chloramphenicolandE.coliagainststreptomycin.
Transduction:Mostimportantfortransferofresistancein
staphylococciby(3?lactamase.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Transformation(lesssignificant):Importantinpneumococci
resistancetopenicillinG

---

687.Multipledrugresistanceistransferred
through-
a)Transduction

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Transformation
c)Conjugation
d)Mutation
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Conjugation

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

ResistancetomultipledrugsistransmittedbyRfactor(plasmid)
-Rfactoristransferredfromonebacteriumtootherbyconjugation.
-Transductionandmutationusuallycauseresistancetoonedrug.
-Transformationisnotinvolvedsignificantlyindrugresistance.

---

688.Mediumusedforantibioticsensitivity:

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)CLEDagar
b)Hektoenagar
c)Mueller-Hintonagar
d)Saltmilkagar
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is.'c'i.e.,Mueller-Hintonagar
Antibioticsensitivitytesting
Antibioticsensitivitytestingiscarriedouttodetermineappropriate
antibiotictobeusedforaparticularstrainisolatedfromclinical
specimens.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Antibiotictestingcanbecarriedoutbytwobroadmethods:
a)Discdiffusiontests
b)Dilutiontests
A)Discdiffusiontests
Therearemostcommonlyusedmethodstodetermineantibiotic

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

susceptibility.
Discsimpregnatedwithknownconcentrationofantibioticsandare
placedontheculturemediumthathasbeeninoculatedwitha
cultureofbacteriumtobetested.
Antibioticsensitivityisdeterminedbyzoneofinhibitionofbacterial

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

growtharoundthedisc.
Selectionofmedia
Mediumthatsupportsbothtestandcontrolstrainsisselectedfor
carryingoutantibioticsusceptibilitytesting.
Forexample:

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Muller-Hintonagarisusedforgram-negativebacilliand
staphylococcusspp.

---

Bloodagarisusedforstreptococcussppandenterococcusspp.
ChocolateagarisusedforHaemophilusinfluenzae
Wellcotestmediumusesantibioticssulfonamideandcotrimoxazole

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Mueller-Hintonagarismostcommonlyusedmediumforantibiotic
sensitivitytestingTypeofdiscdiffusiontest.
Discdiffusiontestsarefollowingtypes:?
i)Kirby-Bauerdiscdiffusionmethod-mostcommonlyused.
ii)Stokediscdiffusionmethod

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

iii)Primarydiscdiffusiontest

---

689.Shadowcastingisusedin-
a)Lightmicroscopy
b)Electronmicroscopy
c)Opticalmicroscopy

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Fluoroscencemicrospopy
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Electronmicroscopy[RefCellandmolecular
biologyp.726]
Twostandardmethodsofstaininginelectronmicroscopyare:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Shadowcasting
2. Negativestaining

---

690.ModifiedZiehl-neelsenstainingisused
for:
a)Mycobacteriumtuberculosis

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Mycobacteriumbovis
c)Nocardia
d)Alloftheabove
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is.'d'i.e.,Alloftheabove

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

691.ViralDNAisintegratedintoBacterial
DNAin:
a)Transduction
b)Lysogenicconversion
c)Transformation

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Conjugation
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.(b)Lysogenicconversion

---

692.Frozenphenomenonisusedfor-
a)Sterilizationofheatsensitivematerial

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Killingthermophilicbacteria
c)Preservationofmicroorganisms
d)Stimulatingmetabolismofmicroorganism
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Preservationofmicroorganisms

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

[RefMicrobiologyApplicationBasedApproachp.189]
Somepsychrophilicbacteriacangrowat0?C,butsubzero
temperatureswillinhibitthemetabolismofmicroorganismingeneral.
Freezingiscommonlyusedtopreservefoods,drugsandlaboratory
specimensbecauseiteffectivelystopsmicrobialgrowth.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

However,subzerotemperaturemaynotkillmicroorganism
(especiallypsychrophilic)andmayinfactpreservethemalongwith
thematerialbeingfrozen.
Thisphenomenonhasbeenusedbymicrobiologiststostoreand
preservemicroorganisms.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

693.Trueaboutuniversalprecautionsareall
except-
a)Topreventtransmissionofbloodbornepathogens
b)Includesuseofhandwashing
c)Considerthatallbodyfluidsarecontaminatedwithblood

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Includesuseofglovesandmasks
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Includesuseofhandwashing[RefMicrobiology
forsurgicaltechniquesp.796]
Handwashingisapartofstandardprecautionsnotuniversal

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

precautions
Universalprecautions
Universalprecautionsisanapproachtoinfectioncontroltotreatall
humanbloodandcertainhumanbodyfluidsasiftheywereknownto
beinfectiouswithHIV,HBVandotherbloodbornepathogens.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Bloodbornepathogenstandardrequires.
Employeestoobserve'universalprecautions'topreventcontactwith
bloodorotherpotentiallyinfectiousmaterial(OPIM)
TreatallbloodandOPIMwithproperprecautionslikeuseofgloves,
masksandgown.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Otherpotentiallyinfectiousmaterialincludes:
1. Bodyfluids:CSF,semen,vaginalsecretion,synovialfluid,pleural
fluid,pericardialfluid,peritonealfluid,amnioticfluid,salivaindental
procedures,anybodyfluidcontaminatedwithblood.
2. Anyunfixedtissueororgan(otherthanskin)fromhuman.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

3. HIV-containingcells,fluidsorcultures.
Universalprecautionshavebeenupdatedintostandardprecautions
thatstateallbodyfluid(exceptsweat)shouldbeconsidered

---

infectious.

---

694.Nucleicacidisnotfoundin-

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Virus
b)bacteria
c)Fungus
d)Prions
CorrectAnswer-D

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'd'i.e.,Prions[RefHarrison19'/ep.451&17th/ep.2647]
Prionsareinfectiousparticlewhichcontainsproteinonly.
Theydonothavenucleicacid.

---

695.Granulomatosisinfantisepticaiscaused
by:

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Pseudomonas
b)Chlamydiatrachomatis
c)GroupDstreptococci
d)Listeria
CorrectAnswer-D

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Granulomatosisinfantisepticaisanintra-uterineinfectionofthe
newborncausedbylisteria.
Thepredominantfeatureofthisconditionisextensivefocalnecrosis
affectingespeciallytheliverand,lessoften,thelungs.
Themortalityrateisveryhigh.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Occasionallymeningitismaybeassociatedwithit.
Theorganismscanbeisolatedfromtheaffectedareasinthechild
andfrequentlyfromthegenitaltractofthemother,whomayormay
notmanifestthedisease.
Ref:Harrisonsprinciplesofinternalmedicine,18thedition,Page:

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

1196.

---

696.Salmonellaandshigellacanbe
differentiatedfromother
enterobacteriaceaememberbyisolation
on:

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

a)MacConkeyagar
b)Mannitolsaltagar
c)BCYEmedium
d)XLDagar
CorrectAnswer-D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is.'d'i.e.XLDagar
XLD(xyloseJysinedeoxycholate)agarisaselectivedifferential
mediumforisolationofGram-negativeentericpathogens
fromfecalspecimensandotherclinicalmaterial.
oItisespeciallysuitablefortheisolationofshigellaandsalmonella

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

specias

---

697.Trueaboutanthraxtoxinareallexcept:
a)Hasthreefractions
b)IncreasecAMP
c)Codedbyplasmid

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Inhibitsproteinsynthesis
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is.'d'i.e.Inhibitsproteinsynthesis

---

698.Chlamydiapneumoniaecausescauses:
a)LGV

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Atherosclerosis
c)Inclusionconjunctivitis
d)Trachoma
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is.'b'i.e.,Atherosclerosis

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

699.NottureaboutElTorbiotypeofvibrio
cholerae?
a)Lowermortality
b)LessSAR
c)Lesschancesofsurvivalinenvironment

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)VP(+)
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Lesschancesofsurvivalinenvironment

---

700.Trueaboutvibrioparahemolyticus?
a)Polarflagella

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Nonhalophilicvibrio
c)Non-capsulated
d)RequiresNaCI
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,RequiresNaCI

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Itishalophilicvibrio.
*Inhabitsthecoastalsea,whereitisfoundinftshesarthopodssuch
asshrimpsandctabsandmolluscssuchasoyster.
*Itresemblesthecholeravibrioexceptthat:
-->Itiscapsulated.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

-->Showsbipolarstaining
*Producesperitrichousflagellawhengrownonsolidmediun(V.
choleraehaspolarflagella),inliquidmediumpolarflagellaare
formed.
*Itgrows,onlyinmediacontainingNaCl,optimumconc.is2-4

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

%,ltsenteropathogeniciscloselylinkedto
itsabilitytocausehemolysisonWagatsumaagarttheKanagawa
phenomenon.

---

701.Hansen'sbacillusisculturedin:
a)LJmedium

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Robertson'scookedmeatmedium
c)Footpadofmice
d)Sabraud'sagar
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is.'c'i.e.,Footpadofmice

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

702.Tennisracketcellsisseenin-
a)Sarcomabotyroides
b)Vaginaladenocarcinoma
c)Leiomyomauterus
d)Seminoma

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Sarcomabotryoids
oTumorcellsofsarcomabotryoidsaresmallandhaveovalnuclei,
withsmallprotrusionsofcytoplasmfromoneend,sotheyresemble
atennisracket.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

---

703.Mostcommonorganisminvolvedin
nosocomialinfection-
a)Staphaureus
b)E.coli
c)Legionella

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Streppneumonia
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Staphaureus
.UTIisthemostcommontypeofnosocomialinfection.
.MostcommoncauseofUTI--->Ecoli

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

.MostcommoncauseofUTIinICU---->Candida
.Overallstaphaureusisaleadingcauseofnosocomialinfection.
.Staphaureusisthemostcommoncauseofsurgicalwound
infection-
.Mostcommoncauseofprimarybacteremia-->Coagulase

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

negativestaphylococcus.

---

704.Draughtsmancoloniesareseenwith:
a)Anthrax
b)Pnuemococci
c)Pertussis

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Yersenia
CorrectAnswer-B
Pnuemococci
Duetoalphahemolysk,coloniesofpneumococcircsemblecolonies
ofStr.virtdans.Butonfurtherincubationthecolonies

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

ofpneumococcibecomeflatwithraisededgesandcentral
umbonation,sothatconcentricringsareseenonthesurfacewhen
viewedfromabove-draughtsmanorCarromcoinappearance.

---

705.Allaretrueaboutchromobacteritun
violaceumexcept?

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Gramnegative
b)Producesviolet-coloredpigment
c)Normalflorainhuman
d)Causescellulitis
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.c.Normalflorainhuman

---

706.Oilpaintappearanceonnutrientagaris
seenin-
a)Streptococcuspyogenes
b)Staphylococcusaureus

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Bordtellapertussis
d)H.influenzae
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Staphylococcusaureus
Staphylococcusisfacultativeanaerobe.OptimumpHforgrowthis

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

7.4-7.6andoptimumtemperatureis37?C.
Staphaureusproducesgoldenyellowpigment,whichismaximumat
22?C.
Mostofthestaphylococcusspeciesgrowinthepresenceof10%
NaCl

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

707.Streptococcalpneumoniaepneumonia
presentat-
a)<5years
b)5-15years
c)20-25years

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)30-40years
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,<5years[Ref:TextbookofMicrobiologyby
Parijap.197]
Streptococcuspneumoniaeistheleadingcauseofpneumonia,both

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

lobarandbronchopneumonia.
Pneumoniaiscommonattheexteremeofages:
Children(especially<5yearsofage)
Elderly(>60-65years)
Serotypes6,14,18,19and23areresponsibleformostcasesof

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

pneumoniainchildren,whileserotypes1,3,4,7,8and12cause
pneumoniainadults.

---

708.Mostcommonagegroupaffectedby
streptococcuspyogenes-
a)<5years

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)5-15years
c)20-25years
d)30-40years
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,5-15years[RefParijap.191]

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Sorethroat(tonsillitis)isthemostcommonmanifestationof
streptococcalinfectionandaffects5-15yearsagegroup.

---

709.Naegler'sreactionisdueto:
a)Coagulase
b)Hyaluronidase

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Lecithinase
d)Noneoftheabove
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is.'c'i.e.Lecithinase

---

710.Oropharyngealcommensalwhich

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

predisposestocandidiasis-
a)Hemophilusinfluenzae
b)Streptococcus
c)Staphylococcus
d)Lactobacillus

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Streptococcus[RefTextbookofpolymicrobial
disease-Chapter18]
Anexampleofthecomplexityofcoaggregationmaybetherangeof
intergenericcoaggregationsoccuringbetweentheoralfungal

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

pathogencandidaalbicansandotheroralspeciesthatmayplayan
importantroleinthecolonizationoftheoralcavitybycandida
albicans.
Althoughstreptococcalspecies,namely,streptococcusgordonii,
streptococcusoralisandstreptococcussanguins,exhibitthehighest

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

affinitiesforCalbicans,Calbicans(aswellasCandidadubliniensis)
havebeenshowntocoaggregatewithFusobacteriumspeciesin
suspension.
Actinomyceshasalsobeenshowntocoaggreatewithcandida
albicans.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

711.PrimarycomplexofMbovisinvolves:
a)Tonsilandlung
b)Tonsilandintestine
c)Tonsilandskin
d)SkinandIntestine

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is.'b'i.e.,Tonsilandintestine
Ans.is.'b'i.e.,Tonsilandintestine
PrimarycomplexofMtuberculosis(infectionbyinhalation)
i)Lunglesion

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

ii)Enlargedhilarlymphnodes
oPrimarycomplexofMbovis(infectionbydrinkingmilk)
i)Tonsil
ii)Cervicalnodesorintestine(ileocecalregionand
mesentriclymphnodes)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

---

712.Hemophilusparainfluenzaerequres-
a)FactorV
b)FactorX
c)FactorV&X
d)FactorVII

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,FactorV[Ref:Ananthanaran9"/ep.327&8thie
p.330]
H.influenzae,H.aegyptius,H.haemolyticusFactorX&V.
H.Parainfluenzae,H.Parahemolyticus,H.ParaphrophilusFactor

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

V.
H.ducreyi,H.aphrophilusFactorX.

---

713.Brill-Zinsserdiseaseis:
a)RecrudescentofRprowazekiiinfection
b)RecrudescentofRtyphiinfection

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)RecrudescentofRconoriiinfection
d)None
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is.'b'i.e.,RecrudescentofRtyphiinfection

---

714.Allaretrueaboutlisteriaexcept:

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Grampositive
b)PALCAMagarisusedforisolation
c)Characteristictumblingmotilityat37?C
d)Umbrellashapedgrowth
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is.'c'i.e.,Characteristictumblingmotilityat37?C
L.monocytogenesisagram-positive'
coccobacillus'(coccoidrod)withatendencytooccurinchains.
Peritrichousflagellaareproducedbythebacillusoptimallyat20-
30?Cbutonlyscantilyornotatallat37?C

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Culturemediausedforisolationarebloodagar,chocolateagar,
andPALCAMagar.
Itgrowsonordinarymediawithinatemperaturerangeof1?to45?C.
Mostcasesofhumandiseasearecausedbyserotypes1/2a,1/2b
and4b.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Theorganismcanbefoundasapartofthegastrointestinalflorain
healthyindividuals.
HumandiseaseduetoL.monocytogenesgenerallyoccursinthe
settingofpregnancyorimmunosuppression.

---

715.Listeriaresistsphagocytosisin

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

phagosomes(phagolysosomes)dueto:
a)-hemolysin
b)Caspases
c)Cellmembraneadhesionmolecules
d)Opacityassociatedprotein(OAP)

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is.'a'i.e.,-hemolysin
Mostimportantstepinpathogenesisoflisteriosisisthesurvivaland
multiplicationofLmonocytogenesinphagocytes(macrophages),
hostepithelialcellsandhepatocytes.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

*Themostimportafltdeterrminantofpathogenesisk
listeriolysinO(LLO),Abeta-hemolysin.LLOcauseslysisof
membraneofphagosomeswithinphagocytesand
helpsinintracellularsurvivalofLmonocytogenes.
*Ironisanimportantvirulencefactor.Listeriaproducesiderophores

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

andareabletoobtainironfromtransferrin.Immunityto
listeriaisprimarycellmediated.Immunitycanbetransferredby
sensitizedlymphocytesbutnotbyantibodies.

---

716.Mostcommonformofleptospirosis:
a)Weil'sdisease

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Ictericform
c)Hepatorenalform
d)Anictericform
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.(d)Anictericform

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Itismostcommon(90%)andmildform.Most
commonfindingkfnerwithconjunctivalsuftrcion

---

717.Bacteriathatcangroweveninthe
presenceofantiseptic:
a)Staphylococcus

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Streptococcus
c)E.coli
d)Pseudomonas
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is.'d'i.e.,Pseudomonas

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

718.Achronicalcoholicispresentingwith
clinicalfeaturesofmeningitis.Most
likelyorganismwhichwillgrowonCSF
culture:
a)Streptococcuspneumoniae

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)N.meningitidis
c)Listeriamonocytogenes
d)F.coli
CorrectAnswer-A
Streptococcuspneumoniae

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

719.Vincent'sanginaiscausedbyBorrelia
vincentiialongwith:
a)Lactobacillus
b)Lactobacillus
c)Fusobacterium

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Bacteroides
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.(c)Fusobacterium

---

720.Bartonellaquintanacauses:
a)Trenchfever

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)Scrubtyphus
c)Endemictyphus
d)Epidemictyphus
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is.'a'i.e.,Trenchfever

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

721.Whatistrenchfever:
a)Q-fever
b)5-daysfever
c)Boutonneusefever
d)Indianticktyphus

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is.'b'i.e.,5-daysfever

---

722.ProteinAofstaphylococcusbindsto
a)IgA
b)IgG

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

c)IgD
d)IgE
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is.b.IgG

---

723.Whichstreptodornaseismostantigenic

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

inhumanbeings:
a)A
b)B
c)C
d)D

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is.b.B

---

724.Pneumonicplagueisspreadby:
a)Biteofinfectedflae
b)Directcontactwithinfectedtissue

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Ingestionofcontaminatedfood
d)Dropletinfection
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is.'d'i.e.,Dropletinfection

---

725.ProteusisolatedfromapatientofUTIwill

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

showwhichboichemicalreaction:
a)Phenylpyruvicacidreaction
b)Bileesculinreaction
c)Colchicinesensitivity
d)Bacitracinsensitivity

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is.'a'i.e.,Phenylpyruvicacidreaction
stofthemexceptprovidenciastrains,producepowerfulurease.
-->Acharactersticfeatureofproteusbacilliis"PPAreaction'
-->Itisduetopresenceofenzymepheny'alaninedeaminasewhich

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

convertsphenylalaninetophenylpymvicacid

---

726.Nottrueaboutgasgangrene:
a)MostcommoncauseisClperfringens
b)Extensivenecrosisofmuscles
c)Clperfringensproduceheat-labilespores

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Metronidazoleisthedrugofchoice
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is.'d'i.e.Metronidazoleisthedrugofchoice

---

727.Mostsensitivetestinsyphilis-
a)VDRL

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)TP-PA
c)RPR
d)FTA-ABS
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,TP-PA[RefHarrisonMolep.1137,1138

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

e.718th/ep.1385,Ananthanarayan9th/ep.374,375&p.374-78]
TPPAisthemostsensitiveserologicaltestoverall(consideringall
stagesofsyphilis).
Alltheserologicaltestshave100%sensitivityinsecondarystageof
syphilis

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Test Primary Secondary Latent
Tertiary
VDRL/ 78(74-
100
95(88-

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

71(37-
RPR
87)
100)
94)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

FTA- 84(70-
100
100
96
ABS

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

100)
TP?PA
89
100
100

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

NA

---

728.Mostcommonsiteforstaphylococcus
carrier:
a)Skin
b)Nose

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Oropharynx
d)Perineum
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is.b.Nose

---

729.Brazilianpurpuricfeveriscausedby:

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Bordetellapertussis
b)Haemophilusaegypticus
c)Haemophilusduceryi
d)Haemophilusparinfluenzae
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is.'b'i.e.,Haemophilusaegypticus

---

730.EscharisseeninalltheRickettsial
diseasesexcent:
a)Scrubtyphus
b)Rickettsialpox

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Indianticktyphus
d)Endemictyphus
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is.'d'i.e.,Endemictyphus

---

731.Freshwaterswimmingleadstoinfection

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

by-
a)Bordetellapertussis
b)Corynebacteriumdiphtheriae
c)Mtuberculosis
d)Pseudomonas

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is`d'i.e.,Pseudomonas[RefAlcamo'sfundamentalsof
microbiologyp.669]
"Extendedswimminginfreshwaterpoolscanirritateandbreak
downskinintheearcanalallowingbacteriasuchaspseudomonas,

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

staphylococcusorstreptococcustopenetrateandcauseotitis
externa"
Pseudomonasisthemostcommoncauseofswimmer'sear
infection.
Pseudomonasalsocauses"hottubrash"syndromeorhot-tub

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

folliculitis,associatedwithuseofhottub,lesscommonlyassociated
withwhirlpoolsorswimmingpools.

---

732.Commonestcauseforpuerperalsepsis
is:
a)Streptococci

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)Anaerobes
c)Gonococci
d)Staphylococci
CorrectAnswer-A
Streptococci

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

733.Mostcommoncomplicationofdiphtheria
is-
a)Myocarditis
b)Pneumonia
c)Meningitis

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Endocarditis
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Myocorditis[RefWithtext]
"Myocarditisisthemostcommoncomplicationofdiphtheriaandthe
leadingcauseofdeathindiphthericcases,whoseincidenceis10-

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

25%"
EssentialsinMicrobiology"Complicationsofdiphtheriainclude
myocarditis(themostcommoncomplication),thrombocytopenia,
vocalcardparalysisandneuritis"Clinicalmicrobiology.
"Mostcommoncomplicationsofdiphtheriaaremyocarditisandtoxic

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

neuritis"NMS
Twomostcommoncomplicationsofdiphtheriaare:
1.Myocarditis
2.ToxinneuritisParalysisofsoftpalateisthemostcommon
manifestationofneuritis.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

---

734.Allaretrueaboutanaerobicinfection
except-
a)Mostinfectionsareendogenous
b)Exudatesandswabsarebestforculture
c)SpecimenforUTIissuprapubicaspiration

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

d)TheyarefoundnormallyonskinandGIT
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Exudatesandswabsarebestforculture[Ref
Essentialsofmicrobiologyp.224]
Mostanaerobicbacteriathatcauseinfectionaremembersofour

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

normalindigenousfloraandanaerobicinfectionsareusually
endogenous,causedbytissueinvosionbybacterianormally
resisdentorrespectivebodysurfaces.
Anaerobicbacteriaarenormallypresentonskin,mouth,
nasopharynx,upperrespiratorytract,gutandvagina.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Idealspecimensforanaerobicculturesaresamplesofneedle
aspiratesandpropertissuespecimens.Anaerobicswabsareusually
discouraged.
Importantspecimensare:-
1. Localabscess:Needleaspirates.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

2. Pulmonary:Transtrachealaspirates,lungaspirates,pleuralfluid,
protectedbronchialwash.
3. Abdominal:Abdominalabscessaspirate.
4. Urinarytract:Suprapubicbladderaspirate.
5. Genitaltract:Culdocentesisspecimen,endometrialswabs.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. CNS:CSF,Aspirateofabscess

---

735.Mostcommonrouteofinfectionin
pasteurellacellulitis-
a)Animalbitesorscratches
b)Aerosolsordust

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Contaminatedtissue
d)Humantohuman
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Animalbitesorscratches[RefAnanthanarayan
9thlep.325;7h/ep.326;Harrison19thlep.830&le/ep.1235]

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Transmissiontohumansmayoccurbytworoutes?
1)Directinoculationthroughskin
ThemostcommonmodeoftransmissionofP.microcidaisdirect
inoculationbyabiteorscratch.Mostoftheinfectionsarecausedby
cats.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Infectionmayalsooccurviadepositionoforganismoninjuredskin
ormucosalsurfacesduringlicking.
2)Throughtherespiratorytract
Thisisthesecondmostcommonmodeoftransmission.
Infectionviatherespiratorytractoccursfromcontactwith

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

contaminateddustorinfectiousdroplets(aerosoldust).

---

736.Trueaboutlegionella:
a)Mostcommonmodeoftransmissionisaerosolinhalation
b)Thereisnomantomantransmission
c)Prolongedcarrierarecommon

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Allaretrue
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is.'b'i.e.,Thereisnomantomantransmission

---

737.Hebranoseiscausedby:
a)Frischbacillus

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Staphaureus
c)Pseudomonas
d)C.diphtheriae
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is.'a'i.e.,Frischbacillus

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

738.Granulomainguinaleiscausedby:
a)H.ducreyi
b)Chlamydiatrachomatis
c)Treponemapallidum
d)Calymmatobacterium

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is.'d'i.e.,Calymmatobacterium
Granulomalenerutn(granulomainguinal)-->Calymmatobacterium

---

739.Izumifeveriscausedby:
a)Pseudomonasaeruginosa

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Burkholderiamallei
c)Yersiniapseudotuberculosis
d)Pasteurellamultocida
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is.'c'i.e.,Yersiniapseudotuberculosis

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

---

740.Trueaboutwidaltest:
a)Anti-0antibodypersistslonger
b)0antigenofS.paratyphiisused
c)H-antigenismostimmunogenic
d)Felixtubeisusedfor'H'agglutinationlnar

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is.'c'i.e.,H-antigenismostimmunogenic

---

741.AbsenceofVi-antibodyinatyphoid
patienthas:
a)Goodprognosis

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Badprognosis
c)Norelationwithprognosis
d)Indicateswidalnegative
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is.'b'i.e.,Badprognosis

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

---

742.ClinicalsignificanceofViantigenofS.
typhiis:
a)Helpsindiagnosis
b)Highlyimmunogenic
c)Mostimportantantigenforwidaltest

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)AntibodyagainstVi-antigenisusedfordiagnosisofcarrier
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is.'d'i.e.,AntibodyagainstVi-antigenisusedfordiagnosisof
carrier

---

743.Non-motilebacteriumis-

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Vibrio
b)Clostridiumsepticum
c)Clostridiumperfringens
d)Legionella
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'c'i.e.,Clostridiumperfringens[RefAnanthanarayan
9th/ep.262,263,252-257]
AllclostridiaaremotilebyperitrichousflagellaexceptC/tetaniVI
andClperfringenswhicharenon-motile.

---

744.Whichofthefollowingisnon-motile:

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Pseudomonasaeruginosa
b)Burkholderiamallei
c)Burkholderiapseudomallei
d)Noneoftheabove
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is.'b'i.e.,Burkholderiamallei

---

745.Phagocytosisofmycobacterium
tuberculosisbymacrophagesismainly
mediatedby:
a)IL6

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)IL3
c)IL12
d)IFNGamma
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is.'d'i.e.,IFNGamma

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

746.NottrueaboutVipolysaccharidevaccine
oftyphoid:
a)Singledoseisgiven
b)Revaccinationat3years
c)Givenatbirth

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Givensubcutaneously
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is.'c'i.e.,Givenatbirth

---

747.Ehrlichiaphagocytophilamainlyaffects-
a)RBC

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Platelets
c)Neutrophils
d)Macrophages
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Neutrophils[RefEssentialsofclinical

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

microbiologyp.712]
Anaplasmaphagocytophilum(formerlyknownasEhrlichia
phagocytophila)isacausativeagentoftick-bornefeverinsheep
andpasturefeverincattle.
Itisanobligateintracellularbacteriumwhosemaintargetis

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

neutrophilsbutitcanalsoinfectmonocytes.

---

748.Testtodifferentiatestaphylococcifrom
micrococci:
a)Catalasetest
b)Coagulasetest

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Novobiosinsensitivity
d)Oxidationfermentation
CorrectAnswer-D
Oxidationfermentation

---

749.Nottrueaboutcorynebacterium

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

hormannii
a)Adiphtheroid
b)Non-pathogenicsaprophyte
c)Toxigenic
d)AlsoknownasCpseudodiphthericum

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is.'c'i.e.Toxigenic

---

750.Trueaboutcorynebacteriumdiphtheriae:
a)Alltypesproducetoxin
b)Toxinproductionisdependentuponcriticalconcentrationof

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

iron
c)Heatstabletoxin
d)InhibitcAMP
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is.'b'i.e.Toxinproductionisdependentuponcritical

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

concentrationofiron

---

751.Bileesculinagarisusedfor?
a)GroupAstreptococcus
b)GroupBstreptococcus
c)GroupCstreptococcus

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Enterococcus
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Enterococcus
Enterococcus
MajorityoftheinfectionsarecausedbyE.faecalisandE.faecium.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

LessfrequentlyisolatedspeciesareE.gallinarum,E.durans,E.
hiraeandE.avium.
Enterococciarenormalinhabitantsofthelargebowelofhuman
adults,althoughtheyusuallymakeup<1%oftheculturable
intestinalmicroflora.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theyarecatalasenegative(asallstreptococci).
Theircharacteristicfeatureisthattheycangrowinpresenceof
:?
1. 40%bile
2. 6.5%Sodiumchloride

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

3. AtpH9.6
4. At45?C(relativeheatresistantsurving60?Cfor30minutes)
5. In0-1%methylenebluemilk
Theyhydrolyzeesculin.Theygrowinpresenceof40%bileand
hydrolyzeesculinBileesculinpositive.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

TheyarePYR(PyrrolidonylArylamidase)positive.
Theyareusuallynon-hemolytic(gamma-hemolytic),butsome-times
mayshowalphaorbetahemolysis.

---

752.Heatingat60?Cfor30minutewould
isolate:

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Staphylococci
b)Enterococci
c)Micrococci
d)Streptococci
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Enterococci

---

753.Whichofthefollowingbelongsto
Herpesviridae:
a)Variola
b)Adenovirus

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

c)HPV
d)RKvirus
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.d.RKvirus

---

754.HIVenvelopisformedby:

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Hostcell
b)Virus
c)Both
d)None
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.c.Both

---

755.WhichHIV-virusismoredangerous:
a)HIV-1
b)HIV-2
c)Botharesame

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Itdependsonhostfactors
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.a.HIV-1

---

756.Mostcommonmodeoftransmissionof
HIVsexualtransmission:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Blood&bloodproducts
b)Occupational
c)Perinatal
d)Breastfeeding
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.a.Blood&bloodproducts

---

757.Whichviralgeneactsascarcinogenin
causingcarcinomacervix-
a)P24-gene
b)E-gene

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)L-gene
d)H-gene
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,E-gene[RefHarrison150/ep.1199-1200]
HPVisthemostimportantcauseofcervicalcancer.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

ProductsofE-genes(E6,E7)arerelatedtoimmortalizationor
malignanttransformationofkeratinocytesbyinterferingwithp53and
Rbgenes,respectively

---

758.Whichinfluenzaestrain,notofhuman
originandcancausepandemic:

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)HiNi
b)H2N2
c)H5Ni
d)H9Ni
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.c.H5N1

---

759.Trueaboutinfluenzavaccine:
a)Livevaccineisusedmostcommonly
b)Livevaccineisgivenbynasaldrops
c)Killedvaccineisgivenintramuscularindeltoid

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Allarecorrect
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans-B
Liveattenuatedvaccines-->Theseareusedasnasaldrops
Killedvaccine-->Itisusedmosfcommonly.Itisgiven

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

subcutaneouslyin2doses,3-4weeksapart.Protectiveefficacyis
70-90%anddurationofprotectionis3-6months.

---

760.Whichofthefollowingcaninfectovary-
a)Mumpsvirus
b)EBV

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

c)CMV
d)Measlesvirus
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Mumpsvirus[RefClinicalmicrobiologyp.273]
Mumpsbeginsasaprimaryinfectionintherespiratorytractand

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

spreadsbyviremiatoglandulartissuesincludingthesalivaryglands,
pancreas,testesandovaries.

---

761.Whichisnotapoxvirus:
a)Vacciniavirus
b)Molluscumcontagiosum

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Tanapoxvirus
d)Coxsackievirus
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.d.Coxsackievirus

---

762.Integrationofviralgenomeintohostcell

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

chromosomecanleadsto-
a)Malignancy
b)Latency
c)Alteredgrowth
d)Alloftheabove

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Alloftheabove[RefClinicalmicrobiologyp.312]
Integrationofviralgenomesintohostcellchromosomecancause
alterationin:
1. Hostcellsurface

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

2. Metabolicfunction
3. Cellgrowthandreplicationpattern
4. Malignanttransformation
5. Latentinfection

---

763.Nottrueaboutparamyxoviruses-

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Belongtofamilymyxovirus
b)AreDNAviruses
c)Havelinearnucleicacid
d)Antigenicallystable
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'b'i.e.,AreDNAviruses[RefAnanthanarayan9`h/ep.
497-498]
MyxovirusesareenvelopedRNAviruses.
Theyarecharacterizedbyabilitytoadsorbontomucoprotein
(affinityformucin)onerythrocytescausingagglutinationof

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

erythocytes.
Majorrouteofinfectionofallthesevirusisrespiratoryrouteby
dropletinfection.
Myxovirusaredividedintotwoimportantfamilies?
1. OrthomyxovirusInfluenza

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

2. ParamyxovirusMumps,measles,RSV,Parainfluenzavirus

---

764.HTLV-1canbetransmittedby-
a)Bloodtransfusion
b)Dropletinhalation
c)Contaminatedwater

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Animalbite
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Bloodtransfusion[RefManualofclinical
microbiologyVol.1p.1131]
HTLV-1andHTLV-2infectionsaretransmittedby?

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

1. Sexually(mainlybymalestofemale)
2. Vertically(frommothertochildbyprolongedbreastfeeding)
3. Parenterally(throughdruguseandbloodtransfusion)

---

765.Trueaboutrotavirusvaccine:
a)Killedvaccine

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Givensubcutaneous
c)Pentavalentvaccine
d)Shouldbegivenbefore5years
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.c.Pentavalentvaccine

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

766.VonMagnusphenomenon-
a)Isanormalreplicativecycle
b)Virusyieldhaslowhemagglutination
c)Virushashighinfectivity
d)Virusyieldshashighhemagglutinationtitrebutlowinfectivity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.virusyieldshashighhemagglutinationtitrebutlow
infectivity
Abnormalreplicativecyclesofviruses
.Vonmagnusphenomenonwhencellsareinfectedwithahighdose

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

ofinfluenzavirus,thereisdefectiveassemblyduringreplicationand
the
producedvirushashighhemagglutinintitrebutlowinfectivity.
.AbortiveinfectionDuetodefectivematurationorassembly,either
noreleaseofvironsoccurortheprogenyofvirusisnoninfectious.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

.DefectivevirusesSomevirusesaregeneticallydefectiveand
requirehelpofsimultaneouslyinfectedhelpervirusforreplication.
eg.
HDV,Roussarcomavirus.

---

767.Trypanosomacruziistransmittedby:

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Tsetsefly
b)Reduviidbug
c)Culexmosquito
d)Sandfly
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.a.Tsetsefly

---

768.Duodenalaspirateisusedindiagnosis
of:
a)Ehistolytica
b)Giardialamblia

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Taeniasolium
d)Leishmania
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.b.Giardialamblia
DuodenalaspirateisusedforGlambia,osinesis,Fheptica,andS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

stercoralis.

---

769.Amoebiasisisnottransmittedby:
a)Feco-oralroute
b)Sexualtransmission
c)Bloodandbloodproducts

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Vectortransmission
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.d.Vectortransmission

---

770.Recrudescencesarecommonlyseenin
whichmalaria:

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Pvivax
b)Povale
c)Pmalariae
d)Pfalciparum
CorrectAnswer-D

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.d.Pfalciparum

---

771.Riverblindnessiscausedby-
a)Onchocerca
b)Loaloa
c)Ascaris

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)B.malayi
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Onchocerca
OnchocerciasisisalsoknownasRiverblindnessandRobles
disease.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

772.Whichofthefollowingcelltypesarethe
mostpotentactivatorofT-cell?
a)Bell
b)FollicularDendriticCells
c)Maturedendriticcells

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Macrophages
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.(c)MatureDendriticcellsRef.Robins8/e,p192,Harrison18/e,
p2657
"MaturedendriticcellsarethemostpotentactivatorofnaiveT-cell"

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

DendriticCells:
Bonemarrowderivedcells
Therearetwotypesofcellswithdendriticmorphology:
-Interdigitatingdendriticcells
-Folliculardendriticcells

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Interdigitatingdendriticcellsorjustdendriticcellsarethemost
importantantigenpresentingcellsforinitiatingprimaryimmune
responseagainstproteinantigens.Thisisduetofollowingreasons:
-Thesecellsarelocatedattherightplacetocaptureantigens,
i.e.underepithelia,intheinterstitialofalltissue.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

-Theyexpressvarietyofreceptors(includingTLR,mannose)for
capturingmicrobes.
-Inresponsetomicrobesdendriticcellsexpressthesame
chemokinereceptorsastonaiveT-cells.
-TheyexpresshighlevelsofMHCclassIImoleculesaswellas

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

co-stimulatorymoleculesB.7-1andB.7-2.Orin
otherwordstheypossessallthemachineryneededforpresenting
antigenstoandactivatingCD4+Tcells.

---

Ontheotherhandfolliculardendriticcells(doesnotarisefrombone
marrow)arepresentinthegerminalcentresoflymphoidfollicles

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

wheretheytrapantigensboundtoantibodiesorcomplement.
Folliculardendriticcellsplaysaroleinongoingimmuneresponseby
presentingantigenstoB-cellsandselectingtheB-cellsthathavethe
highestaffinityfortheantigen.

---

773.Thymusdependentareainspleen-

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Mantellayer
b)Perifollicularregion
c)Malphigiancorpuscle
d)Alloftheabove
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'c'i.e.,Malphigiancorpuscle
Thymusdependent(T- Thymusindependent(B-
cellscollect)
cellscollection)
1.Spleen

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

1.Spleen
Periarteriallymphoid
Perifollicularregion
collect
Mantellayer

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Malphigiancorpusclein 2.Lymphnode
whitepulp
Corticalfollicles
2.Lymphnode
Germinalcentres

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Paracorticalarea
Medullarycords

---

774.Precipitationincomparisonto
agglutinationrequires-
a)LesspH

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Hightemperature
c)Specificenzyme
d)Solubleantigen
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Solubleantigen[RefAnanthanarayan9tVep.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

105]merav

---

775.TrueaboutVDRLtest-
a)Non-specific
b)Slideflocculationtest
c)Bestfollowedfordrugtherapy

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)All
CorrectAnswer-D
Ansis'd'i.e.,All

---

776.Rosewaalertestis-
a)Complementfixationtest

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Pricipitationingel
c)Ringprecipitation
d)Passivehemagglutinationtest
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Passivehemogglutinationtest[Ref

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Ananthanarayan8th/ep.107,108,Harrison18th/ep.1469,1470]

---

777.Weilfelixreactioninscrubtyphusis/are
positivefor:
a)OX-19
b)OX-2

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

c)BothOX-19&OX-2
d)OX-K
e)OX-19,OX-2&OX-K
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans:d.OX-K[RefAnanthanarayan9th/410;Medical

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

MicrobiologybyGreenwood16th/373]
Thisreactionisanagglutinationtestinwhichseraaretestedfor
agglutininstothe0antigensofcertainnon-motileProteusstrains
OX-19,OX-2&OX-X
Thebasisoftestisthesharingofanalkali-stablecarbohydrate

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

antigenbysomerickettsiae&bycertainstrainsofproteus,P.
vulgarisOX19&OX2&P.mirabilisOXK.
disease
OX-19
OX-2

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

OX-K
Epidemic +++
+
_
typhus

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Brill-
Usually(?
Zinsser
ve)orweakly
-

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

disease
(+ve)
Endemic +++
+/-
-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

typhus
Tickborne
spotted
++
++

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

-
fever

---

fever
Scrub
-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

-
+++
typhus

---

778.ComplementFixationtestis:
September2005

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)VIDAL
b)Coombstest
c)Wassermannreaction
d)VDRL
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.C:Wassermannreaction
Thecomplementfixationtest(CFT)wasextensivelyusedinsyphilis
serologyafterbeingintroducedbyWassermanin1906.However,
thereisnowatrendtoreplacetheCFTwiththesimpleflocculation
tests.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

AlthoughCFTisconsideredtobearelativelysimpletest,itisavery
exactingprocedurebecause5variablesareinvolved.Inessencethe
testconsistsoftwoantigen-antibodyreactions,oneofwhichisthe
indicatorsystem.
Thefirstreaction,betweenaknownvirusantigenandaspecific

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

antibodytakesplaceinthepresenceofapredeterminedamountof
complement.Thecomplementisremovedor"fixed"bytheantigen-
antibodycomplex.
Thesecondantigen-antibodyreactionconsistsofreactingsheep
RBCwithhaemolysin.Whenthisindicatorsystemisaddedtothe

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

reactants,thesensitizedRBCswillonlylyseinthepresenceoffree
complement.TheantigensusedforCFTtendtobegroupantigens
ratherthantype-specificantigens.InorderfortheCFTtobesetup
correctly,theoptimalconcentrationofhaemolyticserum,
complement,andantigenshouldbedeterminedbytitration.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

TheWassermanntestisnolongerinuse.

---

---

779.Exampleofprecipitationtestis
a)Rosewaalertest
b)Widaltest
c)Latexagglutination

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Kahntest
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Kahntest
ItisaHeterophiletubeagglutinationtest,usedtodiagnose
Rickettsiae.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

780.Whichofthefollowingcomplement
factorsisamarkerofhumoralrejection?
a)C3d
b)C3b
c)C4d

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

d)C5a
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans:C.C4d
(Ref:Robbins9/ep234)
C4dfactorisamarkerforhumoralrejection.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Acuteantibody-mediatedrejectionismanifestedmainlybydamage
toglomeruliandsmallbloodvessels.
Typically,thelesionsconsistofinflammationofglomeruliand
peritubularcapillaries,associatedwithdepositionofthecomplement
breakdownproductC4d,whichisproducedduringactivationofthe

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

complementsystembytheantibody-dependentclassicalpathway.
Smallvesselsmayalsoshowfocalthrombosis.

---

781.PrimoryT-celldeficiencyis-
a)Ecto-5'nucleotidasedeficiency
b)Commonvariableimmunodeficiency

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)DiGeorgesyndrome
d)Wiskott-Aldrichsyndrome
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,DiGeorgesyndrome[Ref:Atlasofimmunologyp.
537]

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

I.Cellularimmunodeficiencies(Tcelldefects)
1. Thymichypoplasia(DiGeorgesyndrome)
2. Chronicmucocutaneouscandidiasis
3. Purinenucleosidephosphorylase(PNP)deficiency
II.Combinedimmunodeficiencies(BandTcelldefects)

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

1. Cellularimmunodeficiencywithabnormalimmunoglobulinsynthesis
(Nezelofsyndrome)
2. Ataxiatelangiectasia
3. Wiskott-Aldrichsyndrome
4. Immunodeficiencywiththymoma

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

5. Immunodeficiencywithshort-limbeddwarfism

---

782.Oakley-fulthorpeprocedureis-
a)Agglutinationtest
b)Precipitationtest
c)Singlediffusioninonedimension

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Doublediffusioninonedimension
CorrectAnswer-B:D
Ans.is'd>b'i.e.,Doublediffusioninonedimension>
Precipitationtest[Ref:Ananthanarayan9th/ep.105]
Immunodiffusiontestsareprecipitationreactioningels.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Importantexamplesofimmunodiffusiontestare:-
1. Oudinprocedure->singlediffusioninonedimension.
2. Oakleyfulthorpeprocedure-,Doublediffusioninonedimension
3. Mancinimethodorradialimmunodiffusion->Singlediffusionintwo
dimensions.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Ochterlonyprocedure->Doublediffusionintwodimensions

---

783.MolecularmassofIgG[inKDa]
a)150
b)400
c)1000

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

d)1500
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,150
Antibody Molecularmass(KDa)
IgG

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

150
IgA
160,400
IgM
950,1150

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

IgD
175
IgE
190

---

784.Haptensareimmunogenicwhenthey

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

covalentlybindto-
a)Lipidcarrier
b)Polysaccharidecarrier
c)Proteincarrier
d)Anyoftheabovecarrier

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Proteincarrier[RefEssentialsofmicrobiologyp.
91]
Hapten
Haptenisasubstance,whichitselfisunabletoinduceantibody

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

synthesis,i.enon-immunogenicbutmaybeabletoreactspecifically
withantibody.Thus,haptencanfunctionasantigenbutnotas
immunogen.
Haptensareincompleteantigens,whichbecomecompleteantigens
whentheycovalentlycombinewithcarriermoleculeorschleper.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aftercombinationwithcarriermolecule,itbecomescomplete
antigenandcaninduceanimmuneresponse.

---

785.IgMappearsinfetusatwhatgestational
age-
a)10weeks

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)20weeks
c)30weeks
d)atbirth
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,20weeks

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

IgMistheearliestimmunoglobulinclasstobesynthesizedbythe
fetus,beginningat20weeksofage.

---

786.Theserumconcentrationofwhichofthe
followinghumanIgGsubclassis
maximum?

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)IgG1
b)IgG2
c)IgG3
d)IgG4
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'a'i.e.,IgG1[RefAnanthanarayan9th/ep.97&8`"/ep.98;
Harrison19m/ep.372&18tVep.2674]

---

787.Exampleofneutrilizationreaction-
a)VDRL
b)Widaltest

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Kahntest
d)Naglerreaction
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Naglerreaction[RefAnanthanarayan9th/ep.112]
ImportantneutralizationtestsareNaglerreaction,dicktestand

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

schicktest.

---

788.Whichdoesnotstimulateactive
immunity-
a)Subclinicalinfection
b)Clinicalinfection

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Vaccination
d)Transplacentalantibodyinnewborn
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Transplacentalantibodyinnewborn[Ref
Ananthanarayan9th/ep.81-83]

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Adaptive(acquired)immunityisoffollowingtypes:?
1)Activeimmunity
Itissocalledbecausehost'simmunesystemactivelyproduce
immunity.
Antigenicstimulusinducestheimmunesystemtoproduce

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

antibodiesorcellularimmuneresponse.
Activeimmunitymaybe:-
1. Natural:Duetoinfection(eitherclinicalorsubclinical/inapparent)
2. Artificial:Vaccination(immunization)
2)Passiveimmunity

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Itissocalledbecauseantibodiesareproducedinanotherorganism
andthenreceivedpassivelybythehost.
Passiveimmunitymaybe:-
1. Natural:Transportofantibodiesacrosstheplacentafrommotherto
fetus.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Acquired:Administrationofimmunoglobulin/Antibody.

---

789.Whichisspecificforacquiredimmunity
?
a)Immunologicalmemory
b)Affectedbygeneticmakeup

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Noantigenexposure
d)Alloftheabove
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Immunologicalmemory[RefHarrison19th/ep.
372]

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Acquired(adaptive)immunityisfoundonlyinvertebrates
ItisbasedonthegenerationofantigenreceptorsonTandB
lymphocytesbygermlinegenerearrangements.
Itisspecific.
Itisdevelopedasaresultofanantigenicstimulus(Immunological

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

priming)orbypassivetransferofantibodies.
Itprovidesimmunologicalmemory;subsequentantigenexposure
leadstomorerapidandvigorousimmuneresponses.
Theadaptiveimmunesystemconsistofduallimbsofcellularand
humoralimmunity.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

790.Latticephenomenonisseenin-
a)Neutrilizationreaction
b)Complementfixationtest
c)Precipitationtest
d)Alloftheabove

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Precipitationtest[RefTextbookofclinical
microbiologyp.785]
Thelatticehypothesiswasproposedbymarrack(1934)toexplain
themechanismofprecipitation.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Accordingtothisconcept,multivalentantigenscombinewithbivalent
antibodiesinvaryingproportiondependingontheantigen-antibody
ratiointhereactingmixture.
Precipitationresultswhenlargelatticeisformedconsistingof
alternatingantigenandantibodymolecules.Thisispossibleonlyin

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

thezoneofequivalence.
Inthezoneofantigenorantibodyexcess,thelatticedoesnot
enlarge,asthevalenciesoftheantibodyandtheantigen,repectively
arefullysatisfied.Ineithercasesextensivelatticecannotbeformed
andprecipitionisinhibited.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Thelatticehypothesisholdsgoodforagglutinationalso.

---

791.Complementdeficiencyhasnotbeen
implicatedincausing?
a)SLE
b)PNH

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Hereditaryangiodema
d)Membranousnephritis
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Membranousnephritis[RefPariza3'/ep.121]
Complementdeficiencyanddisease

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Deficiencyofearlycomponents(C1,C2,C4)causesimmune-
complexdiseases(e.g.SLE),andpyogenicinfections.
DeficiencyofC3andC3bcausesrecurrentpyogenicinfections.
Terminalcomplementcomponent(C5throughCo)deficienciesand
deficienciesofthealternativepathway(Properdin,C3,FactorD)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

haveastrongeffectonsusceptibilityto,aswellasseverityof,
neisserialinfections.
InheriteddeficiencyofC,esteraseinhibitorcasesHereditary
angioneuroticedema.
AcquireddeficiencyofDecayaccelaratingfactor(DAF)causes

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Paroxysmalnocturnalhemoglobinuria(PNH).DAFisaregulatorin
complementsystemwhichincreasesdissolutionofC3convertase
(C4b2a)

---

792.Whichisnottrueaboutmacrophages:
a)ActivationbyIFN-y

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Majorcellsinchronicinflammation
c)M2typeinvolvedininflammation
d)Phagocyticcells
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.c.M2typeinvolvedininflammation

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

---

793.Prozonephenomenonisdueto
a)Antigenexcess
b)Antibodyexcess
c)False+vereaction
d)False-vereaction

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B:D
Ans.(b)and(d)AntibodyexcessandFalse-negativeRef.
Ananthanarayan8/e,p104,9/105
Zonephenomenon(seeninagglutinationandprecipitation)consists
of3parts:

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

1. Prozone=Abexcess=weakorabsentprecipitationreaction=
False-ve
2. Zoneofequivalence=peakamountofprecipitation.
3. Postzone=Agexcess=weakorabsentprecipitationreaction.

---

794.Monoclonalantibodybindsto?

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Epitope
b)Paratope
c)Bothepitopeandparatope
d)Noneoftheabove
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'a'i.e.,Epitope[Ref:Ananthanarayan9th/ep.88&71*p.
81;Harrison18thiep.2673&17th/ep.2036]
Epitope
Alsoknownas"antigenicdeterminant".
Itisantibodybindingsiteofantigen.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

---

795.Whentransferfactorisgivenas
treatmentresultsin-
a)Naturalactiveimmunity
b)Artificialactiveimmunity
c)Artificialpassiveimmunity

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Adoptiveimmunity
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Adoptiveimmunity

---

796.IndirectCoomb'stestdetects:
a)AntibodiesattachedtoRBCSurface

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Antibodiesintheserum
c)AntigensattachedtoRBCSurface
d)Antigensintheserum
CorrectAnswer-B
AnswerisB(Antibodiesintheserum)

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

IndirectCoomb'stestdetectsIgGantibodiesintheserum(e.g.Anti-
DAntibodies).DirectCoomb'stestdetectsIgGAntibodies(or
complements)attachedtothesurfaceofRBCs.
DirectAntihumanGlobulinTestDetectsRBCssensitizedwith
IgGorComplements(C3BorC3d)

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

(DAT;Coomb's;DirectCoomb's)DetectsIgGAntibodies(or
complements)attachedtothesurfaceofRBCs.
IndirectAntihumanGlobulinTest
DirectCoomb'sTest
IntheDirectCoomb'stest,redbloodcells(RBCs)sensitizedwith

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

IgGantibodies(orC3b,C3d)areagglutinatedwhenCoomb's
reagent(RabbitAnti-IgGantibody)isaddedtothetesttube
DetectsAntibodiesintheSerum
IndirectCoomb'sTestIntheIndirectCoomb'stestIgGantibodies
(e.g.Anti-D)intheserummustfirstbindtobloodgroupType0Test

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

RBCsaddedtothetesttube.AdditionofCoombsReagent,then
causesthesensitizedType0TestRBCstoagglutinate,indicating
thatIgGantibodiesarepresentintheserum.

---

797.Whichofthefollowingisnotaninvivo
test?

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Elek'sgelprecipitationtest
b)Schicktest
c)Lepromintest
d)Tuberculintest
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'a'i.e.,Elek'sgelprecipitationtest[RefReadbelow]
Elek'sgelprecipitationisaninvitrotestfortoxigenicityofC
diphtheriae.
Otherthreeoptionsareskintests(i.e.invivotests).

---

798.Whichofthefollowingcanbeusedfor

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

obtainingspecimenforisolationof
microorganisminlaboratorydiagnosis:
a)Meningococcalrash
b)Bloodinstaphylococcalfoodpoisoning
c)ThroatswabinRheumaticfever

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Bloodinpost-streptococcalGN
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is.a'i.e.Meningococcalrash

---

799.Morulaformisseeninwhichinfection?
a)Chlamydiae

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Bartonellaquintana
c)Mycoplasmahominis
d)Ehrlichia
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Ehrlichia[RefAnanthanarayanhlep.409;

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Vasanthakumarip.310]
Ehrlichiaegrawwithinphagosomesofphagocytesasmulberry-like
clusterscalledmorula.

---

800.Achildispresentingwithvomitingand
abdominalpainafter5hoursofeating

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

somefood.Themostlikelycausative
orgonism:
a)Bacilluscereus
b)Cl.perfringens
c)Cl.botalinum

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

d)V.cholerae
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is.'a'i.e.Bacilluscereus

---

801.Preventionofcatheterinducedurinary
tractinfectionisby?

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Prophylacticantibiotics
b)Useoffacemask
c)Closeddrainagetechnique
d)Alloftheabove
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'c'i.e.,Closeddrainagetechnique[RefMicrobiologyin
clinicalpracticep.450]
Preventionofcatheter-associatedinfectiondependson:
1. Asepticcathetertechniques.
2. Antisepticlubricantcontainingchlorhexidineandlocalinstillationof

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

1%chlorhexidineintothebladder.
3. Closeddrainagecathatertechnique.
4. Excellenthandwashingtechniques,usingchlorhexidinedetergent
andgooddryingofhands.
5. Useofglovesandisolationofpatientswithinfectionsduetomultiple

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

antibiotic-resistantstrains.

---

802.BubusformiswhichstageofLGV:
a)Prmary
b)Secondary
c)Tertiary

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Latent
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is.'b'i.e.,Secondary

---

803.Nosocomialinfectionismostcommonly
causedby:

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

March2004
a)Gramnegativebacilli
b)Grampositivebacilli
c)Gramnegativecocci
d)Mycoplasma

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.Ai.e.Gramnegativebacilli

---

804.ABOnon-secretorsaremoreproneto?
a)Infection
b)Autoimmunity

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Heartdisease
d)Carcinoma
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Infection,'b'i.e.,Autoimmunity&'c'i.e.,Heart
disease[Refwww.dadamo.com]

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Therearetwotypesofpeople(independentofbloodgroup)
Secretor:Thesepersonssecretetheirbloodgroupantigenintoother
bodyfluidslikesalivaetc.
Nonseretor:Theydonotsecretetheirbloodgroupantigenintobody
fluids.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Non-secretorsappeartohaveanincreaseinprevalenceofavariety
ofautoimmunediseaselikeankylosingspondylitis,reactivearthritis,
GravesdiseaseandSjogren'ssyndrome.
Non-secretorsareatagreaterriskofdevelopingdiabetes,MIand
heartdisease.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Non-secretorsareatagreaterriskforrecurrenturinarytract
infectionsandcandidainfection.
Non-secretorshavemoreoraldiseasesandmoredigestive
problems.

---

805.InRidealwalkermethod,platesare

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

incubatedfor?
a)<2days
b)2-3days
c)6-8days
d)>10days

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,2-3days[RefTextbookofsterilizatione.7
disinfectionp.233]
InRidealwalkermethod,forcheckingefficiencyofdisinfectant,
bactericidalactivityisdeterminedagainstsalmonellatyphi

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

suspension.
Subculturesareperformedfromboththetestandphenolatintervals
of2.5,5,7.5and10minutes.
Theplatesareincubatedfor48-72hoursat37?C.

---

806.CD3isamarkerfor?

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a)B-cells
b)T-cells
c)NK-cells
d)Monocytes
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'b'i.e.,T-cells[Ref:Robbin's9th/ep.590&8`5/ep.600
table(13.5)]
CD-3isknownasPanT-cellmarker.

---

807.Commonvariabledeficiencyisdueto-
a)AbsentBcells

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)ReducednumberofBcells
c)DefectiveBcelldifferentiation
d)Alloftheabove
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,DefectiveBcelldifferentiation[Ref:Robbin's

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

9m/ep.241&8th/ep.233]
Mostpatientswithcommonvariableimmunodeficiencyhavenormal
ornear-normalnumbersofBcellsinthebloodandlymphoidtissues.
TheseBcells,however,arenotabletodifferentiateintoplasma
cells.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Theclinicalmanifestationsarecausedbyantibodydeficiency.
Thefeaturecommontoallpatientsishypogammaglobulinemia,
generallyaffectingalltheantibodyclassesbutsometimesonlyIgG.

---

808.PerformanceofcomponentsofPQLIis
countedbetween

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)-1to+1
b)0to1
c)0to100
d)None
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'c'i.e.,0to100
Thesubjectivecomponentofwellbeing-4Qualityoflife
While"levelofliving"isanobjectivecomponent,"qualityoflife"
comprisestheindividual'sownsubjectiveevaluation.
Theindexforqualityoflifeis"Physicalqualityoflifeindex(PQLI)".

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

ThePQLIisanattempttomeasurethequalityoflifeorwell-beingof
acountry.
Physicalqualityoflifeindexconsolidatesthreeindicators:?
1. Literacyrate
2. Infantmortalityrate

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

3. Lifeexpectancyatage1year(LE)
PQLIrangesfrom0to100.
Foreachcomponent,theperformanceofindividualcountriesis
placedonascaleof0to100,where0representsanabsolutely
definedworstperformanceand100representsanabsolutely

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

definedbestperformance.
Thecompositeindexiscalculatedbyaveragingthethreeindicators,
givingequalweighttoeachofthem.
TheresultingPQLIthusalsoisscaled0to100.

---

809.Humandevelopmentindexincludesall

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

except?
a)Longevity
b)Knowledge
c)Income
d)Literacyrate

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Literacyrate
Humandevelopmentindex
HDIisacompositeindexcombiningindicatorsrepresentingthree
dimensions.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

i. Longevity:Lifeexpectancyatbirth.
ii. Knowledge:Meanyearsofschooling(grossenrolmentratio)and
expectedyearofschooling.(InoldereditionsofPark,i.e.,21st/eand
olderthanthat,itwasadultliteracyrateinsteadofexpectedyear
schooling).

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

iii. Income:GNIPerCapita(InoldereditionsofPark,itwasGDPper
capitainsteadofGNIpercapita).

---

810.Human,animal,fomiteorobjectsfrom
whichinfectiveorganismentersthehost
iscalled?

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Source
b)Reservoir
c)Carrier
d)None
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'a'i.e.,Source[Ref:Park23rdlep.92-97]
Sourceis'theperson,animal,objectorsubstancefromwhich
infectiousagentpassestohost',i.e.manacquiresinfectionfrom
source.
Reservoiris'anyperson,animal,insect,plant,soilorsubstancein

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

whichaninfectiousagentlivesandmultiplies'.Infectiousagentis
dependentonreservoirforsurvival.Fromreservoiritcanbe
transmittedtosusceptiblehost.Thusareservoirmayactasa
sourceofinfectionwhenapersonacquiresinfectiondirectlyfroma
reservoir.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

811.Reservoirisdefinedas?
a)Person,animalorobjectfromwhichinfectiousagentis
transmittedtohost
b)Person,animalorsubstanceinwhichinfectiousagentlivesand
multiplies

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Personoranimalinwhichinfectiousagentcausesadisease
d)Noneoftheabove
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Person,animalorsubstanceinwhichinfectious
agentlivesandmultiplies.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

812.Measlesisinfectivefor:
March2009
a)Onedaybeforeand4daysafterrash
b)Fourdaysbeforeandfivedaysafterrash
c)Entireincubationperiod

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Onlyduringscabsfalling
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B:Fourdaysbeforeandfivedaysafterrash
Measles/EnglishMeaslesisspreadthroughrespiration(contactwith
fluidsfromaninfectedperson'snoseandmouth,eitherdirectlyor

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

throughaerosoltransmission),andishighlycontagious--90%of
peoplewithoutimmunitysharingahousewithaninfectedpersonwill
catchit.
Theinfectionhasanaverageincubationperiodof14days(range6-
19days)andPeriodofcommunicabilityinmeaslesisapproximately

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

4daysbeforeand5daysaftertheappearanceoftherash.
Measlesisaninfectionoftherespiratorysystemcausedbyavirus,
specificallyaparamyxovirusofthegenusMorbillivirus.
Morbilliviruses,likeotherparamyxoviruses,areenveloped,single-
stranded,negative-senseRNAviruses.Symptomsincludefever,

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

cough,runnynose,redeyesandageneralized,maculopapular,
erythematousrash.

---

813.NotincludedinBradfordHill'scriteria?
a)Strengthofassociation
b)Consistencyofassociation

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Specificityofassociation
d)Lackoftemporalassociation
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Lackoftemporalassociation[RefPark23"/ep.
88-89]

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Itisthepresenceoftemporalassociation(notlackorabsence)that
formsacriteriaforcausalrelationship.
Criteriathatsuggestcausalrelationship(BradfordHill's
criteria)
Likehoodofacausalrelationshipisincreasedbythepresenceofthe

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

followingcriteria:?
1. Temporalassociation
2. Strengthofassociation
3. Specificityofassociation
4. Consistencyofassociation

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

5. Biologicalplausibility
6. Coherenceofassociation
Hill'scriteria(sometimesalsoknownas'Surgeongeneral'sCriteria'
ofcausalassociation):inepidemiologyareAnalogoustoKoch's
Postulates(ofcausalassociationbetweenamicrobeanddisease)in

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

microbiology.

---

814.Mostimportantcriterianincausal
relationshiphypothesis?
a)Temporalassociation
b)Coherenceofassociation

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Specificityofassociation
d)Strengthofassociation
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Temporalassociation[RefPark23rd/ep.89]
Mostimportantcriteriatemporalassociation

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Weakestandmostdifficultcriteriatoestablishspecificityof
association

---

815.
Theweakestcriterianincausal
relatianshiphypothesis?

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Temporalassociation
b)Coherenceofassociation
c)Specificityofassociation
d)Strengthofassociation
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'c'i.e.,Specificityofassociation

---

816.Benefitofscreeningis?
a)Preventionofdisease/cancer
b)Earlytreatmentofdisease
c)Providerehabilitation

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Diagnosingallthemissingcases
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Earlytreatmentofdisease
Screeningistheactivesearchforthediseaseamongapparently
healthypeople.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Screeningintendstoidentifyhealthypersonthoselikelytohavea
diseaseoratincreasedriskofadisease
understudy,thusenablingearlierinterventionandmanagementin
thehopetoreducemortalityandsufferingfromadisease.
ScreeningisatypeofsecondarypreventionEarlydiagnosis,

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

treatment

---

817.Multiphasicscreeningmeans-
a)Applicationofthetwoormorescreeningtestsincombinationat
onetime
b)Applicationoftwoormorescreeningtestsincombinationat

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

differenttime
c)Applicationoftwoormorescreeningtestsincombinationat
differentgeographicalareas
d)Applicationofseparatescreeningtestsfordifferentdiseases
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'A'i.e.,Applicationofthetwoormorescreeningtestsin
combinationatonetime
Multiphasicscreening
Ithasdefinedtheapplicationoftwoormorescreeningtestsin
combinationwithalargenumberofpeopleatonetimethantocarry

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

outseparatescreeningtestsforasingledisease.
Itincreasesthecostofhealthserviceswithoutanyobservable
benefit.Example-AnnualHealthCheckups
High-riskorselectivescreeningisdoneonhigh-riskgroups
example-MRIscreeningofbreastdoneannuallyin25-yearold

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

womenwithBRCA1,BRCA2mutationsinfirst-degreerelative

---

818.Randomizationisdonetoreduce?
a)Recallbias
b)Selectionbias
c)Berksonianbias

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Reportingbias
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Selectionbias

---

819.BenefitofRCT?
a)Fasterstudy

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Cheaperstudy
c)Noselectionbias
d)Suitableforraredisease
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Noselectionbias[RefPark23rdlep.81-83]

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

RandomizationistheheartofRCT.Randomizationisastatistical
procedurebywhichtheparticipantsareallocatedintostudygroup
(inwhichinterventionisgiven)andcontrolgroup/referencegroup(in
whichinterventionisnotgiven).
Itisworthnotingthatrandomisationisdonewhiledividingthe

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

participantsintostudygroupandcontrol(reference)group,andnot
whileselectingsubjectsforstudy,i.e.randomizationisdoneafter
thesampleofsubjectshasalreadybeenselected.Therefor,each
participanthas'equalandknownchance'offallingintoeitherstudy
grouporcontrolgroup.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Randomizationisanattempttoeliminatebiasandallow
comparability.Itwillgivethegreatestconfidencethatthegroupsare
comparablesothat"like"canbecomparedwith"like".Itensures
thattheinvestigatorhasnocontroloverallocationofparticipantsto
eitherstudyorcontrolgroup,thuseliminatingwhatisknownas

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

selectionbias.

---

820.Mostcommonlyusedblindingtechnique
inepidemiologicalstudies?
a)Singleblinding
b)Doubleblinding

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Tripleblinding
d)Noneoftheabove
CorrectAnswer-B:C
Ans.is'b>c'i.e.,Doubleblinding>Tripleblinding[Ref
Statisticsandepidemiology3'/ep.46]

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Mostcommonlyusedblindingisdoubleblinding,i.e.mostofthe
epidemiologicalstudiesarestartedasdoubleblinded.Butmore
aftenthannotitbecomestripleblindedasmorethantwopeoplein
thestudyareblindedforexamplethestatician(analyzer)
performingtheanalysisisoftenblindedinadditiontodoctor

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

(investigator)andpatient(studysubject).

---

821.Mosteffectiveblindingtechnique?
a)Singleblinding
b)Doubleblinding
c)Tripleblinding

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Anyoftheabove
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Tripleblinding[RefReadbelow]
MostcommonlyuseblindingDoubleblinding
BestblindingtechniquetoeliminatebiasTripleblinding

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

822. WhichofoneofthefollowingisNOTa
utilizationrate?
a)Populationbedratio
b)Bedoccupancyrate
c)Bedturnoverratio

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Averagelengthofstay
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Populationbedratio[RefPark23rd/ep.26&22"d/e
p.25]
1. Proportionofinfantswhoare"fullyimmunized"againstthe6EPI

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

diseases.
2. Proportionofpregnantwomenwhoreceiveantenatalcare,orhave
theirdeliveriessupervisedbyatrainedbirthattendant.
3. Percentageofpopulationusingvariousmethodsoffamilyplanning.
4. Bed-occupancyrate

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5. Averagelengthofstay
6. Bedturn-overratio(i.e.discharges/average

---

823.CalculateIMRifinapopulationof100000
thereare3000livebirthsinayearand
150infantdeathsinthesameyear-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)75
b)18
c)5
d)50
CorrectAnswer-D

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is`d'i.e.,50

---

824.Trueaboutcombinedprospective-
retrospectivestudytrueis?
a)Exposure(+)nt,disease(+)nt
b)Exposure(+)nt,disease(-)nt

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Exposure(-)nt,disease(+)nt
d)Exposure(-)nt,disease(-)nt
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Exposure(+)nt,disease(+)nt[RefPark23"'/ep.
79-85]

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Therearefollowingtypesofcohortstudy:?
A)Prospectivecohortstudy
Outcomehasnotyetoccurredwhenthestudyhasbegun:Only
exposurehasoccurred;welookfordevelopmentofsamediseasein
bothexposedandnon-exposedgroups

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

B)Retrospectivecohortstudy
Bothexposureaswellasoutcomehaveoccurredwhenthestudy
hasbegun:Firstwegobackintimeandtakeonlyexposureinto
consideration(cohortsidentifiedfrompasthospital/collegerecords),
thenlookfordevelopmentofsamediseaseinbothexposedand

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

non-exposedgroups
C)Combinedprospective-retrospectivecohortstudy
Bothexposureaswellasoutcomehaveoccurredwhenthestudy
hasbegun:Firstwegobackintimeandtakeonlyexposureinto
consideration(cohortsidentifiedfrompasthospital/collegerecords),

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

thenlookfordevelopmentofsamediseaseinbothexposedand
non-exposedgroups;latercohortisfollowedprospectivelyinto
futureforoutcome.

---

825.Proportionalmortalityrateis?
a)Numberofdeathduetoaparticularcause

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Numberofdeathduringthatyear
c)Numberofdeathinonemonth
d)None
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Numberofdeathduetoaparticularcause

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Proportionalmortalityrate(ratio)
Proportionalmortalityratemeasurestheproportionoftotaldeath
duetospecificcauseorproportionofdeathsinaparticularage
group.
Itisdefinedas"numberofdeathsduetoaparticularcause(orin

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

specificagegroup)per100totaldeaths".
Itisthe'simplestmeasureofestimatingtheburdenofdisears'inthe
community.
Itisauseful'healthStatusindicator';indicatesmagnitudeof
preventablemortality.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Itisusedwhenpopulationdataisnotavailable.
Itdoesnotindicatetheriskofmembersofpopulationcontractingor
dyingfromthedisease.

---

826.Populationattributableriskisdefinedas
thedifferencebetween:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Incidenceinexposedandincidenceinnon-exposedcompared
withincidenceinnon-exposed
b)Incidenceinpopulationandincidenceinexposedcompared
withincidenceinpopulation
c)Incidenceinpopulationandincidenceinnon-exposed

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

comparedwithincidenceinpopulation
d)Incidenceinpopulationandincidenceinexposedcompared
withincidenceinnon-exposed
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.c.Incidenceinpopulationandincidenceinnon-exposed

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

comparedwithincidenceinpopulation
populationattributableriskisdefinedasthedifferencebetween
incidenceinpopulationandincidenceinnon-exposedcompared
withincidenceinpopulation.

---

827.Slectionbiasoccursduring?

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Recruitment
b)Treatment
c)Analysis
d)Observation
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'a'i.e.,Recruitment[Ref:Essentialsofepidemiologyin
PublicHealthp.270]
Selectionbiasesaredistortionthatresultfromprocedureusedto
selectsubjectsandfromfactorsthatinfluencestudyparticipation.
Groupstobecomparedaredifferentiallysusceptibletotheoutcome

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

evenbeforetheexperimentalmaneuverisperformed.
SelectionbiasusuallyoccursattheStageofrecruitmentof
participants.
Selectionbiasesislesslikelytooccurinacohortstudycomparedto
case-controlorcross-sectionalstudybecausestudyparticipantare

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

selectedbeforetheoutcomeoccurs.
Randomizedcontroltrialsdonothaveselectionbiasas
randomizationeliminatesselection(investigator)bias.

---

828.Selectionbiasoccursmainlyin
a)Cohortstudy

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)Case-controlstudy
c)RCT
d)Allhaveequalchances
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Case-controlstudy

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Case-controlstudy>cross-sectionalstudy>Retrospectivecohort
study>Prospectivecohortstudy>RCT
Selectionbias:Casesandcontrolsmaynotberepresentativeofthe
populationortheremaybesystematicdifferencesbetweenboth.

---

829.Beststudytechniquetostudythe

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

occurenceofrareadverseeffectsofdrug
?
a)Case-controlstudy
b)Cohortstudy
c)Clinicaltrial/experimentalstudy

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Cross-sectionalstudy
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Clinicaltrial/experimentalstudy[RefClinical
Researchformedicine2009/ep.62]
Experimentalepidemiologyisalsocalledtrial.Broadlyspeaking,a

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

trialreferstoputtingsomethingtoatest.Thisallowsthetermtobe
usedinreferencetoatestofatreatmentforthesickoratestofa
preventivemeasureintendedtoavertillness,injuryordisease.
Therefore,thedefiningfeatureofanexperimentalstudyisitsability
toallocateorassigninterventionsortreatmenttoexperimentunit.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Insimplewords,thestudyofatreatment(Drugs,surgical
intervention)orpreventivemeasure(e.g.vaccination)onliving
subjectsisknownasexperimentalstudyortrial.

---

830.Bladdercancercanoccurinthosewho
areworkinginchimneyfor25years.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Whichisthebeststudyforthis
relationship?
a)Meta-analysis
b)Cross-sectionalstudy
c)Randomizedcontroltrialwithdoubleblinding

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Cohortstudy
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Meta-analysis
Asasinglestudyunit,doubleblindRCTisthebest:
"Theefficacyofnewinterventionsaremostreadilyacceptedifthe

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

resultsarefromrandomizedcontroledtrial"
PeerReview&Biomedicalpublication
However,overallmeta-analysisisabetterstudysinceitcombines
thedatafrommultipleRCTandalsofromothertypesofstudy.
"Randomizedcontrolledtrials(RCT)providethestongest,most

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

relevantevidencetoinformpractice.Someevidencehierarchies
placesystematicreviewandmeta-analysisaboveRCTssincethese
oftencombinedatafrommultipleRCTs,andpossiblyfromother
studytypeaswell"?Epidemiologyataglance
So,systematicreviewandmeta-analysisofRCTsarethebest

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

epidemiologicalstudies.

---

831.Whichisanexampleofcasecontrol
study?
a)Thalidomideandteratogenicity
b)Framinghamheartstudy

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

c)PVCandangiosarcomaofliver
d)Doll&HillStudy
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Thalidomideandteratogenicity[Ref:Park
23rd/ep.74,75]

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

832.Advantageofcase-controloveracohort
study?
a)Attributableriskcanbecalculated
b)Odd'sratiocanbecalculated
c)Forraredisease

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

d)bandc
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Odd'sratiocanbecalculated&ci.e.,Forraredisease
oAcohortstudyismorereliablethanacase-controlstudyforan
associationbetweenasuspectedriskfactorandsubsequent

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

diseasebecauserelativeriskcanbeestimatedbycohortstudy,
whilecase-controlstudymeasuresonlyanestimateofrelativerisk
(oddsratio).
WhytheCase-ControlStudyissuitableforararediseasebutnot
CohortStudy?

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

oInthecohortstudy,weproceedfromeffecttocauseandifthe
studyisfortherarediseasewemaygetveryfewcasesornocase
attheendofthestudy.Forexample,ifararediseasehasan
incidencerate.01per1000(1per100000)populationandwetakea
sampleof100peopletoexposetheriskfactor,therewillbeveryfew

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

casesattheendofthestudyasthediseaseisveryrareandhasa
lowincidenceof1per100000population.(youcanexpect,Howlow
willbetheincidenceinasampleof100people).
oOntheotherhand,inthecase-controlstudy,wecanchoose
controlsforthefewavailablecasesandthehistoryof

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

possible/suspectedexposure(s)canbeexplored.

---

833.Immunitystartsafterhowmanydaysof
yellowfevervaccination?
a)7-10days
b)2-3weeks

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

c)4-5weeks
d)2-3months
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,7-10days[RefPark23rd/ep.283]
Yellowfevervaccine

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Itisaliveattenuatedfreezdried(lyophilized)vaccine,preparedfrom
17Dstrain.
Itisgivenbysubcutaneousrouteatinsertionofdeltoid.
Immunitylastsfrom7daysofvaccinationtill35years.Thevalidityof
thevaccinationcertificatebegins10daysafterthedateof

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

vaccinationandextendsupto10years.
Diluentusedforreconstitutioniscoldphysiologicalsalineand
reconstitutedvaccineshouldbeusedwithin30minutes.Coldchain
temperatureforstorageis-30?to+5?C.
Yellowfevervaccineistheonlylivevaccinethatcanbegivenin

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

pregnancy,ifrequired.Yellowfeverandcholeravaccinecannotbe
giventogether,aminimumgapof3weeksisrequiredbetweenthe
two.

---

834.WhichDipheriavaccineisrecommended
ina14yearsoldgirl?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)DPT
b)DT
c)Tdap
d)None
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'c'i.e.,Tdap[Ref:www.tapcoi.com]
AccordingtoIAP(IndianAcademyofPaediatricians)Tdapis
recommendedforadolescents(10-18years).(NoteTdapcontainsa
lowerconcentrationofdiphtheriaandpertusistoxoidsthanDtaP)
Note:

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

DPTDiphtheria,Cellularpertussis,Tetanu,usedbefore7years
DtaPDiphtheria,Tetanus,acellularpertussis
TdapTetanus,diphtheria(lowdose),acellularpertussis(low
dose)->usedinadolescents.

---

835.Dropletnucleiisatypeof?

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Verticaltransmission
b)Directtransmission
c)Indirecttransmission
d)Biologicaltransmission
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'b'i.e.,Directtransmission[RefPark23"1/ep.97-100,768]
Communicablediseasemaybetransmittedfromthereservoiror
sourceofinfectiontoasusceptiblehostinmanydifferentways.
Modesoftransmissionmaybe:?
1. Directtransmission:Directcontact,dropletinfection,contactwith

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

soil,inoculationintoskinormucosa,verticaltransmission(through
placenta).
2. Indirecttransmission:Vehicle-borne,vector-borne,air-borne,
fomite-borne,byuncleanedhand&fingers.

---

836.Whichisnotadirecttransmission?

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Dropletinfection
b)Verticaltransmission
c)Transmissionbymosquito
d)Soilcontact
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'c'i.e.,Transmissionbymosquito

---

837.AftertakingMMRlivevaccine,
conceptionshouldnotoccurwithin?
a)2weeks
b)4weeks

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

c)8weeks
d)10weeks
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,4weeks[RefCDCguidlinesofvaccinationin
pregnancy]

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Measles-mumps-rubella(MMR)vaccineanditscomponentvaccines
shouldnotbeadministeredtowomenknowntobepregnant.
Becausearisktobefetusfromadministrationoftheselivevirus
vaccinescannotbeexcludedfortheoreticalreasons,womenshould
becounseledtoavoidbecomingpregnantfor28daysafter

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

vaccinationwithMMRvaccineoritscomponentvaccinesorvaricella
vaccine.

---

838.Disinfectionofurineiswhichtypeof
disinfection?
a)Precurrent

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Concurrent
c)Preconcurrent
d)Terminal
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Concurrent[RefPark23"1/ep.127]

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Typesofdisinfection
Therearefollowingtypesofdisinfection:?
1)Precurrent(prophylactic)disinfection
Itisdoneasapreventivemethodbeforeillness,i.e.personisnotill,
forexamplechlorinationofwater,pasteurizationofmilk,and

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

handwashing.
2)Concurrentdisinfection
Itisdonewhenpersonisill.Itistheapplicationofdisinfective
measuresassoonaspossibleafterthedischargeofinfectious
materialfromthebodyofpatientorafterthesoilingofarticleswith

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

suchmaterial,i.e.,thediseaseagentisdestroyedassoonasitis
releasedfromthebody,andinthiswayfurtherspreadoftheagent
isstopped.e.g.,disinfectionofurine,faeces,vomit,contaminated
linen,clothes,hands,dressing,aprons,glovesetc.
3)Terminaldisinfection

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Itistheapplicationofdisinfectivemeasuresafterthepatienthas
takendischargefromhospitalorhe/shehasdied.e.g.,disinfection
ofhospitalrooms&floor,burningorburialofsoiledmaterial.

---

839.Notafreezedriedvaccine?
a)OPV

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Measles
c)DPT
d)Rubella
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,DPT[Ref:Park23"/ep.109&22"d/ep.104]

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Vaccinewhichmustbestoredinthecoldpartbutneverallowedto
freez.
Typhoid DPT TT
HepatitisB
DT

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

BCG Diluents

---

840.Mostwidelyusedvaccine,besideOPV?
a)BCG
b)TT
c)Influenza

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Pneumococcal
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,BCG[Refwww.ncbi.nlm.mih.]
"Makingwideruseoftheworld'smostwidelyusedvaccine:Bacille
calmette-Guerinerevaccinationreconsidered"

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

"Thebacillecalmette-Guerin(BCG)vaccinehasexistedfor80years
andisoneofthemostwidelyusedofallcurrentvaccines,reading>
80%ofneonatesandinfantsincounterieswhereitispartofthe
nationalchildhoodimmunizationprogramme

---

841.Trueaboutchickenpox?

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)CausedbyHerpessimplextype-7
b)SARis90%
c)Infectiousperiosis7dayspriorto7daysafteronsetofrash
d)Affectscommonly10-15yearsold
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'b'i.e.,SARis90%[RefPark23"/ep.144]
ThecausativeagentofchickenpoxisVaricella-Zostervirus
(HerpessimplextypeIII).
Itisanacuterespiratoryinfectionwithincubationperiod10-21days.
Infectionisacquiredthroughrespiratorytractviaairdropletsor

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

rarelyfromconjunctiva.
Infectiousperiod(communicableperiod)forchickenpoxis2
dayspriorto5daysafteronsetofrash,withaveryhigh
secondaryattackrateof90%.
Chicken-poxusuallyaffectschildrenofagegroup5-9years.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

842.Chickenpoxrashdoesnotinvolve?
a)Trunk
b)Axilla
c)Palms&soles
d)Back

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Palms&soles[RefPark23'/ep.144]
Rashofchickenpox:Superficial,unilocular,centripetal,
pleomorphic,symmetrical,affectsflexorsurfacesandaxilla,spares
palmsandsales,hasinflammationaround,rapidevolutionanddew-

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

droponrosepetalappearnace.

---

843.95%carrierand5%casesareseenin?
a)Measles
b)Diphtheria
c)Rabies

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)HepatitisB
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Diphtheria[Ref:Park23rd/ep.160]
DiphtheriaiscausedbyCorynebacteriumdiphtheriae,agram-
positivebacterium.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Sourceofinfectioniseithercaseorcarrier,withcarriersbeingthe
mostcommonsourcesofinfection,theirratioisestimatedto
be95carriersfor5clinicalcases.Nasalcarriersaremore
dangerousthanthroatcarriers.Inmunuzationdoesnotprevent
carrierstate.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

844.FollowingisHibconjugatevaccine?
a)Capsularpolysaccharide
b)Cellwallpolysaccheride
c)Capsularpolysaccheridewithcarrier
d)PRPwithcarrier

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-C:D
Ans.is'd>c'i.e.,PRPwithcarrier>Capsularpolysaccheride
withcarrier[RefPariza4th/ep.3401
ConjugatedHibvaccineincludePRP(polyribosyl
ribitolphasphate)covalentlylinkedtocarrierprotein.PRPisthe

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

CapsularpolysaccarideofHinfluenzaetypeB(Hib).
CurrentlythreetypesofHib(HinfluenzaetypeB)vaccinesare
available.Thesevaryin?
1. Proteincarrierused
2. Themolecularsizeofsaccharide

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

3. Mehtodofconjugationofproteintosaccharide
Thesevaccinesare-
1. HbOC(mutantdiphtheriatoxinasthecarrierprotein)
2. PRP-T(Tetanustoxoidasthecarrierprotein)
3. PRP-OMP(majorOMPofNmeningitidisserogroupBascarrier)

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

845.TrueaboutPertussisis?
a)Mostoftheinfectionsaresubclinical
b)MostinfectivestageisParoxysmalstage
c)DrugofchoiceisErythromycin
d)Cerebellarataxiamaybeacomplication

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,DrugofchoiceisErythromycin[RefPark23'/e
p.161]
Pertussis(Whoopingcough)
Pertussis,alsocalled'100daycough',iscausedbyBordetella

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

pertussis(only5%casesarecausedbyB.parapertussis).
Sourceofinfectionisacaseofpertussis.Thereisnosubclinical
caseorchroniccarrierstate.
Periodofinfectivity(communicability)extendsfromaweekafter
exposusetoabout3weeksaftertheonsetofparoxysmal

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

stage.Catarrhalstageismostinfective.Secondaryattackrate
ishigh,i.e.90%.
Fordiagnosis,goldstandardisisolationoforganisminculturefrom
nasopharyngealsecretion.
Erythromycinisthedrugofchoicefortreatmentofcasesas

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

wellasforcontacts.Isolationperiodis4weeksoruntil
paroxysmscease.

---

846.Trueaboutinfluenzainfectivity?
a)Communicableperiodis5daysbeforeto5daysaftertheonset
ofsymptoms

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Sourceofinfectionisclinicalcase
c)Therearenosubclinicalcases
d)Allarecorrect
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Sourceofinfectionisclinicalcase[RefPark

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

23rdiep.154]
Influenza
InfluenzavirusaRNAvirus,belongstoorthomyxovirus.
Sourceofinfectionofinfluenzaisaclinicalcaseorsubclinicalcase.
Majorreservoirofinfluenzavirusexistsinanimalandbirds.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Incubationperiodis18-72hours.Mostoftheinfectionsare
subclinical.Clinicalcasespresentwithcough,fever,myalgiaand
headache.
Complicationsincludepneumonia,encephalitis,Reye'ssyndrome
(withtype-Bvirus);GBsyndromeandgastricflu/GITsymptoms(with

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

type-Bvirus).
PeriodofCommunicabilityis1-2daysbeforeto1-2daysafteronset
ofsymptoms.

---

847.WhatiscommoninH5N1andH7N7
strainsofinfluenza?

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Frequentendemicinfectioninman
b)Havesamefrequencyofantigenicvariation
c)Strainsofavianinfluenza
d)Allarecorrect
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'c'i.e.,Strainsofavianinfluenza[RefEssentialsof
microbiologyp.701;Harrison18th/ep.1494;Park23rd/ep.153]
Avianinfluenza(Birdflu)
ItiscausedmostlybyH5N,strainofinfluenza-A.Itwasdetectedin
Hongkongin1997duringapandemicinpoultry.Itisapandemic

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

withhighmortalityrate(60%).
Othertypesofinfluenzaviruseswhichhavebeenobservedtocause
avianinfluenzaareH7N7andH9N2ofinfluenza-A.
Recentlyanoutbreakofavianinfluenzawascausedby112INT,in
China,in2013.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Drugofchoiceforavianinfluenzaisoseltamivir.

---

848.Notusedfortreatmentand/or
prophylaxisofseasonalinfluenza-
a)Amantidine
b)Rimantidine

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Oseltamivir
d)Acyclovir
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Acyclovir
Twoclassesofantiviraldrugsareavailableforthetreatmentand

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

preventionofinfluenza.
1. Neuraminidaseinhibitors:Zanamivir,Oseltamivir,peramivir
2. Adamantanes:Amantidine,rimantidine

---

849.Capsularpolysaccharidederivedvaccine
isavailableforallmeningocciexcept?

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)GroupA
b)GroupB
c)GroupC
d)GroupY
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'b'i.e.,GroupB[RefPark23rdiep.166]
MeningococcalvaccineispreparedfromCapsularpolysaccharide.
VaccinesareavailabeforgroupA,C,YandW-135.Bivalent(A,C),
trivalent(A,C,W135)andtetravalent(A,C,Y,W135)vaccinesare
available.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

MeningoccalgroupBvaccinewasnotavailableforlasttwo
decades.Recently,groupBvaccinehasalsobeendevelopedin
manycountries(UK,Ireland)andisapartofroutineimmunization
schedule.
Now,youmustbethinkingthatwhytheanswerofthisquestionis

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

groupBmeningococci.Thisisbecausemeningococcalvaccineis
notpreparedfromcapsularpolysaccharide.

---

850.Vaccinederivedpoliovirusoutbreaks
aredueto?
a)Type-2virus

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Type-3virus
c)Type-1virus
d)Alloftheabove
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Type-2virus

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

"Themaincauseofvaccinederivedpoliovirus(VDPV)outbreaksis
currentlytype-2componentofOPV"...Park23rd/e
"Currently,thetype-2componentcontainedintrivalentOPV
accountsformorethan90%ofallCVDPVcases".

---

851.Falseregardingpoliovaccination?

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Bothkilledandlivevaccinesareavailable
b)FirstOPVisgivenat4weeks
c)OPVinducesbothhumoralandintestinalimmunity
d)IPVisgivenintramuscularly
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'b'i.e.,FirstOPVisgivenat4weeks[RefPark23rd/e
p.206-210]
FirstOPV(zerodose)isgivenatbirth.
Therearetwopoliovaccines:killed(IPV)andliveattenuated(OPV)
OPVinducesbothhumoralandintestinalimmunity,whereasIPV

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

inducesonlyhumoralimmunity.
IPVisgivenintramuscularly(preferrable)orsubcutaneously.

---

852.Reservoirofinfectioninentericfever?
a)Birds
b)Cow

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Cattle
d)Man
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Man[RefPark23rdlep.235]
TyphoidfeveristheresultofsystemicinfectionmainlybyS.typhi

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

foundonlyinman.Thetermentericfeverincludebothtyphoidfever
(causedbyS.typhi)andparatyphoidfever(causedbyS.Paratyphi
&'C').
Reservoir-Manistheonlyreservoir.Carriersaremoreimportant
thancases.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Sourceofinfection
PrimaryFeces,Urine
Secondary-Water,food,fingers,flies.

---

853.Rideal-walkercoefficientfordisinfectant
usedforcholerastoolshouldbe?

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

a)2
b)4
c)7
d)10
CorrectAnswer-D

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'd'i.e.,10[RefPark23'1/4p.129-30&22"/ep.120]
Forcholerastool:?
"Themosteffectivedisinfectantforgeneraluseisacoal-tar
disinfectantwithaRideal-Walker(RW)coefficientof10ormore
suchascresol".-Park250

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

854.WomentravelingfromBihartoDelhiis
suspectingtohaveKala-azar.Suitable
investigationis?
a)P24antigen
b)Rk-39test

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

c)ComboRDT
d)HRP-2antigen
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,rk-39test[RefPark23rdlep.305,306;Essentialsof
microbiologyp.785]

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

LaboratorydiagnosisofKala-azar
ThedemonstrationofparasiteLDbodiesintheaspiratesofthe
spleen,liver,bonemarroworlymphnodeisonlywaytoconfirm
visceralleishmaniasis.
Hematologicalfindings:TESR,anaemia,reversedalbumin-globulin

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

ratio&leucopenia.
AldehydetestofNapierisasimpletestwidelyusedinIndiaforthe
diagnosisofKala-azar.
Serologicaltest:Directagglutinationtest,rk39dipsticktest,ELISA
&Indirectfluorescentantibodytest.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Leishmanintest:Thistestisbasedonskinreaction.

---

855.Mostcommonrouteofnosocomial
infection[Hospital-acquiredinfection]?
a)Droplettransmission
b)Directcontact

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Indirectcontact
d)Vehicletransmission
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is`B'i.e.,Directcontact[RefTextbookofEnvironmental
microbiologyp.819]

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Therearefollowingtypesofmodesoftransmissionofhospital-
acquiredinfections.
Contacttransmission
Itisthemostcommonandmostpreventablemeansoftransmission.
Itisdividedintotwotypes-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Directcontact:Itinvolvescontactofbodysurfacetobodysurface
withaphysicaltransferofmicroorganisms.Handcontactismost
commonmodeoftransmission.
Indirectcontact:Itinvolvesbodysurfacecontactwitha
contaminatedintermediateobject.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

856.Behavioralsurveillancesurveyisdonein
?
a)Malaria
b)Filaria
c)AIDS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)TB
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,AIDS[Refwww.cdc.gov/hiv]
Behavioralsurveillancesurveyisdoneinpersonswhoareathigh
riskforHIVinfection.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Surveillanceisconductedinrotating,annualcyclesinthreedifferent
populationsatincreasedriskforHIV:?
1. Gay,bisexualandothermenwhohavesexwithmen(MSMcycle).
2. Personswhoinjectdrugs(IDUcycle).
3. HeterosexualsatincreasedriskforHIVinfection(HETcycle).

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

857.DrugofchoiceforMasstherapyunder
filariacontrolProgramme?
a)Albendazole
b)Ivermectin
c)DEC

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Mebendazole
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,DEC[Refnvbdcp.gov.in]
Everypersonabove2yearsofagelivingintheendemicarea
(exceptforpregnentwomen&seriouslyillperson)shouldbegiven

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Diethylcarbamazinecitrate(DEC)tablets.
0-2yearsN.1.
t.,2-5years1tabletof100mg
6-14years2tabletsof100mg
15years3tabletsof100mg

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

---

858.Whichofthefollowinglarvicideisused
underurbanMalariaScheme?
a)Malathion
b)Parathion
c)DDT

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Abate
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Abate[Refnvbdcp.gov.in]
FollowingchemicallarvicidesareusedintheUrbanMalariaScheme
Programme

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

1. Temephos(Abate)
2. Bti(WPey,12AS)Bacillusthuringiensisisraelensis.

---

859.Regularinsectisidalsprayisdonewhen
APIis?
a)>1

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)>2
c)<1
d)<2
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,>2[Ref:Park20lep.384]

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

AreawithAPI<2focalspaying
AreawithAPI>2regularspray
AreashavingAnnualParasiteIndex(API)>2
Regular2roundsofinsecticidalspraywithDDT/Malathion/Synthetic
Pyrethroidsatthedoseof1,2,0.5mg/sqmeterrespectively.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Entomologicalassessmentforvectorbehavioranddevelopmentof
insecticidalresistance
Activeandpassivesurveillanceiscarriedoutonregularbasisevery
fortnight.
PresumptiveTreatmenttoallfevercasesandradicaltreatmenttoall

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

slidepositivecasesisgiven

---

860.MainfunctionofsodiumcitrateinORS?
a)Toincreaseabsorptionofglucosebycotransport
b)Tocorrectelectrolyteimbalance
c)TocorrectAcidosis

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Tocorrectdehydration
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,TocorrectAcidosis
Themainfunctionofsodiumcitrateistocorrectacidosis?
"ThecitrateinORSisneededforthetreatmentofacidosis,which

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

frequentlyoccurswithdehydration""Efficacyofsodiumcitrate
equalstosodiumbicarbonateforcorrectionofacidosisindiarrhea"

---

861.ForpostexposureprophylaxisforHIV
theregimenis?
a)Zidovodin+lamivudinfor4weeks

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Lamivudin+ritonavirfor4weeks
c)Zidovudin+lamivudin+Indinavirfor4weeks
d)Singledosezidovudin+lamivudin+Indinavir
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Zidovudin+lamivudin+Indinavirfor4weeks

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Postexposureprophylaxis
Anti-retroviraldrugforpost-exposureprophylaxisshouldbeinitiated
assoonaspossibleaftertheexposurewithinthefirstfewhoursand
nolaterthan72hours.
Usuallycombinationoftwonucleosidereversetranscriptase

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

inhibitors(zidovudinandlamivudin)plusaproteaseinhibitor
(ritonavirorindinavir)isgivenfor4weeks.
Toproventmothertochildtransmission,thepreferredregimenis
singledoseofnevirapinetomotheratonsetoflabourandtochild
within72hoursofbirth.Zidovudineisalsoused,butrequires

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

multipledosage.Caesareansectionreducestheriskoftransmission
by50%.

---

862.Trueaboutpost-exposureprophylaxisin
HIV?
a)Shouldbegivenin5daysofexposure

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Singledosenevirapinepreventsmothertochildtransmission
c)Givenfor2weeks
d)StandardprotocolistouseAnyTwoNRTIswithnootherdrugs
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Singledosenevirapinepreventsmothertochild

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

transmission[RefHasbeenexplained]

---

863.Incubationperiodofplasmodiumvivax
is-
a)5-7days
b)7-10days

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)10-14days
d)15-30days
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,10-14days

---

864.Drugofchoiceforplasmodiumvivaxis:

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

September2006
a)Mefloquine
b)Chloroquine
c)Artesunate
d)Quinine

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B:Chloroquine
Chloroquineremainsthetreatmentofchoiceforclinicalcureand
suppressiveprophylaxisofalltypesofmalaria,exceptthatcaused
byresistantP.falciparum.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Inshorttimevisitorstochloroquine-sensitiveendemicareas,
suppressivedoseshouldbestarted1weekbeforeandcontinuedfor
4weeksafterreturning.

---

865.Maximumrelativeriskattributedby
obesitytowhichcondition?

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Hypertension
b)CHD
c)DM
d)Cancer
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'c'i.e.,DM[RefObesityclinicalmanagementp.712]
"Recently,ameta-analysisof89studiesexaminingtherelativerisk
ofobesity-relatedco-morbiditiesshowedthatthestrongest
associationwaswithtype2diabetesmellitus"
"ProportionoftypeIIdiabetesthatisattributabletoobesitywas

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

approximately61%whereastheproportionofCHDthatwast
attributabletoobesitywasapproximately17%"

---

866.RuleofHalvesisrelatedto?
a)Obesity
b)Burns

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Blindness
d)Hypertension
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Hypertension[RefPark23'/ep.376]
RuleofHalves:Hypertensionisan'Icebergdisease'.Onlyabouthalf

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

ofhypertensivesubjectsingeneralpopulationofmostofthe
developedcountriesareawareofcondition,onlyhalfofthoseaware
oftheproblemwerebeingtreatedandonlyhalfofthosetreated
wereconsideredadequatelytreated.

---

867.Totalcommunicationmeans?

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Useofallmethodsofcommunicationforadvertisment
b)Useofallmethodsofcommunicationforschoolteaching
c)Useofallmethodsofcommunicationforcommunity
participation
d)Usingeverycommunicationoptiontoteachdeafchild

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Usingeverycommunicationoptiontoteachdeaf
child[RefDevelopment-behavioralpediatricsp.392]
Totalcommunicationisphilosophyofeducatingchildrenwith
hearingloss(deafchildren)thatincorporatesallmeansof

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

communication,i.e.formalsigns,naturalgestures,fingerspelling,
bodylanguage,listening,lipreadingandspeech.

---

868.Newborncarecornerispresentin?
a)NICU
b)OPD

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Labourroom
d)Wardssideroom
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Labourroom[Refdghs.gov.bd]
Newborncarecornerisaspacewithinthedeliveryroomwhere

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

immediatecareisprovidedtoallnewborns
Healthfacility
Allnewbornsatbirth
Sicknewborns
MCHlevelI:

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Newborncarecorner
Promptreferral
PHC,Subcentre (NBCC)inlabourroom
Newborn
MCHlevel11:

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

NBCCinlabourroomand stabilizationunit
CHC,First
operationtheatre
(NBSU)
referralunit

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

NBCCinlabourroomand Specialnewborn
(FRU)
operationtheatre
careunit(SNCU)
MCHlevel

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Districthospital

---

869.Smokingispreventivefor?
a)Lungcancer
b)Chronicbronchitis
c)Ulcerativecolitis

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)CHD
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Ulcerativecolitis
Smokinghasbeenshowntohavesomeprotectiveeffectin-
1. Ulcerativecolitis

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

2. Parkinson'sdisease
3. Endometrialcanceranduterinefibroid
4. Pre-eclampsia
5. Thyroidcancer
6. Skincancer(melanoma)

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

7. Psychiatricsymptoms
8. Aphthousstomatitis

---

870.Accordingfemalesterlization2014
guidelines,eligibilitycriteriaforfemale
sterilizationareallexcept?

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Agebetween22-49years
b)Shouldhaveatleast1child
c)Unmarriedwoman
d)Partnerisnotsterilized
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'c'i.e.,Unmarriedwoman[Refwww.tvhealth.org]
Followingaretheeligibilitycriteriaforfemalesterilization(2014)?
1. Clientsshouldbeever-married.
2. Femaleclientsshouldbeabovetheageof22yearsandbelowthe
ageof49years.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Thecoupleshouldhaveatleastonechild,whoseageisaboveone
year,unlessthesterilizationismedicallyindicated.
4. Clientsortheirspouses/partnersmustnothaveundergone
sterilizationinthepast(notapplicableincasesoffailureofprevious
sterilization).

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

5. Clientsmustbeinasoundstateofmind,soastounderstandthefull
implicationsofsterilization.
6. Mentallyillclientsmustbecertifiedbyapsychiatristandastatement
shouldbegivenbythelegalguardian/spouseregardingthe
soundnessoftheclient'sstateofmind.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

7. Arelevantmedicalhistory,physicalexaminationandlaboratory
investigationsneedtobecompletedtoascertaineligibilityfor
surgery.

---

871.WhichstatehaslowestIMR?
a)UttarPradesh

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)Kerala
c)Maharashtra
d)TamilNadu
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Kerala[RefPark23rd/ep.563-561

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Keralahaslowest-
1. Infantmortalityrate
2. Neonatalmortalityrate
3. Postneonatalmortalityrate
4. Childmortalityrate

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

872.Grossreproductionrateis?
a)Numberofgirlsborntoamotherinherreproductiveage
b)Numberofboysborntoamotherinherreproductiveage
c)Numberoftotalchildrenborntoamotherinherreproductive
age

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Numberoflivesbirthsper1000women
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Numberofgirlsborntoamotherinher
reproductiveage[RefPark23'/ep.489]
Grossreproductionrate

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Averagenumberofgirlsthatwouldbeborntoamarriedwomanif
sheexperiencesthecurrentfertilitypatternthroughouther
reproductivespan(15-44or49year)assumingnomortality.
GRRinIndiais1.1(1.2inruralareasand0.8inurbanareas).

---

873.Inatownthereare2500livebirthwithin

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

sixmonth.Duringsameperiod5women
diedduetoperipartuminfection,5died
duetoelectrocution,2dieddueto
obstructedlaborand3diedduetoPPH.
WhatistheMMR?

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a)4per1000livebirth
b)6per1000livebirth
c)40per1000livebirth
d)60per1000livebirth
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'a'i.e.,4per1000livebirth[RefPark23rd/ep.559]
Inthisquestion,pregnancyrelateddeathsare10(infection,
obstructedlaborandPPH).Electrocutionisnotapregnancy/labor
relateddeathsoexcludedfromnumerator..

---

874.Vitalstatisticsinapopulationare?

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Sexratio
b)Agecomposition
c)Birthrate
d)Dependencyratio
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'c'i.e.,Birthrate
Vitalstatisticsarestatisticsconcerningtheimportanteventsin
humonlife,suchasbirth,death,marriagesandmigration.Theseare
-
Birthrates

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Deathrates
Infantmortalityrate
Fertilityrate
Mortalilityrates(perinatalmortalityrate,MMR,CMRetc)

---

875.Whatisexponentialgrowth?

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Rapidgrowthinpopulationthatleadstodisbalanceinbirthand
deaths
b)Slowgrowthrate
c)Growthlimitedbylimitingfactors
d)None

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Rapidgrowthinpopulationthatleadsto
dysbalanceinbirthanddeaths[RefO.P.Ghai7Vep.93]
ExponentionalVslogisticpopulationgrowth
Thepopulationgrowthofaspeciesisregulatedbylimitingfactors

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

(resources)thatexistwithinthespeciesenvironment.
Populationgrowthmaintainsequilibriuminallspeciesundernormal
conditionsbacauseoftheselimitingfactors.
Apopulationsoverallgrowthrateisaffectedbythebirth
rateanddeathrate.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Therateofincreasewithinapopulationsisrepresentedbythebirth
rateminusdeathrate.
Whenthegrowthrateinapopulationisrepresentedbythebirthrate
minusthedeathrate,thepopulationremainsataconstantlevel.

---

876.Sampleregistrationsystemisdoneonce

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

in?
a)6months
b)1year
c)2years
d)5years

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,6Months

---

877.Inacommunityof1000000population
105childrenwereborninayearoutof

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

which5wasstillbirths,and4diedwithin
6monthsafterbirth.TheIMRis?
a)40
b)90
c)120

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

d)150
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,40[Ref:Readbelow]
Inthegivenquestionoutof105deliveries,5werestillbirths-3Thus,
livebirthsare100.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Infantdeathsare4.

---

878.Maternalmortalityrateisdefinedas?
a)Maternaldeathper1000totalbirths
b)Maternaldeathper1000livebirths
c)Maternaldeathper1000women

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Maternaldeathper1000womenofreproductiveage
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Maternaldeathper1000womenofreproductive
age[RefPark23rd/ep.558-559]
Maternalmortalityrate=Totalno.offemaledeathdueto

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

complicationofpregnancychildbirthorwithin42daysofdelivery/
Totalno.ofwomenofreproductiveagex1000

---

879.NPUforeggis?
a)70
b)80

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)85
d)100
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,100
Thenetproteinutilization,orNPU,istheratioofamino

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

acidmassconvertedtoproteinstothemassofaminoacids
supplied.
NPUforegg:100 Wheat:51
Fish:77
NPUformeat:80 Pulses:45-50 Rice:65

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

NPUformilk:81 Soyabean:55

---

880.Skeletalfluorosisoccurswithfluoride
levelinwater?
a)<1.5mg/L
b)1.5-3mg/L

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

c)3-6mg/L
d)>10mg/L
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'C'i.e.,3-6mg/L
Dentalfluorosis>1.5mg/L(PPM)

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Skeletalfluorosis3-6mg/L(PPM)
Cripplingfluorosis>10mg/L(PPM)

---

881.Mid-daymealprovides?
a)1/2ofenergy
b)1/3ofprotein

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

c)30gmpulse/day
d)Allarecorrect
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,30gmpulse/day[RefPark23"Vep.662]
Mid-dayMealProgramme

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Itisalsoknownas'SchoolLunchProgramme'.Itwaslaunched
in1961underMinistryofEducation.Thefeaturesofprogramme
are:
1. Mealshouldbeasupplementandnotasubstituetohomediet.
2. Themealshouldsupplyatleast1/3oftotalenergyrequirementand

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Y2oftotalproteinrequirement.
Amodel-menuofmid-dayschoolmealisasfollows:-
Amid-dayschoolmeal
Foodstuffs
g/day/child

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Cerealsandmillets
75
Pulses
30
Oilsandfats

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

8
Leafyvegetables
30
Non-leafyvegetables 30

---

882.Maximumproteinisfoundin?

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Egg
b)Soyabean
c)Rice
d)Wheat
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'b'i.e.,Soyabean

---

883.Tabletforsupplementationofironand
folicacidforadultcontains?
a)20mgiron,5001,tgfolicaci
b)40mgiron,250folicacid

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

c)100mgiron,500ligfolicacid
d)100mgiron,100hgfolicacid
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,100mgiron,500jigfolicacid

---

884.Limitingaminoacidincereals?

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Methionine
b)Tryptophan
c)Lysine
d)Cysteine
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'c'i.e.,Lysine
Food
Deficiency
Cereals Lysine&threonine
Wheat

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Lysine&threonine
Maize
Tryptophan&lysine
Pulses
Methionine&cysteine

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Soybean Methionine

---

885.VanaspatiGheeisfortifiedwith?
a)Iodine
b)VitaminA
c)Iron

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Calcium
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,VitaminA
Examplesoffoodfortification:-
1. IodisationofSalt

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

2. AdditionofvitaminAandDinvanaspati(2500IUvitaminAand175
IUvitaminDper100gm).
3. Fluoridationofwater.
4. Calciumaddedtofruitjuices.
5. Folicacidaddedtoflour.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

886.VillageHealthandNutritionDay(VHND)
isobserved?
a)Everyweek
b)Everymonth
c)Every6month

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Everyyear
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'B'i.e.,Everymonth
TheVillage-HealthandNutritionday(VHND)istobeorganized
onceeverymonthonafixedday(suchasthesecondSaturday).

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

ThedaycanbedecidedbytheVHWSC(villagehealthandwater
sanitationcommittee)ineachvillageatanyoneoftheAnganwadi
centers(AWCs)inthatvillage,preferably,alltheAWCsshouldbe
coveredbyrotation.
Onthatday,AnganwadiworkerandotherVHWSCmemberswill

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

mobilizevillagerstoassembleinAWC.

---

887.Phrynodermaisdueto...deficiency-
a)VitaminD
b)Niacin
c)VitaminA

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Essentialfattyacid
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Essentialfattyacid
Invitamin'A'deficiencythereistoadlikeskinalsoknownas
phrynoderma.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

oButthisisduetoassociateddeficiencyofessentialfattyacids.

---

888.Proteinqualityassessmentisbestdone
by?
a)NPU
b)Biologicalvalue

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Digestibillitycoefficient
d)Aminoacidscore
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,NPU
oNetproteinutilizationisconsideredtobemostpractilebecauseit

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

istheproductofbiologicalvalueanddigestibilitycoefficientdivided
by100.

---

889.Nutrientwhichislostmaximumin
polishedrice?
a)Proteins

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Thiamine
c)Ascorbicacid
d)Calcitriol
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Thiamine

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Effectofmillingonrice
Themillingprocessdeprivesthericegrainofitsvaluablenutritive
elements

---

890.Glycemicindexisdefinedas:
a)Glucosecontrolinlast3months

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Measureofthechangeinthebloodglucosefollowingingestion
ofproteins
c)Measureofthechangeinthebloodglucosefollowingingestion
ofcarbohydrate
d)Measureofthechangeinthebloodglucosefollowingingestion

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

offats.
CorrectAnswer-C
TheGlycemicindex(GI)ofacarbohydratecontainingfoodisa
measureofthechangeinthebloodglucosefollowingitsingestion

---

891.Lowglycemicindexisclassifiedasvaluelessthan:

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)25
b)45
c)55
d)65
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Conceptofglycemicindexhasutilityinmanagementofdiabetesandobesity.
GIrange
Classification
Example

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Mostfruitsandvegetablesexceptpotatoesandwatermelon,
LowGI
55orless pastabeans,lentils
MediumGI
56-69

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Sucrose,brownrice,basmatirice
70or
HighGI
Cornflakes,whitebread,candybar
more

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ref:Park22ndedition,page568

---

892.Caloricrequirementinanadultmalefor
heavywork?
a)1800kcal/d
b)2300kcal/d

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

c)3000kcal/d
d)3500kcal/d
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is`d'i.e.,3500kcal/d[RefPark23rdlep.634]
IndianReferenceIndianReference

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Energyrequirements Man
Woman
Lightwork
2320kcal/day 1900kcal/day
Moderatework

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2730kcal/day 2230kcal/day
Heavywork
3490kcal/day 2850kcal/day

---

893.Differencesbetweenhumanmilkand
cowmilkareallofthefollowingexcept:

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

September2005
a)Cowmilkhascomparativelymorefat
b)Cowmilkhascomparativelymoreprotein
c)Cowmilkhascomparativelymorecalcium
d)Cowmilkisirondeficient

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D:Cowmilkisirondeficient
Cowmilkhascomparativelymoreenergy,fat,protein,minerals,iron
andcalciumHumanmilkhascomparativelymoreoflactoseand
vitaminCbutisdeficientofiron.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

---

894.Skinfoldthicknessismeasuredinallofthefollowingplaces,EXCEPT:
a)Midtriceps
b)Biceps
c)Suprapubic
d)Suprailiac

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-C
Harpendencallipersareusedtomeasureskinfoldthickness.
Skinfoldthicknessismeasuredinmidtriceps,biceps,suprailiacandsubscapular
areas.
Thesumofthesemeasurementsshouldbelessthan40mminboysand50mmingirls.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Ref:Park21stedition,page369.

---

895.Whichistrueofpathogenicmosquitoes
?
a)Anopheleshasspottedabdomen
b)Mansonilayseggssingly

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Culexcauseyellowfever
d)Aedeshasstrippedyellowscales
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Aedeshasstrippedyellowscales[RefPark23rdie
p.769&22nd/ep.714]

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aedesmosquitoesareeasilydistinguishedbywhitestripesona
blackbody.BecauseofthestripedorbandedCharacteroftheirlegs
theyaresometimesreferredtoastigermosquito.
Anopheleshasspottedwings(notspottedabdomen).
Mansonilayseggsinclusters.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Yellowfeveriscausedbyaedesmosquito(notculex).

---

896.Whichisnotanarylorganophosphate?
a)Malathion
b)Parathion
c)Chlorthion

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Diazinon
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Malathion
Organophosphates
Alkyl

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Aryl
Malathion
Diazinon
Sulfotepp
Parathion

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Demeton
Chlorpyrifos Triclorfon
Chlorthion
HETP
Paraoxon

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

TEPP

---

897.Trueaboutculexlarvae?
a)Restparalleltosurfacewater
b)LongPalmatehair
c)Siphontubepresent

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Allaretrue
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Siphontubepresent[RefPark23'/ep.769&
22"d/ep.714]

---

898.Horrock'sapparatusisusedtomeasure

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

?
a)Windvelocity
b)Humidity
c)Chlorinedemand
d)Coolingpower

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Chlorinedemand
-ChlorinedemandforwatercanbeestimatedbyHorrock's
apparatus.
-Chlorinedemandofwateristheamountofchlorinethatisneeded

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

todestroybacteriaandtooxidizealltheorganicmatterand
ammoniacalsubstancespresentinwater.
-Itisthedifferencebetweentheamountofchlorineaddedtothe
water,andtheamountofresidualchlorineremainingattheendofa
specificperiodofcontact(usually1hr),atagiventemperatureand

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

pHofthewater

---

899.IndicatorusedinHorroch'sapparatus?
a)Bleachingpowder
b)Soda-lime
c)Potassiumpermagnate

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Starchiodine
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Starchiodine[RefPark23'/ep.717]
InHorrock'sapparatus,6cupsarefilledwithwaterandindicator
(starchiodine)isaddedinincreasingquantityineachcup(1unitin

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

lst,2unitsin2nd,3unitsinthirdandsoon).
Thefirstcupwhichshowsthebluecolorismultipliedby2,for
exampleif2ndcupshowsbluecolourthan4grams(2x2)of
bleachingpowderwillrequiredtodisinfect455litreofwater.

---

900.Inwatertestingfromawell[containing

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

75000litresofwater]byHorrock's
apparatus,thereisbluecolourfrom
4thcuponwards.Whatistheamountof
bleachingpowderrequiredtodisinfect
thewater?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)1000gm
b)1300gm
c)1600gm
d)2000gm
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'b'i.e.,1300gm
InHorrock'sapparatus,6cupsarefilledwithwaterandindicator
(starchiodine)isaddedinincreasingquantityineachcup(1unitin
1st,2unitsin2nd,3unitsinthirdandsoon).
Thefirstcupwhichshowsthebluecolorismultipliedby2,for

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

example,ifthe2ndcupshowsabluecolourthan4grams(2x2)of
bleachingpowderwillberequiredtodisinfect455litreofwater.
Bleachingpowderrequired=8*75000/455=1318

---

901.Daylightfactorinthekitchenshouldbe?
a)5%

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)8%
c)10%
d)15%
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,10%[RefPark22"d/ep.687,688]

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Minimumrecommendeddaylightfactor:
Livingroom8%
Kitchens10%

---

902.Anemometermeasures?
a)Humidity

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Airvelocity
c)Roomtemperature
d)Radianttemperature
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Airvelocity[RefPark23'/ep.749&22"d/ep.695]

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

903.SIunitofluminalintesityis-
a)Candela
b)Lumen
c)Lux
d)Coulomb

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Candela[RefBASAKp.4]
CandelaistheSIbaseunitofluminousintensity,i.e.luminous
powerperunitsolidangleemittedbyapointlightsourceina
particulardirection.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

SIunitofluminousintensity-?Candela
SIunitofluminousflux-?Lumen
SIunitofilluminance-?Lux

---

904.WasteSharpsshouldbedisposedin?
a)Blackbag

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Yellowbag
c)Bluebag
d)Noneofthese
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Bluebag[RefPark23'/ep.793-794]

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

905.Whichcategorywasteisdisposedinred
bags?
a)Category1
b)Category2
c)Category3

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Category10
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Category3[RefPark23'/ep.793,794]

---

906.Allareincineratedexcept?
a)Humananatomicalwaste

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Animalwaste
c)Infectedsolidwaste
d)Brokenthermometers
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Brokenthermometers[Ref:Park23"1/ep.791&

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

22"/ep.738]
"Wastetypesnottobeincineratedare:(a)pressurizedgas
container;(b)largeamountofreactivechemicalwastes;(c)silver
saltsandphotographicorradiographicwastes;(d)Halogenated
plasticssuchasPVC;(e)wastewithhighmercuryorcadmium

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

content,suchasbrokenthermometers,usedbatteries,andlead-
linedwoodenpanels;and(J)sealedampulesorampulescontaining
heavymetals"

---

907.Incinerationisusedforwhichcategory
ofwaste?

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Category1
b)Category7
c)Category4
d)Category10
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'a'i.e.,Category1[RefPark23`alep.793-794]
Incinerationisdoneforcategory1,2,3&6

---

908.Micropolysoporafaenicauses?
a)Baggasosis
b)Farmer'slung

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Suberosis
d)Sequousis
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'B'i.e.,Farmer'slung
MicropolysporafaeniinHayorgraindustcausesfarmer'slung.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Anthracosis
Silicosis
Coaldust
Siderosis
Silica

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Byssinosis
Iron
Farmer'slung
Cottondust(textileindustry)
Sequousis

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Hayorgraindust(micropolysporafaeni)
Suberosis
Moldyredwoodsawdust
Detergentworker's
Moldycorkdust

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

lung
Enzymeadditives
Baggassosis
Sugarcanedust(thermoactinomyces
sacchari)

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

909.Indisastermanagementallaretrue
except
a)Mitigationbeforeadisasterstrikes
b)Responseinpre-disasterphase
c)Yellowcolourisformediumpriority

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Gastroenteritisiscommonestinfectionafterdisaster
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'B'i.e.,Responseinpre-disasterphase
Disastermanagement
DisasterImpact

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Mostinjuriesaresustainedduringtheimpact,andthusthe
greatestneedforemergencycareoccursinthefirstfewhours.
Themanagementcanbedividedinto:-
Search,rescueandfirstaid:Mostimmediatehelpcomesfrom
uninjuredsurvivors.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Fieldcare:Asmanyinjuredpatientscomesimultaneously,
emergencyservicesshouldbeproperintermsofpriorityand
numbersoffacilities.
Triage:Triageconsistsofclassifyingtheinjuredbasedonthe
severityofinjuriesandthelikelihoodoftheirsurvivalwithprompt

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

medicalintervention.Themostcommontriageclassificationsystem
usedinternationallyisfourcolourcodesystem:?
1. Red Highpriority
-
treatmentortransfer

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

2. Yellow Mediumpriority
-
3. Green
Ambulatorypatients

---

4. Black

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Deadormoribund
-
patients
Tagging:Allpatientsshouldbeidentifiedwithtags.
Identificationofthedead:Properrespecttodeadisofgreat

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

importance

---

910. Indisastermanagementfollowingare
practicedexcept
a)Triage
b)Rehabilitation

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Massvaccination
d)Disasterresponse
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Massvaccination
DisasterManagementincludesthreeaspects:

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

1.Disasterimpactandresponse:
Search,rescue,andfirst-aid
?Fieldcare
?Triage
?Tagging

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

?Identificationofthedead
2.Rehabilitationorrecovery:
?Watersupply
?Basicsanitationandpersonalhygiene
?Foodsafety

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?Vectorcontrol
3.Mitigation:Measuresdesignedeithertopreventhazardsfrom
causingdisasterortoreducetheeffectsofthedisaster.This
alsoincludespreparednessforanyimpendingdisastersorin
disaster-proneareas.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

911.TrueaboutAnganwadiworkerisall
except?
a)Mostlyfemale
b)Trainingfor4months
c)UnderICDSscheme

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Coversapopulationof2000
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'D'i.e.,Coversapopulationof2000
AnganwadicenterismainlymanagedbyAnganwadiworker.
MostlyAnganwadiworkerisafemaleworker.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Sheisahealthworkerchosenfromthecommunityandgiven4
monthstraininginhealth,nutritionandchildcare.
oneAWCisfor400-800population

---

912.AsperICDSscheme,thereshouldbe
oneAnganwadicentreforapopulation

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

of?
a)1000-1500
b)2000-25000
c)400-800
d)100-200

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,400-800
TherecommendationsofAnganwadicenterare:?
1. Rural/urbanprojects->Oneanganwadicentereper400-800
population,andonemini-anganwadicenterper150-400population.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Tribal/Hilly/OtherdifficultareasOneanganwadicentreper300-800
population,andonemini-anganwadicentreper150-300population.

---

913.AllaretrueforASHAworkerEXCEPT:
March2013
a)InformsaboutbirthanddeathsinhervillagetoPHC

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Educationatleasttill4thclassorhigher
c)Localresident
d)Worksper1000peopleofanarea
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.Bi.e.Educationatleasttill4thclassorhigher

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ASHA/AccreditedSocialHealthActivists(ASHAs)
ASHAsmustprimarilybefemaleresidentsofthevillagethatthey
havebeenselectedtoserve,whoarelikelytoremaininthatvillage
fortheforeseeablefuture.
Married,widowedordivorcedwomenarepreferredoverwomen

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

whohaveyettomarrysinceIndianculturalnormsdictatethatupon
marriageawomanleaveshervillageandmigratestothatofher
husband.
ASHAsmusthaveclasseighteducationorhigher,preferablybe
betweentheagesof25and45,andareselectedbyand

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

accountabletothegrampanchayat(localgovernment).

---

914.TrueaboutASHAareallexcept
a)Oneper1000ruralpopulation
b)Mobiliserofantenatalcare
c)Femalevoluntaryworker

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Skilledbirthattendant
CorrectAnswer-D
skilledbirthattendant/Ref:Park20/e,p380-381(19k,p365)1
Ref.littp://molifw.nic.in/NRHM/stakeholders.htm
ASHAisthecentralcomponentoftheNationalRuralHealthMission

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

(NRHM)
NationalRuralHealthMission(NRHM)waslaunchedtoaddressthe
healthneedsofruralpopulation,especiallythevulnerablesections
ofsociety
OneofthekeycomponentsoftheNationalRuralHealthMissionis

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

toprovideeveryvillageinthecountrywithatrainedfemale
communityhealthactivist--`ASHA'orAccreditedSocialHealth
Activist.Selectedfromthevillaitselfandaccountabletoit,theASHA
willhetrainedtoworkasaninterfacebetweenthecommunityand
thepublicehealthsystem.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

FollowingarethekeycomponentsofASHA:
ASHAmustprimarilybeawomanresidentofthevillage--married/
widowed/divorced,preferablyintheagegroupof25to45years.
Sheshouldbealiteratewomanwithformaleducationuptoclass
eight.Thismayberelaxedonlyifnosuitablepersonwiththis

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

qualificationisavailable.
ASHAwillbethefirstportofcallforanyhealthrelateddemandsof
deprivedsectionsofthepopulation,especiallywomenandchildren,
whofinditdifficulttoaccesshealthservices

---

ASHAwillbeahealthactivistinthecommunitywhowillcreate

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

awarenessonhealthanditssocialdeterminantsandmobilizethe
communitytowardslocalhealthplanningandincareasedutilization
andaccountabilityoftheexistinghealthservices.Shewouldbea
promoterofgoodhealthpractices.
Shewillcounselwomenonbirthpreparedness,importanceofsafe

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

delivery,breastfeedingandcomplementaryfeeding,immunization,
contraceptionandpreventionofcommoninfectionsincluding
ReproductiveTractInfection/SexuallyTransmittedInfection
(RT1s/STIs)andcareoftheyoungchild
Thegynaecomastiacausingdrugscanhecategorizedinto:

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Thefirsttypearedrugsthatactexactlylikeestrogens,suchas
diethylstilbestrol,birthcontrolpills,digitalis,andestrogencontaining
cosmetics.
Thesecondtypeisdrugsthatenhanceendogenousestrogen
formationsuchasgonadotropinsandclomiphene.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Thethirdtypeisdrugsthatinhibittestosteronesynthesisandaction
suchasspironolactone,ketoconazole,metronidazoleand
cimetidine.
Thefinaltypeisdrugsthatactbyunknownmechanismssuchas
isoniazid,methyldopa,captopril,tricyclicantidepressants,diazepam

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

andheroin.
Alsoknow,
TestosteronealsocausesGynaecomastia

---

915.Allofthefollowingaredutiesofan
ASHAworkerexcept:

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Primaryscreeningforprevalenceofnon-communicable
diseases
b)AdministeringzerodoseofDPTandOPV
c)AssessingthesuccessofnationalprogramsunderANM
d)All

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Ans:C.AdministeringzerodoseofDPTandOPV
Ref:Park24Iep936,23Iep449,22Iep414;MinistryofHealthanti
FamilyWelfare(MoHFW).(2005b).ReadingMaterialforASHA.
GovernmentofIndia)

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

ASHAdoes'ntreceivefinancialremunerationforadministeringzero
doseofDPTandOPVisnotthefunctionofASHA.
ASHAPaymentsunderJananiSurakshaYojana(JSY):On45th
Day:
6visitsininstitutionaldeliveries(Day3,7,14,21,28,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

7visitsinhomedeliveries(Day1,3,7,14,21,28,42).
Birthweightrecord
ImmunizedwithBCG,firstdoseofOPV&DPT
Birthregistration
Mother&childaresafe

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

---

916.ASHAgetsremunerationonallexcept?
a)Institutionaldelivery
b)ZerodoseofOPVandBCG
c)Recordingbirthweight
d)Birthregistration

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,ZerodoseofOPVandBCG

---

917.Swajaldharaprogrammeisassociatedwith:
a)Provisionofsafedrinkingwater
b)Provisionoffoodsupplementsfordestitutewomen

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Provisionofreliefforvictimofsexualabuse
d)Provisionofhealthcareforsicktribals
CorrectAnswer-A
Swajaldharaisacommunityleadparticipatoryprogramme,whichaimsatprovisionofsafe
drinkingwaterinruralareaswiththefullownershipofthecommunity.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Swajaldharahas2components:
SwajaldharaI?foraGramaPanjayathoragroupofPanjayath
SwajaldharaII?foradistrictassuch
Ref:Park,Edition21,Page-419

---

918.Groupof4-8expertstalkinginfrontofa

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

largegroupofaudienceisknown
as:
September2011
a)Symposium
b)Workshop

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Seminar
d)Paneldiscussion
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D:PanelDiscussion
Inapaneldiscussion,4-8personswhoarequalifiedtotalkaboutthe

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

topicsitanddiscussagivenproblem,orthetopic,infrontofalarge
groupofaudience
PanelDiscussion
Apanelconsistsofasmallgroupoffouroreightpersons,whocarry
onaguidedandinformaldiscussionbeforeanaudienceasifthe

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

panelweremeetingalone.
Theproceedingsofthepanelshouldbethesameasthose
describedforinformaldiscussion:volunteeringoffacts,
askingquestions,statingopinions-allexpressedwithgeniality,with
respectforthecontributionsofothermembers,withoutspeech

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

making,andwithoutmakinginvidiouspersonalreferences.
Thisprimaryfunctionshouldoccupyapproximatelytwo-thirdsofthe
allottedtime-sayfortyminutesofanhour'smeeting.
Thesecondaryfunctionofthepanelistoanswerquestionsfromthe
audience.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Thisdiscussionmethodissuitableforusewhenarelativelylarge
audienceisanticipated.

---

audienceisanticipated.
Thedisadvantageofthemethodisthatitconfinesmostofthe
discussiontothepanelitself.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Theaudiencelistensandisgivenachancetoaskquestions,butfor
themostpartispassiveandreceptive.
Paneldiscussions,ifwellconducted,areusuallymoreinterestingto
theaudiencethanisthesingle-speakerforum.
Theyprovidesufficientlyvariedclashofopinionandpresentationof

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

factstogiveeventhequietmembersoftheaudienceafeelingof
vicariousparticipation.
Qualityandtasksofleadershipinpaneldiscussionaresimilarto
thosedescribedforinformaldiscussion.
Theleadermustinadditiontakespecialcaretoselectpanel

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

memberswhocanthinkandspeakeffectively.
Hemustalsobesurethattheypreparethemselvestodiscussthe
subject.
Duringthediscussionbythepaneltheleaderhassubstantiallythe
samedutiesasininformaldiscussionexceptthatheshouldkeep

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

himselfmoreinthebackgroundaschairmanofthepanel.
Hecandosobecauseeachmemberofthepanelisinrealityan
assistanttotheleaderandisresponsibleforspecificcontributionsto
theproceedings.
Whenthesubjectisthrownopentothehouse,itistheleader'sjob

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

torecognizeappropriatequestionsandtorejectthosenotbearing
onthesubjectorinvolvingpersonalities.
Somequestionshemayanswerhimself,butusuallyheshould
repeatthequestionandcallupononeofthepaneltoanswerit.
Bypreliminaryannouncementtheleadermayalsotelltheaudience

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

thattheymaydirectquestionsatparticularmembersofthepanelif
theychoose.
Inanycase,duringthequestionperiodtheleaderneedstomaintain
strictcontrol.Onmanyoccasionsthismaybethetoughestpartofhis
assignmenttocarryoffefficientlyandwithgoodhumor.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Whileitiscustomarytoconfineaudiencequestionstoaspecific
period,someleaderspermitquestionsfromtheflooratanytime.
Unlessverycarefullylimitedbytheleader,thispracticemay
interferewitheffectivediscussionbythepanel.
Arrangingthepanelproperlywilllendeffectivenesstothisformof

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

---

Arrangingthepanelproperlywilllendeffectivenesstothisformof
discussion.Themembersshouldfacetheaudience.Itisimportant
thateachpanelmemberadjusthischairsothathecanseeevery
othermemberwithouteffortthechairmanwillalsofindthatthebest
placesforhisreadiestspeakersareattheextremeendsofthe

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

table.Heshouldkeepthemorereticentmemberscloseto,himso
thathecanreadilydrawthemoutwithdirectquestions.
Ifthequieteronessitonthefringesofthepanel,themorevoluble
membersarequitelikelytomonopolizethediscussion.

---

919.Allareprinciplesofprimaryhealthcare

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

except?
a)Intersectoralcoordination
b)Communityparticipation
c)Appropriatetechnology
d)Decentralisedapproach

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Decentralisedapproach
oThereare4mainprinciplesofprimaryhealthcare:
1)Equitabledistribution
2)Communityparticipation

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3)Intersectorialcoordination
4)Appropriatetechnology

---

920.ScreeningunderRNTCPemphasizeson:
a)Sputummicroscopy
b)ChestX-ray

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

c)PCR
d)Sputumculture
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.a.Sputummicroscopy
Over-relianceoncheslX-raywasadrawbackofNational

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

TuberculosisProgramme(NTP)whichwasovercomebyRevised
NationalTuberculosisControlProgramme(RNTCP)whichstarted
diagnosingpatientbysputummicroscopy
'Anation-widenetworkofRNTCPqaalityassureddesignated
sputumsmearmicroscopylaboratorieshasbeenset

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

up,providingappropriate,available,affordableandaccessible
diagnosticservicesforTBsuspectsandcases.

---

921.WhichofthefollowingscreeningmethodsisusedunderRNTCP?
a)Active
b)Passive

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Mass
d)Alloftheabove
CorrectAnswer-B
UnderRNTCP,activecasefindingisnotpursued.Casefindingispassive.Patients
presentingthemselveswithsymptomssuggestingtuberculosisarescreenedwithtwo

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

sputumsmearexaminations.
Ref:Park21stedition,page381.

---

922.DrugNOTusedinpulmonary
hypertension
a)Calciumchannelblocker

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Endothelinreceptorantagonist
c)Alphablocker
d)Prostacyclin
CorrectAnswer-C
alphablockers[Ref-Harrison17th/ep1577,1578]Pulmonary

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

hypertension
Generalmanagement
Diuretictherapymaybeusefulasitrelievespulmonaryedema.
Anticoagulanttherapyisadvocatedforallpatients.
Specificmanagement

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Calciumchannelblockers
Patientswhohavesubstantialreductionsinpulmonaryarterial
pressureinresponsetoshortactingvasodilatorsatthetimeof
cardiaccatheterizationshouldheinitiallytreatedwithcalcium
channelblockers.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Endothelinreceptorantagonist
Bostenanisanon-selectiveendotheliumreceptorantagonist,isan
approvedt/t,forpatientswhoareNYHA.functionalclassesIIIand
IV.
Phosphodiesterase-5inhibitors

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

SlidenafilisusedforpatientswhoareNYHAfunctionalclassesII
and
Prostacyclins
IloprostisaprostacyclinanalogueusedinPAHpatientswhoare

---

NYHAfunctionalclassesIIIandIV.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Pulmonarycirculationisuniqueinthatitaccommodatesabloodflow
thatisalmostequaltothatofalltheotherorgansofbodybutstill
maintainslowpressure.
Thefactorsresponsibleforlowpressureinpulmonarycirculation
(evenwithlargevolumeofblood)are:--Largerdiameterof

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

pulmonaryvesselsduetothinwallofpulmonaryarteryand
arterioles.
-Greatercompliance(distensibility)ofpulmonaryvessels.
numoralfactorsresponsibleformaintainingpulmonarycirculation:?
Normally

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

NOcausesvosodilationandproliferationofsmoothmusclesbyrin
theconc.ofcGMP--)thisincreasesthediameterofpulmonary
vessels.
causesvosodilationanddecreasedproliferationofsmoothmuscles
byincreasingtheconc.ofcAMPincreaseinthediameterof

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

pulmonaryvessels.Prostaglandinalsodecreasescoagulation.
Endothelincausesvasoconstrictionandincreasesmoothmuscle
proliferationsilumenofpulmonaryvessels.-Normallythe
vasodilatorsandantiprolifeaveeffectsofNOandPGI7dominate
InPulmonaryhypertension

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

ThereislproductionofNO(andcGMP)andPGI2(andcAMP),t
vasoconstrictionandproliferationofsmooth

muscles,stlumenofpulmonaryvessel.Decreasedproductionof
PGI2alsocausesincreasedcoagulation.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

ThereisTproductionofendothelin,/vasoconstrictionandsmooth
muscleproliferation,.1lumen.
Drugtherapyinpuhnonan,hypertensionistargettedatthesegrowth
factorpathwayswhichareinvolvedinthepathogenesisof

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

pulmonaryhypertension:
Endotheliumreceptorantagonist
Bostenanisanendothelinreceptorantagonist.Itprevents
endothelinmediatedcontractionofvessels.Phosphodiesterase-5

---

inhibitors

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

NitricoxidemediatesitsactionthroughincreasingcGMP
concentration.IncreasedcGMPrelaxesthevessels.cGMPis
degradedbyanenzymephosphodiesterase-5(PDE-5).
-Slidenafanilisaphosphodiesterase5inhibitor.Itreducesthe
degradationofcGMP,thuscausingvascularrelaxationandreducing

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

pulmonaryhypertension.
Prostacyclins
Inpulmonaryhypertension,thelevelofprostacyclineisreduced.
Thiscausespulmonaryconstrictionasprostacyclincausesdilatation
ofpulmonaryvessels.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

---

923.RegardingPPVvaccinefollowingistrue
?
a)Givenatbirth
b)Obtainedfromcellwallpolysaccharide
c)Indicatedinsicklecelldisease

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Commonlyused
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Indicatedinsicklecelldisease[RefEssentialsof
microbiologyydiep.391]
Pneumococcalpolysaccharidevaccine(PPVorPPSV)isprepared

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

fromcapsular(notcellwall)polysaccharide.Itisnotgivenbefore2
yearsofage
Itisnotforgeneraluse,butgiveninconditionswhichpredisposeto
pneumococcalinfection,likesicklecellanemia.

---

924.Allareincludedinsleephygieneexcept

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?
a)Healthydiet
b)Sleepingontime
c)Sleepingindarkroom
d)Exercisebeforesleep

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Exercisebeforesleep[RefComprehensiveGuide
forsleepp.173]
Sleephygienecanbeconsideredthecornerstoneofenvironmental
modificationandconsistsofdevelopinggoodsleephabitsandan

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

environmentthatisconducivetosleep.
Sleephygieneincludesthephysicalsleepsetting,sleepschedule
andsleeppractices(e.g.pre-bedtimeroutine),allofwhichinfluence
effectivesleep.
Theprinciplesofsleephygieneinclude?

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

1. Eatingahealthydiet
2. Limitingamountofcaffeineintake
3. Goingtobedandgettingoutofbedatconsistenttime
4. Sleepingindark,quieteandtemperaturecontrolledrookona
comfortablemattressandpillow.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

925.Aproblemvillageisdefinedasifwater
sourceis?
a)>0.5km
b)>1km
c)>1.6km

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Noneoftheabove
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,>1.6km[RefPark22"`Ilep.428&21"/ep.418]
Aproblemvillagehasbeendefinedasone
Wherenosourceofsafewaterisavailablewithinadistanceof1.6

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

km,or
Wherewaterisavailableatadepthofmorethan15meters,or
Wherewatersourcehasexcesssalinity,iron,fluoridesandother
toxicelements,or
Wherewaterisexposedtotheriskofcholera.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

926.Nottrueaboutstrategicplanformalaria
control20122017?
a)ObjectiveisAPI<1per10,000
b)50%reductioninmortalityby2017
c)Annualincidence<10per1000by2017

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Completetreatmenttoatleast80%ofpatients
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Annualincidence<10per1000by2017
StrategicactionplanformalariacontrolinIndia:2012-2017
ObjectiveofplanistoachieveAPI<1per10,000populationby

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

theendof2017.
Goalsofstrategicplanare:
1. Screnningallfevercasessuspectedformalaria(60%through
qualitymicroscopyand40%byrapiddiagnostictest).
2. TreatingallP.falciparumcaseswithfullcourseofeffectiveACTand

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

primaquine,andallP.vivaxcaseswith3dayschloroquineand14
daysprimaquine.
3. Equippingallhealthinstitutions(PHClevelandabove),especialityin
high-riskareas,withmicroscopyfacilityandRDTforemergencyuse
andinjectableartemisininderivatives.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

---

927.Observationundernursingcarefor24
hoursinanhospitalisdefinedas?
a)Inpatient
b)Outpatient
c)Observationstatuspatient

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Urgentcarepatient
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Observationstatuspatient
Observationstatuspatients:Theseareneitherinpatientsnor
outpatients.Thesepatientsareplacedinahospitalbed(ofteninan

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

inpatientunit)afterdisplayingsigns/symptomsthatrequireadditional
work-up.Observationalstayisusuallylimitedto24hoursthenthe
physicianmustdeterminewhetherpatient'sconditionwarrants
inpatientaddmissionordischarge.Ifthepatientisdischargeditis
calledobservationstatuspedient,howeverifthepatientisadmitted

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

tothehospitalthenstatusischangedtoinpatient.
Inpatient:Apatientisadmittedinhospitalroomforanovernightor
morethanthat.
Outpatient:Apatientreceivesadiagnosisand/ortreatmentbut
doesnotstayovernight.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

928.UnderRNTCP,DOTSprovidergetshow
muchhonorariumaftercompletionof
treatment?
a)150Rs
b)250Rs

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

c)500Rs
d)1000Rs
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'bi.e.,250Rs[Refwww.pbnrhm.org]
HonorariumtoDOTproviderforcureorcompletedTBpatient

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

treatmentis250Rspercare.

---

929.

---

Allofthefollowingareareapartofmedial
wallofthemiddleearexcept?
a)Promontory

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Fenestravestibule
c)Pyramid
d)Subiculum
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Pyramid[RefDhingra avep.6]

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

S
Medialorinnerorlabyrinthicwall(parieslabyrinthica)ofmiddle
ear
Itisformedbylabyrinthandseparatesthemiddleearcavityfrom
internalear.Ithasfollowingfeatures:-Abulgecalledas

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

promontoryformedbybasalturnofcochlea.
Fenestravestibuli(ovalwindow)liesposterosuperior(behindand
above)tothepromontoryandopensintoscalavestibuli.
Itisoccupiedbyfootplateofstapesfixedbyannularligament.
Its,sizeonaverageis3.25mmlong&1.75mmwide.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Fenestracochleae(roundwindow)liesposteroinferiortothe
promontoryandopensintoscalatympaniofcochlea.Itisclosedby
secondarytympanicmembrane.Theroundwindowisclosestto
ampullaofposteriorsemicircularcanal.Roundwindowisa
triangularopening.Itsdiameterisbetween1.8to2.3mm.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

---

930.Truestatementaboutmalignantotitis
externais:
a)Notpainful
b)Commonindiabeticsandoldage
c)Causedbystreptococcus

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Alloftheabove
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is.B.Commonindiabeticsandoldage

---

931.Whatistheintensityindecibelofnormal
conversationinhumans?

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)30dB
b)60dB
c)90dB
d)150dB
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'b'i.e.,60dB[RefDhingra5thlep.23]
Intensityisthestrengthofsoundwhichdeterminesitsloudness.Itis
usuallymeasuredindecibels(dB).
Followingareintensitieswhenapersonisatadistanceofonemeter
fromsoundsource.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Whisper
30dB
Normalconversation 60dB
Shout
90dB

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Discomfortofear
120dB
Paininear
130dB

---

932.Ceruminousglandspresentintheear

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

are:
a)Modifiedeccrineglands
b)Modifiedapocrineglands
c)Mucousgland
d)Modifiedholocrineglands

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is.B.Modifiedapocrineglands

---

933.ApatientwithearcomplaintsshowedpositiveHennebertsign.Whichofthe
followingconditionshowspositiveHennebertsign?
a)Meniere'sdisease

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Acousticneuroma
c)Neuronitis
d)Glossopharyngealneuralgia
CorrectAnswer-A
Thepresenceofafistulaissuspectedifnystagmusoccursorifthepatientperceives

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

movementofavisualtargetthatisfixedafterapplyingpositivepressuretotheouterear
canal.
Apositivetestresult(ie,Hennebertsign)suggestseitheraperilymphfistulaor
Meniere'sdisease.

---

934.LighthousesigninseeninASOMin

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

whichstage?
a)Stageofsuppuration
b)Stageofhyperaemia
c)Stageofresolution
d)Stageofpre-suppuration

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
InthestageofsupperationofASOM,pusformationoccurs,
henceinthisstagepulsatileotorrheaorlighthousesignin
seen.

---

935.WhatistheroleofSodiumFluoridein

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

otosclerosis?
a)Itrestorestheelectrolyteequilibrium
b)IthastensrecoveryoftheOverstimulatedCochlea
c)Itquickensthematurityoftheactivefocusandreduces
osteoclasticresorption

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Itrepolarizesthecochlearcells
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Itquickensthematurityoftheactivefocusand
reducesosteoclasticresorption
[RefCurrentDiagnosisandtreatmentinOtolaryngology2nd/e

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

p.678;OtosclerosisandStapedectomy:Diagnosis,
Management,andComplicationbyGlasscock(7hieme)1st
(2004)p.61,62]
MechanismofactionofSodiumfluorideinotosclerosis
1. Reducesosteoclasticboneresorptionandincreasesosteoblastic

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

boneformation:Theseactionsreduceboneremodellinginactively
expandingosteolyticlesionsandpromoterecalcification.
2. Inhibitsproteolyticenzymesthatarecytotoxictothecochlea:
Inhibitionofproteolyicenzymesthatarecytotoxictothecochleais
believedtopreventsensorineuraldeafness.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

936.Chemicallabyrinthectomyby
transtympanicrouteisdoneinMeniere's
diseaseusingwhichdrug?
a)Amikacin
b)Gentamicin

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Amoxycillin
d)Cyclosporine
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Gentamicin[RefLevineSC,HaberkampTJ.
Labyrinthectomytocorrectvertigo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Operativetechniquesinotolaryngology-Head&necksurgery.
2001.12:141-143.]
Chemicallabyrinthectomyinmeneiresdiseaseisdoneusing
Gentamicinlocally.

---

937.Whichofthefollowingtestsisnotused

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

todifferentiatebetweencochlearand
retrocochlearhearingloss?
a)SISITEST
b)Evokedresponseaudiometry
c)Thresholdtonedecaytest

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Recruitment
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Thresholdtonedecaytest[RefDhingra5th/ep.
31;zr/ep.28]

---

938.Whendoestherudimentarycochlea

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

developinthefetus?
a)Firstweek
b)4thto8thweek
c)8thto12thweek
d)16to20thweek

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,4thto8thweek[RefChap172-Teviewofmedical
embryology-BenPasky]
DevelopmentofInnerear
Afterimplantation,aroundthesecondtothirdweekthedeveloping

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

embryoconsistsofthreelayers:endoderm,mesoderm
andectoderm.
Thefirstpartoftheeartodevelopistheinnerear,whichbeginsto
formfromtheectodermaroundthe22nddayoftheembryo's
development.Specifically,theinnerearderivesfromtwothickenings

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

calledoticplacodesoneithersideofthehead.Eachoticplacode
recedesbelowtheectoderm,formsanoticpitandthenanotic
vesicle.Thisentiremasswilleventuallybecomesurroundedby
mesenchymetoformthebonylabyrinth.
Aroundthe33'ddayofdevelopment,thevesiclesbeginto

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

differentiate.Closertothebackoftheembryo,theyformwhatwill
becometheutricleandsemicircularcanals.Closertothefrontofthe
embryo,thevesiclesdifferentiateintoarudimentarysaccule,which
willeventuallybecomethesacculeandcochlea.
Partofthesacculewilleventuallygiveriseandconnecttothe

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

cochlearduct.Thisductappearsapproximatelyduringthesixth

---

weekandconnectstothesacculethroughtheductusreuniens.

---

939.Otosclerosisaffectswhichbone?
a)Stapes
b)Incus

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Malleus
d)None
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Stapes
Typesofotosclerosis

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Followingtypesofotosclerosishavebeendescribed:-
1.Fenesteralorstapedialotosclerosis
Itisthemostcommontype(80-90%)Thelesionstartsjustinfrontof
theovalwindowinanareacalledfissulaantefenestram"and
causesstapesfootplatefixationandconductivehearingloss.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Hearinglossispurelymechanical.
2.Cochlearotosclerosis(Retrofenestralotosclerosis)
Whenpresent,itisalmostalwaysassociatedwithstapedial
(fenestral)otosclerosis.Itinvolvesregionofroundwindoworother
areasintheoticcapsule.Itcausesmixedorsensorineuralhearing

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

losswhichisbelievedtobetoxicduetodiffusionofcytotoxic
enzymesintothefluidofthemembranouslabyrinth(Incontrastto
stapedialotosclerosis,wherethedeafnessispurelymechanicaland
isconductive).Tinnitusismorecommonincochlearotosclerosis.
3.Histologicotosclerosis

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Thistypeofotosclerosisremainsasymptomaticandcausesneither
conductivenorsensorineuralhearingloss.

---

940.Externalauditorycanalisformedby:
a)1stbranchialgroove
b)1stvisceralpouch

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

c)2ndbranchialgroove
d)2ndvisceralpouch
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is.A.1stbranchialgroove

---

941.Whichperforationofthetympanic

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

membraneismostcommonlyseenwith
tubotympanicCSOM?
a)Central
b)Anterosuperior
c)Posterosuperior

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Posteroinferior
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Central[RefDhingra5thlep.77;Pediatric
otolaryngology2"/ep.478]TubotympanicCSOM
Itisalsoknownassafeearasitdoesnotcauseanyserious

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

complications
Infectionisislimitedtoantero-inferiorpartofmiddleearcleft
(eustachaintube&mesotympanum)andisassociatedwithcentral
perforationinparstensaoftympanicmembrane.

---

942.Mostcommoncauseofotitisexternais?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Fungalinfection
b)Bacterialinfection
c)Seborrheicdisease
d)HerpesZoster
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'b'i.e.,Bacterialinfection[RefClinicalENT5th/ep.223]
Mostcommoncauseofotitisexternaisbacterialinfection.
Twomostcommoncausativebacteriaarestaphylococcusaureus
andpseudomonas

---

943.Whichofthefollowingisacauseof

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

objectivetinnitus?
a)ImpactedWax
b)Carotidarteryaneurysm
c)Meniere'sdisease
d)Ototoxicdrugs

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Carotidarteryaneurysm[RefiDhingraSth/ep.
145;ScottBrown's7th/eVol-3p.4029-4030;Tulip.125-126]

---

944.Pulsatiletinnitusisafeatureof?
a)Glomustumour

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

b)acousticneuroma
c)malignantotitsexterna
d)meneire'sdisease
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Glomustumour[RefLoganTurner10th/ep.214]

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Theearliestsymptomsofglomustumourispulsatiletinnitus
(earliest)andhearingloss.Hearinglossisconductiveandslowly
progressive.Thesearefollowedbybloodstainedotorrhoeaand
earache.

---

945.Histelberger'ssignisseenin?

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Acousticneurom
b)GlomusTumour
c)Nasalangiofibroma
d)Acutesuppurativeotitismedia
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'a'i.e.,Acousticneurom[RefActaOtorhinolaryngol
Belg.1987;41(1):40-8.TheHitselbergersignasaperception
phenomenon.BenzB,BaumgartenD.]
Hitselberger'ssign
InAcousticneuroma-lossofsensationinthepostero-superiorpart

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

ofexternalauditorymeatussuppliedbyArnold'snerve(branchof
Vagusnervetoear).

---

946.Ethmoidalinfundibulumliesbetween?
a)Bullaethmoidalisanduncinateprocessofethmoid
b)Middleandinferiorturbinate

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)HiatussemilunarisandInferiormeatus
d)Wingofsphenoidandmaxillaryantrum
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Bullaethmoidalisanduncinateprocessof
ethmoid

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Thehiatussemilunarisisboundedinferiorlybythesharpconcave
marginoftheuncinateprocessoftheethmoidbone,andleadsintoa
curvedchannel,theinfundibulum,boundedabovebythebulla
ethmoidalisandbelowbythelateralsurfaceoftheuncinateprocess
oftheethmoid.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

947.Whatliesbetweenthemiddleand
inferiorturbinate?
a)Middlemeatus
b)Superiormeatus
c)Hiatussemmilunaris

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Inferiormeatus
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Middlemeatus[RefScottBrown7'Vevol2p.
1329]
Superiormeatus*Belowsuperiorturbinate(betweensuperior

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

andmiddleturbinates)
MiddlemeatusBelowmiddleturbinate(betweenmiddleand
inferiorturbinates)
InferiormeatusBelowinferiorturbinate.

---

948.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

---

Thenarrowestpartofthenasalcavityis?
a)Internalnasalvalve
b)Antrochoanalregion
c)1stnasalturbinate
d)Regionofinferiorconcha

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Internalnasalvalve[RefJafekBW.Anatomyand
physiologyofthenose.JafekBW,StarkAK,eds.ENTSecrets.
Philadelphia,Pa:Hanley&Belfus;1996.77-83.]
Theinternalnasalvalveinvolvestheareaboundedbyupperlateral

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

cartilage,septum,nasalfloor,andanteriorheadoftheinferior
turbinate.Thismakesupthenarrowestportionofthenasalairway

---

949.

---

Narrowestpartofthenasalcavityis?
a)Vestibule

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Choanae
c)Inferiorturbinate
d)Middleturbinate
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Inferiorturbinate[RefHeidariZ,Mahmoudzadeh-

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

SaghebH,KhammarT,KhammarM(May2009).
"Anthropometricmeasurementsoftheexternalnosein18-25-
year-oldSistaniandBaluchaboriginewomeninthesoutheast
ofIran".FoliaMorphol.(Warsz)68(2):88-92]
Theinternalnasalvalvecomprisestheareaboundedbytheupper

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

lateral-cartilage,theseptum,thenasalfloor,andtheanteriorheadof
theinferiorturbinate.Inthenarrow(leptorrhine)nose,thisisthe
narrowestportionofthenasalairway.

---

950.Saddlenosedeformityisseenin?
a)PrimarySyphilis

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Secondarysyphilis
c)Tertiarysyphilis
d)LupusVulgaris
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Tertiarysyphilis[RefDhingra5th/ep.184]

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Syphilisofnoseoccursas:-
1. Primary:-Rareandmanifestsasprimarychancreofthevestibule.
2. Secondary:-Rarelyrecognizedandmanifestsassimplerhinitis,
crustingandfissuring.
3. Tertiary:-Thisisthestageinwhichnoseisinvolvedmost

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

commonly.Thereisformationofgummafollowedbybony
perforationofnasalseptum.Bridgeofthenosecollapsescausinga
saddledeformity.Atrophicrhinitismayoccurasacomplication.

---

951.Allofthefollowingaretrueabout
vasomotorrhinitisexcept?

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Itisallergic
b)Itisduetoparasympatheticoveractivity
c)Resistantcasesmayneedcryotherapy
d)Itmayleadtohypertrophicrhinitis
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'a'Itisallergic[RefScott'sBrown7thiep.2122]
Vasomotorrhinitis
Vasomotorrhinitisisanonallergicconditionthatinvolvesaconstant
runnynose,sneezingandnasalcongestion,i.e.,thenoseisstuffyor
runnyforreasonsotherthanallergiesandinfections.Theexact

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

etiologyisunknown,buttriggersincludeemotions,odors,poorair
quality,spicyfoods,andmedicationsideeffects.

---

952.Allofthefollowingaretrueabout
vasomotorrhinitisexcept?
a)Itisanonallergiccondition

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

b)itisduetoparasympatheticoveractivity
c)Itmaycauseparoxysmalepisodesofsneezing
d)Itisaninfectivecondition
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Itisaninfectivecondition[RefDhingra5th/ep.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

170]

---

953.Inevaluationofacaseofimmotilenasal
cilia,whichofthefollowing
investigationsshouldproveuseful?
a)Rhinogram

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Xraynasalandparanasalsinuses
c)Sweatsodiumlevels
d)Nitricoxidetest
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Nitricoxidetest[RefLeighMW,PittmanJE,

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

CarsonJL,FerkolTW,DellSD,DavisSD.Clinicalandgenetic
aspectsofprimaryciliarydyskinesia/Kartagenersyndrome.
GenetMed.2009Jul.11(7):473-87]
Screeningtestsforimmotileciliasyndrome
Nitricoxide:Measuringexhalednasalnitricoxide,whichismostly

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

reducedinprimaryciliarydyskinesia,isagoodscreeningtestfor
immotile-ciliasyndromewithagoodnegativepredictivevalue.
Studieshavedemonstratedarelationshipbetweennasalnitricoxide
levels,nasaloxidesynthasemRNAexpression,andciliarybeat
frequency.Thereisalsoasignificantinversecorrelationbetweenthe

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

degreeofaplasiaand/orhypoplasiaoftheparanasalsinusand
nasalnitricoxidevaluesinprimaryciliarydyskinesiapatients.

---

954.Allofthefollowingarefeaturesof
ethmoidalpolypexcept?
a)Commoninadults

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)CommonlySingular
c)Commonlybilateral
d)Isusuallyallergic
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is`b'i.e.,CommonlySingular[RefDhingra5thlep.187;Tuli

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

1"/ep.173]
Antrochoanalpolypgrowsbackward(posteriorly),therefore,itmay
notbevisibleonanteriorrhinoscopy,whileposteriorrhinoscopy
showssmooth,greyishwhite,sphericalmassinchoana.
Ontheotherhand,ethmoidalpolypsgrowanteriorly.Therefore,they

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

arebestseenonanteriorrhinoscopyandmaynotbeseenon
posteriorrhinoscopy.

---

955.Allofthefollowingaretreatmentsof
multiplebilateralethmoidalpolyps
except?

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Functionalendoscopicsinussurgery
b)Intranasalethmoidectomy
c)Extranasalethmoidectomy
d)CaldwllLucSurgery
CorrectAnswer-D

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'd'i.e.,CaldwilLucSurgery[RefScottBrown,Vol-IL
p.1701;Dhingra5`"/ep.188,430]
Surgicaltreatmentofethmoidalpolyps:
1. Functionalendoscopicsinussurgery(FESS):Surgeryofchoice
whenavailable.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Polypectomy:Whenthereareoneortwopedunculatedpolyps.
3. Intranasalethmoidectomy:Indicatedwhenpolypsaremultipleand
sessile.
4. Extranasalethmoidectomy:Thisisindicatedwhenpolypsrecur
afterintranasalprocedures.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

5. Transantralethmoidectomy:Indicatedwheninfectionandpolypoidal
changesarealsoseeninthemaxillaryantrum.Inthiscaseantrumis
openedbycaldwell-Lucapproachandtheethmoidalaircells
approachedthroughthemedialwalloftheantrum.

---

956.Whatisthetreatmentofchoicefor

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ethmoidalpolyps?
a)FunctionalEndoscopicsinussurgerywithpolypectomy
b)Intranasalethmoidectomy
c)Extranaslethmoidectomy
d)Transantralethmoidectomy

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,FunctionalEndoscopicsinussurgerywith
polypectomy[RefSeeaboveexplanation]

---

957.
Thearterywhichleadstobleedingin

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Woodruff'sareais?
a)Anteriorethmoidalartery
b)Sphenopalatineartery
c)Greaterpalatineartery
d)Superiorlabialartery

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Sphenopalatineartery[RefScottBrown7h/eVol-
2p.1597;Dhingra5th/ep.190]
Woodruff'sarea:?
Itissituatedundertheposteriorendofinferiorturbinate.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Sphenopalatinearteryanastomoseswithposteriorpharyngealartery
here.Posteriorepistaxisoccursinthisarea.

---

958.Intrathecalfluoresceinwithendoscopic
visualizationisusefulindiagnosisof?
a)Deviatednasalseptum

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Multipleethmoidalpolyps
c)RhinitisMedicamentosa
d)CSFRhinorrhoea
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,CSFRhinorrhoea[Ref:LoganTurner10(h/ep.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

28,Dhingra5th/ep.179]
DetectionofsiteofCSFleakinCSFRhinorrhoea
1. HRCT:-HRCTwithorwithoutgodoliniumisthemosthelpfulstudy
foridentifyingthesiteofleak,i.e.,investigationofchoice.
2. MRI:-MRIwithheavyT2weightedimagemayhighlightCSF

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

sufficientlytoshowtheleak.
3. CTcisternography:-CTscanafterinjectionofcontrastdyeis
effectiveinpatientswithanactiveleak.
4. Radioisotopecisternography:-Radioisotopeinjectedintrathecally
andmeasured.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

5. Fluorescindye:-Intrathecalfluorescinwithendoscopic
visualization.

---

959.Allofthefollowingarefeaturesofa
nasalforeignbodyexcept?
a)Foulsmellingdischarge

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Epistaxis
c)Nasalobstruction
d)Septalperforation
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Septalperforation[RefDhingraSaVep.176;

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

LoganTurner10'h/ep.63]
Foreignbodyinnose
Anasalforeignbodyisanythingthatgetsstuckinsidethenose.
Inanimateforeignbody(object)ismorecommonthananimate
foreignbody.Commonobjectsfoundinnosesincludefoodmaterial

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

(peas,beans,nuts),tissuepaper,beads,toysandrocks.Animate
foreignbodiesareworms,larvaeormaggots.Mostcasesofforeign
bodiesinthenoseandnasalcavityarenotseriousandoccurin
toddlersandchildrenfrom1-8years.Becausechildrendevelopthe
abilitytopickupobjectsatabouttheageof9months,thisproblem

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

ismuchlesscommonbefore9monthsofage.

---

960.Allofthefollowingarefeaturesofa
nasalforeignbodyexcept?
a)Vestibulitis
b)Epistaxis

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Nasalobstruction
d)Deviatedseptum
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Deviatedseptum[RefDhingra5thiep.176;Logan
Turner10`"/ep.63]

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

961.

---

Allofthefollowingarecausesofperforation
ofcartilaginouspartofnasalseptumexcept?
a)Tuberculosis
b)Leprosy

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Lupus
d)Syphilis
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Syphilis[RefDhingra5th/ep.166;Scott-Brown's
Otolaryngology7th/eVol-2chapter-124p.1583]

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Anasalseptalperforationisathrough-and-throughdefectinany
portionofthecartilaginousorbonyseptumwithnooverlying
mucoperichondriumormucoperiosteumoneitherside.
Perforationofbonypart:-Syphilis
Perforationofcartilaginouspart:-TB,leprosy,lupus.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

962.Allofthefollowingaretrueaboutnasal
myiasisexcept?
a)Commoninvasomotorrhinitis
b)Intensenasalirritationpresent
c)Meningitismayoccurinseveredisease

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Chloroformwaterisoneofthemodesoftreatment
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Commoninvasomotorrhinitis[RefDhingra5th/e
p.178]

---

963.ETHMOIDALBULLAEareseenin?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Posteriorethmoidalaircells
b)Middleethmoidaircells
c)Superiorethmoidalaircells
d)Inferiorethmoidalaircells
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'b'i.e.,Middleethmoidaircells[Ref:LoganTurner10th
lep.379;Dhingra5th/ep.153,154]

---

964.Whatisthetypeofepitheliumofthe
adenoid?
a)Pseudostratifiedciliatedcolumnarepithelium

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Nonkeratinizedsquamousepithelium
c)Cuboidalepithelium
d)Columnarepitheliumwithgobletcells
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Pseudostratifiedciliatedcolumnarepithelium

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

[RefWiatrakBJ,WoolleyAL.Pharyngitisandadenotonsillar
disease.CummingsCW,FredricksonJM,HarkerLA,Crause
CJ,SchullerDE,RichardsonMA.OtolaryngologyHeadand
NeckSurgery...V/e.London:Mosby;1998.188-215.]
Theadenoidiscoveredbyapseudostratifiedciliatedcolumnar

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

epitheliumthatisplicatedtoformnumeroussurfacefoldsThe
nasopharyngealepitheliumlinesaseriesofmucosalfolds,around
whichthelymphoidparenchymaisorganizedintofolliclesandis
subdividedinto4lobesbyconnectivetissueseptaSeromucous
glandsliewithintheconnectivetissue,andtheirductsextend

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

throughtheparenchymaandreachthenasopharyngealsurface.

---

965.Allofthefollowingarefeaturesof
enlargedadenoidsexcept?
a)Otitismedia
b)Nasalobstruction

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Failuretothriveofchild
d)Esophagitis
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Esophagitis[RefDhingraViep.254]
Clinicalfeaturesofenlargedadenoids

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Enlargedandinfectedadenoidsmaycausenasal,aural(ear),
andgeneralsymptoms.
1)Nasalsymptoms
Nasalobstructionisthecommonestsymptom.Thisresultinmouth
breathing.Astherespirationandfeedingcannottakeplace

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

simultaneously,childfailstothrive.
Othersymptomsarenasaldischarge(wetbubblynose),sinusitis,
epistaxisandtonelessvoicewithlossofnasalquality(Rhinololia
clausa).
2)Auralsymptoms

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Tubalobstruction
Otitismedia:-Recurrentacuteotitismedia,CSOM,serousotitis
media
3)Generalsymptoms
Adenoidfacies:Elongatedfacewithdullexpression,open

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

mouth,prominent&crowdedupperteeth,hitchedupperlip,pinched
inappearanceofnoseandhigharchedpalate.Pulmonary
hypertension,aprosexia(lackofconcentration).

---

966.Anteriortonsillarpillarisformedby?
a)Palatopharyngealfold

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Palatoglossalfold
c)Pterygopalatinearch
d)Valleculae
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Palatoglossalfold

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Anteriortonsillarpillar-Palatoglossalfold
Posteriortonsillarpillar-Palatopharyngealfold

---

967.Oneofthefollowingistrueregarding
Zenkerdiverticulum?
a)Itisapulsiondiverticulum

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Itprojectsanteriorly
c)Commonlyseeninyoungmales
d)Itisbetweensuperiorandmiddleconstrictor
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'A'i.e.,Itisapulsiondiverticulum

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

HypopharyngealdiverticulumorZenker'sdiverticulumor
pharyngealpouch
Itisapulsiondiverticulumwherepharyngealmucosaherniates
throughtheKillian'sdehiscence,aweakareabetweentwopartsof
theinferiorconstrictor.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Itisthemostcommonesophagealdiverticulum.
Thediverticulaariseposteriorlyinthemidlineofneck.Themouthof
thediverticulaisinthemidlinebutprojectslaterally(usuallyleft
laterally)
Zenker'sdiverticulaarerarelyseenbelow30yrsofage,most

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

patientsareover50.

---

968.Allofthefollowingareextrinsic
laryngealmembranesexcept?
a)Quadrangularmembrane
b)Hyoepiglotticligament

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Cricotrachealmembrane
d)Thyrohyoidmembrane
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Quadrangularmembrane
[RefMeratiAL,BielamowiczSA.TextbookofLaryngology.San

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Diego:PluralPublishingInc2006.]
Quadrangularmembrane
1. Aryepiglotticligament(superiorborderofmembrane)
2. Vestibularligament(Inferiorborderofmembrane

---

969.Allofthefollowingaretrueabout

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

SpasmoidicDysphoniaexcept?
a)Itmaybeofadductororabductortype
b)AbductortypeischaracterizedbyWhisperingqualityofvoice
c)AdductortypeischaracterizedbyBreathlessness
d)ItisfocalLaryngealdystonia

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Adductortypeischaracterizedby
Breathlessness
[RefiSulicaL(December2004)."Contemporarymanagementof
spasmodicdysphonia".CurrentOpinioninOtolaryngology&

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

HeadandNeckSurgery.12(6)]

---

970.Whichofthefollowingcancersdonot
presentwithcervicallymphnode
involvement?
a)GlotticCancer

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)SubglotticCancer
c)Papillarythyroidcancer
d)Oralcancer
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,GlotticCancer[RefDhingra5thlep.327;41'p.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

283]
Truevocalcordsaredevoidoflymphatic,hencelesschanceof
cervicalnodalmetastasis

---

971.Whichofthefollowingisnota
premalignantconditionoralcancer?

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Leukoplakia
b)Erythroplakia
c)Oralsubmucousfibrosis
d)SystemicSclerosis
CorrectAnswer-D

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'd'i.e.,SystemicSclerosis[RefDevita7"Vep.982;
Bailey&love25`Vep.735]
Lesionswithincreasedriskofmalignancyinoralcancer
Premalignantcondition:-Leukoplakia,Erythroplakia,Speckled
erythroplakia,chronichyperplasticcandidiasis.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Conditionsincreasingrisk:-Oralsubmucousfibrosis,syphilitic
glossitis,sideropenicdysphagia(PetersonKellysyndrome).
Riskisdoubtful:-Orallichenplanus,DLE,Dyskeratosiscongenita.

---

972.Whichisthenarrowestportionofthe
esophagus?

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Atthecricopharyngealsphincter
b)Atthecrossingoftheleftmainbronchus
c)Attheleveloftheaorticarch
d)Atthediagphragmaticaperture
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'a'i.e.,Atthecricopharyngealsphincter
[GrayH.Chapter35:Mediastinum.StandringS,ed.Gray's
Anatomy:TheAnatomicalBasisofClinicalPractice.40`VeNew
York,NY:ChurchillLivingstoneElsevier;2008.939-57.]
Cricopharyngealsphincteristhenarrowestportionofesophagus

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

---

973.Allofthefollowingareindicationsfor
tracheostomyexcept?
a)Comaafterheadinjury
b)Maxillofacialinjury
c)Bilateralabductorpalsy

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Superiorlaryngealnervepalsy
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Superiorlaryngealnervepalsy[RefAjay
Yadavzithiep.215;Dhingra5thiep.337]
Tracheostomy

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Atracheostomyisasurgicalproceduretocreateanopeningthrough
theneckintotheanteriorwalloftrachea.
Atubeisusuallyplacedthroughthisopeningtoprovideanairway
andtoremovesecretionsfromthelungs.Thetubeis
calledtracheostomytube.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

974.InCaldwellLucoperation,theapproach
isthroughthe?
a)SublabialApproachleadingtoopeningofmandibularantrum
b)Throughthesphenopalatinerecess
c)Openingofmaxillaryantrumthroughgingivolabialapproach

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Superiormeatus
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Openingofmaxillaryantrumthrough
gingivolabialapproach[RefDhingraStilep.422]
Caldwell-Lucoperationisaprocessofopeningthemaxillaryantrum

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

throughcaninefossabysublabialapproachanddealingwiththe
pathologyinsidetheantrum.Inthissurgery,antrumisreached
throughaincisioningingivolabialsulcus(fromlateralincisorto
2"dmolar)andthenopeningofantruminthisarea.

---

975.CaldwellLucSurgeryhasitsapproachto

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

themaxillaryantrumthrough?
a)Gingivolabialsulcus
b)Inferiororbitalrim
c)Nasalseptum
d)Cribriformplate

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Gingivolabialsulcus[RefDhingra5thIep.422]

---

976.

---

Submucosalresectionisthetreatmentof
choiceof?

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)DNSinadults
b)DNSinchildren
c)Sluder'sNeuralgia
d)Nasalpolyp
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'a'i.e.,DNSinadults[RefDhingra5th/ep.423]
Submucousresection(SMR)isasurgicalproceduretocorrectthe
deformityofnasalseptum.
Theprincipleofthisprocedureistoremovedeviatedcartilageand
bonefrombeneaththemucosalliningofnasalseptum,leavinga

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

correctedseptumlargelycomposedofscartissue.
Submucousresectionisnotadvocatedinchildrenupto17yearsof
ageasitmayinterferewithdevelopmentofthefacialbones.

---

977.Allofthefollowingareremovedin
verticalhemilaryngectomyexcept?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)HalfGlottis
b)HalfSupraglottis
c)Halftongue
d)HalfSubglottis
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'c'i.e.,Halftongue[RefDhingra4th/ep.284;
http://128.255.52.245/oto/Beta/database/contents]
Verticalhemilaryngectomymeansexcisionofonehalfofthelarynx
ononeside,i.e.,verticalhalfisremovedwhichincludeverticalhalf
ofsupraglottis,glottisandsubglottis.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Horizontalhemilaryngectomyistheexcisionofsupraglottisonly,
alsoknownassupraglotticlaryngectomy.

---

978.Allofthefollowingarecomplicationsof
maxillarysinuslavageandinsufflation
except?

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Airembolism
b)Orbitalinjury
c)Epistaxis
d)Facialnerveinjury
CorrectAnswer-D

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'd'i.e.,Facialnerveinjury[RefSchlemmerKD,Naidoo
SK.Complicatedsinusitisinadevelopingcountry,a
retrospectivereview.IntJPediatrOtorhinolaryngol.2013May
17]
ComplicationofMaxillarysinuslavageandinsufflation

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Complicationsofnonendoscopicdrainageprocedurescanbeminor
orsevere.
Themostcommoncomplicationisfailuretoenterthesinusbecause
ofimproperpositioningofthetrocar,incompletepenetrationofthe
sinusmucosa,orthepresenceofahypoplasticantrum.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Epistaxismayoccurbecauseoflacerationofthenasalmucosaor
preexistingcoagulopathiesnecessitatingpacking.
Severecomplicationsincludeorbitalinjury,airembolism,anddeath
secondarytoinjectionofairintothesinus.

---

979.Miraclefruitisusedtochangethetaste

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

from?
a)SourtoBitter
b)SourtoSweet
c)Bittertosweet
d)Saltytosweet

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,SourtoSweet[RefPeterHanelt,ed.
(2001).Mansfeld'sencyclopediaofagriculturalandhorticultural
crops2.Springer.p.1660.ISBN3-540-41017-1.]
MiracleFruitcontainsaglycoproteincalledmiraculin,whichbindsto

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

thetongue'stastebudswhenthefruitisconsumed.
Miraculinactsasasweetnessinducerwhenitcomesincontactwith
acids,causingsourfoodstotastesweet,temporarily.

---

980.Themainmuscleaffectedincongenital
musculartorticollisis?

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Sternocleidomastoid
b)Trapezius
c)ScalenusAnticus
d)Omohyoid
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'a'i.e.,Sternocleidomastoid
[Ref:Cooperman,DanielR.(1997).Karmel-Ross,Karen,ed."The
DifferentialDiagnosisofTorticollisinChildren".Physical&
OccupationalTherapyinPediatrics.17(2):1-11]
Thecauseofcongenitalmusculartorticollisisunclear.Birthtrauma

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

orintrauterinemalpositionisconsideredtobethecauseofdamage
tothesternocleidomastoidmuscleintheneck.Otheralterationsto
themuscletissuearisefromrepetitivemicrotraumawithinthewomb
orasuddenchangeinthecalciumconcentrationinthebodywhich
causesaprolongedperiodofmusclecontraction.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

---

981.Whereistheauditorycortexlocated
insidethebrain?
a)Superiortemporalgyrus
b)Inferiortemporalgyrus
c)Area3,1,2

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Cingulategyrus
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Superiortemporalgyrus[RefPickles,
James0.(2012).AnIntroductiontothePhysiologyofHearing(4th
ed.).Bingley,UK:EmeraldGroupPublishingLimited,pp.215-217.]

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

PrimaryAuditoryCortexislocatedbilaterally,roughlyattheupper
sidesofthetemporallobes-inhumansonthesuperiortemporal
plane,withinthelateralfissureandcomprisingpartsofHeschl's
gyrusandthesuperiortemporalgyrus,includingplanumpolareand
planumtemporale(roughlyBrodmannareas41,42,andpartially

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

22).

---

982.Allofthefollowingarefeaturesof
TubotympanicCSOMexcept?
a)Profusedischarge
b)Hearingloss

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Extremepain
d)Sometimesparadoxicalimprovementinhearingisseen
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Extremepain[RefDhingra5th/ep.77;Pediatric
otolaryngology2"/ep.478]

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ClinicalfeaturesoftubotympanicCSOM
Profusemucopurulentdischargewhichisnotfoulsmelling,i.e.,non-
foulsmellingdischarge
Hearingloss(conductivetype).Ifsensorineuralcomponentalso
occurs(i.e.,mixedtype),itarousesthesuspicionoftoxicdeafness.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Sometimes,patientreportsaparadoxicaleffect,i.e.,hearsbetterin
thepresenceofdischargethanwhentheearisdry.Thisisdueto
roundwindowshieldingeffectproducedbydischargewhichhelpsto
maintainphasedifferential.
Thereisnopain,ifitoccursitisduetoassociatedotitisexternanot

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

duetootitismedia.
Sincetheinfectedareaisopenatbothends,dischargedoesnot
accumulateinthemiddleearcavity
Ossicularchainismostlyuninvolved,ifinvolvedonlylongprocessof
incusisinvolved.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

983.FeaturesofUsher'sSyndromeincludeall
except?
a)NightBlindness
b)VisualImpairment
c)MultipleNeurofibromas

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Hearingdeficit
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,MultipleNeurofibromas[RefMetsMB,YoungNM,
PassA,LaskyJB(2000)."EarlydiagnosisofUshersyndromein
children".TransactionsoftheAmericanOphthalmological

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Society.98:237-45.]
Ushersyndrome
Ushersyndromeisarelativelyraregeneticdisordercausedbya
mutationinanyoneofatleast11genesresultinginacombination
ofhearinglossandvisualimpairment,andisaleadingcauseof

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

deafblindness.Ushersyndromeisincurableatpresent.
OthernamesforUshersyndromeincludeHallgrensyndrome,
Usher-Hallgrensyndrome,retinitispigmentosadysacusissyndrome,
anddystrophiaretinaedysacusissyndrome.
Thissyndromeischaracterizedbyhearinglossandagradualvisual

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

impairment.Thehearinglossiscausedbyadefectiveinnerear,
whereasthevisionlossresultsfromretinitispigmentosa(RP),a
degenerationoftheretinalcells.Usually,therodcellsoftheretina
areaffectedfirst,leadingtoearlynightblindnessandthegradual
lossofperipheralvision.Inothercases,earlydegenerationofthe

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

conecellsinthemaculaoccurs,leadingtoalossofcentralacuity.In
somecases,thefovealvisionisspared,leadingto"doughnut
vision";centralandperipheralvisionareintact,butanannulusexists

---

aroundthecentralregioninwhichvisionisimpaired.

---

984.Whicheyemusclehasradial,

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

longitudinalandcircularfibres?
a)SphinctorPupillae
b)DilatorPupillae
c)LevatorpalpebraeSuperioris
d)Ciliarymuscle

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D.Ciliarymuscle
Theciliarymuscleisaringofsmoothmuscleintheeye'smiddle
layer(vascularlayer)thatcontrolsaccommodationforviewing
objectsatvaryingdistancesandregulatestheflowofaqueous

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

humourintoSchlemm'scanal.
Itchangestheshapeofthelenswithintheeye.
Theciliaryfibershavecircular,longitudinal(meridional)andradial
orientations.

---

985.Inprimaryopen-angleglaucoma

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

pilocarpineeyedropslowersthe
intraocularpressurebyitsdirectaction
onthe:
a)Trabecularmeshwork
b)Ciliaryepithelium

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Longitudinalfibresoftheciliarymuscle
d)Alloftheabove
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D
Pilocarpineaseyedropsitisusedtomanageangleclosure

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

glaucomauntilsurgerycanbeperformed,ocularhypertension,
primaryopenangleglaucoma,andtobringaboutconstrictionof
thepupilfollowingitsdilation.
MechanismofAction:
Pilocarpineisusedasamioticandinthetreatmentof

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

glaucoma
Pilocarpinecontractstheciliarymuscle,causingincreasedtension
onthescleralspurandopeningofthetrabecularmeshworkspaces
tofacilitateoutflowofaqueoushumor.Outflowresistance
isreduced,loweringintraocularpressure(IOP).

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

986.Axiallengthofeyeballis:
March2005
a)16mm
b)20mm
c)24mm

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)28mm
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C:24mm
Theeyeofthenewbornishypermetropicandtheaverageaxial
lengthisabout18mm.Attheageof3yearsitis23mmandfromage

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

3-14yearsitincreasesby1mm.
Intheemmetropiceye,theaxiallength(fromtheposteriorcorneal
surfacetotheretina)variesfrom22to26millimeters.Inthe
emmetropiceye(whichhasnorefractiveerror),therangeofcorneal
refractingpowerisbetween39and48diopters,whiletherangeof

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

lenticularrefractingpowerisbetween15and24diopters.

---

987.RequiredforIOLpowercalculation?
a)Cornealtopography
b)Gonioscopy
c)IndirectOphthalmoscopy

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Keratometry
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans,D.Keratometry
IOLpowercalculationrequireskeratometryandbiometry(axial
lengthofeyeball).

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

988.Sturm'sconoidreferstoconfigurationof
theraysrefractedthrough:
a)Concavesphericalsurface
b)Convexsphericalsurface
c)Toricsurface

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Irregularsurface
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.Toricsurface
SturmSConoid
Itisanopticalconditioninwhichtherefractivepoweroflensor

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

corneaisnotthesameinallmeridians,hencetwofocalpoints
separatedbyafocalintervalareformedwhichiscalledtheSturm's
Conoid.

---

989.Trueaboutimagingspectrometryis?
a)Allowssimultaneousmeasurementsofreflectancespectra

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

alongaline
b)Isusefulindiagnosingagainsttheruleastigmatism
c)Spectrometryisanessentialinvestigationbefore
trabeculectomy
d)ItisbasedontheprincipleofSturm'sConoid

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.Allowssimultaneousmeasurementsofreflectance
spectraalongaline
'ImagingsPectrometryisanewtechniquethatpermitssimultaneous
measurementsofreflectancespectraatdifferentlocationsalonga

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

line.
Resultsarethree-dimensionalimages,whosecoordinatesare
location,wavelength,andreflectance.
Aconventionalfunduscameraisadaptedtoaspectrographandan
intensifiedchargecoupleddevice(CCD)matrixdetectorsystem.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

ConsideringtheradiationtransPortinsinglefunduslayers,thelocal
distributionoftheconcentration-thicknessproductofxanthophyll,
melanin,andchoroidalbloodcanbecalculated'

---

990.Refractoryerrormeasuredbyallexcept
?

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Keratometry
b)Retinoscopy
c)Refractometry
d)Spectrometry
CorrectAnswer-D

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.D.Spectrometry
Theprocedureofdeterminingandcorrectingrefractiveerrors
istermedasreftaction.Therefractioncomprisestwo
complementarymethods:-
1. Objectivemethods:Objectivemethodsofrefractioninclude:-(i)

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Retinoscopy,(ii)Refractometry,(iii)Keratometry,
2. Subjectivemethods:Theseare:-(i)Subjectiveverificationof
refraction,(ii)Subjectiverefiningofrefraction,(iii)Subjective
binocularbalancing.

---

991.Ansiokoniais?

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Projectionofdifferentcolouredimagesintovisualcortex
b)Projectionofdifferentshapedimagesintovisualcortexoftwo
retinae
c)Changeinthevelocityofperceivedobjects
d)Partialintermittentvisualloss

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Projectionofdifferentshapedimagesintovisualcortex
oftworetinae
Anisoeikoniaisdefinedasaconditionwhereintheimagesprojected
onthevisualcortexfromthetworetinaeareabnormallyunequalin

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

sizeorshape-

---

992.Mostpowerfulrefractorysurfaceofeye
is-
a)Conjunctiva
b)Cornea

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Vitreous
d)Lens
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Cornea
Thecornea,withtheanteriorchamberandlens,refractslight,with

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

thecorneaaccountingforapproximatelytwo-thirdsoftheeye'stotal
opticalpower.
Inhumans,therefractivepowerofthecorneaisapproximately43
dioptres.
Thedioptericpowerofreducedeyeis+5OD,ofwhich+44Dis

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

contributedbycorneaand+16Dbythecrystallinelens.
Totaldiaoptericpowerofschematiceyeis+58D,ofwhichcornea
contributes+43Dandthelens+15D.

---

993.Strabismicamblyopiaismorecommon
inpatientswith:

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Intermittentsquint
b)Alternatesquint
c)Constantsquint
d)Latentsquint
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.Constantsquint

---

994.Astigmatismisdefinedas?
a)Refractoryerrorwhereinrefractionvariesalongdifferent
meridians
b)RefractoryerrorduetolongAPlengthofeyeball

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Varyingrefractoryerrorinbotheyes
d)VaryingShapeperceptionbybotheyes
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.Refractoryerrorwhereinrefractionvariesalong
differentmeridians

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Astigmatismisatypeofrefractiveerrorwhereintherefractionvaries
inthedifferentmeridia.
Consequently,theraysoflightenteringintheeyecannotconverge
toapointfocusbutformfocallines.
Therefractiveerroroftheastigmaticeyestemsfromadifferencein

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

degreeofcurvaturerefractionofthetwodifferentmeridians(i.e.,the
eyehasdifferentfocalpointindifferentplanes).
Forexample,theimagemaybeclearlyfocusedonretinainthe
horizontalplane,butnotintheverticalplane.
Themostcommoncauseofastigmatismisabnormalityofcorneal

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

curvature.
Otherlesscommoncausearelenticular(curvatureabnormalityof
lens,obliquepositionoflens)andretinal(obliqueplacementof
macula).

---

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

995.Whatisregularastigmatism?
a)Astigmatisminwhichtheprincipalmeridiansareparallel
b)Astigmatisminwhichtheprincipalmeridiansareperpendicular
c)Asymptomaticastigmatism
d)Astigmatismasaresultofcataractsurgery

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
RegularstigmatismPrincipalmeridiansarependicular
IrregularastigmatismPrincipalmeridiansarenot
perpendicular.

---

996. Anteroposteriorchangeinlengthofeye

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

iscalled?
a)Anisokonia
b)Curvaturalanisotropia
c)AxialAmetropia
d)Emmetropia

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.AxialAmetropia
Ametropia(aconditionofrefractiveerror)isdefinedasastateof
refraction,whereintheparallelraysoflightcomingfrominfinityare
notfocusedonretina,ratherfocusedeitherinfront(inmyopia)or

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

behind(inhypermetropia)thesensitivelayerofretina.
AxialAmetropia:
Itisthecommonestformofametropia(bothmyopiaand
hypermetropia).
Inhypermetropia,thereisanaxialshorteningofeyeball.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

So,imageisformedbehindtheretina.
Inmyopia,thereisanaxiallengtheningofeyeball.
So,imageisformedinfrontoftheretina.
1mmchangeinaxiallengthleadstoametropiaof3D.
Forexample1mmshorteninginaxiallengthcauseshypermetropia

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

of3D.

---

997.Inacaseofmyopia,LASIKwillprovide
correctionupto?
a)20D
b)12D

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

c)6D
d)4D
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.12D
SurgicalProcedure

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Myopiacorrection
RadialKeratomy
-2to-6D
Photorefractivekeraotomy 2to6D
LASIK

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Upto-12D
Extractionoflens
-16to-18D
PhakicIOL
>-12D

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Intercornealring(ICR)
1-6D

---

998.Whatisreversehypopyon?
a)Collectionofpusinthevireous
b)Collectionofemulsifiedsiliconoilinanteriorchamber

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Abscessintheorbit
d)Seenincornealulcerclosetobeingruptured
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans,B.Collectionofemulsifiedsiliconoilinanteriorchamber
Reversehypopyon

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Collectionofsiliconoilintheanteriorchambermayleadtothe
appearanceofareversehypopyon.
Thisisduetotheemulsifiedoilbeinglessdenserthantheaqueous
layer

---

999.Pterygiumallaretrueexcept:

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Arisefromanypartofconjunctiva
b)Cancauseastigmatism
c)Surgeryistreatmentofchoice
d)UVexposureisriskfactor
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.Arisefromanypartofconjunctiva

---

1000.Silkretinaisseenin?
a)Hypermetropia
b)Myopia
c)Astigmatism

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Presbyopia
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.Hypermetropia
Clinicalfindingsofhypermetropia
1. Smalleyeballandcornea

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Shallowanteriorchamber
3. Fundusshowspseudopapillitisandshotsilkappearance.
4. Degenerativeretinoschisis

---

1001.Pseudopapilitiswithsilkshot
appearanceisseenin?

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Hypermetropia
b)Myopia
c)Astigmatism
d)Presbyopia
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.A.Hypermetropia
Clinicalfindingsofhypermetropia
1. Smalleyeballandcornea
2. Shallowanteriorchamber
3. Fundusshowspseudopapillitisandshotsilkappearance.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4. Degenerativeretinoschisis

---

1002.1mmchangeaxiallengthoftheeyeball
wouldchangetherefractingpowerof
theeyeby?
a)1D

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

b)2D
c)3D
d)4D
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.3D

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

1mmchangeinaxiallengthleadstoametropiaof3D.
ForexampleImmshorteninginaxiallengthcauseshypermetropia
of3D.

---

1003.Lensometerdetects?
a)Correctpowerofapairofglasses

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Cornealtopography
c)Biochemicalconstitutionoflens
d)PowerofIOL
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.Correctpowerofapairofglasses

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Lensometer
Alensmeterorlensometer,alsoknownasafocimeterorvertometer,
isanophthalmicinstrument.
Itismainlyusedbyoptometristsandopticianstoverifythecorrect
prescriptioninapairofeyeglasses,toproperlyorientandmark

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

uncutlenses,andtoconfirmthecorrectmountingoflensesin
spectacleframes.
Lensmeterscanalsoverifrthepowerofcontactlenses,ifaspecial
lenssupportisused.

---

1004.Allofthefollowingaretreatmentsof

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

myopiaexcept?
a)LASIK
b)Phakicintraocularlens
c)RadialKeratotomy
d)Holmiumlaserthermoplasty

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D.Holmiumlaserthermoplasty
Refractivesurgeriesformyopia
Radialkeratotomy
Laserinsitukeratomileusis(LASIK)

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Phakicintraocularlens(IOL)
Orthokeratology
Photorefractivekeratotomy(PRK)
Extractionoflens(Fucala'soperation)
Intercornealringimplantation

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

---

1005.Indexmyopiaisseenin?
a)Nuclearcataracts
b)Chorioretinitis
c)Choroidalmelanoma
d)Posterioruveitis

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.Nuclearcataracts
Nuclearchangesofaginginduceamodificationofrefractiveindexof
lensandproduceanindexmyopia.
'Nuclearcataractscauseageneraldecreaseinthetransperancyof

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

thelensnucleus.Theyareassociatedwithindexmyopia"

---

1006.Suddenpainlesslossofvision-Allare
causesexcept?
a)CRAO
b)CSR

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Acutecongestiveglaucoma
d)VitereousHemorrhage
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Acutecongestiveglaucoma

---

1007.Allaretrueregardingcorneaexcept:

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Endotheliumhelpinmaintainingdehydratedstate
b)Oxygenismostlyderivedbyepitheliumdirectlyfromtheair
throughtearfilm
c)Glucosesupplyforcornealmetabolismismainlyderivedfrom
theaqueous

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Cornealthicknessismoreatcenterthanperiphery
e)Richlyvascular
CorrectAnswer-D:E
Answer-(D)Cornealthicknessismoreatcenterthanperiphery
(E)Richlyvascular

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Outer&fibrouscoatofEYEBALL.
Transparent,anterior1/6thsegmentofeyeball.
Non-vascular
Mostoftherefractionineyeoccuratanteriorsurfaceofcornea(air-
tearinterface),i.e.,Anteriorsurfaceofcorneaisthemostimportant

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

refractivestructureofeye.
Themostactivelymetabolisinglayersofthecorneaareepithelium&
endothelium.

---

1008.AllofthefollowingarecausesCrystal
keratopathyexcept?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Cystinosis
b)Schnyder'sDystrophy
c)Bietti'sDystrophy
d)Diabetes
CorrectAnswer-D

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.D.Diabetes
CausesofCrystallineKeratopathy:-Infections,Schnydercorneal
dystrophy,Bietticorneoretinaldystrophy,Cystinosis,
Lymphoproliferativedisorders,Medication-induced.

---

1009.Cornealtattooingmaybedone

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

with:
a)Goldchloride
b)Calciumchloride
c)Coppersulfate
d)Potassiumpermanganate

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.Goldchloride

---

1010.Subconjunctivalhemorrhagesare
evidentinthefollowingcasesexcept?
a)Whoopingcough

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Scurvy
c)Purpura
d)Pellagra
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Pellagra

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Subconjunctivalhaemorrhage
Occursduetotheruptureofsmallvessels.
Thecondition,thoughunsightly,istrivial.Thiscanoccur
spontaneouslyinelderlypeoplewithfragilevesselsorthosewith
systolichypertensionorafterlocaloculartraumaoreyesurgery.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Veryminuteecchymoses,orpossiblythromboses,areseenin
severeconjunctivitis;largeextravasationsaccompanysevere
straining,especiallyinoldpeople,asonliftingheavyweightsor
vomiting.
Theyarenotinfrequentlyseeninchildrenwithwhoopingcoughand

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

mayoccurinscurvy,blooddiseasessuchaspurpura,orinmalaria.
Recurrentsubconjunctivalhaemorrhageswarrantinvestigationsfor
ableedingdiathesesorleukaemia.Thedifferentialdiagnosis
includesKaposisarcoma.
Moreseriousarethelargesub-conjunctivalecchymoseswhichseep

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

forwardsfromthefonixfollowingheadinjuries.Theyareduetoan
extravasationofbloodalongtheflooroftheorbit,secondarytoa
fractureofthebaseoftheskull.
Infracturesofthesphenoidthebloodappearslateronthetemporal
sidethanelsewhere.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

Haemorrhagesalsoresultfromsevereorprolongedpressureonthe
thoraxandabdomen,asinpersonssqueezedinacrowdorby
machinery.
Thebloodgraduallychangescolourandgetsabsorbedin1to3
weekswithouttreatment.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Theuseofaspirinandnon-steroidalanti-inflammatorydrugs
(NSAIDs)shouldbeavoidedandifmildocularirritationispresent,
artificialtearscanbeprescribedfourtosixtimesaday.

---

1011.KayserFleischerringisfoundinwhichlayerofcornea?
a)Bowman'sCapsule

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Substantiapropria
c)Descemet'smembrane
d)Endothelium
CorrectAnswer-C
Kayser-Fleischerringstaketheformofacrescenticrusty-browndiscolorationofthe

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

deepestlayerofthecornea(Descemetmembrane).Inthepurelyhepaticstageofthe
disease,theringsmaynotbeevident(in25percentofcases),buttheyarevirtuallyalways
present(ifproperlysought)oncetheneurologicsignsmanifests.Aslit-lampexamination
maybenecessaryfortheirearlydetection,particularlyinbrown-eyedpatients,butinthe
majorityofpatientswithneurologicsignstheringscanbevisualizedwiththenakedeyeor

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

withtheaidofanindirectophthalmoscopefocusedonthelimbus.
AlsoKnow:
Kayser-FleischerringsareasignofWilson'sdisease,whichinvolvesabnormalcopper
handlingbytheliverresultingincopperaccumulationinthebodyandischaracterisedby
abnormalitiesofthebasalgangliaofthebrain,livercirrhosis,splenomegaly,involuntary

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

movements,musclerigidity,psychiatricdisturbances,dystoniaanddysphagia.The
combinationofneurologicalsymptoms,alowbloodceruloplasminlevelandKF
ringsisdiagnosticofWilson'sdisease.
Ref:RopperA.H.,SamuelsM.A.(2009).Chapter37.InheritedMetabolicDiseasesofthe
NervousSystem.InA.H.Ropper,M.A.Samuels(Eds),AdamsandVictor'sPrinciplesof

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Neurology,9e.

---

1012.Kayser-Fleischerrings(KFrings)areseenin:
a)Pterygium
b)Hematochromatosis
c)Wilson'sdisease

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Menke'skinkedhairsyndrome
CorrectAnswer-C
Wilson'sdisease

---

1013.Posteriorstaphylomaisseenin:
September2005

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Myopia
b)Hypermetropia
c)Astigmatism
d)Presbyopia
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.A:Myopia
Staphylomaisthetermgiventoaneyewhosesclero-uvealcoats
arestretched(alsoknownasectasia).Thismostcommonlyoccurs
posteriorly,athoughanteriorstaphylomaalsoisrecognised.
Posteriorstaphyloma

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Progressivemyopia(ormegamyope)mostcommoncause.
Glaucoma
Scleritis
Necrotizinginfection
Surgery/trauma

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Radiotherapy
Posteriorstaphylomaaffectstheposteriorpoleoftheeyeandis
linedbythechoroid.
Theectaticportionisnotvisibleexternallybutcanbedetectedby
fundoscopyandB-scanUSG.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Anteriorstaphyloma
Themostcommoncauseforanteriorstaphylomaissloughing
cornealulcerwinchperforatesandhealswiththeformationofa
pseudocorneabytheorganizationofexudatesandlayingdownof
fibroustissue.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Differentialdiagnoses

---

Buphthalmos(congenitalglaucoma)
Axialmyopia
Macrophthalmos:seeninneurofibromatosistypel(NF1)
Coloboma

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1014.

---

A30yearoldmanpresentstotheclinicwithpainintheeye,watering,rednessand
photophobia.Examinationofhiseyesshowscircumcornealcongestionandkeratic
precipitates.
Assertion:KPsareproteinaceousdepositsoccurringinatriangularfashioninthe

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

inferiorpartofcornea.
Reason:MuttonfatKPsareseeningranulomatousiridocyclitisandiscomposedof
epitheloidcellsandmacrophages.
a)BothAssertionandReasonaretrue,andReasonisthecorrect
explanationforAssertion

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)BothAssertionandReasonaretrue,andReasonisnotthe
correctexplanationforAssertion
c)Assertionistrue,butReasonisfalse
d)Assertionisfalsebutreasonistrue
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Keraticprecipitatesareproteinaceousdepositsoccurringinatriangularfashioninthe
inferiorpartofcorneaduetoconvectioncurrentsintheaqueoushumor.MuttonfatKPsare
seeningranulomatousiridocyclitisandiscomposedofepithelioidcellsandmacrophages.
Theyareusually10-15innumber.
Ref:ComprehensiveOphthalmologybyAKKhurana,4thEdition,Page142

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1015.Scleritisismostcommonlyassociated
with:
March2005
a)Diabetes
b)Osteoarthritis

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Rheumatoidarthritis
d)Hypertension
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C:Rheumatoidarthritis
Scleritisisasevere,destructive,chronic,painful,andpotentially

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

blindinginflammatorydiseaseoftheConjunctiva,Scleraand
Episcleratissues.
Symptomsincludesrednessandsevereeyepain,whichmayradiate
toadjacentareas,theforehead,cheek,orbehindtheeye.Thisis
usuallyassociatedwithlightsensitivity,teary,andinsomecases,

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

reducedorpoorvision.Theaffectedeyeoftenhasabluishhueor
becomesanintensepurple.
Thereareseveraldifferentsub-typesofScleritis
NodularScleritisischaracterizedbyafocalareaofinflammation,
immovable,andtender,inflamednodulesontheeye.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

DiffuseScleritis
DiffuseAnteriorScleritisisthemostcommontype,andis
characterizedbywidespreadinflammationoftheAnteriorportionof
theSclera,thewhiteoftheeye.TheDiffusetypeofScleritisis,
fortunately,themostbenignformofScleritisandthemost

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

responsivetotherapy.
NecrotizingScleritisislikelytheworstformofthedisease,

---

sometimesleadingtolossoftheeyefrommultiplecomplications,
severepain,oroccasionallyperforationoftheglobe.Itisoften
associatedwithseveresystemicdiseaseandinvolvementofmultiple

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

organs.Anassociatedtypeofvascularinflammation,called
Vasculitis,maythreatenthelivesofthosepatientsafflicted.Pain
withthisconditionisusuallyextreme,anddamagetotheSclerais
oftenmarked.NecrotizingscleritisalsoknownasScleromalacia
perforansischaracterizedbyseverethinningoftheScleraofthe

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Eye,allowingforlocaloutpouchingsoftheunderlyingdarkUveal
tissue.Therearelargeabnormalbloodvesselscrossingareasof
Scleralloss.Theconditionoccursinanotherwisewhiteand"quiet"
Eye,withoutpain.ThistypeofScleritisisassociatedwithsevere
RheumatoidArthritis,occasionallyseeninWegener's

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

GranulomatosisandRelapsingPolychondritis.
PosteriorScleritisisquiterare,butusuallypresentswithpooror
doublevision,severepain,proptosis(forwarddisplacementofthe
eye),Uveitis(inflammationinsidetheUveaTract),andlimitationof
eyemovement.AnexudativeRetinaldetachment(fluidunderthe

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Retina)maycauseseverevisualloss,Angle-ClosureGlaucoma
fromChoroidaleffusion.
About50%ofScleritispatientsareassociatedwithsystemic
autoimmunedisordersincludingrheumatoidarthritis,gout,wegener
granulomatosis,RelapsingPolychondritis,SystemicLupus

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Erythematosus,PolyarteritisNodosa,AnkylosingSpondylitis,with
infections,orchemicalorphysicalinjuries.
Itoccursmostofteninpeoplebetweentheagesof30and60(itis
rareinchildren).Scleritismaybetheinitialoronlypresentingclinical
manifestationofthesepotentiallylethaldisorders.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1016.Unilateralfrontalblisterswithupperlid
edemawithconjunctivitisisseenin?
a)AcanthamoebaKeratits
b)HerpesSimplex
c)HerpesZosterOphthalmicus

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)NeuroparalyticKeratitis
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.HerpesZosterOphthalmicus
Ocularlesions:Combinationof2ormoreofthefollowingwith
subsidenceofskineruptions:-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

i)Conjunctivitis(Mostcommonocularlesion)
ii)Zosterkeratitis:
Punctatekeratitis,Microdendriticcornealulcer(Pseudodendritic
Keratitis.),nummularanteriorstromalkeratitis,Disciformkeratitis,
neuroparalyticulceration,exposurekeratitis,mucousplaque

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

keratitis,Keratouveitiswithendothelitis,Sclerokeratitis(least
common).
Theendotheliumisafavouredsiteofattackandacuteendothelial
celllossoccursduringherpeszosterkeratouveitis.
iii)Episcleritis/Scleritis,Iridocyclitis(Uveitis).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

iv)Acuteretinalnecrosis,anteriorsegmentnecrosis,phthisisbulbi.
v)Secondaryglaucoma.

---

1017.Whichorganismcanpeneteratecorneal
endothelium?
a)Aspergillusfumigatus

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)StaphylococcusAureus
c)NeisseriaeGonorrhae
d)Hemophilusinfluenza
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.Aspergillusfumigatus

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Fungi-Canpenetrateintactcornealendothelium
Neisseriasp,C.Diptheriae,H,Aegyptus,Listeria-Canpenetrate
intactcornealepithelium

---

1018.AllofthefollowingaretrueaboutKeratoconus,except:
a)IncreasedcurvatureofcorneaAstigmatism

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Astigmatism
c)K.Fringcornea
d)Thickcornea
CorrectAnswer-D
ThemainpathologicalchangesinKeratoconusarethinningand

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

ectasiaofthelenswhichoccurasaresultofdefectivesynthesisof
mucopolysaccharideandcollagentissue.

---

1019.Allofthefollowingaretruefor
sympatheticophthalmitisexcept:
a)Affectstheinjuredeye

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Mostlyresultsfromapenetratingwound
c)Autoimmuneetiology
d)DalenFuch'snodulesmaybeseen
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A:Affectstheinjuredeye

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Sympatheticophthalmitisisaconditioninwhichserious
inflammationattacksthesoundeyeafterinjurytotheothereye.

---

1020.Redkeraticprecipitatesareseenin?
a)Granulomatousuveits
b)Hemorrhagicuveitis

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Oldhealeduveitis
d)Acuteanterioruveitis
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is.bi.e.,Hemorrhagicuveitis
Keraticprecipitates(KPs)

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

KPsareproteinaceouscellulardepositsoccurringatthebackof
cornea(cornealendothelialdeposits).Keraticprecipitatesare
formedbytheaggregationofpolymorphonuclearcells,lymphocytes,
andepitheloidcells.Inthesettingofuveitis,thebimicrosopic
appearanceofKPmayyeildimportantdiagnosticcluesforthe

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

identificationoftheunderlyinginflammatorydisorder:?
MuttonfatKP:-Large,yellowishKPs,arecharacteristic
ofgranulomatousuveitis.Thesearecomposedofepitheloidcellsand
macrophages.Theyarelarge,thickfluffy,lardaceousKPs,havinga
greasyorwaxyappearance.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

SmallormediumKPs(granularKPs):-Thesearecomposedof
lymphocytesandarecharacteristicofnon-granulomatousuveitis.
Thesearesmall,roundandwhitishprecipitates
RedKPs:-ComposedofRBCsandinflammatorycells.Theseare
seeninhemorrhagicuveitis.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

OldKPs:-Inhealeduveitis.TheabovedescribedKPsshrink,fade,
becomepigmentedandirregularinshapewithcrenatedmargins.

---

1021.Thezonulessuspendingthelensare
attachedtothe?
a)Rootofiris

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Ciliarybody
c)Anteriorvitreous
d)Limbus
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Ciliarybody

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theciliaryzonules(Zonulesofzinnorsuspensoryligamentsoflens)
holdthelensinpositionandenabletheciliarymuscletoactonit.
Theseconsistessentiallyofaseriesoffibreswhichrunfromthe
ciliarybodyandfuseintotheouterlayerofthelenscapsulearound
theequatorialzone.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1022.Lensattachedtociliarybodyvia?
a)Limbus
b)Zonules
c)VitreousHumour
d)Rootofiris

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Zonules

---

1023.Cataractiscausedby?
a)Hypoparathyroidism
b)Cigratesmoking

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Non-ionizingradiation
d)Alloftheabove
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Alloftheabove

---

1024.Allofthefollowingarecausesof

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

posteriorsubcapsularcataractexcept-
a)Myotonicdystrophy
b)Wilson'sDisease
c)Ionizingradiation
d)Congenitalcataract

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.Congenitalcataract
Myotoicdystrophy
Wilson'sdisease
Atopicdermatitis

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Corticosteroids
Trauma
Galactosemia
Infrared/heatcataract(glass-blower'sorglassworker)

---

1025.Theintraocularlensincataractsurgery

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

isplacedin?
a)Surfaceofiris
b)Capsularbag
c)Overthefaceofviterous
d)Aroundthelimbus

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Capsularbag
Asaclikestructureremainingwithintheeyefollowingextracapsular
cataractextractionorPhacoemulsification.
Theimplantedintraocularlensisplacedwithinthisstructureto

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

recreatetheusualphakicstate.

---

1026.Nonfoldablelensismadeof-
a)Silicon
b)Acrylic
c)PMMA

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Hydrogel
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.PMMA
TypesofIOL
Dependingonthematerialofmanufacturing,followingtypesofIOLs

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

arethere
1. RigidIOLs:-Madeentirelyfrompolyrnethylmethacrylate(PMMA).
2. FoldableIOLs:-Areusedafterphacoemulsificationandaremadeof
silicon,acrylic,hydrogelandcollamer.
3. RollableIOIs:Ultra-thinIOLsandaresuedafterphokonittechnique

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

(micro-incision:1mm).
Thesearemadeofhydrogel.

---

1027.Rigidgaspermeablelensaremadeof-
a)Plymethymethacrylate
b)Hydroxymethylmethacrylate

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

c)CopolymerofPMMA,Siliconcontainingmonomer&cellulose
acetylbutyrate
d)CelluloseacetaeButyrate
CorrectAnswer-C
1.Hardlenses:

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Madeofpokymethylmethacrylate(PMMA)
2.Rigidgaspermeable(RGP)lenses:
CopolymerofPMMA,siliconcontainingvinylmonomer&cellulose
acetatebutyrate(CAB)areusedtomanufactureRGPlenses.
3.Softlenses:

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Thesearemadeupofhydroxymethymethacrylate(HEMA)

---

1028.Axiallengthofeyeballismeasuredby
?
a)AmodeUltrasonography
b)BmodeUltrasonography

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)MmodeUltrasonography
d)Bothaandb
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,AmodeUltrasonography
UltrasonographvinOphthalmology

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

AMode
Transduceriscoupleddirectlytotheeyethroughtheuseofmethyl
cellulose.
Recordingaredoneinagraphicmode.Heightoftherecordedspike
onverticalaxisisameasureoftheamplitudeoftheecho,the

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

positionofthespikealongthehorizontalaxisindicatesthearrivalof
theechoonthetranducer.
Diagnosisisbasedonthebasisofamplitude,position,extentand
movementoftheabnormalechoesalonwiththesoundattenuating
propertiesoftheabnormality.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Ithasaspecialroleinbiometryi.e.axiallengthwhichisvery
essentialforsurgicalplanning.Bmode
Thetransduceriscoupledtotheeyebyeitherthegelappliedtothe
closedlidorbyasalinebath
Isisadisplayoftwo-dimensionalcrosssectionalimages.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

TheechoesinBscanaredisplayedasspotsandthebrightnessof
echoesindicatesitsamplitude.

---

1029.Snowflakecataractisassociatedwith:
September2008
a)Hypertension

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Adultdiabetes
c)Trauma
d)Juvenilediabetes
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D:Juvenilediabetes

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

SnowflakeCataracts:Thistypeofcataractrepresentsdotsof
varioussizes(andsometimesvariouscolours)distributed
throughoutthecortexsurroundingthenucleusfor360?.
ThisisthemostcommoncataractseeninDownSyndrome(extra
copyofchromosome21alsocalledtrisomy21)andjuvenile

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

diabetesmellitus.
Theseusuallyhaveverylittleeffectonvision.
Adultdiabeticcataractshowscorticaland/ornuclearand/or
subcapsular(sameasagerelated)

---

1030.WhatisthetypeofGalactosemia

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

cataract?
a)Snowflake
b)Oildrop
c)Bluedot
d)Polychromaticlustre

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Ans,B.Oildrop

---

1031.Rosettecataractisseendueto:
a)Trauma
b)Copperforeignbody

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Diabetes
d)Hyperparathyroidism
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.Trauma

---

1032.Vossiusringoccursin

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Lensdislocation
b)Concussioninjury
c)Penetratinginjury
d)Extracapsularextraction
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Bi.e.Concussioninjury

---

1033.Mostcommonetiolopathogeneticcause
ofglaucomais:
March2012
a)Raisedpressureinepiscleriticveins

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)Decreasedoutflow
c)Increasedformationofaqueoushumour
d)Increasedscleraloutflow
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans:Bi.e.Decreasedoutflow

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Asustainedincreaseinintraocularpressuremaybedueto
increasedformationoftheaqueoushumour,difficultyinitsexit,ora
raisedpressureintheepiscleralveinsofthese,thefirst&lastrarely
occur,anditfollowsthatraisedintraocularpressureisessentially
duetoanincreasedresistancetothecirculationoftheaqueousat

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

thepupiland/oritsdrainagethroughtheangleoftheanterior
chamber.

---

1034.Feature(s)ofInfantileglaucomais/are
except:
a)Aniridiamaybeassociated

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Treatmentincludestrabeculotomy
c)Buphthalmoscanoccur
d)Corneaisthin&clear
e)MaybeassociatedwithSturge-webersyndrome
CorrectAnswer-D

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-D.Corneaisthin&clear
Answer-D.Corneaisthin&clear
Primaryinfantileglaucomaisararedevelopmentaldefectinthe
iridocornealfiltrationangleoftheanteriorchamberthat
preventsaqueousfluidfromproperlydrainingfromtheeye.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Thisobstructionincreasestheintraocularpressure,which,if
untreated,damagestheopticnerve.Infantileglaucomacan
causecompleteblindnessifleftuntreated.
Glaucomacanalsooccurininfantsaftertraumaorintraocular
surgery(eg,cataractextraction).Glaucomaassociatedwith

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

anotheroculardisorder,suchasaniridia,Lowesyndrome,
orSturge-Webersyndrome,iscalledsecondaryglaucoma.
Buphthalmos(blueandthinsclera,strechedlimbus)isseen.
Treatment:Trabeculotomy,Goniotomy,combined
trabeculotomyandtrabeculotomy+/-MMC(Mitomycin)

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1035.Whatisnottrueaboutcongenital
glaucomaofeye?
a)Photophobiaismostcommonsymptom
b)Haab'sStriaemaybeseen
c)Thinandbluescleraseen

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Anteriorchamberisshallow
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.Photophobiaismostcommonsymptom

---

1036.Descemetmembranebreachisseenin
?

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Angleclosureglaucoma
b)Buphthalmos
c)AcuteIridocyclitis
d)Subconjunctivalhemorrhage
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.B.Buphthalmos
Haabstriaearediscretecornealopacitiesappearaslineswith
doublecontourduetoruptureinDescemet'smembrane.

---

1037.Earliestsignofprimarycongenital
glaucoma?

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Cornealedemawithwatering
b)Haab'sStriae
c)Bluesclera
d)Myopia
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.,A.Cornealedemawithwatering
Mostcommonsymptom-Watering(lacrimation)
2dmostcommonsymptom-Photophobia
Mosttroublesomesymptom-Photophobia(Childavoidslight)
Firstsign-Cornealedemawithwatering

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1038.Selectivealpha2agoinstusedin
glaucoma?
a)Tirriolol
b)Epinephrine
c)Dipivefrine

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Brimonidine
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Brimonidine

---

1039.Latanoprostusedtopicallyinglaucoma
primarilyactsby?

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Decreasingaqueoushumorformation
b)Increasinguveoscleraloutflow
c)Releasingpupillaryblock
d)Increasingtrabecularoutflow
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'b'i.e.,Increasinguveoscleraloutflow
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Increasinguveoscleraloutflow
LatanoprostisananalogofprostaglandinF2athatincreases
uveoscleraloutflowandinducesmiosis.
AntiglaucomaDrugs:MechanismofLoweringIntraocular

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Pressure(IOP):
Drugsthatincreasetrabecularoutflow
?Miotics(e.g.,pilocarpine)
?Epinephrine,dipivefrine
?Bimatoprost

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Drugsthatincreaseuveoscleraloutflow
?Prostaglandins(latanoprost)
?Epinephrine,dipivefrine
?Brimonidine
?Apraclonidine

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Drugsthatdecreaseaqueousproduction
?Carbonicanhydraseinhibitors(e.g.,acetazolamide,dorzolamide)
?Alphareceptorstimulatorsinciliaryprocess(e.g.,epinephrine,
dipivefrine,clonidine,brimonidine,apraclonidine)
?Beta-blockers

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Hyperosmoticagents-(e.g.,glycerol,mannitol,urea).

---

---

1040.Mioitcsaretreatmentofchoicefor?
a)Angleclosureglaucoma
b)Openangleglaucoma
c)Buphthalmos

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)SympatheticOphthalmia
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.Angleclosureglaucoma

---

1041.Whichofthefollowingdrugisalpha2
agonist?

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Apraclonidine
b)Timolol
c)PGanalogues
d)Verampamil
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.A.Apraclonidine
Apraclonidine?Selectivealpha2agonist.
Usefulinglaucoma.
Alphaagonists(Brimonidineandapraclonidine)arecontraindicated
inhypertensivecrisis.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Dipivefrinisaprodrugwhichisconvertedintoepinephrineinsidettre
eyeUall,socansafelybeusedinhypertension.

---

1042.
Whatisthecauseofglaucomain
retinoblastoma?

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Blockgeoftrabecularnetwork
b)Neovascularisation
c)Masseffectofthetumour
d)Lysisofthelens
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.B.Neovascularisation
Retinoblastomaisacauseofneovascularglaucoma,

---

1043.Glaucomadrainagedevices?
a)Drainaqueoushumourtotheposteriorsegment
b)Drainaqueoushumourtoanexternaldevice

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Openthetrabeculaemechanically
d)Reducetheaqueoussecretionbycompressingtheciliary
epithelium
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Drainaqueoushumourtoanexternaldevice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Glaucomadrainagedevicesaredesignedtodivertaqueoushumor
fromtheanteriorchambertoanexternalreservoir,whereafibrous
capsuleformsabout4-6weeksaftersurgeryandregulatesflow.
Thesedeviceshaveshownsuccessincontrollingintraocular
pressure(IOP)ineyeswithpreviouslyfailedtrabeculectomyandin

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

eyeswithinsufficientconjunctivabecauseofscarringfromprior
surgicalproceduresorinjuries.
Theyalsohaveshownsuccessincomplicatedglaucomas,suchas
uveiticglaucoma,neovascularglaucoma,andpediatricand
developmentalglaucomas,amongothers.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1044.A44yearoldwomanpresentsSudden
painlesslossofvisionwithhistoryof
previoussimilarepisodefundoscopy
showsnoglow.Whatcouldbethe
possiblediagnosis?

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)VitreousHemorrhage
b)RhegmatogenousRetinalDetachment
c)Acutecongestiveglaucoma
d)FungalKeratitis
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.,A.VitreousHemorrhage
Vitreoushemorrhagereferstobleedingintothevitreouschamberor
aspacecreatedbyvitreousdetachment.
Patientspresentwithsuddenonsetoffloaters(blackspotsinfrontof
theeye)wherethehemorrhageissmall,andtheremaybesudden

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

painlesslossofvisionifthehemorrhageislarge.

---

1045.Allofthefollowingaretruefor
retinopathyofprematurityexcept:
a)Occursinprematureinfantsduetolatecrying
b)Duetohypoxiathereoccursneovascularizationfollowedby

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

fibroproliferation
c)Endresultisbilateralblindness
d)Blindnesscanbepreventedbyearlydiagnosisandablationof
vascularprematureretinawithcryotherapyorphotocoagulation
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.Occursinprematureinfantsduetolatecrying

---

1046.Retinopathyofprematurityis
commonlypredisposedby-
a)Lessgestationage
b)Lowbirthweight

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)O2toxicity
d)Carbohydrateexcess
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Lessgestationage

---

1047.Ealesdiseaseis:

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Recurrentopticneuritis
b)Recurrentpappilloedema
c)Recurrentperiphelbitisretinae
d)None
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.Recurrentperiphelbitisretinae

---

1048.WhatisfalseaboutEale'sdisease
amongstthefollowwing?
a)Retinaldetachmentmayoccur
b)AKTisgiven

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Opticneuritis
d)VitreousHemorrhage
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Opticneuritis

---

1049.Snowballappearanceisseenin?

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Posterioruveitis
b)Sarcoidosis
c)Anterioruveitis
d)VitreousHemorrhage
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.B.Sarcoidosis
Causesofintermediateuveitis,thusSnowballOpacitiesof
Vitreous?
Candidiasis
TB,syphilis

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Sarcoidosis
Multiplesclerosis
Lymedisease.

---

1050.Prutchnersretinopathyinassociated
with-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)DiabetesMellitus
b)Wilson'sdisease
c)Headtrauma
d)Rheumatoidarthritis
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.C.Headtrauma
Purtscher'sretinopathy
Near-confluentcotton-woolspotsclusteredaroundanotherwise
normalopticnerveheadinaneyeofapatientwhohadsustaineda
severebluntinjurytotheheadandchest.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Later,itwasdiscoveredtobeassociatedwithseveralnon-traumatic
systemicdiseases.
Conditionsassociated:
Severehead,chest&longbonediseases.
Fatembolismsyndrome.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Amnioticfluidembolism
Actuepancreatitits.
SLE

---

1051.Subhyaloidhemorrhageis?
a)Boatshaped

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Crescentshaped
c)Round
d)Flameshaped
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans,.A.Boatshaped

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Retrohyaloid(subhyaloid)hemorrhage('Boat-shapedorscaphoid):-
Locatedanterior(internal)totheretina,withintheretrohyoidspace.
(note-thetermhyaloidreferstohyaloidbody,anothernamefor
vitreoushumor).

---

1052.Whatistrueaboutretinalhemorrhage

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

innewborn?
a)Morecommonininstrumenteddeliveries
b)Resolvein6-8months
c)Commonlyunilateral
d)Associatedwithintrauterineinfection

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.Morecommonininstrumenteddeliveries
Birth-rdatedRHininfantsoccursinone-quarterofnormaldeliveries
andarefarmorecommonafterinstrumentaldeliveries.
Commonlybilateral,theywerepredominantlyintraretinal,posterior,

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

resolvedrapidly,andveryrarelypersistedbeyond6weeks.

---

1053.Mostcommonagerelatedchangein
vitreous?
a)Anteriorvitreousdetachment
b)Posteriorvitreousdetachment

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Vitreoushemorrhage
d)Vitritis
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Posteriorvitreousdetachment
YanoffWrites(Mostcommonagerelatedeventinvitreousis

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

posteriorvitreousdetachment'

---

1054.Muscaevolitantesisseenin?
a)Vitreousdetachment
b)VitreousHemorrhage
c)Remainsofprimitivehyaloidvasculatur

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Eale'sdisease
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans,C.Remainsofprimitivehyaloidvasculatur
Muscaevolitantesarephysiologicalvitreousopacitiesandrepresent
theresiduesofprimitivehyaloidvasculature.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1055.Allaretrueregardingopticneuritis
except:
a)Decreasedvisualacuity
b)Decreasedpupillaryreflex
c)Abnormalelectroretinogram

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Abnormalvisualevokedresponseretinogram
CorrectAnswer-C
Ci.e.Abnormalelectroretinogram
Electroretinogramindicatestheactivityofretinal(esp.rods&
cones)functionandhasnoroleinassessingthefunctionalintegrity

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

oftheopticnerveQ.Soitcan'tbeabnormalinopticneuritis.

---

1056.AnisocoriainHorner'ssyndromeisdue
to
a)Oculosympatheticpalsy
b)Oculoparasympatheticpalsy

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Oculomotornervepalsy
d)Abducensnervepalsy
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Oculosympatheticpalsy
Anisocoriaisaconditioncharacterizedbyanunequalsizeof

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

theeyes'pupils.
Itcanbeanentirelyharmlessconditionorasymptomofmore
seriousmedicalproblems.
Anisocoriahasvariouscauses:
Physiologicalanisocoria:About20%ofnormalpeoplehaveaslight

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

differenceinpupilsizewhichisknownasphysiologicalanisocoria.
Inthiscondition,thedifferencebetweenpupilsisusuallylessthan
1mm.[3]
Horner'ssyndrome
Horner'ssyndromeisoculosympatheticpalsy.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Horner'ssyndromeconsistsofclassicaltriadofipsilateral:-
1. Ptosis,
2. Miosis,
3. Anhydrosis(lossofsweating)
Otherfeaturesare:-Lossofcilio-spinalreflex,Enophthatnos,

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Heterochromia(ipsilateralirisisoflightcolour),thepupilisslowto
dilate,slightelevationofinferioreyelid,normalpupillaryreflex.

---

1057. Themostcommontypeofstrabismus
seeninmyopesis?
a)IntermittentExotropia

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)IntermittentEsotropia
c)Esotropiahypotropiacomplex
d)ExoptropiaHypotropiacomplex
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.IntermittentExotropia

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

MyopiaandIntermittentexoptropia
Traditionally,itisbelievedthatthepresenceofmyopiamaybe
associatedwithadecreaseddemandforaccommodationandhence
lowerconvergence.
Thismaypredisposetoanincreasedriskofdevelopingexotropia

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Alternately,itishypothesizedthatintermittentexotropiamayleadto
developmentofrnyopiaduetoincreasedaccommodativedemand
andincreasedconvergencemaybenecessarytocontrolthe
exodeviationthatcancontributetoincreasedacommodationand
myopiainintermittentdistanceexotropia.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1058.Dalrymple'ssignofocularGraves'
diseaserefersto:
a)Retractionoftheupperlid
b)Lidlag
c)Proptosis

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Alloftheabovecombinedly
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.Retractionoftheupperlid

---

1059.Macularsparingisassociatedwithlesionsin:
a)Opticnerve

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Lateralgeniculatebody
c)Occipitalcortex
d)Opticchiasma
CorrectAnswer-C
Macularsparing,thatis,lossofperipheralvisionwithintactmacularvision,isalso

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

commonwithoccipitallesions
Ref:Ganong'sReviewofMedicalPhysiology23rdedition,Chapter12.

---

1060.

---

Pupillaryreflexpathway-Allofthefollowing
areapartexcept?

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)EdingerWestphalnucleus
b)Pretectalnudes
c)Medialgeniculatebody
d)Retinalganglioncell
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.C.Medialgeniculatebody
Sensoryefferent)componentoflightrfiex=Optic(1st)nerve
Motor(efferent)componentoflightreflex=Occulomotor(3rd)nerve

---

1061.Sixthcranialnervepalsycausesofleft
eyecauses?

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Accomodationparesisinleftgaze
b)Ptosisoflefteye
c)Adductionweaknessoflefteye
d)Diplopiainleftgaze
CorrectAnswer-D

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.D.Diplopiainleftgaze
Sixthnervesupplieslateralrectus,thereforeitspalsyresultsin
abductionweakness(notadductionweakness).
Inleftgaze,thereisabductionoflefteyeandadductionofrighteye.
Ifthereisparalysisoflateralrectusoflefteye(66nerveparalysis),

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

abductionoflefteyewillnotbepossibleinleftgaze,whileadduction
ofrighteyeisnormal.
Therefore,therewillbediplopiainleftgaze.

---

1062.DShapedpupilisseenin?
a)Iridodialysis

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Iridodonesis
c)AnteriorUveitis
d)Anteriorsynechiae
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.,A.Iridodialysis

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Iridodtalysisisdetachmentoflrisfromitsrootattheciliarybody.
ItresultsinDshapedpupilandablackbiconvexareaseenatthe
periphery.

---

1063.Bestmethodofdetectionofretained
glassintraocularforeignbodyis:

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)CTscan
b)Radiography
c)Ultrasonography
d)Tonography
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.CTscan

---

1064.Pulsatileproptosisisafeatureof?
a)Orbitalvarix
b)Retinoblastoma
c)Cortico-cavernousfistula

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Covernoussinusthrombosis
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Cortico-cavernousfistula
Proptosis
Proptosisisbulgingoftheeyeball(forwardbulging)beyondthe

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

orbitalmargins.Thoughthewordexophthalmosissynonymouswith
proptosis;somesourcedefinexophthalmosasaprotrusionofglobe
greaterthan18mmandproptosisasaprotrusionequaltoorless
than18mm.Proptosismaybeclassifiedasfollows:?
UnilateralProptosisProptosisofoneeye.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Inflammatorylesions:-Orbitalcellulitis,abscess,cavernoussinus
thrombosis,etc.
Vasculardisturbances:-Haemorrhage,varicoseorbitalveins,
haemangioma,etc.
Cystsandtumour:-Dermoidcyst,osteoma,lymphoma,

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

lymphosarcoma,glioma,meningiomaofopticnerve,retinoblastoma
andmetastaticdepositsinorbitNeuroblastoma,breast,prostate,
lung,GIT,Kidney,Ewing'stumor,melanoma,wilmstumor
(Nephroblastoma)].
Systemicdiseases-Leukemiasandendocrinedisturbancessuch

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

asGraves'diseaseandthyrotropicexophthalmosininitialstages.
Paralysisofextraocularmusclesasincompleteophthalmoplegia.
MucoceleofPNS'-Frontal(mostcommon),ethmoid,maxillary.
BilateralProptosisProptosisofbotheyes.

---

evelopmentalanomaliesoftheskull-Oxycephaly(towerskull).

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Endocrineexophthalmos,boththyrotoxicandthyrotropic.
Inflammatorylesions-Cavernoussinusthrombosis.
Tumours-lymphosarcoma,lymphoma,pseudotumour,
nephroblastoma,Ewing'ssarcoma.
Systemicdisease-Histocytosis(Hand-schullerchristondisease),

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

amyloidosis,wegner'sgranulomatosis.
Intermittentproptosis
Proptosisdevelopingintermittentlyandrapidlyinoneeyewhen
venousstasisisinducedbyforwardbendingorloweringthehead,
turningtheheadforcibly,hyperextensionoftheneck,coughing,

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

forcedexpirationwithorwithoutcompressionofthenostrils,or
pressureonjugularveins.Themostimportantcasueisorbitalvarix
(varicocele).
Pulsatileproptosis:-Pulsatileproptosisisseenin
caroticocovernousfistula;saccularaneurysmofophthalmicartery;

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

andduetotransmittedcerebralpulsationasseeninmeningocele,
neurofibromatosisandtraumaticoroperativehiatus.

---

1065.Inwhichofthefollowingconditions
Berlin'sedemais
a)Openangleglaucoma

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Aftercataractsurgery
c)Afterconcussionaltrauma
d)Diabeticretinopathy
CorrectAnswer-C
Ci.e.Afterconcussiontrauma

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

BlunttraumatoeyemayproduceBerlin'sedemaorcommotio
retinaeQwhichisacloudyswellingcharacterizedbyagrey
appaerance,mostfrequentlyinthetemporalregion.Itmayalso
manifestascherryredspotinthefovealregion.

---

1066.Allofthefollowingarecomplicationsof

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

traumatichyphemaexcept?
a)Rebleeding
b)PupillaryBlock
c)CornealUlcer
d)Posteriorsynechiae

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.CornealUlcer
Complicationsoftraumatichyphema
1. Obstructionoftrabecularmeshworkwithassociatedintraocular
pressureelevation

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

2. Peripheralanteriorsynechiae(PAS)
3. Posteriorsynechiae
4. Cornealbloodstaining
5. Rebleeding:Canoccurwhentheinitialclotretractsandlyses
allowingforasecondepisodeofbleeding.Rebleedsaregenerally

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

moreseverethantheinitialbleed,morelikelytoleadtoglaucoma,
cornealbloodstaining,andsynechiaeformation.Ithasbeen
reportedtooccur3.5%to38%ofthetimeandprobably5-10%
overall.
6. Pupillaryblock

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

7. Amblyopia(pediatricpatients)

---

1067.Allofthefollowingdrugsincreasethe
riskofpostoperativenauseaand
vomitingaftersquintsurgeryin
childrenexcept?

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Halothane
b)Opiods
c)Propofol
d)NitrousOxide
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans,C.Propofol
Strabismussurgeryonchildrenisanindependentriskfactorfor
postoperativenauseaandvomiting.
PropofolIsUsedInPredisposedIndividualsAsItHas
VeryLessEmetogenecity

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1068.Whatisthemostcommoneyelesionin
HIV?
a)KaposiSarcomaofLid
b)CMVRetinitis
c)Cottonwoolspots

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Choroiditis
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Cottonwoolspots
Themostcommonabnorrnalfindingonfundoscopicexaminationis
cofton-woolspots.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

---

1069. FeaturesofUsher'sSyndromeinclude
allexcept?
a)NightBlindness
b)VisualImpairment
c)MultipleNeurofibromas

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Hearingdeficit
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.MultipleNeurofibromas
Ushersyndrome
Ushersyndromeisarelativelyraregeneticdisordercausedbya

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

mutationinanyoneofatleastIIgenesresultinginacombinationof
hearinglossandvisualimpairment,andisaleadingcauseof
deafblindness.
Ushersyndromeisincurableatpresent.
OthernamesforUshersyndromeincludeHallgrensyndrome,

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Usher-Hallgrensyndrome,retinitispigmentosadysacusissyndrome,
anddystrophiaretinaedysacusissyndrome.
Thissyndromeischaracterizedbyhearinglossandagradualvisual
impairment.Thehearinglossiscausedbyadefectiveinnerear,
whereasthevisionlossresultsfromretinitispigmentosa(RP),a

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

degenerationoftheretinalcells.
Usually,therodcellsoftheretinaareaffectedfirst,leadingtoearly
nightblindnessandthegraduallossofperipheralvision.
Inothercases,earlydegenerationoftheconecellsinthemacula
occurs,leadingtoalossofcentralacuity.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Insomecases,thefovealvisionisspared,leadingto'doughnut
vision";centralandperipheralvisionareintact,butanannulusexists
aroundthecentralregioninwhichvisionisimpaired.

---

---

1070.Pilocarpineisusedinallofthe
followingexcept:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

September2006
a)Primary,OpenAngleGlaucoma
b)MalignantGlaucoma
c)AcuteAngleClosureGlaucoma
d)ChronicSynechialAngleClosureGlaucoma

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B:MalignantGlaucoma
Managementofangle-closuresecondarytociliochoroidal
effusionisdirectedattwoprocesses:
Thefirstisuvealinflammation,whichistreatedwithoralsteroidsto

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

reducetheeffusionandallowthechambertodeepenspontaneously
astheinflammationsubsides.
Thesecondisanteriorrotationofthelens-irisdiaphragm,whichis
reversedwithcycloplegics.Thepressureistreatedintheacute
settingwithaqueoussuppressantsandoralcarbonicanhydrase

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

inhibitors.Pilocarpineiscontraindicatedbecauseitwillcause
anteriorrotationofthelens-irisdiaphragm.

---

1071.CHARGEsyndromeincludesallexcept
?
a)EyeColoboma

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Congenitalheartdisease
c)Urinarytractdefects
d)EsophagealAtresia
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans,D.EsophagealAtresia

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

CHARGESYNDROME
C-Colobomaoftheeye,centralnervoussystemanomalies.
H-Heartdefects.
A-Atresiaofthechoanae.
R-Retardationofgrowthand/ordevelopment.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

G-Genitaland/orurinarydefects(Hypogonadism,undescended
testicles,besideshypospadias).
E-Earanomaliesand/ordeafrressandabnormallybowl-shaped
andconcaveears,knownas'lopears".

---

1072.Parasitosisofextraoculareyemuscles

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

isseenin?
a)Trichinosis
b)Cysticercosis
c)Amoebiasis
d)Ascariasis

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Ans,A.Trichinosis
'Althoughmanyparasitescantheoreticallyinvolvetheextraocular
musclethemostfrequentformofparasiticinfestationofextraocular
musclesistrichinosis'

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1073.Theprincipleoftotalinternalreflection
isusedby?
a)Gonioscope
b)Pachymeter
c)Ophthalmoscope

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Lensometer
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A
Gonioscopyisanessentialdiagnostictoolandexamination
techniqueusedtovisualizethestructuresoftheanteriorchamber

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

angle.
Masteringthevarioustechniquesofgonioscopyiscrucialinthe
evaluationofglaucomapatients.
Gonioscopyisrequiredtovisualizethechamberanglebecause
undernormalconditionslightreflectedfromtheanglestructures

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

undergoestotalinternalreflectionatthetear?airinterface.Atthe
tear?airinterface,thecriticalangle(approximately46?)isreached
andlightistotallyreflectedbackintothecornealstroma.This
preventsdirectvisualizationoftheanglestructures.Allgonioscopy
lenseseliminatethetear?airinterfacebyplacingaplasticorglass

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

surfaceadjacenttothefrontsurfaceoftheeye.Thesmallspace
betweenthelensandcorneaisfilledbythepatient'stears,saline
solution,oraclearviscoussubstance.Dependingonthetypeof
lens

---

1074.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Immediatetreatmentofacute
dacryocystitisis?
a)Antibioticsanddrainageofabscesssifpresent
b)Dacryocystorhinostomy
c)Dacryocystectomy

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Nasaldecongestants
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.Antibioticsanddrainageofabscesssifpresent

---

1075.Whichofthefollowingisthecommon
causeofrespiratoryfailuretype2?

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Chronicbronchitisexacerbation
b)Acuteattackasthma
c)ARDS
d)Pneumonia
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-A.Chronicbronchitisexacerbation
TypeIIrespiratoryfailureoccursduetoalveolarhypoventilation

---

1076.Aspirin-sensitiveasthmaisassociated
with:
a)Obesity

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Urticaria
c)Nasalpolyp
d)Extrinsicasthma
CorrectAnswer-C
TheanswerisC(Nasalpolyp):

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

`AspirinassociatedAsthmausuallybeginswithperennialvasomotor
rhinitisthatisfollowedbyhyperplasticrhinosinusitiswithnasal
polyps'--Harrisons
AspirinassociatedAsthma:
Primarilyaffectsadults,althoughtheconditionmayoccurin

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

childhood.
Usuallybeginswithperennialvasomotorrhinitisthatisfollowedby
hyperplasticrhinosinusitiswithnasalpolyps.
Progressiveasthmathenappears.
Onexposuretoevenverysmallquantitiesofaspirin,affected

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

individualstypicallydevelopocularandnasalcongestionandacute,
oftensevereepisodesofairwaysobstruction.
Deathmayfollowingestionofaspirin.

---

1077.Whichofthefollowingisseenin
sarcoidosis

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Hypercalcemia
b)Hypocalcemia
c)Hyperphosphatemia
d)Hypophosphatemia
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-A.Hypercalcemia
Granulomaofsarcoidosiscansecret1-25(OH)2vitaminD.
Therefore,patientsofsarcoidosismaydevelophypercalcemia.

---

1078.Centralbronchiectasisisseenwith
a)CysticAdenomatoidMalformation

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Cysticfibrosis
c)Bronchocarcinoma
d)Tuberculosis
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Cysticfibrosis

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Thedistribution()I.bronchiectasismarbeimportantdiagnostically
AcentralPerihilar
allergicbronchopulmonaryaspergillosis.
PredominantupperlobeoMiddleandlowerlobeCystic
fibrosisoroneofitsvariants.DistributionisconsistentwithPCD

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

LowerlobeinvolvementisMiddlelobeandlingularsegmentof
theLULinvolvementischaracteristicofnontuberculous
mycobacteria(NTM).Idiopathicbronchiectasis

---

1079.BronchiectasisSiccaisseenwith
a)Tuberculosis

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Pertussis
c)Cysticfibrosis
d)Kartagenersyndrome
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Tuberculosis

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

BronchiectasisSiccaorDryBronchiectasisistypically
associatedwithTuberculosis.
Tuberculosisisassocitedwithatypeofdrybronchiectasiscalled
BronchiectasisSicca,whichispredominantlyseeninupperlobes.
DryBronchiectasis(BronchiectasisSicca)istypicallycharacterized

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

byabsenceofcopiousamountofsputumwhichisusuallyahall
markofbronchiectasis.
Drycoughassociatedwithhemoptysisisthetypicalpresentation
Endobronchialtuberculosiscommonlyleadstobronchiectasis,either
frombronchialstenosisorsecondarytractionfromfibrosis.Traction

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

bronchiectasischaracteristicallyaffectsperipheralbronchi(which
lackcartilagesupport)inareasofend-stagefibrosis

---

1080.InapatientwithCOPD,best
managementoptionis
a)Quitsmoking

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Bronchodilators
c)Lowflowoxygen
d)Mucolytics
CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.Lowflowoxygen

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Therapyisstartedwithshort-actingbronchodilator(beta-agonistor
anticholinergic).
Long-termoxygentherapyisusedinallpatientswithCOPDwho
havechronichypoxemia

---

1081.Inapatientthereisdyspneainupright

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

positionwhichisrelievedinsupine
position,Diagnosis?
a)Tachypnea
b)Orthopnea
c)Paroxysmalnocturnaldyspnea

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Platypnea
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.Platypnea
Platyapnea(Orthodeoxia)
Dyspnoeawhenapatientmovestosittingorstandingpositionfrom

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

arecumbentposition.

---

1082.Mostcommoncauseofidiopathic
interstitialpneumoniais
a)Sarcoidosis
b)Organizingpneumonia

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Idiopathicpulmonaryfibrosis
d)Lipoidpneumonia
CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.Idiopathicpulmonaryfibrosis
Idiopaticpulmonaryfibrosis

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Idiopathicnonspecificinterstitialpneumonia

---

1083.ClickingnoiseinPneumomediastinum
isknownas
a)Hammansign
b)Trailsign

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Kussmaulsign
d)None
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Hammansign
Crunchingorclickingnoiseheardsynchronouslywiththeheartbeat

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

onauscultationandbestheardintheleftlateraldecubitusposition.It
isassociatedwith"Pneumomediastinum".

---

1084.Emphysemapresentswithallexcept
a)Cyanosis
b)Barrelshapedchest

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Associatedwithsmoking
d)TypeIrespiratoryfailure
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Cyanosis
Dyspnoea

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Coughorwheezing(somepatient)
Weightloss
Barrel-Chest
FEVCandFEV1arereduced.TLC,RC,andFRCareincreaseddue
tohyperinflation.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Cyanosisisrare(incontrasttochronicbronchitis)
Emphysema(COPD)causestype-1respiratoryfailure

---

1085.Allareseeninemphysemaexcept
a)Decreasedvitalcapacity
b)Hyperinflation

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Rhonchi
d)ReducedDlco
CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.Rhonchi
Coughorwheezing(somepatient)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Weightloss
Barrel-Chest
FEVCandFEV1arereduced.TLC,RCandFRCareincreaseddue
tohyperinfcation.
Cyanosisisrare(incontrasttochronicbronchitis)

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Emphysema(COPD)causestype-1respiratoryfailure

---

1086.Mostcommoncauseofpleuraleffusion
inAIDSpatients
a)Kaposisarcoma
b)TB

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

c)PneumocystisJiroveci
d)Mycoplasma
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Kaposisarcoma
Ophthalmologicaldiseases

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Themostcommonabnormalfindingsonfundoscopicexamination
arecottonwoolspots.
CMVretinitisisthemostsevereocularcomplicationandoccurs
whenCD4T-cellscountislessthan50/ml.Ittypicalpresentsas
perivascularhemorrhageandexudaewithCottage-Cheese

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

appearance.
Acuteretinalnecrosissyndrome,alsocalledprogressiveouter
retinalnecrosis(PORN)iscausedbyHSVandVZV
OthermanifestationsarechorioretinitisbytoxoplasmaandPcarinii,
kaposisarcomaofeyelid,andlymphoma.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

---

1087.Mostcommoncauseoflungabscessis
comatosepatient
a)Staphaureus
b)Oralanaerobes
c)Klebsiella

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Tuberculosis
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Oralanaerobes
Mostlungabscessesinmoribundintubatedpatientsaredueto
anaerobicbacteria,likepeptostreptococcus,Bacteroidesetc.Lung

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

abscess
Thetermpulmonaryabscessdescribesalocalsuppurativeprocess
withinthelung,characterizedbynecrosisoflungtissues
Etiology
Asaspirationoforopharyngealsecretionsisthemostcommon

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

cause,organismsmostcommonlycausinglungabscessarethose
normallyfoundinoralcavity,i.e.,Anaerobicbacteria(Bacteroides,
Fusobacterium,peptococcusspecies).OtherorganismsareS.
aureus,Klebsiella,Nocardiaandgramnegativebacteria.

---

1088.Ifapersonishavingventriular

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

tachycardia,extrasystolesappearsto
a)Pwave
b)QRScomplex
c)Twave
d)Rwave

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.QRScomplex
ExtrasystoleinventriculartachycardiaappearsinQRScomplex
whenanirritablefocusinanypartoftheventricularmyocardium
activatestheventriclesbeforethearrivalofthenextnormalwaveof

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

depolarisationfromtheatriaaventricularextrasystoleisproduced.

---

1089.MostcommonarrhythmiainICU
patients-
a)Atrialflutter
b)Atrialfibrillation

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

c)PSVT
d)NPAT
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Atrialfibrillation
MostcommonarrhythmiainI.C.U.patientAtrialfibrillation

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

MostcommonarrhythmiainapatientwithCardiacarrest
Ventricularfibrillation

---

1090.Mostcommonmechanismof
arrhythmia
a)Re-entry

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Earlyafterdepolarization
c)Lateafterdepolarization
d)Automaticity
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Re-entry

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Themostcommonarrhythmiamechanismisre-entry.
Fundamentally,re-entryisdefinedasthecirculationofanactivation
wavearoundaninexcitableobstacle.
Re-entryappearstobethebasisformostabnormalsustainedSupra
VentricularTachycardias(SVTs)andVentriculartachycardia.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Examplesofre-entryare:-
PolymorphicVentriculartachycardiainpatientswithagenetically
determinedionchannelabnormalitysuchastheBrugadasyndrome,
catecholaminergicpolymorphicVentriculartachycardia.

---

1091.Patientof1stdegreeheartblock

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

complainsofdizziness.Besttreatment
forthispatientis
a)Atropine
b)Isoprenaline
c)Adrenaline

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Pacemaker
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.Pacemaker
Themostdefinitiveorreliabletreatmentforpatientwithsymptomatic
A.V.conductionsystemistemporaryorpermanentpacing.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

---

1092.Allareusedforsecondaryprevention
ofMIexcept
a)Aspirin
b)Statins
c)Betablockers

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Warfarin
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.Warfarin
MedicinesusedinthesecondarypreventionofM.I.
LongtermdualantiplatelettherapywithaspirinandP2Y12receptor

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

blocker.
Statins(highintensity).
Angiotensinconvertingenzymeinhibitorsinpatientwithdiabetes
heartfailure,leftventricularejectionfraction.
f3blockers.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1093.Notrecommendedincoronaryartery
diseasepatients
a)Dailyexercise
b)Potassium
c)Vitamin-E

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Statins
CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.Vitamin-E
InterventionstudiesusingvitaminEtopreventcardiovascular
diseaseorcancerhavenotshownefficacy

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1094.Digitalisisusedinmitralstenosiswhen
patientdevelops
a)Atrialfibrillation
b)Rightventricularfailure
c)Acutepulmonaryedema

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Myocarditis
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Atrialfibrillation
DrugsusefulinslowingtheventricularrateofpatientswithAF
Betablockers,

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Nondihydropyridinecalciumchannelblockers(e.g.,verapamilor
diltiazem),and
Digitalisglycosides

---

1095.Whichoneofthefollowingisnotan
earlycomplicationofacutemyocardial

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

infarction?
a)Papillarymuscledysfunction
b)Ventricularseptaldefect
c)Paricarditis
d)Dressler'ssyndrome

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.Dressler'ssyndrome
Dressler'ssyndromeisalatecomplicationofmyocardialinfarction.It
usuallyoccurs1-8weeksaftermyocardialinfarctions

---

1096.Mostcommonmalignanttumorofheart

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

inadults
a)Sarcoma
b)Rhabdomyoma
c)Lipoma
d)Paraganglioma

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Sarcoma
Almostallprimarycardiacmalignanciesaresarcomas.

---

1097.Whichisthebestwaytodifferentiate
betweenstableanginaandNSTEMI?

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)ECG
b)Cardiac-biomarker
c)TransthoracicEchocardiography
d)MultiuptakegatedAcquisitionscan
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-B.Cardiac-biomarker
ThedifferentiatingfeaturebetweenAnginaandMIistheelevationof
cardiacmarkers?.(noelevationisseeninAngina)

---

1098.AetiologyofDresslerSyndromeis
a)Viral

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Autoimmune
c)Idiopathic
d)Toxinmediated
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Autoimmune

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Immunologicalfactorsarethoughtstobeofprimaryimportance.
Theimmunecomplexeshataregeneratedaredepositedintothe
pericardium,pleuraandlungs.

---

1099.Predisposingfactorsforcoronary
arterydiseaseinclude,allExcept:

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Homocysteinemia
b)LipoproteinB
c)Fibrinogen
d)plasminogenactivatorinhibitors1
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

AnswerisB(.LipoproteinB)
Predisposingfactorsforcoronaryarterydiseaseincludean
increasedlipoprotein'a'andnotlipoprotein'6'.

---

1100.Murmurheardinaorticstenosis
a)Right2ndintercistal,lowpitchmurmur

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Apex,lowpitchmurmur
c)LeftSternalarea,lowpitchmurmur
d)Pen-systolicmurmur,highpitchmurmur
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Right2ndintercistal,lowpitchmurmur

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

TypicallyheardatthebaseoftheheartinAorticarea(second
intercostalspace).
Harshquality.
GenerallybeginsafterSiandendSbeforeS2.

---

1101.Whichofthefollowingstatements

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

aboutatrialmyxomasistrue
a)MostcommoninLeftAtrium
b)MorecommoninMales
c)Distantmetastasisareseen
d)Mostmyxomasarefamilial

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
AnswerisA(MostcommoninLeftAtrium)
CardiacMyxomasareusuallylocatedintheatria,mostcommonin
theleft.
Cardiacmyxomas

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

ArethemostcommontypeofprimarycardiactumorsQ
Occuratallagesandshownosexpreference(mixesequallywith
bothsexes)Q
Mostcardiacmyxomasaresporadic,whilesomemaybefamilial
Sporadicmyxomas:

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

AresolitaryQ
LocatedinAtria,mostcommonlyintheleftQ
Unlikelytohavepost-oprecurrencee
OccurinyoungerindividualsQ
Familialmyxomas:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Aremultiple?
Morelikelytohavepostoprecurrencee
Myxomasarebenigntumorsandthereforedistantmetastasisare
notseen.?

---

1102.Duroziez'ssignisseenin

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

a)AorticRegurgitation
b)TricuspidRegurgitationMitralstenosis
c)Pericardialeffusion
d)None
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-A.AorticRegurgitation
Insevereaorticregurgitation,gradualpressureoverthefemoral
arteryleadstoasystolicanddiastolicbruit.
Referstosystolicanddistolicmurmursheardoverthefemoralartery
whilepartiallycompresslngthevesselwiththediaphragmofthe

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

stethoscope.

---

1103.Beckstriadisseenin
a)Constrictivepericarditis
b)Restrictivecardiomyopathy
c)Cardiactamponade

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Noneoftheabove
CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.Cardiactamponade
Beck'striadischaracteristicofcardiacTamponade,itincludes
:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Increasedvenouspressure
Decreasedarterialpressure
Muffledheartsounds,silentheart(duetopresenceoffluidin
pericardium).

---

1104.Theseverityofmitralstenosiscanbe

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

judgedby-
a)Intensityofmurmur
b)Durationofmurmur
c)LeftventricularS3
d)LoudS1

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Durationofmurmur
DurationdependsonseverityofMS.
InsevereMS,themiddiastolicmurmurislongandmergeswiththe
presystolicmurmurtoproduceholodiastolicmurmur..

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1105.Widepulsepressureisseeninall
except:
a)PDA
b)Aorticstenosis
c)AorticRegurgitation

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)A.V.malformation
CorrectAnswer-B
AnswerisB(AorticStenosis)
AorticStenosisisassociatedwithanarrowpulsepressure.
PatentDuctusArteriosus(PDA),AorticRegurgitationandAV

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Malformations(Arteriovenousshunting)areallassociatedwitha
widepulsepressure.

---

1106.Allaretruefortransplantedkidney
except
a)Humoralantibodyresponsibleforrejection

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)CMIisresponsibleforrejection
c)Previousbloodtransfusion
d)HLAidentitysimilarityseenin1:100people
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.HLAidentitysimilarityseenin1:100people

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Withinanyparticularfamily,sibling'shavea7:4chanceofbeing
HLAidentical.Incontrastamongunrelated
people,theprobabilitiesofHLAidentityinseveralthousand
dependinguponphenotypeinvolved'Itisduetothefactthat
HLAcomplexisinheritedintactastwohaplotypes.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1107.AllareseeninNephroticsyndrome
except
a)Atherosclerosis
b)Thrombo-embolism
c)IncreasedproteinClevels

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Lipiduria
CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.IncreasedproteinClevels
Nephroticsyndromeisaclinicalcomplexcharacterizedbyanumber
ofrenalandextrarenalfeatures,mostprominentofwhichare

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Proteinuria(inpractice>3.0to3.5gm/24hrs),
Hypoalbuminemia,Edema
Hypertension
Hyperlipidemia,Lipiduria
Hypercoagulabilty(resultofLossofAntithrombinIII)

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1108.Basketweaveappearanceofglomerular
basementmembraneonelectron
microscopyisseenin
a)Alportsyndrome
b)AcutepoststretptococcalGN

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Polyarteritisnodosa
d)Giantcellarteritis
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Alportsyndrome
Basketweaveappearanceofglomerularbasementmembraneon

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

ElectronMicroscopyisseeninAlport'ssyndrome.
InAlport'sSyndrome,theglomerularbasementmembraneshows
irregularthinningandthickeningwithalamellatedbasket-weave
appearanceinthethickenedareaduetoextensiveremodelingand
injuryofthebasementmembrane.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1109.Allofthefollowingcausesacuterenal
failureexcept
a)Pyelonephritis
b)Snakebite
c)Rhabdomyolysis

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Analgesicnephropathy
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.Analgesicnephropathy
Analgesicnephropathycauseschronicinterstitialnephritisand
presentswithchronickidneydisease.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

AKIisaseriouscomplicationofsnakebitesbytheviperidaefamily

---

1110.FeaturesofHepatorenalsyndromeare
a)Urinesodium<10meq/1
b)Normalrenalhistology
c)Renalfunctionabnormalevenafterliverbecomenormal

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

d)aandb
CorrectAnswer-D
AnswerisA&B(urineNa<10meq/landNormalRenal
Histology)
Hepatorenalsyndromeisassociatedwithnormalrenalhistologyand

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

supportedbyaurinesodiumexcretionl0meq/L
Hepatorenalsyndrome
Hepatorenalsyndromeisdefinedasastateoffunctionalrenal
failure(ReducedGFR)inpatientswithsevereliverdisease
Structurally/Histologicallythekidneysarenormalandrecover

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

functionaftersuccessfullivertransplantation.
Thepathogenetichallmarkofhepatorenalsyndromeisintenserenal
vasoconstrictionwithcoexistentsystemicvasodilatation
Thediagnosisofhepatorenalsyndromeisconsideredinaccordance
withthefollowingdiagnosticcriteria.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

DiagnosticofHepatorenalSyndrome
Majorcriteria
Lowglomerularfiltrationrate.asindicatedbyserumcreatinine>1.5
mg/dLor24-hrcreatinineclearance<40mL/min
Absenceofshock,ongoingbacterialinfection,fluidlosses,and

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

currenttreatmentwithnephrotoxicdrugs
Nosustainedimprovementinrenalfunction(decreaseinserum
creatinineto1.5nig/dLorincreaseincreatinineclearanceto40
mL/min)afterdiureticwithdrawalandexpansionofplasmavolume

---

with1.5Lofaplasmaexpander

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Proteinuriamg/d1,andnouhrasonographicevidenceofobstructive
uropathyorparenchymalrenaldiseaseAdditionalcriteria
Urinevolume<500mL/d
Urinesodium<10meq/L
Urineosmolalitygreaterthanplasmaosmolality

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Urineredbloodcells<50/high-power.field
Serumsodiumconcentration<130niEqL
Note:Allmajorcriteriamustbepresentforthediagnosisof
hepatorenalsyndrome.
Additionalcriteriaarenotnecessaryforthediagnosisbutprovide

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

supportiveevidence.

---

1111.AllaretrueaboutGFRexcept
a)30-40%decreaseafter70yearsofage
b)Bestestimatedbycreatinineclearance

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

c)C.K.DisdefiedasGFR<30ml/min/1.732for4weeks
d)GFRisdependentonheightinchildren
CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.C.K.DisdefiedasGFR<30ml/min/1.732for4
weeks

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1112.Dialysisindications
a)Hypertension
b)Hypokalemia
c)Pericarditis
d)Metabolicalkalosis

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.Pericarditis
Indicationsofdialysisinchronicrenalfailure
Pericarditisorpleuritis(urgentindication).
Progressiveuremicencephalopathyorneuropathy,withsignssuch

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

asconfusion,asterixis,myoclonus,wristorfootdrop,or,insevere
cases,seizures(urgentindication).
Aclinicallysignificantbleedingdiathesisattributabletouremia
(urgentindication).
Persistentmetabolicdisturbancesthatarerefractorytomedical

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

therapy;theseincludehyperkalemia,metabolicacidosis,
hypercalcemia,hypocalcemia,andhyperphosphatemia.
Fluidoverloadrefractorytodiuretics.
Hypertensionpoorlyresponsivetoantihypertensivemedications.
Persistentnauseaandvomiting.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Evidenceofmalnutrition.

---

1113.Polyuriawithlowfixedspecificgravity
urineisseenin?
a)Diabetesmellitus
b)Diabetesinsipidus

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Chronicglomerulonephritis
d)Potomania
CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.Chronicglomerulonephritis
Polyuriawithfixedlowspecificgravityisafeatureofchronicglomerulonephritis.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Specificgravitymeasuresthekidney'sabilitytoconcentrateordiluteurineaboutplasma.
Becauseurineisasolutionofminerals,salts,andcompoundsdissolvedinwater,the
specificgravityisgreaterthan1.000.Themoreconcentratedtheurine,thehighertheurine
specificgravity.
Anadult'skidneyshavearemarkableabilitytoconcentrateordiluteurine.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ininfants,therangeforspecificgravityislessbecauseimmaturekidneysarenotableto
concentrateurineaseffectivelyasmaturekidneys.
Alowspecificgravityoccursinthreesituations.
Indiabetesinsipidus,thereisanabsenceordecreaseofanti-diuretichormone.Without
anti-diuretichormone,thekidneysproduceanexcessiveamountofurine,oftenupto15to

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

20litersperdaywithlowspecificgravity.
Glomerulonephritisandpyelonephritiscausedecreasedurinevolumeandlowspecific
gravity.Inthesediseases,damagetothekidney'stubulesaffectstheabilityofthekidneyto
re-absorbwater.Asaresult,theurineremainstodilute.
Thethirdreasonforlowspecificgravityisrenalfailure,whichresultsinafixedspecific

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

gravitybetween1.007and1.010.Inrenalfailure,theremainingfunctionalnephrons
undergocompensatorystructuralandhypertrophicchanges.Thesecompensatorychanges
resultinurinethatisalmostisotonicwithplasma.Therefore,apatientexperiencingrenal
failurewillpresentwithspecimensmeasuringthesame,orfixed,specificgravityregardless

---

ofwaterintake.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1114.Whichofthefollowingmicroorganism
isincriminatedininfectionafter
hemodialysis
a)Chlamydia
b)Grampositiveorganisms

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Gramnegative
d)Anaerobes
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Grampositiveorganisms
Hemo-dialysiscatheter-relatedbloodstreaminfections(CRBSIs)are

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

amajorcomplicationoflong-termcatheterusinHD.Grampositive
organismareseenfollowedbygramnegativeorganisms.

---

1115.Disease,doesnotrecurinthekidney
afterrenaltransplantis:
a)Alportsyndrome

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Amyloidosis
c)GoodPasteur'ssyndrome
d)Diabeticnephropathy
CorrectAnswer-A
AnswerisA(Alport'ssyndrome):

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Alportissyndromehasnotbeenmentionedtorecurinkidneyaftera
renaltansplant.

---

1116.LowserumcopperduetoATP7Agene
isdueto?
a)Dubin-johnson'ssyndrome

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Wilsondisease
c)Menkedisease
d)Gilbert'sdisease
CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.Menkedisease

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Menke'sdisease,alsoknownaskinkyhairdisease,isanX-linked
neurodegenerativediseaseofimpairedcoppertransport,duetoATP
7AgenelocatedonXp12-13.

---

1117.Significantweightlossisdefinedas:
a)5%weightlossin1-2months

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)5%weightlossin2-3months
c)10%weightlossin1-2months
d)10%weightlossin2-3months
CorrectAnswer-A
AnswerisA(5%weightlossin1-2months):

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Significantweightlossisdefinedas5%weightlossinImonth.
Percentweightchangeoveraperiodoftimeiscalculatedusing
theperson'scurrentbodyweightandperson'susualbodyweight.
Usualweight--CurrentweightPercentweightchange=Usual
weight

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1118.HepaticEncephalopathyispredisposed
byall,Except:
a)Hyperkalemia
b)Dehydration
c)Constipation

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

d)GIBleeding
CorrectAnswer-A
AnswerisA(Hyperkalemia):
HepaticEncephalopathyispredisposedbyHypokalemiaandnotby
Hyperkalemia

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1119.Whichisnottrueaboutalcoholic
hepatitis:
a)Gammaglutamyltransferaseisraised
b)SGPTisraised>SGOT
c)SGOTisraised>SGPT

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Alkalinephosphataseisraised
CorrectAnswer-B
AnswerisB
SGOT/SGPTratiogreaterthan2ishighlysuggestiveofalcoholic
hepatitisandcirrhosis.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

ASTissynonymouswithSGOT&ALTissynonymouswithSGPT
IngeneralASTandALTlevelsriseparalleltoeachother.In
alcoholicliverdiseasetheASTrisesoutofproportiontoALTsuch
thattheratioofASTandALTmaybecomegreaterthan2:
StigmataofAlcoholichepatitis/cirrhosisthataidindiagnosis:

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

1. BilateralenlargedparotidsQ.
2. GynaecomastiaQ
3. TesticularatrophywithlossofbodyhairQ
4. WastingofmusclemassQ
5. DuputyrenscontractureQ

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

AST(SGOT)outofproportiontoALT(SGPT)seeninQ
1. AlcoholichepatitisQ
2. FattyliverinpregnancyQ
GammaGlutamyltransferaselevelscorrelatewithlevelsof
Alkalinephosphataseandareasensitiveindicaterofbiliarytract

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

disease--obstructivejaundice.Itisnotanindicatorofalcoholic
liverdisease.

---

Remember:GGTisthemostsensitiveindicatorofbilian,tract
disease

---

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1120.Rockallscoreisusedforprognosisof
patientsof
a)UpperGIbleeding
b)LowerGIbleeding
c)Hepaticencephalopathy

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

d)IBD
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.UpperGIbleeding

---

1121.Whichisahormonedependentliver
tumor?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Adenoma
b)Hemangioma
c)Hepatocellularcarcinoma
d)Hemangiopericytoma
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-A.Adenoma
Adenomasareassociatedwithcontraceptivehormoneuse.

---

1122.Whichofthefollowingisnottrue
regardingamoebicliverabscess
a)Multipleabscessesismorecommon

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Mayruptureintothepleuralcavity
c)Forasymptomaticluminalcarriersdiloxanidefuroateisthedrug
ofchoice
d)Mostlyinvolvingtherightlobeofliver
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'a'i.e.,Multipleabscessesaremorecommon
Amoebicliverabscessisthemostcommonextra-
intestinalmanifestationofamoebiasis.
Itistheinvolvementoflivertissuebytrophozoitesoftheorganism
Entamoebahistolyticaandofitsabscessduetonecrosis.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Mostcommonintheposterosuperiorsurfaceoftherightlobe.
Usually,thereisonelargesolitaryabscess.-
Thenecroticcontentsofliverabscessareclassically
describedasanchovy-saucepus.
Pleuropulmonaryinvolvementofthemostfrequentcomplicationof

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

amoebicliverabscess.
ALAisusuallysolitaryandpyogenicliverabscessisusuallymultiple.
MultipleALA,althoughrare,arefrequentlyconfusedwithpyogenic
liverabscess.
However,Tayaletal.,fromIndiashowedthattheexistenceof

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

multipleALAisnotuncommonaspreviouslythoughtand
superinfectionorco-infectionwithpyogenicorganismsiscommonin
suchcases.
Treatment
Treatmentdependsonthetypeofinfection:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

---

1)Asymptomaticcarrier-->Luminalagents(Iodoquinol,
Paromomycine)-->DiloxanidefuroateistheDOC.
2)Acutecolitis(dysentery)-->Metronidazoleor
Tinidazole+Luminalagent.
3)Liverabscess-->MetronidazoleorTinidazoleorOrnidazole

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

+Luminalagent.

---

1123.Poikilocytosisandanisocytosisisseen
in
a)Megaloblasticanaemia
b)Irondeficiencyanaemia

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Nutritionaldeficiencyanaemia
d)Thalassemia
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Irondeficiencyanaemia
AnisocytosismeansthatRBC'sareunequalinsizeindicatingthat

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

someoftheRBC'sareeithertoobigortoosmall.
PoikilocytosismeansthatsomeoftheRBC'sareabnormally
shaped.

---

1124.Allofthefollowingarecharacteristic
featuresoftreatmentofirondeficiency

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

anemiawithoralironsupplements,
except
a)BioavailabilityisenhancedwithvitaminC
b)Theproportionofironabsorbedreducesashemoglobin
improves

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Thereticulocytecountshouldbegintoincreaseintwoweeks
andpeakin4weeksthissuggestsgoodresponsetotreatment
d)Thetreatmentshouldbediscontinuedimmediatelyonce
hemoglobinnormalizestopreventsideeffectsofiron
CorrectAnswer-D

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-D.Thetreatmentshouldbediscontinuedimmediately
oncehemoglobinnormalizestopreventsideeffectsofiron
Thereticulocytecountbegintoincreasewithin4-7daysafter
initiationoftherapyandpeakat1.5weeks.
Typicallyforironreplacementtherapy,upto200mgofelemental

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ironperdayisgiven,usuallyasthreeorfourirontablets(each
containing50-65mgelementaliron)givenoverthecourseofthe
day.
Adoseof200mgofelementalironperdayshouldresultin
absorptionofironupto50mg/day.Thissupportsaredcell

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

productionlevelof2-3timesnormalinanindividualwithanormally
functioningmarrowandappropriateerythropoietinstimulus.
Asthehemoglobinlevelrise,erythropoietinstimulationdecreases,
andtheamountofironabsorbedisreduced.
Thegoaloftherapyinindividualswithiron-deficiencyanemiaisnot

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

onlytorepairtheanemia,butalsotoprovidestoresofatleast0-5-1

---

onlytorepairtheanemia,butalsotoprovidestoresofatleast0-5-1
gofiron.
Thissustainedtreatmentforaperiodof6-12monthsaftercorrection
oftheanemiawillbenecessary.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1125.Whichofthefollowingisnotexpected
inacaseofMicrocyticHypochromic
anemia
a)ReducedserumIron
b)ReducedtotalRBCdistributionwidth

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

c)NormalFerritinlevels
d)IncreasedTIBC
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.ReducedtotalRBCdistributionwidth
Thefirstchangeinirondeficiencyanemiaisdecreasedinironstore,

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

whichismanifestedasdecreasedserumferritinlevel.
Bonemarrowirondecreasesearlierthanserumiron.
Thereismicrocytichypochromicanemia(microcytosisprecedes
hypochromia).

---

1126.Zievesyndromeischaracterizedbyall

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

except
a)Alcoholabuse
b)Hemolysis
c)Hypertriglyceridemia
d)Pancreaticlipasedeficiency

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.Pancreaticlipasedeficiency
Zieve'ssyndromeisanacutemetabolicconditionthatcanoccur
duringwithdrawalfromprolongedalcoholabuse
Zievesyndromeisarareconditioncharacterizedbyhemolytic

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

anemiainconjunctionwithsecondaryhyperlipidemiainpatients
sufferingfromalcohol-relatedtoxicliverdamage.

---

1127.Hemoglobinwithzeta2andgamma2
chainsareseeninwhichofthe
following

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)GowerI
b)GowerII
c)Portland
d)FetalGb
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-C.Portland
HbGowerIZeta2/epsilon2
HbPortlandZeta2/gamma2
HbGowerHAlpha2/epsilon2

---

1128.HAMtestisbasedupon:

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)GPIAnchorProteins
b)Complement
c)Spectrinprotein
d)Mannosebindingproteins
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

AnswerisB(Complements)
HAMtestisbaseduponsusceptibilityofRBC'stocomplement
mediatedlysisinpatientswithPNH.
HAMtestisusedfbrthediagnosisofPNH(ParoxysmalNocturnal
Haemoglobinuria).HAMtest(Acidifiedserumlysistest)

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

demonstrateslysisofRBCafteractivationofcomplementbyacid.In
acidifiedserumcomplementisactivatedbythealternatepathway.In
patientswithPNH,RBCareunusuallysusceptibletocomplement,
andundergolysiswhenincubatedwithacidifiedfreshserum.

---

1129.Allofthefollowingaremajorcomplicationsofmassivetransfusion,

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

except:
a)Hypokalemia
b)Hypothermia
c)Hypomagnesemia
d)Hypocalcemia

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Ans:A.)Hypokalemia.
Complicationsusuallyseenwithmassivebloodtransfusionare
1)hyperkalemia,
2)hypocalcemia,

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

3)hypomagnesemia
4)hyperammonemia,
5)hypothermia,
6)Acidosis
7)dilutionalcoagulopathiesandDIC(mostworrisomeproblemafter

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

massivetransfusionandistheusualcauseofdeathaftermassive
bloodtransfusion)and
8)ARDS.
Thelethaltriadofacidosis,hypothermia,andcoagulopathy
associatedwithMTisassociatedwithahighmortalityrate.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1130.AllaretrueaboutCNSleukemia
except
a)CNSirradiationisgiven
b)Intrathecalmethotrexateisgiven
c)Seenwithacutemyeloidleukemia

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)SingleblastinCSFissufficientfordiagnosis
CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.Seenwithacutemyeloidleukemia
MostchildrenwithleukemiahavesubclinicalCNSinvolvementatthe
timeofdiagnosis.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Fewchildrenshowcentralnervoussysteminvolvementatthetime
ofdiagnosis,mostareasymptomaticbutsomehavefeaturesof
raisedintracranialtension.
CNSinvolvementismostlyduetoALL.CNSinvolvementismore
commoninALLthanAML.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1131.ThetissueoforiginoftheKaposi's
sarcomais?
a)Lymphoid
b)Vascular
c)Neural

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Muscular
CorrectAnswer-B
Ansis'b'i.e.,Vascular
KaposiSarcoma
Kaposisarcomaisanintermediategrade,multicentricvascular,

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

tumour
*Thepathogenesisofkaposisarcomaiscomplex,fundamentallyit
isanangioproliferativediseasethatisnotatrueneoplasticsarcoma.
Itisamanifestationofexcessiveproliferationofspindlecellsthatare
believedtobeofvascularoriginandhavefeaturesincommonwith

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

endothelialandsmoothmusclecells.
*Grossly-Threestagesofthediseasecanbeidentified
Patch(1ststage)
Plaque(intermediatestage)
LINodule(laststage)

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

*Histologically-Thechangesarenonspecificintheearlypatchstage
andmorecharacteristicinthenodularstagewhichshowsheetsof
plumpproliferatingspindlecellsandendothelialinthedermisor
subcutanoustissue

---

1132.Thrombocythemiaischaracterizedby

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Plateletselevation
b)Lowplatelets
c)Neutrophilia
d)Monocytosis
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-A.Plateletselevation
Thrombocythemiaorthrombocytosisistheelevationofplatelets.

---

1133.Whichofthefollowingisrequiredfor
propereffectsofInsulin?
a)Selenium

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)Iron
c)Copper
d)Chromium
CorrectAnswer-D
Inassociationwithinsulin,chromiumpromotestheutilizationof

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

glucose
Chromiumisacomponentofaproteinnamelychromodulinwhich
facilitatesthebindingofinsulintocellreceptorsites
Chromium
Itisanessentialnutrientforthemaintenanceofnormalglucose

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

tolerance
Itsdeficiencycausesinsulinresistance.
Chromiumadministrationhasalsobeenshowninseveralstudiesto
lowerglucoseandinsulinlevelsinpatientswithtype2diabetes.
Ithasbeenclassifiedasnotessentialformammals.(Cr(III)or

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Cr3+).
Chromiumdeficiencyiscontroversialorisatleastextremelyrare.
Ithasbeenattributedtoonlythreepeopleonparenteralnutrition,
whichiswhenapatientisfedaliquiddietthroughintravenousdrips.
Incontrast,hexavalentchromium(Cr(VI)orCr6+)isverytoxicand

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

mutagenicwheninhaled.
Cr(VI)hasnotbeenestablishedasacarcinogenwheninsolution,
althoughitmaycauseallergiccontactdermatitis(ACD).
Dietarysupplementsforchromiumincludechromium(III)picolinate,
chromium(III)polynicotinate,andrelatedmaterials.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

---

chromium(III)polynicotinate,andrelatedmaterials.
Glutathioneperoxidaserequiresselenium
Copperisanimportantconstituentofcatalse,cytochromeoxidase
andtyrosinase.
Zincisalsonecessaryforthestorageandsecretionofinsulin

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1134.Glucosefeverisrelatedwith-
a)Glucagon
b)Parathyroid
c)GH
d)Aldosterone

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.Aldosterone
HypoglycemiainAddisondiseaseismanagedwith
hydrocortisone/dexamethasone.
AdministrationofI.V.glucoseinAddisonleadstodevelopmentof

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

feverandiscalledas"glucosefever".
Inpatientswithadrenalinsufficiency,whohavenotreceived
glucocorticoidsglucoseinfusionmaycausehighfever(glucose
fever)followedbycollapseanddeath.

---

1135.Notassociatedwithdiabetesmellitus

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Cushingsyndrome
b)Acromegaly
c)Hypothyroidism
d)Pheochromocytoma
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'c'i.e.,Hypothyroidism

---

1136.PatientoninsulininCKDstage4.What
isthedoseadjustmentofinsulin
required?
a)Increasedinsulin

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)Decreasedinsulin
c)Normalinsulin
d)AddDPP-4inhibitors
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Decreasedinsulin

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Insulinrequirementsshowabiphasiccourseindiabeticpatientswith
renaldisease.Itisnotuncommonforglucosecontroltodeteriorate
asrenalfunctiondeteriorates,asincreasinginsulinresistancecan
affectbothtypeIandtype2diabetics.

---

1137.Whichisthebestindicatorforshort

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

termcontrol(2-3weeks]ofblood
glucose?
a)Serumfructosamine
b)HbAlc
c)Bloodsugar

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Urinesugar
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Serumfructosamine
SerumfructosamineTellssugarfluctuationsin2-3weeks
GlycosylatedhemoglobinTellssugarfluctuationsinprevious6-8

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

weeks.

---

1138.PostPrandialcapillaryglucoseshould
bemg/dlforadequatediabetescontrol
a)<100mg/dl
b)<140mg/dl

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

c)<180mg/dl
d)<200mg/dl
CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.<180mg/dl
HbAIC-two

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Preprandialcapillaryplasmaglucose-70-130mg/d1<
Peakpostprandialcapillaryplasmaglucose-180mg/d1<
Bloodpressure-130/80

---

1139.Hyperpigmentationisseenwithwhich
hormone?

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a)FSH
b)LH
c)TSH
d)ACTH
CorrectAnswer-D

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-D.ACTH
Hyperpigmentationoftheskinandmucousmembranesoften
precedesallothersymptomsbymonthstoyears.
Itiscausedbythestimulanteffectofexcessadrenocorticotrophic
hormone(ACTH)onthemelanocytestoproducemelanin.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

ThehyperpigmentationiscausedbyhighlevelsofcirculatingACTH
thatbindtothemelanocortin1receptoronthesurfaceofdermal
melanocytes.
Othermelanocyte-stimulatinghormonesproducedbythepituitary
andothertissuesincludealpha-MSH(containedwithintheACTH

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

molecule),beta-MSH,andgamma-MSH.Whenstimulated,the
melanocytechangesthecolorofthepigmenttoadarkbrownor
black.
TheincreasedMSHinAddison'scausesmelanocytestodisperse
melaninintheepidermisthusincreasingpigmentation.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1140.ThemostcommoncauseofCushing's
syndromeis:
a)Pituitaryadenoma
b)Adrenaladenoma
c)EctopicACTH

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Iatrogenicsteroids
CorrectAnswer-D
AnswerisD(Iatrogenicsteroids):
"ThemostcommoncauseofCushing'ssyndromeisIatrogenic
administrationofsteroidsforavarietyofreasons."

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1141.Themostcommoncauseofmalignant
adrenalmassis
a)Adrenocorticalcarcinoma
b)Malignantphaeochromocytoma
c)Lymphoma

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Metastasisfromanothersolidtissuetumor
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Metastasisfromanothersolidtissuetumor
Themostcommoncauseofadrenaltumorsismetastasisfrom
anothersolidtumorlikebreastcancerandlungcancer.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Malignant
Percentage
Adrenocorticalcarcinoma
2-5%
Malignant

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

<I%
pheochromocytoma
Adrenalneuroblastoma
<0-1%
Lymphomas(incl.primary

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

<1%
adrenalymphoma)
Metastases(mostfrequent:
15%
Breast,lung)

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1142.PrimaryHyperaldosteronismcanbe
diagnosedbyallofthefollowing
criteria,except:
a)DiastolicHypertensionwithoutedema
b)Hyperaldosteronismwhichisnotsupressedbyvolume

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

expansion
c)LowPlasmaReninActivity
d)MetabolicAcidosis
CorrectAnswer-D
AnswerisD(MetabolicAcidosis)

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Class,TriadofBiochemicalCriteriafordiagnosisofPrimary
Hyperaldoteronism
Hypokalemiawithinappropriatekaliuresis(Metabolicalkalosis)
Suppressedplasmareninactivity
ElevatedAldosteronelevelsthatdonotfallappropriatelyin

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

responsetovolumeexpansionorsodiumload
TakenfromManualofEndocrinology&Metabolism41h/150

---

1143.MostcommoncauseofAddison's
DiseaseinIndiais:
a)Autoimmune

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Postpartum
c)HIV
d)Tuberculosis
CorrectAnswer-D
AnswerisD(Tuberculosis):

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

'Thecommonestcauseofadrenalinsufficiency(Addison'sdisease)
inunderdevelopedcountriesisTuberculosis

---

1144.Femalewithbloodsugarof600mg%
andsodiumof110mEq.Insulinwas
given,whatwillhappentoserum

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

sodiumlevels?
a)Sodiumincrease
b)Sodiumdecrease
c)Sodiumunaffected
d)Relativesodiumdeficiency

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Sodiumincrease
Astheglucoseleveldecreases,thereisdecreaseintheosmolarity
ofextracellularfluid.Thiscausesmovementofintracellularfluid
backintothecellularcompartmentproducingincreaseinserum

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

sodium.

---

1145.Whichofthefollowingpresentswith
hypokalemiaandmetabolicacidosis?
a)Diarrhea
b)Vomiting

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Nasogasticsuction
d)Nasogasticsuction
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans-A.Diarrhea
Diarrheacauseshypokalemiawithmetabolicacidosis.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Vomitingnosogastricsuctionandconn'ssyndromecausemetabolic
alkalosis.

---

1146.HypertensionwithHypokalemiaisseen
in:
a)BartterSyndrome

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)Liddle'sSyndrome
c)Gitelman'sSyndrome
d)Alloftheabove
CorrectAnswer-B
AnswerisB(Liddle'sSyndrome)

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Liddle'sSyndromeistypicallyassociatedwithHypokalemiaand
Hypertension.Rartter'sSyndromeandGitelman'sSyndromeare
alsoassociatedwithhypokalemiabutwithouthypertension.
Liddle'sSyndrome:Review
Pathophysiology:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?Autosomaldominantdisorder.
?Geneticdefectinthecollectingtubulesodiumchannel,resultinginincreasedsodiumreabsorptionandlack
ofinhibitionbyhigherlevelsofintracellularsodium
AgeofPresentation
?Oftendiagnosedatyoungage,butcanpresentinadulthoodduetophenotypicvariation.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Clinicalpresentation
?Classictriadofhypertension,metabolicalkalosis,andhypokalemia.
?Consideriffamilyhistoryofhypertensionand/orhypokalemia.atyoungage
Labdata
?Metabolicalkalosis,hrpokalemia(althoughsomearelownormal),lowurinaryaldosteronesecretion

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Treatment:
?Lifelong.Potassium-sparingdiureticwhichclosesthesodiumchannel(AmilorideorTriamterene).
Spironolactonedoesnotworkbecausealdosteroneisnotcausingthesodiumchanneltobeopen.

---

1147.Incobalamindeficiencywhichisnot
seen

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Microcyticanemia
b)Longtractsigns
c)Lossofproprioception
d)Rhombergsign
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-A.Microcyticanemia
Cobalminedeficiencycausesmegaloblastic(macrocytic)anemia
(notmicrocytic).
Cobalaminedeficiencyalsocausessubacutecombined
degenerationofspinalcordduetoinvolvementofposteriorcolumn,

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

affectingvibration,finetouch,andimbolance(Rombergsign).

---

1148.HypernatremiacausesallEXCEPT
a)Seizure
b)Thrombus
c)Brainhemorrhage

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Centralpontinemyelinosis
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.Centralpontinemyelinosis
Complicationofhypernatremiaarebrainhemorrhage,seizures,
coma,thromboticcomplicationsandraisedICT.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Centralpontinemyelinosisisclassicallyassociatedwithoverlay
rapidcorrectionofhyponatremia.
Clinicalfeatures-
Patientsareirritable,restlessweakandlethargic
Somehavehighpitchedcryandhyperpnea.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Alertpatientareverythirsty.
Hypernatremiacausesfeveralthoughmanypatientshave
underlyingprocessthatcontributestothefever.

---

1149.Allofthefollowingareassociatedwith
hyponatremiaexcept

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a)anorexia
b)Convulsions
c)Drowsiness
d)Myalgia
CorrectAnswer-D

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-D.Myalgia
Anorexia,nausea&vomiting
Coma
Convulsions
Drowsiness

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Headache
Circulatoryfailureandhypotension
Hyponatremiacanalsocausemusclecrampsandweakness.

---

1150.Mostcommontypeofmultiple
sclerosis?

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Relapsingremittingtype
b)Secondryprogressivemultiplesclerosis
c)Progresiverelapsingmultiplescelrosis
d)Primaryprogresivemultiplesclerosis
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-A.Relapsingremittingtype
Repapsing-remittingmultiplesclerosis(RRMS)
Thisisthemostcommonformofmultiplesclerosis.
About85%ofpeoplewithM.S.areinitiallydiagnosedwithrelapsing-
remittingmultiplesclerosis.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

---

1151.InEEGwhichtypeofwavesareseenin
metabolicencephalopathy
a)Alpha
b)Beta
c)Gamma

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Delta
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.Delta
E.E.G.hasbeenwidelyusedtoevaluatemetabolicencephalopathy.
TheE.E.G.findingsareabnormalinacuteencephalopathystages

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Metabolic
'vthm
encephalopathy
GradeI(almost
Dominantactivityisrhythmwithminima,theta

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

normal)
activity
GradeII(mildly
Dominantthetabackgroundwithsomealpha
abnormal)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

anddeltaactivities
GradeII
Continuousdeltaactivetypredominates,little
(morderately
activityoffasterfrequencies

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

abnormal)
GradeIV(severely
Low-amplitudedeltaactivityorsuppression-
abnormal)
burstpattern

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

GradeV(extremely Nearly"flat"tracingorelectrocerebralinactivity
abnormal)

---

1152.Glasgowcomascalemotor4
represents?

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Withdrawalorflexion
b)Decorticateposturing
c)Decorticateposturing
d)Localisepain
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-A.Withdrawalorflexion

---

1153.Apatientafteranaccidentwas
unconscious.Onphysicalexamination
therewasunilateralpupillarydilatation
Possiblereasonforthesameis

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Uncalherniation
b)Tonsillarherniation
c)Cingulateherniation
d)Transcalvarialherniation
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-A.Uncalherniation
Transtentorialherniationisthedisplacementofmedialtemporallobe
intothetentorialopeningitisusuallyseenafterextradural
hemorrhage.

---

1154.IncreasedICTisshownby

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Miosis
b)Systemichypotension
c)Tachycardia
d)ReductioninGCS
CorrectAnswer-D

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-D.ReductioninGCS
IncreasedICTleadstobradycardiawithHypertension.Uncal
herniationofbrainleadstoipsilateralpupillarydilatation.Reduction
inGCSduetodamagetoreticularactivatingsystemleadsto
developmentofcoma.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1155.Lateralmedullarysyndromeisduetotheocclusionofwhichofthefollowing
vessels?
a)Posteriorsuperiorcerebellarartery
b)Anteriorinferiorcerebellarartery
c)Basilarartery

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Vertebralartery
CorrectAnswer-D
LateralmedullarysyndromeisotherwiseknownasWallenberg'ssyndromeorPICAsyndromeor
vertebralarterysyndrome.
Occlusivediseaseoftheintracranialsegmentofthevertebralarteryisamuchmorefrequent

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

causeofthelateralmedullarysyndrome.
Signsandsymptomsinclude:
Ipsilateralside
Horner'ssyndrome
Decreaseinpainandtemperaturesensationonipsilateralsideofface

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Cerebellarsigns(ataxia)
Contralateralside:
Decreasedpainandtemperatureoncontralateralbody
Dysphagia,dysarthria,hoarseness,paralysisofvocalcord
Vertigo,nausea,vomiting,hiccups

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Nystagmus,diplopia
Nofacialorextremitymuscleweaknessseeninthissyndrome.
Ref:PhysicalMedicineandRehabilitationBoardReviewBySaraCuccurullo,2004,Page
11;Harrison'sInternalMedicine17thedChapter364.CerebrovascularDiseases,
BrainstemdisordersbyPeterPUrban,LouisRCaplanpage205-207.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1156.Mostcommonsiteofhypertensive
intraparenchymalhemorrhageinbrain:
March2013
a)Pons
b)Thalamus

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Putamen
d)Cerebellum
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.Ci.e.Putamen
Sitesofintracerebralhemorrhageincludesputamen(55%),

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

thalamus(20-3-%),cerebrllum(10%),pons(5-7%)andsubcortical
whitematter(10-15%)

---

1157.Plaquesjaunesareseenin
a)Syphilis
b)Headinjury

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Endocarditis
d)Atherosclerosis
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Headinjury
PlaqueJaunesisatermusedtodescribethecharacteristicgross

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

appearanceofoldtraumaticcontusionsonthesurfaceofbrainfrom
previousheadinjuries.

---

1158.RademeckercomplexinEEGisseenin
-
a)SSPE

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)vCJD
c)cCJD
d)Kuru
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.SSPE

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Characteristicperiodicactivity(Rademeckercomplex)isseenon
EEGshowingwidespreadcorticaldysfunctioninSSPE.
Itischaracterisedbyhighvoltagespikeoccuningathiglrlrequency
of0.5-1.5seconds.

---

1159.Commonestcauseofcerebrovascular

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

accident
a)Infarction
b)Infarction
c)Embolism
d)Aorticdissection

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Infarction
1. Ischemic(85%)(infarction):Causesareembolism(75%ofischemic
stroke)andthrombosis(25%ofischemicstroke).
2. Hemorrhagic(15%):Intraparenchymal,subdural,epidural,

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

subarachnoid.

---

1160.Whichofthefollowingsitesis
responsiblefortheamnesticdefectin
Wernicke'sKorsakoffsyndrome:
a)Mamillarybody

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)Thalamus
c)PeriventricularGreymatter
d)Hippocampus
CorrectAnswer-B
AnswerisB(Thalamus):

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

TheAmnesticeffectinWernicke'sKorsakoffSyndromeisrelatedto
lesionsinthedorso-medialnucleiofthethalamus.
`Lesionsinthedorsomedialnucleusofthethalamusseemtobethe
bestcorrelateofthememorydisturbanceandconfabulation'-
Robbins

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1161.CriteriaforBrainstemdeathincludes:
a)PositiveDoll'seyeReflex
b)Absentpupillarylightreflexanddelatedpupils
c)Pinpointpupils
d)Positivevestibulo-ocularreflex

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
AnswerisB(Absentpupillarylightreflexanddelatedpupils):
Brainstemdeathisdefinedbytheabsenceofallbrainstemmediated
cranialnervereflexes.
PupillaryLightReflexisabrainstemmediatedcranialnervereflex

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

thatisabsentinbrainstemdeath.Thepupilsareusuallymidsized
butmaybedilated(shouldnothoweverbesmall).
Occulo-cephalic(Doll'seye)reflexandVestibulo-ocular(Caloric)
reflexarebothbrainstemmediatedcranialnervereflexsthatshould
beabsentinBrainstemdeath.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

CriteriaforBrainDeath/Brainstemdeath
ThedefinitionofBrainstemdeathrequiressimultaneous
demonstrationthatthepatienthasirreversiblylostthecapacityof
consciousness(Coma)andthecapacitytobreathe(Apnoea)bothof
whicharedependentonintactbrainstem.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ClinicalassessmentoftheintegrityofBrainstemhastwo
componentsincludingassessmentoftheintegrityofbrainstem
mediatedcranialnervereflexesandtheApneatest.
DeepUnresponsiveComa
Patientswithbraindeathshowthedeepestcomapossiblewithtotal

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

unresponsivenesstoallstimuli.
Nospontaneousmovement
Noresponsetoexternalstimuli(Verbal/Deeppain)

---

AbsenceofallBrainstemCranialReflexes
Allreflexesmediatedbycranialnervemustbeabsent

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

AbsentPupillaryLightreflex(CNII,III)
(Pupilsareusuallymidsizedbutmaybeenlargedbuttheyshould
notbesmall)
AbsentCornealReflex(CNV,VII)
AbsentVestibulocochlearReflex(CNIII,IV,VI,VIII)(Noeye

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

movementinresponsetocaloricirrigationofears)
AbsentOculocephalicReflex
(AbsentDoll'seyereflex)Eyeswillmovewiththehead
(Nooccularmovementsonrapidturningofhead).
AbsentGagReflex(CNIX,X)

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

AbsentTrachealCoughReflex(CNX)
AbsentCentralMotorResponsetoPain(CNV,VII)(Noresponseto
deepsomaticstimulation).
CompleteAponeainpressureofhypercarbia(Absenceof
BrainstemRespiratoryReflex)

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Norespiratoryeffortinresponsetohypercarbianeedstobe
demonstratedtoshowthataponeaisduetobrainstem(medullary)
damage
Absentrespiratorymovementduringdisconnectionfromthe
ventilatorwiththePaCO2>60mmHgisrequiredforthetesttobe

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

valid
CranialnervereflexesinBrainStemDeathtesting:
Cranial
Reflex
Notes

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

nerves
Pupillarylight HAI
Usebrightlightsource(not
reflex
ophthalmoscope)inadimmed

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

environment.Lookforboth
directandconsensualreaction.
Importantreflexthatinterrogatesatlevelof
midbrain
Strokecorneawithgauze,whilstgently

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Cornealreflex V,VII
holdingeyesopen;avoidtraumato
cornea.
ThevariousnucleiofVarefound
throughoutthewholelengthofthe

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

brainstem,whilst

---

brainstem,whilst
thatofVII(facialnerve)isintheupper
medulla.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Central
Applydeeppressurestimulationcentrally
V,VII
responseto
(e.g.supra-orbitalridge)andperipherally

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

(e.g.nailbed).Lookforcentralmotor
deepsomatic
responseinthedistributionofthefacial
nerve.
Peripheralstimulationmayillicitperipheral

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

stimulation
spinalreflexes.
III,IV,VI, Checkpatencyofexternalauditorycanal
Coldcaloric
VIII

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

withauroscope.Flexheadto30?(orapply
30?headuptiltifcervicalspineinjuryis
vestibulo-
suspected).Slowlyirrigatecanalwith
ocular

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

5OrriL
reflex
ice-coldwaterover60s.Observefor
nystagmusforafurther30s.Contra-
indicatedin

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

trauma-relatedotorrhea.
ThenucleiofIIIandIVliewithjinthe
midbrain,whilstthoseofVIandVIIIarein
the
medulla.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Oculocephalic
Rapidlateralmovementofthehead
VIII,Ill,VI
reflex
normallyresultsineyedeviationtothe

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

(Doll'seye
contralateralside,testingbrainstemgaze
reflex)
mechanism.
Inbrainstemdeatheyesremaininafixed

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

positionwithintheorbit.
Gagreflex
IX,X
Stimulateuvulaunderdirectvisionwith
throatspatula,observingforcontractionof

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

softpalate.
ThenucleiofIXandXlieinthemedulla.
Tracheal
X
Exposepatienttoumblicus.Stimulate

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

coughreflex
tracheatolevelofcarinabyintroductionof
sterilesuctioncatheterdownendotracheal
tube.Observeforcoughresponse

---

tube.Observeforcoughresponse

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1162.Whichofthefollowingisthemost
commoninitialpresentingfeatureof
multiplesclerosis:
a)OpticNeuritis
b)CerebellarAtaxia

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Internuclearophthalmoplegia
d)Diplopia
CorrectAnswer-A
AnswerisA(OpticNeuritis):
OpticNeuritisisthemostfrequentinitialpresentingfeatureofMS

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

amongsttheoptionsprovided.
Themostcommonearliestpresentingfeaturesofmultiplesclerosis
aretransientsensorydefectsfollowedbyvisualdisturbancesdueto
opticneuritis.
InitialSymptomsofMS

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Percentof
Percentof
Symptom
Symptom
Cases

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Cases
Sensoryloss
37
Lhermitte's 3
Opticneuritis

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

36
Pain
3
Weakness
35

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Dementia
2
Paresthesias
24
Visualloss 2

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Diplopia
15
Facialpalsy 1
Ataxia
11

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Impotence
1
Vertigo
6
Myokymia

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

1
Paroxysmal
4
Epilepsy
1

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

attacks
4
1

---

4
1

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Bladder
Falling

---

1163.AbsenceofCorpuscallosumleadsto
a)Hemiparesis
b)Hemisensoryloss

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Astereognosis
d)Noneurologicalmanifestations
CorrectAnswer-D
Noneurologicalmanifestations[Ref:Internetreference]
Agenesisofcorpuscallosumisararebirthdefect(congenital

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

disorder)inwhichthereiscompleteorpartialabsenceofcorpus
callosum.
Corpuscallosumisabandoftissueconnectingthetwohemispheres
ofthebrain.Fibresofcorpuscallosumarisefromthesuperficial
layersofthecerebralcortexandtheyprojecttothehomotypic

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

regionsofthecontralateralcortexbypassingthroughthecorpus
collosumwhilecrossingthemidline.
ClinicalfeaturesofAgenesisofcorpuscallosum
Signsandsymptomsofagenesisofcorpuscallosumvarygreatly
amongindividuals.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Patientsusuallydonothaveanyneurologicalmanifestations.
However,somefeaturescommoninagenesisofcorpuscallosum
are:-Visionimpairment
*Lowmuscletone(hypotonia)
Poormotorcoordination

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

*Delayinmotormilestonessuchassittingandwalking.
Lowperceptionofpain
*Delayedtoilettraining
*Chewingandswallowingdifficulties
*Earlyspeechandlanguagedelays

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

Socialdifficulties
Othercharacteristicssometimesassociatedwithcallosaldisorders
are:-Seizures
*Spasticity
*Early,feedingdifficultiesandorgastricreflux-.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

*Hearingimpairments
*Abnormalheadandfacialfeatures
*Mentalretardation
Investigation
CTandMRIreveal"Batwing"deformityoftheventricles.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Treatment
Therearecurrentlynospecificmedicaltreatmentsforcallosal
disorders.
Animportantpoint
Theneurologicalabnormalitiesassociatedwithcorpuscallosumare

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

notcausedbyabsenceofcorpuscallosumperse.
*Theseconditionsarebelievedtobecausedduetoassociated
cerebralanomaliesratherthanincorpuscallosumpersc.
*Themostcommonassociatedbrainanomalieswithabsentcorpus
callosumare

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

*Dandywalkermalformation
*lnterhenfisphericcystwithhydrocephalus
*Migrationaldisorder
*Absenceoftheinferiorvertnis
*Thechildrenwhohadthebestprognosiswithoutanysignificant

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

neurologicalsequalewerethosewithisolatedagenesisofcorpus
collosum.
*Thechildrenwiththeworstprognosisandneurologicalsequale
werethosewithagenesisofcorpuscallosumandmigrational
disorderwithorwithoutDandy--walkermalformation.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

*Henceprognosisisdeterminedprimarilybytheunderlyingor
associatedmalformation.

---

1164.Whichoneofthefollowingiscorrect
regardingEaton-Lambertsyndrome-
a)Itcommonlyaffectstheocularmuscle

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)Neostigmineisthedrugofchoiceforthissyndrome
c)Repeatedelectricalstimulationenhancesmusclepowerinit.
d)Itiscommonlyassociatedwithadenocarcinomaoflung
CorrectAnswer-C
AnswerisC(Repeatedelectricalstimulationenhancesmuscle

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

power):
'PatientswithLambert?Eatenmyaethenicsyndromeshow
incrementalratherthandecrementalresponseonrepeatednerve
stimulation'?Harrison17th/2674
'Muscleresponsetostimulationofitsmotornerveincreases

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

remarkablyifnerveisstimulatedrepeatedlyeveninmusclesthatare
clinicallyweak'-CMDT
LambertEatenMyastheniaSyndromecommonlyinvolves
proximallimbmusclesandmusclesoftrunk
Extraocularmusclesarethemostcommonlyinvolvedin

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

MyaestheniaGravisandnotinLambertEatenMyasthenia
Syndrome
Neostigmineisnotconsideredthedrugofchoice
Plasmapharesisandimmunosuppressionformmainstayof
treatment3,4Diaminopyridineisthedrugofchoicefor

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

enhancementofneuromusculartransmission.
Pyridostigmine(orNeostigmine)maybesympatomaticallyhelpful
buttheirresponseisvariable?Harrison&CMDT
LambertEatenMyastheniaSyndromeisassociatedwithsmall
cellcarcinomaoflung

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

---

LambertEatenMyastheniaSyndromeisassociatedwithsmallcell
carcinomaoflungandnotadenocarcinoma

---

1165.ThefollowingarecomponentsofBrown
Sequardsyndromeexcept:
a)Ipsilateralextensorplantarresponse

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Ipsilateralpyramidaltractinvolvement
c)Contralateralspinothalamictractinvolvement
d)Contralateralposteriorcolumninvolvement
CorrectAnswer-D
AnswerisD(Contralateralposteriorcolumninvolvement):

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Brown?Sequardsyndromeorhemisectionofthespinalcordleads
tolossofjointpositionandvibratorysense(posteriorcoluntn
movement)ontheipsilateralsideandnotonthecontralateralside.?
Harrison16th/2441,144
Brownsequardsyndrome:Hemisectionofspinalcord

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Ipsilateralinvolvementofcorticospinaltract:ipsilaterallossofmotor
power.
Ipsilateralinvolvementofposteriorcolumn:ipsilaterallossofjoint
positionandvibratorysense.
Contralateralinvolvementofspinothalamictract:contralateralloss

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

ofjointpositionandvibratorysense.
Segmentalsignssuchasradicularpainmuscleatrophyorlossof
deeptendonreflexesarcunilateral(Lowermotorneuronsignsat
leveloflesion).

---

1166.FirstSymptomsofparkinsonsdisease

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

is-
a)Posturalinstability
b)Rigidity
c)Tremors
d)Bradykinesia

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.Tremors
Parkinsonismisaprogressivedegenerative,extrapyramidaldisorder
ofmusclemovement,duetodysfunctioninbasalganglia,
comprisingfourcardinalfeatures

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Bradykinesiaorhypokinesia
Musclerigidity
Restingtremor

---

1167.Whichofthefollowingmetalionsis
associatedwithsecondary

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Parkinsonisms:
a)Mangnese(Mn)
b)Magnesium(Mg)
c)Selenium(Se)
d)Molybednum(Me)

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
AnswerisA(Mangnese(Mn)):
Manganeseionexposureisimplicatedinthefreeradicaldamageof
thebasalgangliacausingParkinsonism.
ToxinsImplicatedinParkinsonism(Harrison)

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Manganese(Mn)
MPTP(1Methyl->Phenyl?1,2,3,6tetrahydropyridine)
Carbonmonoxide
Carbondisulphide
Ctanide

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Hexane
Methanol
ToxinsreportedtoinduceParkinonism:(HandbookofAtypical
Parkinsonism)
Betelnut(plusantiPsychotics)

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Carbonmonoxide
Contrastagentforcardiaccatheterization
Cyanide
Ethanolintoxication,ethanolwithdrawal
Ethyleneglycol

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

---

Herbicides(paraquat,diquat,glyphosate)
Heroin
Hydrogensulfide
Kava-kava
Manganese

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Maneb(ManganeseEthylene-Bis-Dithiocarbamate)
Mercury
Methanol
Methcathinone(manganeseephedrone)
MPTP(I-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine)

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Organicsolvents(carbondisulfide,n-hexane,toluene,
trichloroethylene)
Organophosphateinsecticidepoisoning
Petroleumproducts

---

1168.Isaacsyndromaischaracterisedby-

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Peripheralnerveexcitability
b)Opsoclonus
c)Encephalomyelitis
d)Limbicencephalitis
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-A.Peripheralnerveexcitability
Isaccsyndrome(neuromyotonia)
Peripheralnervehyperexcitability
Spontaneousandcontinuousmusclefiberactivityofperipheral
nerveorigin.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Clinicalfeaturesincludecramps,muscletwitching(fasciculationsor
myokymia)
Stiffness
Delayed
Musclerelaxation(pseudomyotonia)

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Spontaneousorevokedcarpalorpedalspasms.

---

1169.InAlzheimer'sdisease(AD)whichof
thefollowingisnotseen:
a)Aphasia
b)Acalculia

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Agnosia
d)Apraxia
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.None>C.AgnosiatRej.KaplananalJaadocksSynopsisof
Psychiatry10/cpi-t?

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Aphasia,Apraxia,AcalculiaandAgnosiamayallbeseenin
Alzheimer'sDementia.AgnosiainAlzheimer'sdiseaseusually
presentslateinthediseaseandisnotincludedintheICD-10
DiagnosticcriteriafordementiainAlzheimer'sdiseasewithearly
onsetandhencemaybeselectedasthesinglebestanswerby

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

exclusion

---

1170.DOCfortreatmentofSSPE-
a)Abacavir
b)Inosinepranobex
c)Glatiramer

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Interferon
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Inosinepranobex
Inosinepranobexisusedasanimmune-modulatorforthe
managementofpatientswith-

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Immune-depressionsufereingfromviralinfectionsasSSPE
recurrentherpessimplexgenitalwarts.

---

1171.Mostcommonacutecomplicationof
dialysisis
a)Hypotension

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Bleeding
c)Dementia
d)Musclecramps
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Hypotension

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Hypotensionisthemostcommonacutecomplicationof
hemodialysisparticularlyamongpatientswithdiabetesmellitus.
Factorsinvolvedare:-
Excessiveultrafiltration,withinadequatecompensatoryvascular
filling,impairedvasoactiveorautonomicresponse,osmolarshifts,

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

overzealoususeofantihypertensives

---

1172.Whichvitamintoxicityisassociated
withexcessivesweating-
a)Choline
b)Biotin

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Foliccid
d)VitaminB
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Choline
Toxicityfromcholineresultsin-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Hypotension
Cholinergicsweating
Diarrhea
Salivation
Fishybodyodor

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1173.Dermatitismaybeaclinical
manifestationofdeficiencystatesofall
offollowingnutrientsexcept-
a)Biotin
b)Niacin

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Pyridoxine
d)Thiamine
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.Thiamine
VitaminB3(Niacin)deficiencycausesdermatitis.BiotinandVitamin

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

B6(pyridoxin)deficiencycausesseborrheicdermatitis.

---

1174.Aspirindecreasestheriskof
developmentofwhichofthefollowing-
a)Colorectalcancer
b)Stomachcancer

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Carcinoid
d)MALToma
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.Colorectalcancer
Regularaspirinusereducestheriskofcolonadenomasand

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

carcinomasaswellasdeathfromlarge-bowelcancer

---

1175.Lafora'sdiseasepresentswith-
a)G.T.C.S
b)Myoclonicepilepsy
c)Petitmalepilepsy

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Partialseizures
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Myoclonicepilepsy
Loforadiseaseisanautosomalrecessivepoliencephalopathyoflate
childhoodorearlyadultlife.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Itischaracterizedbyprogressivedementia,dysarthria,visualloss,
pyramidal&cerebellarsigns,andmyoclonic&otherseizures.
Thediagnosticpathologicalfindingisloforabodies.

---

1176.Mosaicpatternofcomentlineis
characteristicallyseenin-

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Hyperthyroidism
b)Paget'sdiseaseofbone
c)Renalosteodystrophy
d)Osteomalacia
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-B.Paget'sdiseaseofbone
Mosaicpatternofcementlineischaracteristicallyassociatedwith
paget'sdiseaseofthebone

---

1177.Kaposisarcomaiscommonlyseenin?
a)Upperlimbs

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Lowerlimbs
c)HeadandNeck
d)Trunk
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Lowerlimbs

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

"Itoccurspredominantlyontheskinandcaninvolvevirtuallyany
organ,perhapsexceptthebrain.Theinitiallydescribedform,now
knownasclassicKS,predominantlyinvolvesthelowerextremitiesof
elderlymen.KSisnowthemostcommontumorseeninHIV-
infectedpatients"-Devita'sOncology

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1178.Mostcommoncauseofdeathincancer
is-
a)Bleeding
b)Infection
c)Respiratoryfailure

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Renalfailure
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Infection
Themostcommoncausesofdeathinpatientswithcancerare
infection(leadingtocirculatoryfailure),respiratoryfailure,hepatic,

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

andrenalfailure.Intestinalblockagemayleadtoinanitionand
starvation.

---

1179.Hyperuricemiacanbecausedbyall
except-
a)Ethanol

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Thiazide
c)Furosemide
d)None
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is.D.None

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Causesofdrugordietinducedhyperuricemia
Diuretics(thiazidesandloopdiuretics)
Cyclosporineandtacrolimus
Lowdosesalicylates.
Ethambutol

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Pyrazinamide
Ethanol
Levodopa
Methoxyflurane
Laxativeabuse(alkalosis)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Saltrestriction

---

1180.AllofthefollowingaretrueaboutGout,
except:-
a)Occursduetoaccumulationofuratecrystalsinjoint
b)Canbepptdbypyrazinamide

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Birefringementcrystalsarepresentinjoint
d)Occursmoreinfemales
CorrectAnswer-D
AnswerisD(Occursmoreinfemales):
Goutismorewidespreadinmenthaninwomen.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Womenrepresentonly5-20%ofpatientswithgout.
Womenareseldomaffecteduntilaftermenopause.

---

1181.Mostcommonorganismassociated
withreactivearthritisis:
a)Staphylococcus

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Shigella
c)Chlamydia
d)Yersinia
CorrectAnswer-C
Chlamydia[Ref:Harrison17/ep2113;

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

http://www.emedicine.com/derm/TOPIC207.HTM;
http://www.entedicine.com/med/TOPIC1998.11TM]
Reactivearthritisisasystemicdisorderofunknownetiologythatis
definedbythedevelopmentofconjunctivitis,urethritis,arthritis,and
mucocutaneouslesionsfollowinganepisodeofinfectionelsewhere

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

inthebody.
In1916,HansReiterdescribedthetriadofnongonococcalurethritis,
conjunctivitis,andarthritisinayoungGermanofficerwithbloody
dysentery.Theclassictriadofthedisease,namelyurethritis,arthritis,
andconjunctivitis,ispresentinonlyonethirdofthepatients.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Reactivearthritisisfrequentlyassociatedwiththehumanleukocyte
antigenB27(1-ILA-B27)haplotype.
Theetiologyofreactivearthritisremainsuncertain.Themost
acceptedtheoryaboutthepathophysiologyofreactivearthritis
involvesinitialactivationbyamicrobialantigen,followedbyan

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

autoimmunereactionthatinvolvestheskin,eyes,andjoints.
Twoformsarerecognized:asexuallytransmittedformanda
dysentericform.GastrointestinalinfectionswithShigella,
Salmonella,andCampylobacterspeciesandothermicroorganisms,
andgenitourinaryinfectionsespeciallywithChlamydiatrachomatis

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

havebeenfoundtotriggerreactivearthritis.
Youngchildrentendtohavethepostdysentericform,whereas
adolescentsandyoungmenaremostlikelytoacquirereactive
arthritisaftertheyhaveurethritis.
It'snotclearwhichorganismismostcommonlyassociatedwith

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

reactivearthritis.BothShigellaandChlamydiaappeartohemost
common.Aftergoingthroughmanyarticlesfromjournalsonthenet,
Chlamydiaappearstohethemostcommon.Wewouldprefertogo
withChlamydia.(Howeverifanyonefindsareliablereference
documentingthemostcommonorganism,pleasemailusatour

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

emailid.
ThearticleonReactiveArthritisinthejournal"BestPractice&
ResearchClinicalRheumatology"Vol.20,No.6,pp.1119e1137,
2006writes-"Theprevalenceisestimatedtobe30-40casesper
100,000adults;theannualincidenceisestimatedtobe4.6/100,000

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

.forChlamydia-inducedarthritisand5/100,000.forenterobacteria-
inducedreactivearthritis.4,5However,realnumbersmaybe
significantlyhigher?
Thefollowingarticle"Frequencyoftriggeringbacteriainpatients
withreactivearthritisandundifferentiatedoligoarthritisandthe

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

relativeimportanceofthetestsusedfordiagnosis"inAnnRheum
Dis.2001April;60(4):337343atthefollowingwebsite-
http://www.pubmedcentralmih.gov/articlerenderfcgi?artid=1753604
writesitsconclusionas:
"CONCLUSIONS--Chlamydiatrachomatis,yersinia,andsalmonella

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

canbeidentifiedasthecausativepathogeninabout50%ofpatients
withprobableorpossibleReAiftheappropriatetestsareused."

---

1182.Inlongstandingrheumatoidarthritis
whichwillbeseen-
a)Milkalkalisyndrome

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Nephrolithiasis
c)Paradoxicalaciduria
d)Secondaryamylodosis
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.Secondaryamylodosis

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

ReactiveamyloidA(AA)amyloidosis,oneofthemostsevere
complicationsofRA,isserious,potentiallylifethreateningdisorder
causedbydepositionofAAamyloidfibrilsinmultipleorgans

---

1183.Whichisthemostcommontumor
leadingtodeathinadults?

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Lungcancer
b)Prostatecancer
c)Colorectalcancer
d)Leukemia
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-A.Lungcancer
Lungcancerconstitutesupto29%ofallcancerrelateddeathsin
malesand26%ofallcancerrelateddeathinwoman.

---

1184.A23-yearoldwomanhasexperienced
episodesofmyalgias,pleuraleffusion,

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

pericarditisandarthralgiaswithoutjoint
deformityovercourseofseveralyears.
Thebestlaboratoryscreeningtestto
diagnoseherdiseasewouldbe-
a)CD,lymphocytecount

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Erythrocytesedimentationrate
c)Antinuclearantibody
d)Assayforthyroidhormones
CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.Antinuclearantibody

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

SensitivetestforSLEAntinuclearantibodies(ANA)
SpecifictestforSLEAntidsDNA,AntiSm

---

1185.Whichofthefollowingantibodiesis
highlyspecificforsystemiclupus
erythematosus-

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Anti-Sm
b)Anti-RO-1
c)Anti-UIRNP
d)Anti-Centromere
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-A.Anti-Sm
SensitivetestforSLEAntinuclearantibodies(ANA)
SpecifictestforSLEAntidsDNA,AntiSm

---

1186.Gaisbocksyndromeisknownas
a)PrimaryFamilialPolycythemia

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

b)HighAltitudeErythrocytosis
c)SpuriousPolycythemia
d)PolycythemiaVera
CorrectAnswer-C
AnswerisC(SpuriousPolycythemia)

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

GaisbocksyndromereferstoSpuriousPolycythemiaorRelative
Erythrocytosisduetodecreasedplasmavolume.

---

1187.AlzehiemertypeIIastrocyteareseenin
-
a)Hepaticencephalopathy

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Alzehiemer's
c)Parkinsonism
d)Biswangerdisease
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Hepaticencephalopathy

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

SwollenastrocytesinhepaticencephalopathyarecalledAlzheimer
typeIIastrocytes.TheirnucleiarelargeandappearclearinH&E
stains.TheyarealsoseeninWilsondisease.

---

1188.PolyarticularonsetJRAinvolvesmore
thanhowmanyjoints-

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)3
b)4
c)5
d)6
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-C.5
PolyarticularJRA
Itischaracterizedbyinvolvementof5ormorejoints.
Therearetwosubtypes:-
i)PolyarticularRApositive

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Itischaracterizedbysymmetricaljointinvolvementalongwith
Uveitis,andrheumatoidnodules.
RAfactorandANAarepositive.
ii)PolyarticularRAnegative
RAfactorandrheumatoidnodulesarenotseen.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1189.Streptococcusbovisinfectionis
associatedwith-
a)CLL
b)Hairycellleukemia
c)Colorectalcancer

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Multiplemyeloma
CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.Colorectalcancer
ColonandrectaltumorsStreptococcusbovis(bacteremia)

---

1190.Whichofthefollowingisgivento

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

decreaseSerumTriglycerides?
a)Fibrates
b)Statine
c)Ezetimibe
d)Niacin

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Fibrates
Fibratesaredrugsofchoiceforhypertriglyceridemia(typeIV)and
chylomicronemia(typeI).

---

1191.Chvosteksignisseenin:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

March2013
a)Hypercalcemia
b)Hypoparathyroidism
c)Insulinoma
d)Diabetesmellitus

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.Bi.e.Hypoparathyroidism
Hypocalcemia
Idiopathichypoparathyroidismisassociatedwith:
Geneticsyndromeofhypoparathyroidism,

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

-Addison'sdiseaseand
?Mucocutaneouscandidiasis
Pseudohypoparathyroidism:Nodeficiencyofparathormone,but
targetorgan(boneandkidney)areunresponsivetoitsaction
Chvostek'ssign:Contractionoffacialmuscles,elicitedbylight

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

tappingofthefacialnerve
ECGchanges:ProlongationofQTinterval

---

1192.Bloodtransfusionassociatedacute
lunginjuryoccursdueto-
a)Nosocomialinfections

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

b)HLAmediated
c)Auto-immunedisorder
d)Geneticsusceptibility
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.HLAmediated

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

TRALIusuallyresultsfromthetransfusionofdonorplasmathat
containshightitreantiHLAclassIIantibodiesthatbindrecipient
leucocytes.
Theleucocytesaggregateinthepulmonaryvasculatureandrelease
mediatorsthatincreasecapillarypermeability.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Testingthedonor'splasmaforAntiHLAantibodiescansupportthis
diagnosis.

---

1193.I.R.I.S.is-
a)Immunereconstitutionidiopathicsyndrome
b)Immunereconstitutionimmunologicalsyndrome

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Immunereconstitutioninflammatorysyndroma
d)Inflammatoryreconstitutionimmunesyndrome
CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.Immunereconstitutioninflammatorysyndroma
Theterm"immunereconstitutioninflammatorysyndrome"(IRIS)

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

describesacollectionofinflammatorydisordersassociatedwith
paradoxicalworseningofpreexistinginfectiousprocessesfollowing
theinitiationofhighlyactiveantiretroviraltherapy.

---

1194.Dietarydeficiencyofwhichvitamin
usuallydoesnotexist-

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Vitamin-B6
b)Thiamine
c)Vitamin-E
d)Vitamin-D
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-C.Vitamin-E
DietarydeficiencyofvitaminEdoesnotexist.

---

1195.ManifestationsofvitaminE.deficiency
areallexcept-
a)Hemolyticanemia

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Posteriorcolumnabnormalities
c)Cerebellarataxia
d)Autonomicdysfunction
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.Autonomicdysfunction

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theclinicalmanifestationsareedema,hemolyticanemia(dueto
fragileredcell'smembraneasaresultoflipidperoxidation)and
thrombocytosis.Nerveandmusclemembranedamagemayoccur.
VitaminEdeficiencycausesaxonaldegenerationofthelarge
myelinatedaxonsandresultsinposteriorcolumnand

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

spinocerebellarsymptoms.

---

1196.Martelsignisseenin-
a)Gout
b)Ankylosingspondylitis
c)Osteoarthritis

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Rheumatoidarthritis
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Gout
Martel'ssignisnotpresentinallcasesofgoutyarthritis.
Martel'ssign,whichisaradiologicalsign(straightarrow)todescribe

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

theoverhangingmarginofthenewbonealonetheedgeoferosion.

---

1197.HIVRNAbyPCRcandetectaslowas
a)30copiesviralRNA/mlofblood
b)40copiesviralRNA/mlofblood
c)50copiesofviralRNA/mlofblood

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)60copiesofviralRNA/mlofblood
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,40copiesviralRNA/mlofblood
ThisassaygeneratesdataintheformofnumberofcopiesofHIV
RNApermillilitreofserumorplasmaandcanreliablydetectasfew

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

as40copiesofHIVRNApermililitreofplasma.
Researchbasedassaycandetectdowntoonecopy/ml.

---

1198.Allareseenincarney'striadexcept-
a)Atrialmyxoma
b)GIST

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Chondroma
d)Paraganglioma
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Atrialmyxoma
Extra-adrenalparaganglioma(e.g.extraadrenalphaeo-

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

chromocytoma)
Gastrontestinalstromaltumorspreviouslyknownasgastric
epithelioidleiomyosarcoma
Pulmonarychondromahamartomaonly2ofthe3tumorsare
presentatthetimeofdiagnosistypicallyaffectsyoungpeople.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1199.Allaretrueaboutcross-matchingof
bloodexcept-
a)Mandatoryinallcasesexceptemergency
b)Recipientserumistestedagainstdonorpackedcells
c)Donorserumistestedagainstrecipientpackedcells

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Involvesvisibleagglutination
CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.Donorserumistestedagainstrecipientpacked
cells
Crossmatchinginvolvestestingthepatientsserumwithdonorcells

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

todeterminewhetherthepatienthasanantibodywhichmaycause
ahemolytictransfusionreaction

---

1200. Smokingmaybeassociatedwithallof
thefollowingcancers,except:
a)CaLarynx

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)CaNasopharynx
c)CaBladder
d)None
CorrectAnswer-D
AnsisNone>CaNasopharynx

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

AllthegivenoptionsarementionedbyHarrison:
Harrison17/ep2737writes-"Tobaccosmokingcausescancerofthe
lung,oralcavity,naso-,oro-,andhypopharynx,nasalcavityand
paranasalsinuses,larynx,esophagus,stomach,pancreas,liver,
kidney(bodyandpelvis),ureter,urinarybladder,anduterinecervix

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

andalsocausesmyeloidleukemia.Thereisevidencesuggesting
thatcigarettesmokingmayplayaroleinincreasingtheriskof
colorectalandpossiblypremenopausalbreastcancer,butthereis
noassociationwithpostmenopausalbreastcancer.Theredoesnot
appeartobeacausallinkbetweencigarettesmokingandcancerof

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

theendometrium,andthereisalowerriskofuterinecanceramong
postmenopausalwomenwhosmoke."
Thustheanswershouldbenone,howeverNasopharyngeal
carcinomaisfoundtobeleastassociatedwithsmoking.Head&
NeckCancersbyEnslowJacobs2003ep492writes-"Association

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

betweensmokingandnasopharyngealcarcinomahasbeenshown
onlybyafewstudies.IftheassociationoftobaccoandNPCisreal,
thepossiblemechanismoftumorinductionwouldbethe
nitrosaminesanditsprecursorsintobacco."

---

1201.Inwhichofcausesoforalulcer,Auto-

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

antibodiesarenotseen?
a)Behcetdisease
b)SLE
c)Pemphigus
d)Celiacdisease

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Behcetdisease
Behcet'sdiseaseisclassifiedamongthevasculitideslaboratory
diagnosticdoesnotincluderegularlyautoantibodiesassociatedwith
vascularmanifestationsofsystemicautoimmunedisease.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1202.IncorrectaboutLAMBsyndrome-
a)Lentigines
b)AtrialMyxoma
c)Myaesthenicsyndrome
d)BlueNevi

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.Myaesthenicsyndrome
LAMBsyndromeischaracterizedbypresenceof:-
Lentigines
AtrialMyxoma

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Bluenevi.

---

1203.Bestmanagementafterhumanbite-
a)Ampicillinplussulbactam
b)ClindamycinplusTMP-SMX
c)Fibroquinolone

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Doxycycline
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Ampicillinplussulbactam
1. Ampicillin/sulbactam
2. Imipenem

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

3. Cefoxitininpenicillinallergics

---

1204.TheVitaminwhichhasinhibitoryeffect
onwoundhealingis-
a)Vitamin-A
b)Vitamin-E

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Vitamin-C
d)VitaminB-complex
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Vitamin-E.
SystemicvitaminEandglucocorticoidsinhibittheinflammatory

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

responseandcollagensynthesis,therebypossiblyimpedingthe
healingprocess.

---

1205.Numberofbarrbodiesinklinfellter's
syndromeis-
a)0

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

b)1
c)2
d)3
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.1

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

FoundinfemaleBut-
KleinefeltersyndromeismalewithoneBarrbody.
TurnersyndromeisfemalewithoutBarrbody.

---

1206.

---

Whichoftheseisnotapartofextracellular

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

matrix:
a)Laminin
b)Fibronectin
c)Integrins
d)Collagen

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-C
Ci.e.Integrins
-Extracellularmatrixproteinsarecollagen,elastin,fibrillin,
fibronectin,lamininandproteoglycans(GAGs)Mn-"CallElaFor
LastProse"Whereascelladhesionmoleculespresentincytoplasm

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

orcellmembraneincludeintegrins,selectins,cadherinsand
immunoglobulinfamilyCAMsQ.
-Integrinsarecellsurfaceadhesionproteinthatprovidelinkage
betweencelloutside&inside,betweencell-cellandbetweencell&
extracellularmatrix.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1207.Whichofthefollowingsubstancesis
primarilyfoundintendons?
a)Collagen
b)Fibrin
c)Fibrillin

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Protedglycans
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Collagen
Tendonisprimarilymadeupofcollagen.

---

1208.Whichofthefollowingconditiondoes

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

notcausemultiplepainfululcerson
tongue?
a)TB
b)Sacroidosis
c)Herpes

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Behcetdisease
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Sacroidosis
Painfululcersinmouth
Apthousulcers

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Behcetdisease
Denturestomatitis
Thermalburns
Tuberculosis
Herpes

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Carcinomatongue
Arsenicpoisoning

---

1209.DOCforacuteattackofHereditary
angioneuroticedema
a)Danazol

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Cl,inhibitorconcentrate
c)Icatibant
d)Methylprednisolone
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Clinhibitorconcentrate

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Medication
C1inhibitorconcentrate(Plasma-derived)(Berinert,BerinertP,
Cinryze.
RecombinantC1inhibitorConestatalfa(Ruconest,Rhucin).
BradykininBzreceptorantagonistIcatibant(Firazyr).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

KallikreininhibitorEcallantide(Kalbitor)
Plasma

---

1210.Inapatientwhowasbroughtto
casualtyafterRTAwithpulserate108,
SBP80.Whichfluidistobegiven

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

ideally?

a)Plasma
b)NormalSaline
c)Blood

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)5%dextrose
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.NormalSaline
Initialresuscitationrequiresrapidreexpansionofthecirculating
intravascularbloodvolumealongwithinterventionstocontrol

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ongoinglosses.
Volumeresuscitationisinitiatedwiththerapidinfusionofeither
isotonicsalineorabalancedsaltsolutionsuchasRinger'slactate

---

1211.Whichcanbegiveinhemorrhagic
stroke?

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Normalsaline
b)Colloids
c)Bloodtransfusion
d)Hypertonicfluids
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-A.Normalsaline
Normalsalineinitiallyshouldbeusedformaintenanceand
replacementfluids:
Hypotonicfluidsarecontraindicatedastheymayexacerbate
cerebraledemaandintracranialpressure.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Hypervolemiashouldbeavoidedasitmayworsencerebraledema.

---

1212.Flushingwithniacininreducedby-
a)Laropiprant
b)Premedicationwithaspirin
c)Tachyphylaxis

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Alloftheabove
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.Alloftheabove
Laropiprant(selectiveprostaglandinD2receptorantagonid)
Premedicationwithaspirin

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Flushingassubjecttotachyphylaxisandoftenimproveswithtime.

---

1213.TrueabourdruginducedSLEisexcept
?
a)Female:Maleratio=9:1
b)Anti-histoneAntibodies

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

c)CNSinvolvementnotcommon
d)Renalinvolvementnotcommon
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Female:Maleratio=9:1
Itispredominantincaucasians

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

IthaslessfemalepreddictionthanSLE
Itrarelyinvolveskidneysorbrain
ItisrarelyassociatedwithantiDsDNA
Itiscommonlyassociatedwithantibodiestohistones
Itusuallyresolvesoverseveralweeksafterdiscontinuationofthe

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

offendingmedication.

---

1214.Obesityisseeninallexcept
a)Cushingsyndrome
b)Pickwiniansyndrome
c)Praderwillisyndrome

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Sipplesyndrome
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is`d'i.e.,Sipplesyndrome
Importantsyndromesassociatedwithobesity
Albrighthereditaryosteodystrophy(pseudohypoparathyroidismtype

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

la)
Alstromsyndrome
Bardet-Biedlsyndrome
Beckwith-Wiedemannsyndrome
Carpentersyndrome

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Cohensyndrome?Prader-willisyndrome

---

1215.Manworkinginhotenvironment&
drinkinglotsofwaterwithoutintakeof
saltsisliabletodevelop-
a)Heathyperpyrexia

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)Heatcramps
c)Heatstroke
d)Heatencephalopathy
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Heatcramps

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Heatcramps/Miner'scramps/Stoker'scramp/Firemen'scramp
Thesearepainfulspasmofvoluntarymuscleswhichfollowsternous
workinahotatmosphere.
Thesearecausedbylossofwaterandsaltinprofuseprespiration
(sweating).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

---

1216.AfterRoadtrafficaccidentapatient
presentedtocasualtywithvitals
showingBPof90/60mmHgwithheart
of56bpm.Whichkindofshockoccurs
?

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Cardiogenic
b)Neurogenic
c)Distributive
d)Hypovolemiashock
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-B.Neurogenic
Neurogenicshockisadistributivetypeofshockresultinginlow
bloodpressure,occasionallywithaslowedheartrate,thatis
attributedtothedisruptionoftheautonomicpathwayswithinthe
spinalcord.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Itcanoccurafterdamagetothecentralnervoussystemsuchas
spinalcordinjury.

---

1217.Intracranialpressuremaybeincreased
byallofthefollowingdrugsexcept-
a)HypervitaminosisA

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Corticosteroids
c)Quinolones
d)Aminoglycosides
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Aminoglycosides

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1218.Drainageofcervicalabscessisan
exampleof-
a)Cleancontaminatedwound
b)Cleanuncontaminatedwound
c)Uncleanuncontaminatedwound

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Dirtyinfectedwound
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.Dirtyinfectedwound
ClassIV:Thisclassofwoundisconsidereddirty-contaminated.
Theseincludewoundsthathavebeenexposedtofecalmaterial.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

CervicaldrainageabscessisanexampleofClassIVwound.

---

1219.Mostcommonlocationofectopic
salivaryglandis-
a)Cervicallymphnodes
b)Anteriormediastinum

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Posteriortriangle
d)Parathyroidgland
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Cervicallymphnodes
Salivaryglandheterotopiaiswheresalivaryglandacinicellsare

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

presentinanabnormallocationwithoutanyductsystem.
Themostcommonlocationisthecervicallymphnodes.
Otherreportedsitesofheterotopicsalivaryglandtissuearethe
middleear,parathyroidglands,thyroidgland,pituitarygland,
cerebellarpontineangle,softtissuemedialtosternocleidomastoid,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

stomach,rectumandvulva

---

1220.ClassictriadinRenalcellcarcinoma
includesallofthefollowing,Except:
a)Hematuria
b)Hypertension

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Flankmass
d)AbdominalPain
CorrectAnswer-B
AnswerisB(Hypertension):
HypertensionmaybeseeninpatientswithRenalcellcarcinomabut

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

itdoesnotfirmpartoftheclassicallydescribedtriad.
ClassicTriadofRenalcellcarcinoma(seenin10-20%of
patients)
Hematuria(Gross)
Pain(Abdominal/Flank)

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Mass(Abdominal/Flank)

---

1221.Allofthefollowingareparaneoplastic
syndromesforrenalcellcarcinoma
except-
a)Fever

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)Anaemia
c)Amyloidosis
d)AcanthosisNigricans
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.AcanthosisNigricans

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Hypertension
Abnormalliverfunction(Staufferssyndromeienonmetastatic
hepaticdysfunction)
Hypercalcemia
Neuromyopathy

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Amyloidosis
IncreasedESR(MCparaneoplasticsyndrome)
Dysfibrogenemia
Galactorrhoea
Feminizationandmasculanization

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1222.ESWLiscontraindicatedinwhichofthe
followingstones-
a)Cysteinestones
b)OxalateStones
c)Uratestones

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Phosphatestones
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Cysteinestones
ContraindicationsforESWL-
1. UncorrectedBleedingdisorder

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

2. Cysteinestones
3. Weightgreaterthan300pounds
4. Pregnancy
5. CardiacPacemaker
6. SevereOrthpaedicdeformity

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

7. UTI
8. SevererenalFailure

---

1223.Surgeryforundescendedtestisisrecommendedatwhatage?
a)6months
b)12months

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

c)24months
d)36months
CorrectAnswer-A
Optimumageforsurgeryincaseofundescendedtestisis6months.
Thesurgicalproceduredoneiscalledorchidopexy.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Earlierintervention(Sixmonthsofage)shouldbeconsideredinordertotheoretically
preventthecomplicationsofcrytorchidismthatmaybemanifestedbefore1yearofage.
Ref:NursingcareofthepediatricsurgicalpatientByNancyTkaczBrowne,Page147-8;
CPDT,20thEdition,Page974;Campbell'sUrology,9thEdition,Page3775

---

1224.Pseudoclaudicationiscausedby

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)FemoralArterystenosis
b)PoplitealArterystenosis
c)Lumbarcanalstenosis
d)RadialArterystenosis
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

AnsisCi.e.LumbarCanalStenosis
Pseudoclaudicationisthetermusedforneurogenicclaudication
causedduetolumbarcanalstenosis.Itssymptomsmimic
intermittentclaudicationofPVD.
Neurogenicclaudication,consistsofbackandbuttockorlegpain

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

inducedbywalkingorstandingandrelievedbysittingorchanging
posture.Symptomsinthelegsareusuallybilateral.Unlikevascular
claudication,symptomsareoftenprovokedbystandingwithout
walking.
Spinalstenosiscanbeacquired,congenital,orduetoacombination

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

ofthesefactors.Congenitalcausesincludeachondroplasia,
idiopathic.Acquiredcausesaredegenerativediseases(spondylosis,
spondylolisthesis,scoliosis),trauma,spinesurgery,metabolicor
endocrinedisorders(epidurallipomatosis,osteoporosis,
acromegaly,renalosteodystrophy,hypoparathyroidism),andPaget's

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

disease.
DifferencebetweenVascularandNeurogenicclaudication
Patientswithvascularclaudicationalwayshavepainwhentheywalk
arelativelyconstantdistanceonlevelground;theydonothave
variabledayswhentheycanwalkforconsiderablygreaterdistances

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

withoutpain.Patientsofvascularclaudication,oftenknowexactly
howfarorforhowlongtheycanwalkbeforethesymptomswill

---

occur.Thisisincontrasttopatientswithneurogenicclaudication
wherethesymptomsoccasionallyoccuratrestoratwithhighly
variablewalkingdistances.Paininneurogenicclaudicationcaneven

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

occuronstanding.
Painofvascularclaudicationgetsrelievedonstoppingwithinfew
minutes,andthisresolutionofpainoccursevenifthepatientsimply
stopsandstandsinplace.Patientswithneurogenicclaudication
usuallyhavetositdowntorelievetheirpain.Neurogenic

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

claudicationpaingetsrelievedbychangingpostureandleaning
forwards.
Patientswithneurogenicclaudicationoftencanwalkfurtheronan
incline,whereasvascularclaudicationismarkedworsenedifthe
patientisonanincline.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

---

1225.

---

Whichofthefollowingisthemost
conservativeneckdissection-
a)Supraomohyoidneckdissection
b)Radicalneckdissection

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Modifiedradicalneckdissection
d)Allareconservative
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Supraomohyoidneckdissection
Selectiveneckdissection-PreservationofanyofthelevelsI

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

throughVduringneckdissectionisknownasSelectiveneck
dissection-Theprinciplebehindpreservationofcertainnodal
groupsisthatspecificprimarysitespreferentiallydraintheir
lymphaticsinapredictablepattern.TypesofSNDincludethe
supraomohyoidneckdissection,thelateralneckdissection,andthe

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

posterolateralneckdissection.

---

1226.

---

Supraomohyoiddissectionisatypeof-
a)Selectiveneckdissection
b)Modifiedradicalneckdissection

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Radicalneckdissection
d)Posterolateraldissection
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Selectiveneckdissection
Selectiveneckdissection-PreservationofanyofthelevelsI

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

throughVduringneckdissectionisknownasSelectiveneck
dissection-Theprinciplebehindpreservationofcertainnodal
groupsisthatspecificprimarysitespreferentiallydraintheir
lymphaticsinapredictablepattern.TypesofSNDincludethe
supraomohyoidneckdissection,thelateralneckdissection,andthe

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

posterolateralneckdissection.

---

1227.Alagillesyndrome-allofthefollowing
aretrueexcept-
a)MutationinJAG1AndNotch2geneareseen
b)CanCauseAutoimmunehepatitis

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

c)AutosomalRecessiveDisease
d)Valvularanomalisofheartseen
CorrectAnswer-C
AnswerC.AutosomalRecessiveDisease
Autosomaldominantdisease

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

JAGIandNOTCH2mutation
AffectstheliverandHeart
Heart
Pulmonarystenosis
TetralogyofFallot

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

VSD
Overridingaorta

---

1228.AbsenceofUltrahepaticbileductleads
towhichsyndrome?
a)VonMeyenburgComplexes

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)PolycysticLiverDisease
c)CaroliDisease
d)AlagilleSyndrome
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.AlagilleSyndrome

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Itisanautosomalrecessiveconditioncharacterizedbyabsenceof
bileductsinportaltractAlsocalledarteriohepaticdysplasia
Characteristicfeatures:
Geneticdisorderwithvascular,biliaryandotheranomalies.
Absenceofintrahepaticbileductswithclinicalseverityrangingfrom

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

severeneonatalcholestasismimickingbiliaryatresiatochildhood
intermittentjaundice.
Progressiontocirrhosisisrare.

---

1229.Allofthefollowingarepremalignant
conditionsexcept-

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Bowen'sDisease
b)SenileKeratosis
c)XerodermaPigmentosum
d)PyodermaGangrenosum
CorrectAnswer-D

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-D.PyodermaGangrenosum
Bowen'sDisease
Lupusvulgaris
Longstandingchroniculcer(e.g.marjolin's
ActinicKeratosis

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

ulcers)
Xeroderma
Followingburn,venousulcer,oldscaretc.
pigmentosum
SenileKeratosis

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1230.Adson'stestispositivein-
a)Cervicalrib
b)Cervicalspondylosis
c)Cervicalfracture
d)Cervicaldislocation

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Cervicalrib
Adson'stestisaprovocativetestforThoracicOutletSyndrome
accompaniedbycompressionoftheSubclavianarterybyacervical
ribortightenedanteriorandmiddlescalenemuscles.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1231.Chimericchemotherapyisbeing
investigatedforthetreatmentofwhich
malignancy?
a)Leukemia
b)RenalCellCarcinoma

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)CAPancreas
d)GlioblastomaMultiforme
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Leukemia
ArtificialTcellreceptors(alsoknownaschimericTcellreceptors,

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

chimericimmunoreceptors,chimericantigenreceptors(CARs))are
engineeredreceptors,whichgraftanarbitraryspecificityontoan
immuneeffectorcell.Typically,thesereceptorsareusedtograftthe
specificityofamonoclonalantibodyontoaTcell.
TwoCAR-TtherapieshavebeengrantedthreetotalFDAapproval

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

forthetreatmentofpatientswithhematologicmalignancies.
ThemostadvanceddatatodateconcernCARTtherapiesforthe
treatmentofpatientswithmultiplemyelomaandchroniclymphocytic
leukemia.
Amongthefirststudiesinvestigatinganti-CD19CARTtherapeutic

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

efficacywasacasereporttreatingapatientwithCLL.

---

1232.AnteriorMediastinalnodesareincluded
inwhichleveloflymphnodes-
a)I
b)III

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)V
d)VII
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.VII
Levelsofnecklymphnodes

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

LevelI,submentalandsubmandibulargroup
LevelII,upperjugulargroup
LevelIII,middlejugulargroup
LevelIV,lowerjugulargroup
LevelV,posteriortrian-glegroup

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

LevelVI,anteriorcompartment.
LevelVII,anteriorandsuperiormediastinal

---

1233.InCeliacarterycompressionsyndrome
whichstructureisthemaincauseof
compression-

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a)MedianArcuateLigament
b)RectusSheath
c)DeepInferiorEpigastricartery
d)LacunarLigament
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-A.MedianArcuateLigament
Medianarcuateligamentsyndrome(MALS,alsoknownasceliac
arterycompressionsyndrome,celiacaxissyndrome,celiactrunk
compressionsyndromeorDunbarsyndrome)isacondition
characterizedbyabdominalpainattributedtocompressionofthe

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

celiacarteryandpossiblytheceliacgangliabythemedianarcuate
ligament.
Theabdominalpainmayberelatedtomeals,maybeaccompanied
byweightloss,andmaybeassociatedwithanabdominalbruit
heardbyaclinician.Itisalsocalledceliacarterycompression

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

syndrome.

---

1234.WhichIsFalseaboutstressurinary
incontinence-
a)Morecommoninmen
b)Itoccursduringincreasedabdominalpressure

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Itisduetoweakeningofpelvicfloormuscles
d)Prostatesurgerymaybeacause
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Morecommoninmen
Leakingurineuponsuddenincreaseinabdominalpressure.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Itismostcommontypeinwomen.
Causesare
Weakeningofpelvicfloormuscles/urethra/sphinctermuscles.
BPH,CAprostateorprostatesurgery.

---

1235.Whichofthefollowingurethralanomaly

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

isthemostcommon-
a)Hypospadias
b)Pinholemeatus
c)Epispadias
d)Strictureurethra

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Hypospadias
Hypospadiasisaconditioninwhichtheurethralmeatusopenson
theundersideofpenis*ortheperineum(i.e.ventralsurfaceofpenis)
proximaltothetipoftheglanspenis.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Hypospadiasisthemostcommon*congenitalmalformationofthe
urethra.(alsoknowthatthemostcommoncongenitalmalformatioof
theurinarytractisDuplicationofrenalpelvis*)
Occursin1:250malebirths.

---

1236.Whichofthefollowingtypesofshock

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

wiilusuallyhavewarmperipheral
extremities?
a)HypovolemicShock
b)NeurogenicShock
c)CardiogenicShock

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

d)AnaphylacticShock
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.NeurogenicShock
Bradycardia
Hypothermia

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Lossofsympathetictone-->arterious&venousvasodilation
Warmanddryskin(theheartrateslowsdown,aswellaswarm,dry,
andflushedskinduetovenouspoolingsecondarytolossof
vasculartone)
Othersallshockhavecoldextremities(anaphylatic,cardiogenicand

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

hypovolemic)

---

1237.Antibioticprophylaxisisbestgiven-
a)1daybeforesurgery
b)2hoursbeforesurgery
c)Beforethetimeofincision

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Onlypostoperatively
CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.Beforethetimeofincision
Aboutprophylacticantibioticspointstoknoware?Bydefinition
prophylaxisislimitedtothetimepriortoandduringtheoperative

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

procedure.
bemosteffectivetheprophylacticantibioticagentshouldbe
administeredintravenouslybeforetheincisionismadesothatthe
tissuelevelsarepresentatthetimethewoundiscreatedand
exposedtothebacterialcontamination.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

---

1238.Whichofthefollowingisafeatureof
crushsyndrome-
a)Hypokalemia
b)Hypercalcemia
c)Myoglobinuria

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Hypophosphatemia
CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.Myoglobinuria
Featuresofcrushsyndrome:
Hyperkalemia

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Hypocalcemia
Hyperphosphatemia
Hyperuricemia
Lacticacidosis
Myoglobinuria

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

IncreasedBUN&creatinine.

---

1239.CrushSyndromeisassociatedwithall
ofthefollowingfeaturesexcept-
a)Hypercalcemia
b)Hyperkalemia

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Increasedserumcreatinine
d)Myoglobinuria
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Hypercalcemia
Featuresofcrushsyndrome:

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Hyperkalemia
Hypocalcemia
Hyperphosphatemia
Hyperuricemia
Lacticacidosis

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Myoglobinuria
IncreasedBUN&creatinine.

---

1240.Whichofthefollowingstonesare
commonwithinfection?
a)Struvite

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

b)XanthineStones
c)Cysteinestones
d)CalciumOxalatestones
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Struvite

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Calciumphosphatecanbecombinedwithammoniumand
magnesiumtoformthetriplephosphatecalculusieCalcium
amnomiummagnesiumphosphatealsok/astruvitestones.
Smoothanddirtywhiteandsoltitary.
Seeninalkalineurineespwithproteusinfectionwhichsplitureato

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ammonia.

---

1241.Allthefeaturesofmembranousurethral
injuryexcept
a)bloodofmeatus
b)Retentionofurine

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Pelvicfracture
d)Perinealbutterflyhematoma
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'
1.Urethralruptureisalsooftwotypes:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a.Bulbarurethralinjury-MC
b.Membranousurethralinjury
2.Extravasationofurine(+blood)inbulbarurethralinjury
a.Itisasuperficialextravasation.
b.IftheBuck'sfasciaremainsintact,extravasationofbloodand

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

urineareconfinedtothepenileshaft.HoweverdisruptionofBuck's
fasciaallowsextravasatedcontentsintoaspacelimitedbycolle's
fasciaformsascrotalandperinealbutterflyhematomawhichcan
extenduptheabdominalwall.
3.ExtravasationofurineinMembranousurethralinjury&

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Extraperitonealbladderrupture.
a.Extravasationissameinboth
b.Itisadeepextravasation
c.Urineextrvasatesinthelayersofthepelvicfasciaandthe
retroperitonealtissues

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

d.Urinecollectsintheperivesicalspace.
e.Thetypicalfindingoncystogramisextravasationofcontrast
materialintothepelvisaroundthebaseofthebladder.

---

1242.HighFlyingprostateisasignof-
a)ExtraperitonealBladderrupture

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)IntraperitonealBladderRupture
c)MembranousUrethralInjury
d)BulbarUrethralInjury
CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.MembranousUrethralInjury

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theprostateisattachedtopubisbypuboprostaticligamentand
disruptionofthepuboprostaticligamentwithacompleteruptureof
theurethracanleadtoafloatingprostate--Vermooten'ssign
(highflyprostate).
Basedonascendingurethrogram,posteriorurethralinjuryis

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

classifiedas(McCallum-Colapintoclassification).
1. TypeI:Elongationofposteriorurethra,butintact
2. TypeII:Prostate"pluckedoff''membranousurethra
withextravasationofurineabovesphincteronly--Floatingprostate
--Vermooten'ssign

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

3. TypeIII:Totaldisruptionoftheurethrawithextravasationof
urinebothaboveandbelowthesphincter.

---

1243.BPHinvolves-
a)Centralzone
b)Peripheralzone

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Transitionalzone
d)Prostatecapsule
CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.Transitionalzone
Carcinomaofprostatearisesmostcommonlyintheperipheralzone

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Benignprostatichyperplasiaoriginatesinthetransitionzone
BPHtypicallyaffectsthesubmucousgroupofglandsinthe
transitionalzone,forminganodularenlargement.
Eventually,thisovergrowthcompressesthePZglandsintoafalse
capsuleandcausestheappearanceofthetypical'lateral'lobes.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Ref-BaileyandLoveVolume-1/Edition27th

---

1244.Prostatecancerthatislimitedtothe
capsuleandnottheurethrawouldbe
satgedas-

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Tx
b)T1
c)T2
d)T3
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-C.T2

---

1245.A65yearoldmalepresentswithCA
prostate.Thetumourislimitedtothe
capsuleanditispalpableonPR
examination.Thepatientisdiagnosed

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

asstageT1b.Thebesttreatmentwould
be-
a)Radicalprostatectomy
b)Chemotherapy
c)Palliativeradiotherapy

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Orchidectomy
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Radicalprostatectomy
T1bT1c,T2
Radicalprostactectomyorradiotherapy

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Externalbeamradiotherapy-T1orlowT2disease
Branchytherapy-lowT1disease

---

1246.

---

WhichofthefollowingVitamindeficiencyisseeninshortbowelsyndromewithilealresection?
a)VitaminK

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)VitaminB12
c)VitaminB1
d)Folicacid
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B(VitaminB12)

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Short-bowelsyndromeisadisorderclinicallydefinedby
malabsorption,diarrhea,steatorrhea,fluidandelectrolyte
disturbances,andmalnutrition.
ChangesseeninTerminalIlealResection
MalabsorptionofbilesaltsandvitaminB12(whicharenormally

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

absorbedinthisregion)
VitaminB12MalabsorptionMegaloblasticanemia
BilesaltsMalabsorptionUnabsorbedbilesaltsescapeintothe
colonandstimulatefluidsecretionfromthecolonwaterydiarrhea
DecreasedbilesaltsinthebileCholesterolgallstones

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1247.If90%ofjejunumandiliumisremoved
thenallofthefollowingfeatureswillbe
seenexcePt-
a)Steatorrhoea
b)Diarrhoea

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Weightgain
d)Megaloblasticanemia
CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.Weightgain
ChangesseeninTerminalilealresection

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Resectionofterminalileumresultsinmalabsorptionofbilesaltsand
Vit.B12whicharenormallyabsorbedinthisregion
VitBIZMalabsorption:Megaloblasticanemia
Bilesaltsmalabsorption:-Unabsorbedbilesaltsescapeintocolon
wheretheystimulatefluidsecretionfromthecolon,resultingin

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

waterydiarrhoea.
Reductioninbilesaltpoolleadtosteatorrheaandmalabsorptionof
fatsolublevitamins(duetomalabsorptionoffat).
Unabsorbedfattyacidsbindwithcalcium,andthusleadtoincreased
concentrationoffreeoxalates(oxalatesbindwithcalciumnormally

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

andthereforeescapewithoutintestinalabsorption)Freeoxalates
areabsorbed.Increasedconc.ofbodyoxalatesleadtooxalate
kidneystones.

---

1248.PerihepaticfibrosisoccurringinFitz
HughCurtisSyndromeisdueto-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)PelvicInflammatoryDisease
b)BileDuctInjry
c)ChronicAlcoholism
d)ViralHepatitis
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-A.PelvicInflammatoryDisease
Itisthoughttoresultfromdirectintraperitonealspreadofinfection
towardstheperihepaticregionfrominitialpelvic
inflammation/infection
Trichomonasvaginalis,UreaplasmaurealyticumandMycoplasma

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

hominismayalsocauseFHCS.

---

1249.WhatistheT/tofptwithcarcinoid
tumorofappendixofsizemorethan2
cm-
a)Righthemicolectomy

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Appendicectomy
c)Appendicectomy+abdominalCTscan
d)Appendicectomy+24hrsurinaryHIAA
CorrectAnswer-A
Ansis'a'ie.Righthemicolectiomy

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1250.A25yearoldmaleisreceiving
conservativemanagementforan
appendicularmasssince3daysnow
presentswitharisingpulserate,
tachycardiaandfever.Themodeof

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

managementmustbe-
a)Ochsnersherrenregimen
b)Continueconservativemanagement
c)Proceedtolaparotomyandappendicectomy
d)Intravenousantibiotics

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.Proceedtolaparotomyandappendicectomy
Ifanappendixmassispresentandtheconditionofthepatientis
satisfactory,thestandardtreatmentistheconservativeOchsner?
Sherrenregimen.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

10-20%needemergencyoperationduetospreadinginfection.

---

1251.Underwhatguidelinesistreatment
startedforapatientpresentingwith
appendicularmassonCTScan?
a)OchsnerSherrenRegimen

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Conservativemanagementanddischarge
c)ImmediateLaprotomy
d)Kocher'sRegimen
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.OchsnerSherrenRegimen

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

OchsnerSherrenregimenistheexpectantmanagementgivingtoa
patientwithanappendixmass.Itisexpectantbecauseitisexpected
thatthesymptomsandsignsthepatientpresentedwithwillimprove
duringthecourseofthemanagementandthepatientmaylaterbe
scheduledforelective/intervalappendicectomy.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

---

1252.Treatmentofchoiceofmucinous
carcinomaofGallBladderconfinedto
thelaminapropriais-
a)Simplecholecystectomy
b)Extendedcholecystectomy

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Cholecystectomywithwedgeresectionofliver
d)Chemotherapyonly
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Simplecholecystectomy
Treatment-

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

StageIandII-simplecholecystectomy
StageIII?cholecystectomy+adjacenthepaticresection(atleast
2cmdepth)+regionallymphadenectomy
Poorprognosis

---

1253.NigroRegimenisusedfor-

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)AnalCarcinoma
b)RectalCarcinoma
c)SigmoidColonCarcinoma
d)DuodenalCarcinoma
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-A.AnalCarcinoma
Nigroregimenreferstocombinedchemotherapyandradiotherapy
forprimarytreatmentofmalignanttumorsoftheanalcanal.

---

1254.A35yearoldmalecamewithjaundice,
palpablemassintheright

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

hypochondriumnotassociatedwith
pain.Theprobablediagnosisis-
a)CarcinomaAmpullaofVater
b)Acutecholecystitis
c)ChronicCholecystitis

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

d)ChronicPancreatitis
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.CarcinomaAmpullaofVater
Courvoisier'slawstatesthatinthepresenceofanenlargedgall
bladderwhichisnontenderandaccompaniedwithjaundicethe

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

causeisunlikelytobegallstones.Thisisbecausegallstonesare
formedoveralongerperiodoftime,andthisresultinashrunken,
fibroticgallbladderwhichdoesnotdistendeasily.

---

1255.A60yearmalepresentedwithjaundice,
palestools,darkurineandmassinthe

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

epigastricregion.Whichofthe
followingdiagnosisinunlikely?
a)Pancreaticcancer
b)BiliaryCancer
c)PeriampullaryCancer

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

d)ChronicCholecystitis
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.ChronicCholecystitis
Chroniccholecystitisischaracterizedbyrepeatedattacksofpain
(biliarycolic)thatoccurwhengallstonesperiodicallyblockthecystic

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

duct.

---

1256.Allofthefollowingmayleadtoagall
bladdercarcinomaexcept-
a)GallBladderPolyps
b)Typhoidcarriers

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Exposuretocarcinogenslikenitrosamine
d)EchinococcusGranulosusInfection
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.EchinococcusGranulosusInfection
Riskfactorsforgallbladder

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

1. Gallstones
2. Adenomatousgallbladderpolyps(particularlypolypslargerthan10
mm)
3. Calcified(porcelain)gallbladder
4. Choledochalcyst

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

5. Estrogens
6. Anomalouspancreaticobiliaryductjunction
7. Exposuretocarcinogens(azotoulene,nitrosamine)
8. Typhoidcarriers
9. Sclerosingcholangitis

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

10. Cholecystoentericfistula

---

1257.AllofthefollowingarefalseforGall
Bladdercarcinomaexcept:
March2005
a)Carriesagoodprognosis

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Gallstonesmaybeapredisposingfactor
c)Commonlysquamouscellcarcinoma
d)Jaundiceisrare
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B:Gallstonesmaybeapredisposingfactor

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Primarycarcinomaofthegallbladderisanuncommon,aggressive
malignancythataffectswomenmorefrequentlythanmen.
Olderagegroupsaremostoftenaffected,andcoexistinggallstones
arepresentinthevastmajorityofcases.
Thesymptomsatpresentationarevagueandaremostoftenrelated

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

toadjacentorganinvasion.Imagingstudiesmayrevealamass
replacingthenormalgallbladder,diffuseorfocalthickeningofthe
gallbladderwall,orapolypoidmasswithinthegallbladderlumen.
Adjacentorganinvasion,mostcommonlyinvolvingtheliver,is
typicallypresentatdiagnosis,asisbiliaryobstruction.Periportaland

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

peripancreaticlymphadenopathy,hematogenousmetastases,and
peritonealmetastasesmayalsobeseen.Thevastmajorityof
gallbladdercarcinomasareadenocarcinomas.
Becausemostpatientspresentwithadvanceddisease,the
prognosisispoor.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Theradiologicdifferentialdiagnosisincludesthemorefrequently
encounteredinflammatoryconditionsofthegallbladder,
xanthogranulomatouscholecystitis,adenomyomatosis,other
hepatobiliarymalignancies,andmetastaticdisease.

---

hepatobiliarymalignancies,andmetastaticdisease.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theprevalenceoflymphaticspreadishighingallbladdercarcinoma.
Lymphaticmetastasesprogressfromthegallbladderfossathrough
thehepatoduodenalligamenttonodalstationsneartheheadofthe
pancreas.
Threepathwaysoflymphaticdrainagehavebeensuggested:the

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

cholecystoretropancreaticpathway,thecholecystoceliacpathway,
andthecholecystomesentericpathway.
Thecysticandpericholedochallymphnodesarethemostcommonly
involvedatsurgeryandareacriticalpathwaytoinvolvementofthe
celiac,superiormesenteric,andpara-aorticlymphnodes.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1258.Whichofthefollowingstomaisformed
inHartman'sprocedure?
a)EndColostomy
b)EndIliostomy
c)LoopIliostomy

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Caecostomy
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.EndColostomy
Hartman'sprocedure
Thisisacompromisetypeofresectioninwhichtherectumand/or

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

sigmoidcolonareresectedandanendcolostomydone.
Anastomosisandperinealdissectionofthedistalrectumand
perineumarenotdone.

---

1259.Mostcommonsiteofcolorectal
carcinomais-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Rectum
b)SigmoidColon
c)AscendingColon
d)DescendingColon
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-A.Rectum
Rectosigmoidregionisthemostcommonsiteforcolorectal
carcinoma.Rectumisinvolvedin38%ofcasesandsigmoidcolonis
involvedin21%cases.

---

1260.Apatientundergoingaminorsurgicalprocedureisgivenlignocaine

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

injection.
Assertion:Localanaestheticsactsbyblockingnerveconduction.
Reason:Smallfibersandnonmyelinatedfibersareblockedmoreeasily
thanlargemyelinatedfibers.
a)BothAssertionandReasonaretrue,andReasonisthecorrect

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

explanationforAssertion
b)BothAssertionandReasonaretrue,andReasonisnotthe
correctexplanationforAssertion
c)Assertionistrue,butReasonisfalse
d)Assertionisfalse,butReasonistrue

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Localanaestheticsblocksnerveconductionbydecreasingtheentryofsodiumionsduring
upstrokeofactionpotential.
Finallyitblocksdepolarizationtoreachthresholdpotentialandconductionblockoccurs.
Smallfibersaremoresensitivetolocalanaestheticsthanlargefibersandnonmyelinated

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

fibersareblockedeasilythanmyelinatedfibers.
Ref:EssentialsofMedicalPharmacologybyKDTripathi,5thEdition,Pages321-3

---

1261.Whichofthefollowingisnottrueabout
Boerhaavesyndrome?
a)Perforationoftheesophagusduetobarotrauma

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Mostcommonsiteisleftposteromedialaspect3-5cmsabove
thegastroesophagealjunction
c)Painistheearlymanifestation
d)Mostcasesfollowaboutofheavyeatingordrinking
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-B.Mostcommonsiteisleftposteromedialaspect3-5
cmsabovethegastroesophagealjunction
Vomitingisthoughttobethemostcommoncause,othercauses
includeweightlifting,defecation,epilepticseizures,abdominal
trauma,compressedairinjury,andchildbirth,allofwhichcan

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

increasethepressureintheesophagusandcauseabarogenic
esophagealrupture.
Twocommonriskfactorsincludealcoholismandexcessive
indulgenceinfood.
Ruptureoccursmostcommonlyintheleftposterolateralwallofthe

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

distalthirdoftheesophaguswithextensionintotheleftpleural
cavity.
Symptomsconsistofvomiting,lowerthoracicpain,and
subcutaneousemphysema.
Typically,thepatientwillpresentwithpainatthesiteofperforation,

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

usuallyintheneck,chest,epigastricregion,orupperabdomen.

---

1262.Whichofthefollowingistrueabout
MalloryWeisstear-
a)Itisamucosaltearnotextendingthroughthemusclelayer
b)Itismorecommoninwomenthanmen

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Itiscommoninyoungindividuals
d)Itisassociatedwithachalasiacardia
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Itisamucosaltearnotextendingthroughthe
musclelayer

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

AMallory-Weisstear(MWT)isforcefulorretchingvomitingmay
producealongitudinalmucosaltearimmediatelybelowsquamo
columnarjunctionatthecardiaorgastroesophagealjunctionmainly
andalsoinoesophagus.
Seeninmales,alcholicsandpregnantfemales.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Themeanageismorethan60and80%aremen.
Hyperemesisgravidarum,whichisseveremorningsickness
associatedwithvomitingandretchinginpregnancy,isalsoaknown
causeofMallory-Weisstear.

---

1263.Gastriccarcinomaisassociatedwithall

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

EXCEPT?
a)Inactivationofp53
b)OverexpressionofC-erb
c)OverexpressionofC-met
d)ActivationofRAS

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'ActivationofRAS
Inthecourseofmulti-stepstomachcarcinogenesis,variousgenetic
andepigeneticalterationsofoncogenes,tumor-suppressorgenes,
DNArepairgenes,cellcycleregulatorsandcelladhesionmolecules

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

areinvolved.Geneticalterationingastriccancerinclude:
Intestinaltypegastriccancer:K-rasmutation,APCmutation,pS2
methylation,HMLH1methylation,pIemamethylation,p73deletion
andC-erbB-2amplification.
1. Diffusetypegastriccaner:CDHIgene(E-Cadherin)mutation,K-

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

samamplification.
2. Forbothtype:Telomerasereduction(telomeraseshortening),
hTERTexpression,geneticinstability,overexpressionofthecyclinE
&CDC25B&E2FIgenes,p53mutations,reducedexpression,
CD44aberrabonttranscripts,andamplificationoftheC-metCyclinE

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

genes.
Comingtoquestion:
Allthegivenfourgeneticalterationsmaybeassociatedwith
stomachcancer.
HoweveramongthegivenoptionsK-rasisbestanswerasitis

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

associatedwithgastriccancerinminimumpercentage(amongst
givenoptions):
Source:Textbookofmechanismofcarcinogenesisandcancer

---

Source:Textbookofmechanismofcarcinogenesisandcancer
prevention

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

K-rasmutation
-4 <10%
p53mutation
30-60%
C-erbB-2amplifcation --> 20%

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

C-metamplifciation
--> 20%

---

1264.A55yearoldwomanpresentedwith
historyofrecurrentepisodesofright
upperabdominalpainforthelastone

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

year.Shepresentedtoemergencywith
historyofjaundiceandfeverfor2days.
Onexamination,thepatientappeared
toxicandhadabloodpressureof
100/60mmHg.Shewasstartedon

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

intravenousantibiotics.Ultrasoundof
theabdomenshowedpresenceof
stonesinthecommonbileduct.What
wouldbethebesttreatmentoptionfor
her-

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)ERCPandbileductstoneextraction
b)Laparoscopiccholecystectomy
c)Opensurgeryandbileductstoneextraction
d)Lithotripsy
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-A.ERCPandbileductstoneextraction
Methodsofbiliarydecompression
a.ERCPwithsphincterotomyandstoneextraction
Itistheprocedureofchoice,
Earlyendoscopyallowsnotonlydiagnosisbycholangiographyand

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

directvisualizationoftheampullabutalsopermitsbiliary
decompressionbysphincterotomyandstoneextraction.
Ifthestonescannotberemoved,anasobiliarycatheterorstentis
insertedtodecompressthebiliarytract.
b.Percutaneoustranshepaticroute(PTC)

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

PTCisperformedif
Theendoscopicprocedurehasfailedornotavailable.
Iftheobstructionismoreproximalorperihilar.
Ifthereisastrictureinabiliaryentericanastomosis.
c.Surgicalbiliarydecompression

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1265.Rigler'ssignissuggestiveof-
a)Pneumothorax
b)Pneumoperitoneum
c)Peritonitis
d)Hemothorax

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Pneumoperitoneum
Bothsidesofbowelbecomevisiblebecauseoffreegasonan
abdominalx-ray.ThisisknownasRigler'sSign.

---

1266.Whatisthemostcommonpositionofappendix?

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Pelvic
b)Paracolic
c)Retrocaecal
d)Retroperitoneal
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Retrocecalisthemostcommonpositionoftheappendix.
Positionsofappendix:
Retrocecal:74%
Subcecal:1.5%
Pelvic:21%

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Post-ileal:0.5%
Pre-ileal/retro-ileal:1%

---

1267.A70yearpldmalecomplainingofper
rectalbleedingwasdiagnosedof
havingrectal/anorectalcancer.The

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

distalmarginofthetumorwas5cm
fromtheanalvergethetreatmentof
choicewouldbe-
a)PalliativeRadiotherapy
b)Abdominoperinealrecection

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Lowanteriorresection
d)LocalExcision
CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.Lowanteriorresection
Surgeries

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Pre-operativeneo-adjuvantradiotherapyinresectablerectalcancer
reducestheincidenceoflocalrecurrence
Adjuvantchemotherapyimprovessurvivalinnode-positivecases
Anterior(low)resection:sphinctersavingprocedure,midrectum
Proximal2/3rdofrectum(lesions6cmsabovethedentateline/2or

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

morecmsaboveanalcanal)
Welldifferentiatedtumoursizetumour
T1/T2,NOtumours
Rectosigmoidtumorsandupperthirdrectaltumors:Highanterior
resection(rectumandmesorectumaretakentoamargin5cmdistal

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

tothetumourandcolorectalanastomosisisperformed)
Tumoursinthemiddleandlowerthirdsofrectum:completeremoval
ofrectumandmesorectum(TME-totalmesorectalexcision)

---

Abdominoperinealresection(Mike'sprocedure)-Lowerrectum
Hartmann'sprocedure?forelderlyandunstablepatientswho

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

cannotwithstandlongprocedureofAPR
Colonoscopyisalwaysperformedeitherbefore(forsynchronous
tumours)orwithinafewmonths(formetachronoustumours)of
surgicalresectionfortumourdetection

---

1268.Allofthefollowingaretrueabout

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Hirschsprungdiseaseexcept-
a)AbsenceofGanglioncellsintheinvolvedsegment
b)Swenson,DuhamelandSoavearesurgicalproceduresforthis
condition
c)Mainlypresentsininfancy

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Thenonperistalticaffectedsegmentisdialted
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.Thenonperistalticaffectedsegmentisdialted
InHirchprung'sdiseasetheabsenceofganglioncellsgivesrisetoa
contractednonperistalticsegmentwithadilatedhypertrophied

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

segmentofnormalcolonaboveit.
Almostallcasespresentininfancyandchildhood.Approximately
halfarediagnosedintheneonatalperiodandmostoftheremainder
arediagnosedinearlychildhood.
Inthenewbornperiod,mostcommonsymptomsareabdominal

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

distentionandfailuretopassmeconium.
Olderpatientsmayexperiencechronicorintermittentconstipation.
Occasionally,infantsmaypresentwithadramaticcomplicationof
Hirschprung'sdiseasecalledenterocolitis.
Surgeryisalwaysrequired.Thebasicprincipleisremovalofmostor

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

alloftheaganglionicsegmentandanastomosingtheganglionic
boweltotherectum

---

1269.Commonestcauseofintussusception
is-
a)Submucouslipoma

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Meckel'sdiverticulum
c)Hypertrophyofsubmucouspeyer'spatches
d)Polyp
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Hypertrophyofsubmucosapeyer'spatches

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1270.Allofthefollowingareclinicalfeatures
suggestiveoftrachea-esophagalfistula
except-
a)ChokingandCoughing
b)Regurgitation

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Cyanosis
d)Fever
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.Fever
Repeatedepisodesofcoughing,chokingandcyanosisoccuron

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

feedingwithTOF.

---

1271.Mostimportantpresentingfeatureof
periampullarycarcinomais-
a)Jaundice
b)Pain

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

c)WeightLoss
d)PalpableMass
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A
Hallmarkofpresentationofperiampullarycarcinomaisobstructive

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Jaundice.
Jaundicesecondarytoobstructionofthedistalbileductisthemost
commonsymptomthatdrawsattentiontoampullaryandpancreatic
headtumors.
Itischaracteristicallypainlessjaundicebutmaybeassociatedwith

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

nauseaandepigastricdiscomfort.

---

1272.Bestmarkertoassessprognosisafter
Surgeryforcoloncarcinoma:
March2005
a)CA19-9

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)CA-125
c)Alphafetoprotein
d)CEA
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D:CEA

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

CEAisafamilyofrelatedglycoproteinsinitiallyfoundinembryonic
tissueandcolonmalignancies.
Thehalf-lifeofCEAisapproximately2weeks.PlasmalevelsofCEA
canbedeterminedreadilybyradioimmunoassay.However,its
usefulnessincoloncarcinogenesisscreeningislimitedbecauseof

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

itshighlevelintheplasmaofapatient'smalignanciesoriginating
fromothersitessuchasbreast,pancreas,stomachandlung.
Furthermore,CEAplasmalevelsmayalsobeincreasedinsmokers
orpatientswithchronicdiseases,suchasinflammatorybowel
disease,bronchitisandalcoholicliverdisease.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

TheclinicalusefulnessofCEAforscreeningpurposesisfurther
limitedbythefactthatitsincreaseinleveltypicallyoccursonlywhen
thetumorpenetratesthroughtheserosa.Thus,earlylesionsmay
notbedetectedbyserumCEAlevelchanges.CEAistypically
elevatedwithmetastaticliverdisease,butrarelywithperitoneal

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

involvement.Thus,whilethespecificityforCEAtoidentifyoccult
CRCsishigh,thesensitivityislowinmoststudiesforscreening.
Accordingly,CEAisnotausefultestforthescreeningofCRC.
Regardlessoftheclinicopathologicstage,apreoperativeelevation

---

Regardlessoftheclinicopathologicstage,apreoperativeelevation

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

oftheplasmaCEAlevelpredictseventualtumourrecurrence.
HighlevelofCA19-9isseenintheplasmaofapatient's
malignanciesoriginatingfromcolon,breastandpancreas

---

1273.Acutepancreatitiscausesallofthe
followingexcept:

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

March2005,March2013(g)
a)Hypercalcemia
b)Increasedamylaselevel
c)Subcutaneousfatnecrosis
d)Hyperlipidemia

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A:Hypercalcemia
Complicationsofacutepancreatitis:
Intra-abdominal:
Pancreatic"collections":

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Phlegmon
Pseudocyst
Abscess
Necrosis
Intestinal:

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Paralyticileus
Gastrointestinalhaemorrhage-fromstressulceration,gastric
varicesduetosplenicveinobstruction,orruptureof
pseudoaneurysm
Necrotisingobstructionorfistulisationofcolon

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

*Hepatic-obstructivejaundiceduetooedematousnarrowingof
commonbileduct
*Renal-hydronephrosisandhydroureterofrightkidneydueto
peripancreaticinflammationinperirenalspace
*Spleen-ruptureorhaematoma,fromspreadofperipancreatic

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

inflammation
Systemiccomplicationsrangefromminorpyrexiatorapidly
fatal,multipleorgan-systemfailure.Theyinclude:
*Circulatoryshock-kininactivation,haemorrhage
*Disseminatedintravascularcoagulation

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

*Respiratoryinsufficiency:
Milde.g.hypoxaemia,atelectasis,pleuraleffusion
Severee.g.adultrespiratorydistresssyndrome
*Acuterenalfailure
*Metabolic:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Hypocalcaemia
Hyperglycaemia/diabetesmellitus
Hypertriglyceridaemia
*Pancreaticencephalopathy-confusions,delusions,coma
*Retinalarteriolarobstructioncausingsuddenblindness

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Purtscher'sretinopathy
*MetastaticfatnecrosisAserumlevelthreetofourtimesabove
normalserumamylaselevel,isindicativeofacutepancreatitis,buta
normalleveldoesnotexcludethedisease.

---

1274.Heller'smyotomyisdonefor:

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

September2007,2009,2010
a)Esophagealcarcinoma
b)Pylorichypertrophy
c)Achalasiacardia
d)Inguinalhernia

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C:Achalasiacardia
Achalasiaisassociatedwithlossofganglioncellsintheesophageal
myentericplexus.
TheseimportantinhibitoryneuronsinduceLESrelaxationand

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

coordinateproximal-to-distalperistalticcontractionoftheesophagus
Achalasiaisanesophagealmotordisordercharacterizedby
increasedloweresophagealsphincter(LES)pressure,diminished-
to-absentperistalsisinthedistalportionoftheesophaguscomposed
ofsmoothmuscle,andlackofacoordinatedLESrelaxationin

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

responsetoswallowing.
Bariumradiologymayshow'bird'sbeak'appearance.
Esophageal(Heller)myotomyisasurgicalprocedurethatis
performedwithminimallyinvasivetechniques.Thelaparoscopic
approachappearstobemostappropriate.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1275.Allofthefollowingaresurgicaloptions
inmanagementofesophageal
carcinomaexcept-
a)IvorLewisApproach
b)Mckeown'sApproach

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Transhiatalremoval
d)Sistrunkoperation
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.Sistrunkoperation
IvorlewisoperationissubtotalesophagectomydoneforCa

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

esophagusinlowerthirdofesophagus
Intranshiatalesophagectomy(THE)Esophagusisremovedthrough
thediaphragmatichiatusbymakingincisionsintheabdomenand
theneck.
McKeownsSurgery-3IncisionApproach

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1276.Bilateralparotidenlargementoccursin
all,Except:
a)Sjogren'ssyndrome
b)SLE
c)HIV

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Chronicpancreatitis
CorrectAnswer-B
AnswerisB(SLE):
BilateralparotidenlargementisnotafeatureofSLE.
CausesofBilateralparotidenlargement

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Viral
Metabolic

Endocrinal
Miscellaneous

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

infections
causes
?Mumps
? Diabetes
? Acromegaly

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

? Sarcoidosis
?Influenza
? mellitus
? Gonadal
? Amyloidosis

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?Epstein
? Hyper
hypofunction
? Sjogren
barrvirus

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

? lipoproteinemia
syndrome
?Coxackie
Chronic
virusA

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

pancreatitise
?CMV
Cirrhosis
?HIV

---

1277.Chronichemolyticanaemiais

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

associatedwithwhichofthefollowing-
a)BrownPigmentstoneofthegallbladder
b)BlackPigmentstoneofthegallbladder
c)UricacidRenalCalculus
d)IntestinalObstruction

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.BlackPigmentstoneofthegallbladder
Hemolysiscausesblackpigmentstoneofgallbladder.
Chronichemolyticstates(eg.hereditaryspherocytosis,sicklecell
disease).

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1278.Allofthefollowingarefeaturesof
ZollingerEllisonsyndromeexcept
a)Intractablepepticulcers
b)Severediarrhoea
c)Betacelltumorsofthepancreas

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Veryhighacidoutput.
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Betacelltumoursofpancrease
GastrinomaorZollingerEllisonsyndromeisanon13cell
neuroendocrinetumourofthepancreasItsecretesgastrin

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

PathophysiologyofGastrinoma
Gastrinoma-->Increasesecretionofgastrin-->markedgastric
acidhypersecretionpepticulcer
PancreaticNeuroendocrineTumors
Tumour

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Biologically Tumour
active location
Malignant Mainsymptoms
peptide
percentage andsigns

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

secreted
Gastrinoma
-
(non13cell
?Pain(79

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Duodenum
tumour)
100%)
(70%)
-

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Pancreas
Gastrin
60-90 'Diarrhoea(30
(25%)
73%)

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

othersites
?GERD(30-
(5%)
35%)
?Pepticulcer

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

---

Pancreas>
99%
?Symptomsof
(Insulinomas
hypoglycemia

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Insulinoma
are
?Symptoms
(f3cell
Insulin

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

<10
distributed
releiveon
tumour)
equallyon

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

administrationof
headbody
glucose
andtailof
pancrease)

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

?Watery
diarrhoea
VIPOMA
(90-100%)
(Verner-

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

?-
Morrison
Vasoactive
Hypokalemia(80
Pancreas

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

syndrome,
intestinal
40-70 100%)
90%
pancreatic

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

peptide
?
cholera,
Hypochlorhydria
WDHA)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?Dehydration
(83%)
?Flushing(20%)
Pancreas
?Dermatitis

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

100%
(migratory
(usually
necrolytic
occursusuall

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

erythema)
singlyin
67-90%
pancreatic
?Glucose

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

tail)
intolerance
(40-90%)
Glucagonoma Glucagon
50-80% ?Weightloss(66

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

to96%)
?Anemia(33-
85%)
?Diarrhoea(15-
29%)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

?
Thromboembolism

---

1279.Allofthefollowingistrueaboutheart
transplantationexcept-
a)Immmunosupressionisstartedpreoperatively

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Itisonlyorthotopicandnotheterotopic
c)ABeatingheartcadaver/donorisneeded
d)HighPulmonaryarterialresistanceinacontraindication
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Itisonlyorthotopicandnotheterotopic

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Typesoftransplant:
Heterotopic
Orthotopic
Atypicalhearttransplantationbeginswhenasuitabledonorheartis
identified.Theheartcomesfromarecentlydeceasedorbraindead

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

donor,alsocalledabeatingheartcadaver.

---

1280.Lateralaberrantthyroidrefersto-
a)Congenitalthyroidabnormality
b)Metastaticfocusinlymphnodes
c)Strumaovarii

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Lingualthyroid
CorrectAnswer-B
Ansis"B"i.e.Metastaticfocusinlymphnodes
Lateralaberrantthyroidreferstoametastaticfocusinlymph
nodes.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Lateralaberrantthyroidisamisnomerandalwaysreferstothe
presenceofmetastaticthyroidcarcinoma(papillary)incervical
lymphnodes.Itdoesnotindicatethepresenceofectopicthyroid
tissueasthenamesuggests.

---

1281.Achildpresentedwithbluntabdominal

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

trauma,thefirstinvestigationtobe
doneis-
a)USG
b)CTScan
c)CompleteHemogram

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)AbdominalXray
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.USG
U/Sistheinvestigationofchoiceinbothstableaswellasunstable
patients.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1282.Vacuumassistedclosureis
contraindicatedinwhichofthe
followingconditions-
a)Chronicosteomyelitis
b)Largeamountofnecrotictissuewitheschar

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Abdominalwound
d)Surgicalwounddehiscence
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Largeamountofnecrotictissuewitheschar
Negative-pressurewoundtherapy(NPWT),alsoknownasavacuum

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

dressingorV.A.C.dressing("vacuumassistedclosure"),is
atherapeutictechniqueusingasuctiondressingtoremove
excessexudationandpromotehealinginacuteorchronic
woundsandsecond-andthird-degreeburns.
ContraindicationsforNPWTuse

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

1. Malignancyinthewound
2. UntreatedOsteomyelitis
3. Nonentericandunexploredfistulas
4. Necrotictissuewithescharpresent
5. Exposedbloodvessels,anastomoticsites,organsandnervesinthe

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

periwoundarea(mustavoiddirectfoamcontactwiththese
structures)

---

1283.Trueregardingcystichygromais-
a)Nontransilluminant
b)Linedbycolumnarepitheliumepithelium

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Developsfromjugularlymphaticsequestration
d)All
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.isci.e.,Developsfromjugularlymphaticsequestration
Cystichygroma

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Cystichygromaisaswellingusuallyoccuringinthelowerthirdofthe
neck
Itismostcommonlyseeninposteriortriangleoftheneck,butmay
alsooccurinaxilla,groin&mediastinum
Itresultsduetosequestrationofaportionofthejugularlymphsac

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

fromthelymphaticsystem.
Itusuallymanifestsintheneonateorinearlyinfancy(occasionally
presentatbirth)
Theswellingissoftandpartiallycompressibleandinvariably
increasesinsizewhenthechildcoughsorcries.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thecharacteristicthatdistinguishesitfromallotherneckswellings
isthatitisbrilliantlytranslucent.
Thecystsarefilledwithclearlymphandarelinedbyendothelium.
Mostlythesearemultiplecystsbutoccasionallytheycanbe
unilocular.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Itmayshowspontaneousregression.
Treatment[Ref.:Sabiston18/ep2053;Schwartz9/ep1415]
Therearetwomethodsoftreatment:Surgicalexcision&
Sclerotherapy
Sabistonwrites-"Completesurgicalexcisionisthepreferred

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

treatment;however,thismaybeimpossiblebecauseofthehygroma
infiltratingwithinandaroundimportantneurovascularstructures.
Becausehygromasarenotneoplastictumors,radicalresectionwith
removalofmajorbloodvesselsandnervesisnotindicated.
Injectionofsclerosingagentssuchasbleomycinorthederivativeof

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

StreptococcuspvogenesOK-432havealsobeenreportedtobe
effectiveinthemanagementofcystichygromas.Intracysticinjection
ofsclerosantsappearstobemosteffectiveformacrocystic
hygromas,asopposedtothemicrocysticvariety."
"Themodernmanagementofmostcystichygromasincludesthe

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

combinationofsurgicalexcisionandimage-guidedsclerotherapy."-
Schwartz

---

1284.MostcommonsiteforCysticHygroma
is-
a)Lowerthirdofneck

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Overlyingtheparotidgland
c)AlongtheZygomaticProminence
d)Postauricular
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Lowerthirdoftheneck

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Mostcystichygromasinvolvethelymphaticjugularsacsandpresent
intheposteriorneckregion.
Theothercommonsitesaretheaxillary,mediastinum,inguinal,and
retroperitonealregions,andapproximately50%ofthempresentat
birth.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Cystichygromasusuallypresentassoftcysticmassesthatdistort
thesurroundinganatomy,includingtheairway,whichcanresultin
acuteairwayobstruction.

---

1285.Thesizebeyondwhichtheriskof
ruptureofanabdominalaneurysm

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

significantlyincreasesisgreaterthan-
a)5.5cm
b)6cm
c)6.5cm
d)7cm

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.5.5cm
HighriskAAA
Endovascularaneurysmalrepair(EVAR)
AAArepair-5.5cm/>5cmfemales

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Symptomaticaneurysm

---

1286.Chvosteksigncouldbeseenafter-
a)Gastrojejunostomy
b)Totalthyroidectomy
c)SubtotalThyroidectomy

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

d)HellersCardiomyotomy
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Totalthyroidectomy
Chvostek'ssignreferstothecontractionoftheipsilateralfacial
musclesonpercussionofthefacialnervebelowthezygoma.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Itisduetohypocalcemiaandonecommoncauseofhypocalcemia
isacomplicationduringthyroidectomies.
Theparathyroidglandproducesaparathyroidhormone(PTH),and
resectioncanleadtoadecreaseinPTHlevels.
PTHregulatescalciumlevelsinthebody;hence,areductioninits

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

serumlevelwillleadtohypocalcemia.
So,amongthemostcommonpostoperativecomplicationsfollowing
thyroidsurgeryishypocalcemia.

---

1287.ReactionaryHemorrhageoccursdueto
-

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Dislodgementofclot
b)Infection
c)Damagetoabloodvessel
d)Pressurenecrosis
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-A.Dislodgementofclot
Dislodgementofclot
Ligatureslip
NoramlisationofBPand
vasodilation

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1288.Transplantedkidneyisrelocatedto
whichregionintherecepient'sbody?
a)Retroperitonealrgion
b)Lumbarregion
c)Epigastrium

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

d)BesidethedysfunctionalKidney
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Retroperitonealrgion
Themostcommonlocationforplacingakidneytransplantisin
retroperitonealiliacfossai.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

InmostcasesKidneyisplacedretroperitoneallyandtheiliacarteries
andveinsareusedforperfusionandureteristransplanteddirectly
intobladder.

---

1289.Claudicationduetopopliteofemoral
incompetenceisprimaryseenin

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Thigh
b)Calf
c)Buttocks
d)Feet
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-B.Calf
AortaandCommonIliac-Buttocks
FemoralArtery-Thigh
Superficialfemoralartery-Calfandpoplitealartery
PosteriortibialArtery-Feet

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1290.Whichofthefollowingiscorrect
managementofabdominal
compartmentsyndrome
a)Antihypertensives
b)UrgentOpeningofthesurgicalwoundandapplicationofthe

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Bogotabag
c)UrgentFasciotomy
d)Waitandmonitorfor24hours
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.UrgentOpeningofthesurgicalwoundand

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

applicationoftheBogotabag
Abdominalcompartmentsyndromeisasurgicalemergencyand
treatmentincludesrapiddecompressionoftheelevated
intraabdominalpressurebyopeningtheabdominalwoundand
performingatemporaryclosureoftheabdominalwallwithmeshora

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

plasticbag.Permanentclosureisdone5to7dayslaterwhenthe
conditionresolves.

---

1291.Allofthefollowingistrueabout
congenitalhypertrophicpyloric
stenosisexcept

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)RamStedtPyloromyotomyisthetreatmentofchoice
b)NonBiliousvomitingisseen
c)Metabolicacidosisoccurs
d)Morecommoninmales
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-C.Metabolicacidosisoccurs
Charactersticallythefirstbornmalechildisaffected.
Theconditonismostcommonlyseenat4weeksafterbirthranging
fromthe3rdweektoonrareoccasion
Non-biliousvomiting,becomingincreasinglyprojectile,occursover

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

severaldaystoweeks
Infantsdevelopametabolicalkalosiswithseveredepletionof
potassiumandchlorideions.
Treatment-Surgery:Fredet-Ramstedtpyloromyotomy.(Initthe
pyloricmassissplitwithoutcuttingthemucosa)

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1292.Foodcancommonlygetobstructedin
theesophagusatallofthefollowing
locationsexcept
a)Crossingofleftbronchus
b)Crossingofarchofaorta

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Diagphragmaticaperture
d)Crossingofthehemiazygousvein
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.Crossingofthehemiazygousvein
Pharyngoesophagaljunction-6inches9

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1293.Afullthicknesswoundthatisnot
suturedhealsby
a)PrimaryHealing
b)SecondaryHealing
c)DelayedprimaryHealing

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Reepithelization
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.SecondaryHealing
SecondaryHealing
Athirdtypeofhealingisknownassecondaryhealingorhealingby

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

secondaryintention.Inthistypeofhealing,afull-thicknesswoundis
allowedtocloseandheal.Secondaryhealingresultsinan
inflammatoryresponsethatismoreintensethanwithprimarywound
healing.Inaddition,alargerquantityofgranulomatoustissueis
fabricatedbecauseoftheneedforwoundclosure.Secondary

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

healingresultsinpronouncedcontractionofwounds.

---

1294.AnIncisionalwoundhealsby
a)PrimaryHealing
b)SecondaryHealing
c)DelayedprimaryHealing

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Reepithelization
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.PrimaryHealing
PrimaryHealing
Primarywoundhealingorhealingbyfirstintentionoccurswithin

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

hoursofrepairingafull-thicknesssurgicalincision.Thissurgical
insultresultsinthemortalityofaminimalnumberofcellular
constituents.

---

1295.Acysticmassatthebaseofumbilical
cordinaneonatecouldbe

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)AllantoicCyst
b)Meckel'sDiverticulum
c)Ventralmesogastrium
d)CysticHygroma
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-A.AllantoicCyst
Allantoiccystsareatypeoftruecystoftheumbilicalcord.
Theallantoisformsfromthepartofthefetalyolksacthateventually
becomestheprimitivehindgut(thecloaca).Thecloacadividesinto
thehindgutposteriorlyandtheurogenitalsinusanteriorly.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1296.TrueaboutMALTomais
a)Theyaresecondarygastriclymphomas
b)H.Pyloriinfectionisariskfactor
c)Commonlyseeningastriccardia
d)TheyareatypeofTcelllymphoma

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.H.Pyloriinfectionisariskfactor
Stomachisthemostcommonextranodalsiteoflymphoma.
Itisoftwotypes-Primary&Secondary
Mostoftheprimarylymphomas(about60%)ariseinMALT(mucosa

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

associatedlymphoidtissue).MALTisusuallyassociatedwith
chronicH.pyloriinfection.Solow-gradeMALTlymphomasare
thoughttoarisebecauseofchronicH.pyloriinfection.Theselow
gradelymphomasmaylaterondegeneratetohighgrade
lymphomas.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

mucosaassociatedlymphoidtissue.ItisusuallyprimaryGI
lymphoma(4%ofgastriclymphoma);ofnon-Hodgkin'sBcell
type.

---

1297.FalseaboutGastriclymphomais:
a)Stomachisthemostcommonsite

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)AsosciatewithH.pyloriinfection
c)Totalgastrectomywithadjuvantchemotherapyisthetreatment
ofchoice
d)5yrsurvivalrateaftertreatmentis60%.
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Totalgastrectomywithadjuvantchemotherapyisthetreatmentof
choice[Ref:Sabiston18/ep1269(17/cp1312);Harrison17/e,p
573;Schwartz9/ep935(8/e,p981)]
Stomachisthemostcommonextranodalsiteoflymphoma.
Itisoftwotypes-Primary&Secondary

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Primarygastriclymphoma-islymphomaofthestomachwhich
exhibitsnoevidenceofliver,spleen,mediastinallymphnodesor
bonemarrowinvolvementatthetimeofdiagnosis(regionallymph
nodeinvolvementmaybepresent)
Primarygastriclymphomaismainly(>95%)Non-Hodgkin's

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

lymphomaofBcellorigin.
Mostoftheprimarylymphomas(about60%)ariseinMALT(mucosa
associatedlymphoidtissue).MALTisusuallyassociatedwith
chronicH.pyloriinfection.Solow-gradeMALTlymphomasare
thoughttoarisebecauseofchronicH.pyloriinfection.Theselow

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

gradelymphomasmaylaterondegeneratetohighgrade
lymphomas
ImmunodeficiencyandH.pyloriinfectionareriskfactorsforBcell
lymphoma.
Mostcommonsiteofinvolvement(likethatofadenocarcinoma)is

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

gastricantrum.

---

Secondarygastriclymphoma
Stomachisthemostcommonextranodalsiteofsystemiclymphoma.
AlmostallofthemareNon-Hodgkinstypes
Treatment

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Theroleofgastricresectioniscontroversial.Recentstudieshave
shownsimilardiseasefree5yearsurvivalratesinpatientstreated
withsurgery+chemotherapy+radiotherapyandpatientstreatedwith
chemotherapy+radiationtherapyalone.(Mostpatientswithhigh
gradegastriclymphomasarenowtreatedwithchemoradiation

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

alone,withoutsurgicalresection.Fordiseaselimitedtothestomach
andregionalnodes,radicalsubtotalgastrectomymaybeperformed,
especiallyforbulkytumorswithbleedingand/orobstruction.)
Mostcommonchemotherapeuticregimenis?CHOPplusrituximab
[CHOPstandsforcyclophosphamide,doxorubicin,vincristine,&

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

prednisone]
aboutoptiondi.e.(5yrsurvivalrateaftertreatmentis60%.)
Harrison17/ewrites-"Subtotalgastrectomy,usuallyfollowedby
combinationchemotherapy,hasledto5-yearsurvivalratesof40-
60%inpatientswithlocalizedhigh-gradelymphomas."

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1298.Whichofthefollowinggasismostcommonlyusedinlaproscopy?
a)CO2
b)N2O
c)O2
d)Helium

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
CO2isusedinlaproscopybecauseitiscommontothehumanbody
andcanbeabsorbedbytissueandremovedbytherespiratory
system.
Itisalsonon-flammable,whichisimportantbecauseelectrosurgical

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

devicesarecommonlyusedinlaparoscopicprocedures.

---

1299.Strawberrygallbladderisseenin?
a)Gangreneofgallbladder
b)Porcelaingallbladder
c)Adenomatosis

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Cholesterosis
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'i.e.Cholesterosis
Cholecystosisisthechronicinflammatoryconditionofthe
gallbladderwithcholesteroldeposits.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Types
I.Aggregationsofcholesterolcrystalsinthemucosaorsubmucosa
--cholesterosis(Strawberrygallbladder).
Lipoidcontentsarepresentinlargefoamycellsthathave
phagocytosedcholesterol.Herecysticductisnormal.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Thediseaseoccursonlyingallbladder.Itisapremalignant
condition.
II.Cholesterolladenpolypoidprojectionsinthemucosa
--cholesterolpolyposis(Gallbladderpolyp).
III.Granulomatousthickeningandhyperplasiaofthegallbladder

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

--cholecystitisglandularisproliferans.
IV.Diverticulaformationinthewallofthegallbladder--diverticulosis
ofgallbladder.
V.Gallbladderwallfistula.

---

1300.Allofthefollowingarecausesof

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

UrothelialCarcinomasExcept-
a)Smoking
b)Industrialsolvents
c)Exposuretothorotrast
d)Alcoholconsumption

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.Alcoholconsumption
Industrialdyesorsolvents
Excessiveanalgesicintake,
Balkannephropathy,and

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ThoseexposedtoThorotrast,(acontrastagentpreviouslyusedfor
retrogradepyelography

---

1301.Inapatientwithrenalcellcarcinoma
withathrombusinIVCrenalvein,
whichisthebestinvestigationfor

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

diagnosis?
a)CTscan
b)Angiography
c)Colourdopplerimaging
d)IVP

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.CTscan
InvestigationofchoiceinRCC-CTscan.

---

1302.Whichofthefollowingprecancerous
conditionsiftreatedwouldnotleadto

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

cancer
a)CervicalintraepithelialNeoplasia
b)Ductalcarcinomainsituofbreast
c)LobularCarcinomainsituofbreast
d)VaginalintraepithelialNeoplasia

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.CervicalintraepithelialNeoplasia
Thecancers,whichhavewellknownprecancerouscondition,canbe
diagnosedandtreatedatpre-cancerousstagetopreventthe
developmentofcancer:-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. CervixGIN
2. ColonPolyp

---

1303.Commonestsiteofpepticulceris:
a)1stpartofDuodenum
b)IIndpartofduodenum

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Distal1/3ofstomach
d)Pylorusofthestomach
CorrectAnswer-A
AnswerisA(1stpartofDuodenum)
Firstpartofduodenumisthemostcommonsiteforpepticulceration.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Sitesinorderofdecreasingfrequency:
1. Duodenum,1stportionQ
2. Stomach,usuallyantrumQ
3. Atthegastro-esophagealjunction,inthesettingof
gastroesophagealrefluxQ

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

4. WithinthemarginsofagastrojejunostomyQ
5. Intheduodenum,stomochorjejunumofpatientswithZollinger-
EllisonSyndromeQ
6. WithinoradjacenttoaMeckelsdiverticulumthatcontainsectopic
gastricmucosaQ

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Pepticulcersareusuallysolitarylesionslessthan4cmindiameter

---

1304.Whichofthefollowingistheagentofchoiceforcryosurgery?
a)Nitrousoxide
b)CO2snow
c)Liquidnitrogenspray

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Freons
CorrectAnswer-C
Thishasatemperatureof-196c(spray/probe)&theonlycryogenadvocatedformalignant
skinlesions.
Ref:Textbookofdermatosurgery&cosmetology,satishSsavant,E-2,P-117.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1305.Incaseofpolytraumawithmultiple
injuriestothechest,neckand
abdomen,highestpriorityisgivento
a)Stabilizationofcervicalspine
b)Staringofkoids

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Vasopressors
d)Assesingdisability
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Stabilizationofcervicalspine
1.Primarysurvey-itshouldbedonefirstwhenanypolytrauma

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

patientpresentsinthefollowingorder:
1.1Airwaymaintenancewithcervicalspineprotection
1.2Breathingandventilation
1.3Circulationwithhemorrhagecontrol
1.4Disability/Neurologicassessment

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1.5Exposureandenvironmentalcontrol
2.Secondarysurvey-completehistoryandexamination.

---

1306.Thyroidnoduleina65yearoldmale
whoisclinicallyeuthyroidismostlikely
tobe

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Follicularadenoma
b)FollicularCarcinoma
c)ThyroidCyst
d)Multinodulargoiter
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-A.Follicularadenoma
Mostcommonsolitarythyroidnoduleisbenigncolloidnodule.
2"dmostcommoncauseofsolitarythyroidnoduleisfollicular
adenoma.

---

1307.InSubtotalThyroidectomy,Whatis

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

true
a)Removalofonelobeandisthmus
b)Removalofbothlobesleavingbehind6-8gramsoftissue
c)Removalofentirethyroidwithcervicallymphnodes
d)Removalof1lobewithisthmusandthesecondlobepartially

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Removalofbothlobesleavingbehind6-8gramsof
tissue
Subtotalthyroidectomy--Removalofmajorityofbothlobesleaving
behind4-5grams(equivalenttothesizeofanormalthyroidgland)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ofthyroidtissueononeorbothsides--thisusedtobethemost
commonoperationformultinodulargoitre.

---

1308.Whichofthefollowingstatements
aboutBranchialcystsistrue:
a)50-70%areseeninlungs

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Mostcommonsiteismediastinum
c)Theyarepremalignantlesions
d)InfectionisuncommoninPulmonarybronchogeniccysts
CorrectAnswer-B
AnswerisB(Mostcommonsiteismediastinum):

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Mostcommonsiteofbronchial/bronchogeniccystsismediastinum.
Onlyabout15%ofbronchogeniccystsoccurinthelungs
(pulmonarybronchialcysts).Pulmonarybronchogeniccystsoften
becomeinfected.Bronchogeniccystsarebenignlesionanddonot
havemalignantpotential(notpremalignant).

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

BronchialCyst/Bronchogeniccysts:Review
Bronchialcystsrepresentislandsofbronchialtissueleftbehind
duringthebranchingoftheairwaysduringearlyfetaldevelopment.
Theyariseduetoabnormalbuddingofthetracheobronchialtreeand
foregutandarelinedbybronchialepithelium.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Themostcommonsiteofbronchialcystsismediastinum.
Theothersiteofbronchialcystiswithinthepulmonaryparenchyma
(lung)(Lesscommonsite-15%)
Mediastinalbronchialcyst
Pulmonaryparenchymalcyst(lungs)

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Mostcommonsitefor
Lesscommonsite(-15%)
bronchialcysts
Mostcommonsiteisthelower
Mostcommonsiteismiddle

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

lobes
mediastinum
Commonlyarisewhenbronchial
Commonlyarisewhen
tissueisseparatedfromairways

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

---

bronchialtissueis
lateingestation
separatedfromairwaysearly Communicationwith
ingestation
tracheobronchialtreeismore

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Communicationwith
commonthanwithmediastinal
tracheobronchialtreeisrare
cysts.
Thesecystsoftenbecomeinfected.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Mostbronchogeniccystsareasymptomaticanddiscoveredas
incidentalradiographicfindingsinayoungadult.
Whensymptomsdooccurtheyresultmostcommonlyfrominfection.
Pulmonaryparenchymalcystsoftenbecomeinfected?Rudolph
Bronchogeniccystsarenotconsideredpremalignantlesions.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

HoweveraccordingtoRudolph'stextbookthereisasmallriskof
malignantchangeandthebestapproachisremovalandhistological
examination.

---

1309.A65yearoldfemalepresentswitha
swellingintheneckdiagnosedasa

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

solitarythyroidnodule.Thepatientis
investigatedandascanshows
increaseduptakeofiodine.SerumT3
andT4areelevated.Mostprobabe
diagnosisis

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)BenignColloidNodule
b)ToxicAdenoma
c)Follicularadenoma
d)ToxicMultinodulargoitre
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-B.ToxicAdenoma
Elavatedthyroidhormonelevelswithahyperfunctioningnoduleis
suggestiveofatoxicadenoma.
Acoldnoduleismorelikelytobemalignantthenahotnodule.

---

1310.MostcommoncauseofgoiterinIndia

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

is
a)DiffuseEndemicGoitre
b)PapillaryCarcinoma
c)ToxicMultinodularGoitre
d)Hashimoto'sThyroiditis

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.DiffuseEndemicGoitre
Thelackoftheiodineleadstodecreasedsynthesisofthyroid
hormonesandacompensatoryincreaseinTSH,whichinturnleads
tofollicularcellhypertrophyandhyperplasiaandgoitrous

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

enlargement-Diffusehyperplasticgoiter.
Mostlypatientsareeuthyroid.

---

1311.Whichofthefollowingisanindication
forthoracotomyincaseofhemothorax
?

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Persistantdrainageof250ml/hr
b)Totaloutputof1000m1ofblood
c)Fallingbloodpressure
d)Shiftofmediastimumtotheoppositeside
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-A.Persistantdrainageof250ml/hr
Itisclassifiedaccordingtotheamountofblood.
Minimalhemothorax350ml
Moderatehemothorax350-1500ml
Massivehemothorax1500mlormore

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Totalhemorrhagicoutputexceeds1500mlofblood

---

1312.A40yearoldmalewithchesttrauma
presentswithbreathlessness,
decreasedrespiratorysoundsonthe
rightside,hyperresonanceon

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

percussionanddistendedneckveins.
Thepossiblediagnosisis
a)TensionPneumothorax
b)CardiacTamonade
c)FlailChest

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)MyocardialInfarction
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.TensionPneumothorax
Tensionpneumothoraxoccurswhenairbecomestrappedinthe
pleuralspaceunderpressure.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Itdevelopswhena'one-wayvalve'airleakoccurseitherfromthe
lungorthroughthechestwall.
causesare
Penetratingchesttrauma,
Bluntchesttrauma,

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Iatrogeniclungpunctures(e.g.duetosubclaviancentral
venepuncture)and
Mechanicalpositive-pressureventilation
Clinical
Clinicalsignsandsymptomsincludedyspnea,tachypnea,

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

hypotension,diaphoresis,anddistendedneckveins.

---

1313.A40yearoldmalepresentedwitha
penetratingtraumatochest.Heis
dyspnoeicwithdistendedneckveins
withhypotensionandmediastinumis

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

shiftedtooppositeside.Thereisa
suckingwoundoverthechest.The
mostappropriatemanagementwould
be
a)Insertionofalargeboreneedleinthe2"ICSinthemid

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

clavicularline
b)FluidResuscitation
c)StartingInotropicsupport
d)EndotrachealIntubation
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-A.Insertionofalargeboreneedleinthe2"ICSinthe
midclavicularline
Thisisacaseoftensionpneumothorax.
Treatmentconsistsofimmediatedecompression,initiallybyrapid
insertionofalarge-boreneedleintothesecondintercostalspacein

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

themidcalvicularlineoftheaffectedhemithorax,andthenfollowed
byinsertionofachesttubethroughthefifthintercostalspaceinthe
anterioraxillaryline.

---

1314.Whichofthefollowingstagesoflip

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

carcinomadonothavenodal
involvement?
a)T2N1
b)T3NO
c)T1N1

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)T2N2
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.T3NO

---

1315.Allofthefollowingmayleadto
pneumatoceleformationexcept

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Staphylococcalpneumonia
b)Positivepressureventilation
c)Hydrocarboninhalation
d)ARDS
CorrectAnswer-D

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-D
Pneumatoceleformationoccursasasequelatoacutepneumonia,
commonlycausedbyStaphylococcusaureus.However,
pneumatoceleformationalsooccurswithotheragents,including
Streptococcuspneumoniae,Haemophilusinfluenzae,Escherichia

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

coli,groupAstreptococci,Serratiamarcescens,Klebsiella
pneumonia,adenovirus,andtuberculosis.
Noninfectiousetiologiesincludehydrocarboningestion,trauma,and
positivepressureventilation.
Inprematureinfantswithrespiratorydistresssyndrome,

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

pneumatocelesresultmostlyfromventilator-inducedlunginjury.

---

1316.A54yearoldwomanisdiagnosedas
havingcarcinomaoftherenalpelvisof
sizelessthan4cmwithoutany
metastasis.Thebesttreatmentoption

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

is
a)Partialnephrectomy
b)RadicalNephrectomy
c)Chemotherapyandimmunaotherapy
d)PalliativeRadiotherapy

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Partialnephrectomy
Partialnephrectomyisnowbeingusedasprimarysurgicaltherapy
forpatientswithtumourlessthan4cminsize,earlierRadical
nephrectomywasthet/tofchoicefortumorofanysize.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

---

1317.Ainhumisseenin?
a)Baseofgreattoe
b)Baseoffingerstips
c)Baseoftoe
d)Ankle

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,BaseofToe
Ainhum:isaconditionusuallyaffectingNegromales(butsome
females)whohaverunbarefootinchildhood.
ClinicalFeatures:Afissureappearsatinterphalangealjointoftoe-

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

usuallythefifth.
Thisfissurebecomesafibrousband,encirclesthedigitandcauses
necrosis.

---

1318.Theinvestigationofchoicefor
dysphagiais

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Endoscopy
b)ManometricStudy
c)CtScan
d)BariumSwallow
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-A.Endoscopy
Theinvestigationofchoiceinisendoscopy.
Bariumswallowisthefirstinvestigation.

---

1319.MostcommonprecipitantofRaynaud's
phenomenonis

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Exposuretocold
b)Exposuretoheat
c)Psychosocialtriggers
d)Exertion
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-A.Exposuretocold
Isdsofyoungwomen(F:Mratiois5:1)
Commonlytheupperlimbsareaffectedspeciallythefingers(the
thumbisgenerallyescaped)
Exposuretocoldismaintrigger

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1320.Allofthefollowingareprinciplesof
negativepressurewoundtherapy
except
a)Stabilizationofwoundenvironment
b)Clearanceofinfection

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Macrodeformationofthewound
d)Decreasededema
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Clearanceofinfection
FourprimaryeffectsofNPWTonwoundhealing:

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Macro-deformation-drawingthewoundedgestogetherleadingto
contraction.
Stabilisationofthewoundenvironment-ensuringitisprotectedfrom
outsidemicroorganismsinawarmandmoistenvironment.
Reducedoedema-withremovalofsofttissueexudates.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Micro-deformation-leadingtocellularproliferationonthewound
surface.

---

1321.Whichisthemaincontraindicationfora
liverbiopsy?
a)Thrombocytopenia

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Hemangioma
c)Ascites
d)All
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Contraindicationsforliverbiopsyincludethefollowing:
Increasedprothrombintime(PT),internationalnormalizedratio
(INR)greaterthan1.6
Thrombocytopenia,plateletcountlowerthan60,000/L
Ascites(transjugularroutepreferred)[10]

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Difficultbodyhabitus(transjugularroutepreferred)
Suspectedhemangioma
Suspectedechinococcalinfection
Uncooperativepatient

---

1322.Aneurysmaldilationofthesmallbowel

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

isseenin
a)SmallbowelLymphoma
b)GallStoneIleus
c)DuodenalAtresia
d)SjogrensSyndrome

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.SmallbowelLymphoma
Aneurysmaldilatation:30%,itoccursduetoreplacementof
muscularisbytumourorinfiltrationofmyentericnerveplexus
Despitetheextensiveinvolvement,smallbowelobstructionis

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

uncommonbecauseoflackofdesmoplasticreaction,and
perforationisrare

---

1323.Spontaneousesophagealruptureis
mostcommonin
a)Belowthediagphragmaticaperture

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Pharyngoesophagaljunction
c)Abovethediagphragmaticaperture
d)Atthecrossingofthearchofaorta
CorrectAnswer-C
AnswerC.Abovethediagphragmaticaperture

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Instrumentalperforationiscommoninthepharynxordistal
esophagus.
Spontaneousrupturemayoccurjustabovethediaphragminthe
posterolateralwalloftheesophagus.

---

1324.Whatisthetreatmentofchoicein

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

desmoidtumors?
a)Irradiation
b)Wideexcision
c)Localexcision
d)Localexcisionfollowingradiation

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Wideexcision

---

1325.TrueaboutDentigerouscyst:
a)Arisesinrelationtouneruptedteeth
b)Itmostcommonlyencroachesmaxillaryantrum

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Mandibularthirdmolariscommonsite
d)Commoninmandible
e)All
CorrectAnswer-A:C:D
Answer-A,ArisesinrelationtouneruptedteethC,Mandibular

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

thirdmolariscommonsiteD,Commoninmandible
Commoninlowerjaw(mandible)inwomen30-40years.
Itoccursinrelationtounerupted,permanent,molartooth,most
commonlytheupperorlowerthirdmolar.

---

1326.Apatientpresentswithdifficultywith

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

swallowingliquidsbutnotsolids.The
bestinvestigationtomakeadiagnosis
is
a)Endoscopy
b)Endoscopicultrasound

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Manometry
d)PETCT
CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.Manometry
H/Oofdysphagiawithmoretoliquidsthansolidssuggestsachalasia

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

cardia.Inallotherobstructivecausesofesophagus,dysphagiafor
solidsisseenfirst
Manometryisusedfordiagnosis.

---

1327.Whichofthefollowingistrueabout
menetrier'sdisease

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Itispremalignantcondition
b)Thereisincreasedgastricacidsecretion
c)Atrophiedmucosalfoldsareseen
d)Affectsthestomachandsmallintestines
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-A.Itispremalignantcondition
M?n?trierdiseaseisarare,acquired,premalignantdiseaseofthe
stomachcharacterizedbymassivegastricfolds,excessivemucous
productionwithresultantproteinloss,andlittleornoacidproduction.
Thedisorderisassociatedwithexcessivesecretionoftransforming

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

growthfactoralpha(TGF-).

---

1328.Allareresectedinwhipplesoperation
except?
a)Duodenum
b)Headofpancreas

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Neckofpancreas
d)Commonbileduct
CorrectAnswer-C
Ansis'c'
Whipplesoperation(Pancreaticoduodenectomy)

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

isthemostcommonlyperformedoperationforcarcinomaofheadof
pancreas.
Itincludesresectionof:
-distalstomach-duodenum
-gallbladder-proximaljejunum

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

-CBD-regionallymphatics
-headofpancreas
Restorationofgastrointestinalcontinuityrequires-
pancreaticojejunostomycholedochojejunostomy&
-gastrojejunostomy

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1329.CABreastmaylocallyspreadtoallof
thefollowingmusclesexcept
a)PectoralisMajor
b)PectoralisMinor
c)LatissimusDorsi

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

d)SerratusAnterior
CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.LatissimusDorsi
latissimusDorsiisusedforbreastreconstructionandmayrarelybe
involvedinCABreastlocalSpread'

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Musclesinvolvedinbreastcancer
1. Pectoralmuscles:Pectoralismajor,Pectoralisminor.
2. Musclesofchestwall:Intercostalmuscles,serratusanterior

---

1330.Whichisthemostcommontypeofmale
breastcancer?

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)InfiltratingDuctalCarcinoma
b)LobularCarcinoma
c)MucinousCarcinoma
d)ColloidCarcinoma
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-A.InfiltratingDuctalCarcinoma
Ittendstopresentasalumpandismostcommonlyaninfiltrating
ductalcarcinoma.
Morethan90%ofcasesareinfiltratingductcarcinoma,about10%
areductalcarcinomainsitu(DCIS).

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Theknownpredisposingcausesincludegynecomastiaandexcess
endogenousorexogenousestrogen.

---

1331.InPatey'smastectomythestepnot
doneis
a)Nippleandareolaremoved

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Surroundingnormaltissueoftumorisremoved.
c)Pectoralismajorremoved
d)Pectoralisminorremoved
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.(Pectoralismajorremoved)

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Letsseethenomenclatureofvarioussurgeriesonbreast
SimpleorTotalmastectomy
*itremovesallbreasttissue,thenipple-areolacomplex,andskin.
Extendedsimplemastectomy
*Simplemastectomy+removaloflevelIaxillarylymphnodes.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Modifiedradicalmastectomy
itremovesallbreasttissue,thenipple-areolacomplex,skinand
thelevelIandlevelIIaxillarylymphnodes.
Halstead'sRadicalmastectomy
removesallbreasttissueandskin,thenippleareolacomplex,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

thepectoralismajorandminormusclesandthelevelI,IIand
IIIaxillarylymphnodes.
ModifiedRadicalMastectomy
Twoformsofmodifiedradicalmastectomyareinuse
Auchincloss(pronouncedas'aushincloss')procedure

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

*Hereboththepectoralismajorandminormusclesarepreserved
withremovaloflevelIandIIaxillarylymphnodes
Patey'sProcedure
herethepectoralisminormuscleisremovedtoallowcomplete
dissectionoflevelIIIaxillarylymphnodes

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

---

Scanlon'smodificationofPatey'sprocedure
*herethepectoralisminormuscleisdividedinsteadofremoving.
Divisionofpectoralisminormuscleallowscompleteremovalof
levelIIIlymphnodes
HalsteadRadicalMastectomy

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Inthisoperationfollowingstructuresareremoved.
i)thewholebreast
ii)theportionofskinoverlyingthetumor,whichincludesthe
nipple-areolacomplex.
iii)thesubcutaneousfatandthedeepfasciaverticallyfromthe

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

lowerborderoftheclavicleuptotheupperquarterofthesheathof
therectusabdominisandhorizontallyfromthestrenumtothe
anteriorborderoflattissimusdorsi
iv)pectoralismajormuscle
v)pectoralisminormuscleandclavipectoralfascia

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

vi)upperpartoftheaponeurosisoftheexternalobliqueand
anteriorpartsofafewdigitationsoftheserratusanteriormuscle
vii)allfattyandlooseareolartissuealongwithlevelI,II&III
axillarylymphnodes
Structuressavedare:

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

i)theaxillaryveinandthecephalicvein
ii)thelongthoracicnerveofBell(Nervetoserratusanterior).
Thenervetolatissimusdorsimaybesacrifiedifrequired.
Alsoknow
ExtendedRadicalMastectomy-Radicalmastectomy+removalof

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

internalmammarylymphnodes
SuperRadicalMastectomy-Radicalmastectomy+removalof
internalmammary,mediastinalandsupraclavicularlymphnodes.

---

1332.45yearoldfemaleunderwentmodified
radicalmastectomywithaxillary

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

clearanceforCAbreast.Aftersurgery
shecouldnotliftherarmabovehead.
Whichnerveislikelytobeinjured?
a)Intercostobrachialnerve
b)LongthorasicnerveofBell

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)NervetolatissimusDorsi
d)LateralPectoralnerve
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.LongthorasicnerveofBell
Overheadabductioniscausedby:-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Serratusanterior:suppliedbylongthoracicnerve.
2. Trapezius:suppliedbyspinalaccessorynerve.

---

1333.A22yearoldwomancomeswithanon
progressivemassinaleftbreastsince
6months.Therearenoassociated

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

symptoms.Examinationshowsa
mobilemassnotattachedtothe
overlyingskinorunderlyingtissue.The
possiblediagnosisis
a)Fibroadenoma

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)CystasarcomaPhylloides
c)ScirrhousCarcinoma
d)Fibroadenosis
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Fibroadenoma

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Clinically,theypresentasfirmmassesthatareeasilymovable.
(MOUSEINTHEBREAST)Theyslideeasilyundertheexamining
fingersandmaybelobulatedorsmooth.
Mammographyisoflittlehelpindiscriminatingbetweencystsand
fibroadenomas;however,ultrasonographycanreadilydistinguish

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

betweenthembecauseeachhasspecificcharacteristics.
FNAbiopsycanalsobeusedtoconfirmtheimagingfindings

---

1334.Mostcommonlocationofbreastcancer
is
a)Lowerinnerquadrant

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Nipple
c)Upperinnerquadrant
d)Upperouterquadrant
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.Upperouterquadrant

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Breastcancerisfoundmostfrequentlyintheupperouterquadrant.
Leastfrequentlyinlowerinnerquadrant.

---

1335.A55yearsoldmalewithaknoen
historyofgallstonespresentswith

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

chiefcomplintsofsevereabdominal
painandelevatedlevelsofserumlipase
withperiumbilicalecchymosis.Allof
thefollowingareprognosticcriteriato
predictseverityofthecondition

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

except
a)Age
b)SerumLDH
c)Basedeficit
d)SerumGGT

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.SerumGGT

---

1336.Allaretrueaboutcarcinomapalate,
except-
a)Slowgrowing

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Bilaterallymphaticspread
c)Adenocarcinoma
d)Presentswithpain
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Presentswithpain

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1337.A45yearoldlawyerpresentswithpain
intheabdomenmoresointhe
epigastricregionthatworsenswith
eatingspicyfoodandisrelievedby
bendingforward.Complicationsofthe

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

abovementionedconditioncouldbeall
except
a)Perforation
b)Bleeding
c)GastricOutletObstruction

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)SplenicVeinThrombosis
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.-D.SplenicVeinThrombosis
Bleeding,perforationandgastricoutletobstructionarethe
complicationsofpepticulcer.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Perforation:Thisallowsstomachcontentstoescapeintothe
peritoneum,causingperitonitis.Itismorecommoninduodenalthan
ingastriculcers.
Gastricoutletobstruction:Themostcommoncauseisanulcernear
thepylorus,butoccasionalcasesareduetoantralcanceroradult

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

hypertrophicpyloricstenosis.
Bleeding

---

1338.Whichofthefollowingisatumour
markerforbladdercancer?
a)AFP

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

b)CEA
c)Bladdersurfaceprotein
d)NuclearMatrixprotein22
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.NuclearMatrixprotein22

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

TumourmarkersinCABladder
Nuclearmatrixprotein22
BTA
TRAK

---

1339.RPLNDandChemotherapymaybeused

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

inmanagementof
a)NonseminomatousGermcelltumoursoftestis
b)Nongermcelltumours
c)SeminomatousGermcelltumours
d)Lymphomatestis

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.NonseminomatousGermcelltumoursoftestis
RPLNDretroperitoneallymphnodedissection
ExtragonadalGermcelltumorsInfrequentlyGCTsarisefroman
extragonadalsite.Theyhavepoorprognosis.Theyaretreatedby

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

chemotherapy.

---

1340.Allofthefollowingtesticulartumours
aregermcelltumoursEXCEPT:
March2013(b)
a)Seminoma

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Teratoma
c)Choriocarcinoma
d)Sertolicelltumour
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.Di.e.Sertolicelltumour

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Testicularcarcinoma
Bilateralin10%ofcases,
Abdominalcryptorchidtestesareathigherriskascomparedto
inguinalcryptorchidtestes
Testicularfeminizationsyndromeincreasestheriskoftesticular

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

germcelltumour
MCCaoftestesinyoung:Seminoma
MCCainelderly:Lymphoma
MCCaininfants:Yolksactumour
Seminoma

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Radiosensitive,
Correspondstodysgerminomaofovary&
Treatmentofchoiceis:Surgery
GermCellTumors
Precursorlesion

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Intratubulargermcellneoplasm,unclassified
Intratubulargermcellneoplasm,specifictype
Tumorsof1histologictype

---

Seminoma
Variant:Seminomawithsyncytiotrophoblasticcells

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Partiallyregressedtumorshowingseminomawithscar
SpermatocyticseminomaEmbryonalcarcinoma
Variant:Spermatocyticseminomawithasarcomatouscomponent
Yolksactumor
ChoriocarcinomaPlacentalsitetrophoblastictumor

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Variant:"Monophasic"type
Trophoblastictumor,unclassified
Teratoma
Withasecondarysomatictypemalignantcomponent
Monodermalvariants

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Carcinoid
Primitiveneuroectodermaltumor
Others

---

1341.TheGrayhackshuntisestablished
between:

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Corporacavernosaanddorsalvein
b)Corporacavernosaandsaphenousvein
c)Corporacavernosaandglans
d)Corporacavernosaandcorporaspongiosa
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Ansis'b'i.e.Corporacavernosaandsaphenousvein
TheGrayhackshuntisasurgicalshuntbetweencorporacavernosa
andthesaphenousveindoneforthetreatmentofischemicpriapism.
Priapismisanuncommonconditionofprolongederection.Itis
usuallypainfulforthepatient,andnosexualexcitementordesireis

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

present.
Priapismmaybeclassifiedintohigh-andlow-flowtypes
(Nonischemicandischemic).
Nonischemic(Highflow)priapism:
Nonischemicpriapism,alsotermedarterialorhigh-flowpriapism,

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

featureselevatedvascularflowthroughthecorporacavernosa.
Itusuallyoccurssecondarytoperinealtrauma,whichinjuresthe
centralpenilearteriesandresultsinlossofpenileblood-flow
regulation.
Aspirationofpenilebloodforblood-gasdeterminationdemonstrates

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

highoxygenandnormalcarbondioxidelevels.
Arteriographyisusefultodemonstrateaneurysmsthatwillrespond
toembolization.
Erectilefunctionisusuallypreserved.
Ischemic(low-flow)priapism:

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Ischemicpriapism,alsotermedveno-occlusiveorlow-flowpriapism,

---

featureslittleorabsentintracorporalbloodflow.Itrepresentsatrue
compartmentsyndromeinvolvingthepenis,needingemergency
management.
Itistypicallypainful.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Thecorporacavernosaistensewithcongestedbloodandtenderto
palpation.Theglanspenisandcorpusspongiosumaresoftand
uninvolvedintheprocess.
Thecurrenttheoriesregardingthemechanismofpriapismremainin
debate,butmostauthoritiesbelievethemajorabnormalitytobe

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

physiologicobstructionofthevenousdrainage.Thisobstruction
causesbuildupofhighlyviscous,poorlyoxygenatedblood(low02,
highCO2)withinthecorporacavernosa.
Iftheprocesscontinuesforseveraldays,interstitialedemaand
fibrosisofthecorporacavernosawilldevelop,causingimpotence.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Treatment
Ischernicpriapismisaurologicemergency.
-First-linetreatmentconsistsofaspirationofbloodandirrigationof
thecorporacavernosa(viaaneedleputinthecorporacavernosa)
alongwithintracavernousinjectionofana-adrenergic

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

sympathomimeticagent(phenylephrine).(Sympathomimeticagents
canbeexpectedtoexertcontractileeffectsonthecavernoustissue
andthusfacilitatedetumescence.)
-Surgicalshuntingisneededwhentheintracavernoustreatment
fails.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Asurgicalshunthastheobjectiveoffacilitatingblooddrainagefrom
thecorporacavernosa,bypassingthevenoocclusivemechanismof
thesestructures.Avarietyofshuntproceduresmaybeperformed.A
distalcavernoglanular(corporoglanular)shuntisthefirstchoice.

---

1342.Whichofthefollowingisfalseabout

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

undescendedtestis?
a)Morecommonontherightside
b)Hormonaltherapyiseffective
c)Increasedriskofmalignancy
d)Secondarysexualcharacteristicsarenormal

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Hormonaltherapyiseffective
Inundescendedtestis-thetestesisarrestedinsomepartofitspath
tothescrotum.
InEctopictestis-thetestisisabnormallyplacedoutsideitspath.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Retractiletestis-ininfancy80%ofinapparenttestisareretractile
testisandrequirenot/t.
Approx70-77%ofcryptorchidtesteswillspontaneouslydescend,
usuallyby3monthsofage.
Morecommoninpreterm,smallforgestationalage,LBW&twin

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

neonates.
MorecommononRt.Side
Secondarysexualcharactersticsarenormal

---

1343.A45yearoldmaleisdiagnosedwith
carcinomapenis.Thesurgeonmust

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

lookoutforwhichlymphnodes
a)Paraaortic
b)Externaliliac
c)InternalIliac
d)Inguinal

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.Inguinal
Morethan50%ofpatientspresentwithenlargedinguinallymph
nodes(buthalfofthesearereactiveenlargementd/tsepsis).
Thepresenceandtheextentofmetastasistotheinguinalregionis

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

themostimportantprognosticfactorforsurvivalinpatientswithCa
Penis.

---

1344.A45yearoldmalepresentingwith
penilecancerextendinguptotheglans
penisistreatedwith

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)PartialPenectomywith2cmmargin
b)Circumcision
c)PartialpenectomywithInguinalnodesexploration
d)Partialpenectomywith4cmmargin
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-A.PartialPenectomywith2cmmargin
Thegoaloft/tininvasivepenilecarcinomasiscomplete
excisionwithadequatemargins:
a)Forlesioninvolvingtheprepuce
Simplecircumcisioniseffective.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Forlesionofglansordistalshaft
Partialpenectomywitha2cmmargin(lessaggressivesurgical
resectionssuchasMohsmicrographicsurgeryandlocalexcisions
directedatpenilepreservationcanbedone).
c)Forlesioninvolvingtheproximalshaftorwhenpartialpenectomy

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

resultsinapenilestumpofinsufficientlengthforsexualfunctionor
directingtheurinarystream
Totalpenectomywithperinealurethrostomy

---

1345.Ayoungmalepresentswithatesticular
massontherightside.TheAFPis

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

elevatedwhiletheHCGisnormal.The
mostappropriatenextstepis
a)Biopsy
b)USG
c)Orchidectomy

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)WaitandWatch
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B
Apainlesstesticularmassispathognomicforatesticular
malignancy.USGofthetestisisindicatedwheneveratesticular

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

malignancyisconsideredandforpersistentorpainfultesticular
swelling.

---

1346.A65yearoldmalepresentingwith
acurepancreatitisisnowhaving
refractoryhypoxia.TheXRAYofchest

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

wouldshow
a)Bilateralinfiltrates
b)Pneumatocoeles
c)Groundglassappearances
d)Hilarlymphadenopathy

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Bilateralinfiltrates
Systemiccomplicationsofpancreatitis
Hypovolemicshock
DIC

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ARDS
Diabetes

---

1347.Allofthefollowingaretrueabout
NissenFundoplicationexcept
a)ItisdoneforGERD

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Reinforcmentisdoneonlyintheanteriorhalf
c)Upperpartofstomachisplicatedaroundtheloweresophagus
d)Itisdoneforparaesophagalhiatushernia
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Reinforcmentisdoneonlyintheanteriorhalf

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Inafundoplication,thegastricfundus(upperpart)ofthestomachis
wrapped,orplicated,aroundthelowerendoftheesophagusand
stitchedinplace,reinforcingtheclosingfunctionofthelower
esophagealsphincter.Theesophagealhiatusisalsonarroweddown
bysuturestopreventortreatconcurrenthiatalhernia,inwhichthe

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

fundusslidesupthroughtheenlargedesophagealhiatusofthe
diaphragm.
InaNissenfundoplication,alsocalledacompletefundoplication,the
fundusiswrappedalltheway360degreesaroundtheesophagus.

---

1348.Congenitalhydroceleisbestt/tby-

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Eversionofsac
b)Excisionofsac
c)Lordsprocedure
d)herniotomy
CorrectAnswer-D

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'd'ie.Herniotomy
Baileywrites?
"Congenitalhydroceleareaspecialformofindirectinguinalhernia
andaretreatedbyherniotomy."
Congenitalhydrocele

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Inthisconditontheprocessusvaginalisremainpatentsothereis
directcommunicationofthetunicavaginaliswiththeperitoneal
cavity.Thecommunicatingorificeatthedeepinguinalringistoo
smallforthedevelopmentofhernia.
Itispresentsincebirth*.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Incontradicationtoassumption.congenitalhydroceleisnoteasily
reducible*duetonarrownessofthedeepinguinalringbutwhenthe
childliessupine,itdisappears.

---

1349.Falseregardinghypernephromais-
a)Radiosensitive

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Arisefromcortexusuallyfrompreexistingadenoma
c)Maypresentwithrapidlydevelopingvaricocele
d)Usuallyadenocarcinoma
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Radiosensitive

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

RCCorhypernephromaisoneofthemostradioresistantand
chemoresistanttumors.
Inmenrapidlydevelopingvaricoceleisrarebutimpressivesignfor
RCCoccuringmostoftenontheleftside.Itoccursbecauseleft
gonadalveinisobstructedwhereitjoinstheleftrenalvein.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

AsalreadystatedRCCoriginatesinthecortexandtendstogrowout
intoperinephrictissuecausingcharacteristicbulgeormasseffect.
Aboutadenomas
Adenomasarethemostcommonbenignrenalparenchymallesions.
-Despitetheclassificationofadenomaasabenigntumor,no

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

clinical,histologicorimmunohistochemicalcriteriacandifferentiate
renaladenomafromrenalcarcinoma.
Smith'sUrologywritesaboutadenomas?
-"Previously,allrenaltumorslessthan3cmwereconsidered
adenomas.However,evensuchsmalltumorscanmetastasizeand

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

arenowclassifiedasrenalcellcarcinoma.Adenomasofanysize
shouldbetreatedasafortuitousfindingrepresentativeofanearly
renalcancer,andthepatientshouldbeevaluatedandtreated
appropriately."

---

1350.TheBipolarcauteryispreferredover

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

monopolarcauteryinthefollowing
surgeriesexcept
a)HandSurgery
b)SurgeryaroundPenis
c)SurgeryoftheHip

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Surgeryaroundtheface
CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.SurgeryoftheHip
Bipolarcauterypreferredin:
Handsurgery

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Surgeryaroundappendageslikepenis
Surgeryaroundtheface

---

1351.Theposteriorurethraisbestvisualized
by?
a)Staticcystogram

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Retrogradeurethrogram
c)Voidingcystogram
d)CTcystogram
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,VoidingCystogram

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Voidingcystourethrographyisthebestmethodtovisualizeposterior
urethra.
Remember,
Urethracanbeimagedradiographicallyintwoways.
Anterogradetechniques-->Bestforvisualizationofposterior

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

urethra.(Thisisdonealongwithvoidingcystourethrographyorwith
voidingfollowing
excretoryurography)
Retrogradetechnique-->Bestforexaminingthe
anterior(penile)urethra(Contrastisinjectedthroughtipofurethra).

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1352.Earlystageofnonsmallcelllung
cancercanbetreatedby
a)Surgicalresection
b)Surgicalresectionwithadjuvantchemotherapy
c)Radiotherapy

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Immunotherapy
CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.Radiotherapy
Cystoscopyisendoscopyoftheurinarybladderviatheurethra.Itis
carriedoutwithacystoscope.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

---

1353.Allofthefollowingabout
Gastrointestinalcarcinoidtumorsare
true,Except:
a)Smallintestineandappendixaccountforalmost60%ofall
gastrointestinalcarcinoid

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)5yearsurvivalforcarcinoidtumorsis>60%
c)Rectumisspared
d)Appendicialcarcinoidsaremorecommoninfemalesthan
males
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Ansis'c'i.e.Rectumisspared
Rectumisnotspared,butisinfactacommonsiteforcarinoidtumor.
Aboutotheroptions:
5yearsurvivalforcarcinoidtumorsis>60%
Sabistonwrites-"Carcinoidtumorshavethebestprognosisofall

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

smallboweltumors,whetherthediseaseislocalizedormetastatic.
Resectionofacarcinoidtumorlocalizedtoitsprimarysite
approachesa100%survivalrate.Five-yearsurvivalratesareabout
65%amongpatientswithregionaldiseaseand25%to35%among
thosewithdistantmetastasis."

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Appendicialcarcinoidsaremorecommoninfemalesthanmales
"Appendicialcarcinoidsaremorecommoninfemales.Twotothree
casesofappendecialcarcinoidsarefemale."-Sleisengerand
Fordtran'sGastrointestinalandLiverDisease8/ep609
Smallintestineandappendixaccountforalmost60%ofall

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

gastrointestinalcarcinoid
Datafromvariousbooksvarybutasfarasthequestiongoesthis

---

canbetakentobetrueasoption'c'isdefinitelywrong.InGITsmall
intestineandtheappendixarethemostcommonsites.Infactsmall
intestineisthe2ndmostcommonsiteinbodyafterbronchus.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

[NotethatseveraltextbooksincludingSchwartzandSabiston,
mentionAppendixasthemostcommonsiteofGIcarcinoids,which
isnottrueaccordingSEERdata(giveninHarrison)]

---

1354.Commonestinfantiletesticulartumour
is?

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Seminoma
b)Teratoma
c)Yolksactumor
d)Dysgerminoma
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'c'i.e.,Yolksactumor
oMostcommontumoroftestisSeminoma.
oMostcommontumoroftestisinchildhood--->yolksactumor
(endodermalsinustumororinfantileembryonalcarcinoma).

---

1355.Allofthefollowingaretrueaboutthe

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

bareareaoftheliverexcept
a)Infectioncanspreadfromtheabdominaltothoraciccavityat
thisarea
b)Itisnotasiteofportocavalanastomosis
c)Formedbythereflectionsofcoronaryligaments

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Itistriangularinshape
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Itisnotasiteofportocavalanastomosis
Thecoronaryligamentsrepresentreflectionsofthevisceral
peritoneumcoveringtheliverontothediaphragm.Assuch,between

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

thetwolayersofthecoronaryligamentliesthebareareaoftheliver,
andisattachedtothediaphragmbyareolartissue.
ThebareareaoftheliverisstillcoveredbyGlisson'scapsule,the
fibrouscapsulethatsheathestheentireliver.
Bareareaisasiteofportocavalanastomoses

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1356.Whichistheinvestigationofchoicefor
stagingofalowerlimbsarcoma?
a)MRI
b)CTScan
c)PETScan

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)PETCT
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.MRI
MRI:Investigationofchoiceforsofttissuesarcomasinextremities.
CTSCAN:Investigationofchoiceforretroperitonealsarcomas.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

---

1357.Whichofthefollowingisanabsorbable
suture
a)Polyglactin
b)Silk
c)Polyester

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Ethilon
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Polyglactin
Absorbablesutures-
1. Catgut

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

2. Polyglactin
3. Polyglyconate
4. Polyglycolicacid
5. Polydioxanone
6. Poliglecaprone

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

---

1358.Polydiaxononesutureisnormally
absorbedin
a)2weeks
b)4weeks
c)6weeks

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)6months
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.6months
Retains70%ofitsoriginaltensilestrengthat2weeks,50%at4
weeks,and25%at6weeks.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Prolongeddermalsupportforatleast6monthshasbeenassociated
withdecreasedscarspreading

---

1359.Mosttissuereactionisseenwith
a)PlainCatgut
b)Polydiaxonone

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Silk
d)Chromiccatgut
CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.Silk
Reactiontocatgutdependsonthestageofabsorptionandismainly

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

histocyticintype.Nonabsorbablesuturesareencapsulatedbyarim
ofconnectivetissue,whilenearthesuturehistocytes,giantcellsand
lymphocytesarefound.Thisismostmarkedwithsilkandcotton,
lesssowithDacron,andleastwithnylonandwire.

---

1360.TraumaandInjurySeverityScore

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

(TRISS)includes:
a)GCS+BP+RR
b)RTS+ISS+Age
c)RTS+ISS+GCS
d)RTS+GCS+Age

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Ansis`b'i.e.RTS+ISS+Age
TRISS(TraumaandInjurySeverityScore):
InjurySeverityScore
RevisedTraumaScore

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Age
MechanismofInjury(blunt/penetrating)

---

1361.Whichofthefollowingismost
malignanttumor?
a)GlioblastomaMultiforme

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Meningioma
c)Osteochondroma
d)Giantcelltumor
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.GlioblastomaMultiforme

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

PrimaryBrainTumours
1.Gliomas(43%).
a.Astrocytomasarethecommonesttype.Theyareusually
malignant.
GradeI?Cystic

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

GradeII?Diffuse
GradeIII?Anaplastic
GradeIV?Glioblastomamultiforme(MC)
2.Meningiomas(18%)
3.Schwannoma(8%)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

4.Pituitarytumors(12%)
5.Craniopharyngiomas(5%)
6.Bloodvesseltumors(2%)
Othertumors
Theyarepinealregiontumors,pituitaryadenomas,

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

craniopharyngiomas,choroidplexustumors,etc.

---

1362.Allofthefollowingaremedicalusesof
erythropoietinexcept-
a)Treatmentofanaemiaassociatedwithrenaldisease
b)Chemotherapyinducedanemia

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)AnaemiaAssociatedwithCrohn'sDisease
d)MegaloblasticAnaemis
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.MegaloblasticAnaemis
Usesoferythropoetin

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Anaemiaofrenalfailure.
Anaemiaassociatedwithchemotherapyfordiseaseslike
mylodysplasia.
Anaemiaassociatedwithinflammatoryboweldisease.

---

1363.Epulisarisesfrom-

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Enamel
b)Rootofteeth
c)Gingiva
d)Pulp
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Answeris'c'i.e.Gingiva
Epulisliterallymeans'uponthegum'.Thusitisaswellingsituated
onthegum.
Itcanoriginatefromthemucousmembrane,theperiosteumorthe
bonegivingrisetodifferentvarietiesofEpulis.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1364.

---

Traumaticopticneuropathyduetoclosed
headtraumacommonlyaffectswhichpartof
opticnerve-
a)Opticcanal

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Intraocularpart
c)Intracranialpart
d)Optictract
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Opticcanal

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Indirectopticnerveinjury
Studieshaveshownthatforcesappliedtothefrontalboneand
malareminencesaretransferredandconcentratedintheareanear
theopticcanal.Thetightadherenceoftheopticnerve'sduralsheath
totheperiosteumwithintheopticcanalisalsothoughttocontribute

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

tothissegmentofthenervebeingextremelysusceptibletothe
deformativestressesoftheskullbones.Suchinjuryleadsto
ischemicinjurytotheretinalganglioncellswithintheopticcanal.

---

1365.IQinmildmentalretardationis
a)50-70

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)35-49
c)20-34
d)<20
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,50-70

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1366.WhatistheIQofaborderline
deficiency?
a)70-80
b)50-69
c)20-49

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)0-20
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.70-80
IQRange
IQClassification

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

70andBelow ExtremelyLow
71-79
Borderline
80-89
LowAverage

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

90-110
Average
111-120
Bright
121-130

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

VeryBright
131andOver ExtremelyBright

---

1367.AccordingtoWechslerintelligence
scalescoring,averageIQofanormal
childis:

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)50
b)75
c)90
d)111
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.c.90

---

1368.Whichisfalseaboutdevelopment
milestonesat6monthsofage?
a)Watchingselfinmirror
b)Sittingintripodposition

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Pincergrasp
d)Monosyllablesounds
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Watchingselfinmirror
Milestonesat6monthsofage

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Inpronepositionliftshisheadandgreaterpartofhischestwhile
supportingweightonextendedarms.
Producesmonosyllablesoundslikeda,ma.
Enjoyswatchinghisownimageinthemirror.
Binocularvisiondevelops(between3-6months).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Purposefulmovementsinspace(6-8months).
Sitsintripodposition.

---

1369.Atwhatagechildbeginstousepast
andpresenttense
a)1Years

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)2Years
c)18Months
d)30Months
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.30Months

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Begintoidentifyobjectsfromagroupbytheirfunctionandparts(ie.
"whichonehaswheels","whichonecanweeat")
Begintouseverbswith"ing"endings(i.e."eating");
Earlyconceptssuchas"big,little"areidentified;
Childwilluse"no,not"andanswer"where"questions

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1370.Milestonesat1yearofageareall
except
a)Playingasimpleballgame
b)Using2wordsthataremeaningful
c)Spontaneousscribbling

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Walkingupstairs1stepatatime
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.Walkingupstairs1stepatatime
Triestoremovehiscoatandattemptstowearhissocksorshoes
withoutsuccess.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Doesmimicry.
Playsasimpleballgame
Canuse2wordswithmeaning
TriestobuildaTowerof2cubes
Triestoscribblespontaneously(between12-24months).

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1371.Strangeranxietydevelopsat
a)3months
b)4months
c)7months
d)11months

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.7months
Milestonesatmonth
Holdstheobjectswithcrudegraspfrompalm(palmargrasp)
Pivots

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Showsstrangersanxiety
Resistsifatoyispulledfromhishand.
Babbles

---

1372.Whatistheaverageweightgainofthe
neonateperday

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)5-10g
b)25-30g
c)50-60g
d)100-150g
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-B.25-30g
Theygainweightatarateofapproximately25to30gmperdayfor
thefirst3monthsoflife.Thereaftertheygainabout400gmof
weighteverymonthfortheremainingpartoffirstyear.
[RefGhai7th/ep.6]

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1373.Newbornloseshowmuchweightinfirst
week?
a)5-10%
b)1-2%
c)10-20%

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

d)None
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.5-10%
Theaveragebirthweightofneonatesisabout3Kg.
Duringfirstfewdaysafterbirth,thenewbornlosesextracellularfluid

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

equivalenttoabout10%ofthebodyweight.

---

1374.Anewbornbabyhasahead
circumferenceof35ems.atbirth,His
optimalheadcircumferencewillbe43
emsat-

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)4monthsofage
b)6monthsofage
c)8monthsofage
d)12monthsofage
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'b'i.e.,6monthsofage
oAt6monthofageheadcircumferenceisbetween40.0-43.5cm.

---

1375."Potter'ssyndrome"isassociatedwith-
a)Renalanomalies
b)Severeoligohydramnio's

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Flattenednose
d)Alltheabove
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Alloftheabove
Pottersyndrome

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Pottersyndromeischaracterizedby-
i)Bilateralrenalagenesis
ii)Pulmonaryhypoplasia
iii)Potterfacies-->widelyseparatedeyeswithepicanthicfolds,
lowsetears,broadcompressedflatnose,recedingchin.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

*Thisconditionisincompatiblewithlife,deathoccursshortlyafter
birthfrompulmonaryhypoplasia.
*MaternalUSGdemonstrates-
i)Oligohydramniosii)Nonvisulizationof
bladderiii)Absentkidney

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1376.Whatisthecardiothoracicratioin
childrenis-
a)30-35%
b)40-45%
c)50-55%

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)60-65%
CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.50-55%
"Thecardiacsilhouetteoccupies50-55%ofthechestwidth.
Cardiomegalyispresentwhenthecardiothoracic(CT)ratioismore

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

than55%."

---

1377.Thefetalcirculationchangestonormal
circulationatbirthwith
a)Closureofpatentductusarteriosus
b)Closureofductusvenosus

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)IncreasedactivityofrightVentricle
d)OpeningoffossaOvalis
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Closureofpatentductusarteriosus
Theincreaseintheconcentrationofoxygeninthebloodleadstoa

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

decreaseinprostaglandins,causingclosureoftheductusarteriosus.
Theseclosurespreventbloodfrombypassingpulmonarycirculation,
andthereforeallowtheneonate'sbloodtobecomeoxygenatedin
thenewlyoperationallungs.

---

1378.Mostcommoncauseofpneumoniain

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

earlyonsetsepsisaneonateis
a)Pnemococcus
b)S.Pyogens
c)EColi
d)S.Aureus

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.EColi
Earlyonsetsepsis
Itiscausedbyorganismsprevalentinthegenitaltractorinthelabor
roomandmaternityoperationtheatre.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

InthewestitismostlycausedbygroupBstreptococcusandE.coli.
Inourcountryitismostlyduetogramnegativeorganisms-E.coli,
ldebsiellaandenterobactorsp.

---

1379.Neonatalresuscitation-whichofthe
followingdrugsisused?

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Dopamine
b)SodiumBicarbonate
c)Noradrenaline
d)Dobutamine
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-B.SodiumBicarbonate
Importantdrugsusedforneonatalresuscitationare
Epinephrine(adrenaline),
Normalsalineorringerlactate,
Naloxoneand

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Sodabicarbonate.

---

1380.Whendoescryingstopincyanotic
spells?
a)ForcedExpiration
b)Forcedinspiration

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Midinspiration
d)Cryingiscontinuous
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.ForcedExpiration
Cyanoticform(cyanoticspells)

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Thisismorecommonandisprovokedinresponsetofrustrationand
angerprecipitatedbyupsettingorscoldinginfant/child.
Cyanoticspellsareduetocentralsympatheticoveractivity.
Clinicalfeaturesincludegeneralizedcyanosis,apnea,forced
expiration(cryingstops),opisthotonus,shrillcryandbradycardia.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Seizuresmayoccurduetocerebralhypoxia,butantiepilepticsare
notrequired.
Theonlytreatmentissupportandreassurancetoparents

---

1381.Treatmentofchoiceforsymptomatic
neonatalhypoglycemiais

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Dextrosenormalsaline
b)5%dextrose
c)10%dextrose
d)25%dextrose
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-C.10%dextrose
Symptomaticorasymptomaticwithbloodglucose<20mg/dl
Bolus10%dextrose2ml/kgisgivenIV.Followedbycontinuous
infusionof6mg/kg/minute.Ifnormoglycemiaisnotachievedwithin
24hours,glucocorticoids(prednisoneorhydrocortisone)shouldbe

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

administered.Forintractablehypoglycemia,glucagon,epinephrine
ordiazoxidecanbegiven.
Inhypoglycemicseizures,doseof10%dextroseis4ml/kg

---

1382.ALLofthefollowingarecausesof
neonatalbradycardiaexcept

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Hypoxia
b)Hypothermia
c)Headinjury
d)BCGVaccine
CorrectAnswer-D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-D.BCGVaccine
Neonatalbradycardiaisdefinedasadecreaseinheartby30bpm
frombaseline.Regardingneonatalresuscitation,bradycardiais
concerningwhentheheartrateislessthan100bpm.

---

1383.Whichofthefollowingisnotacauseof

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

neonatalanaemia?
a)SubgalealHemorrhage
b)Abruptioplacentae
c)DiamondBlackfansyndeome
d)Wilson'sDisease

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.Wilson'sDisease
Internalhemorrhagesuchasintracranialhemorrhage,subgaleal
hemorrhage,cephalohematoma,adrenalhemorrhage,subcapsular
hematomaofliverorrupturedviscus

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Obstetricalcauses:placentalabruption,placentaprevia,traumato
placentaorumbilicalcordduringdeliveryandruptureofanomalous
placentalvessels
Twin-twintransfusion
RBCdestruction

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

RBCproduction

---

1384.3montholdchildwithindrawingchest
withrespitratoryrate52/minclassified
as
a)SIRS

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Respiratorydistress
c)Tachypnoea
d)ARDS
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Respiratorydistress

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Tachypnea(fastbreathing):Fastbreathingisdefinedas:-
1. Lessthan2monthsofage->60breathsperminute
2. Childaged2monthsupto12months-50breathsperminute
3. Childaged12monthsupto5years->40breathsperminute

---

1385.45dayoldinfantpresentswith

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

seizures.Examinationrevealsheis
icteric,havingbulgingfontanellesand
opisthotonicposture.Treatmentisall
except
a)Phototherapy

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)ExchangeTransfusion
c)Phenobarbitone
d)Chlorpromazine
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.Chlorpromazine

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Chlorpromazineisnotusedinhyperbilirubinemia.
Treatmentofhyperbilirubinemiaincludes
1. Pharmacologicaltharapy:Barbiturates(phenobarbitone),
metallloporphyrins(Tin/SnandZinc/Zn)
2. Phototherapy

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

3. Exchangetronsfusion

---

1386.Chroniclungdiseaseinainfancyis
definedas
a)Needforsupplementaloxygenat36weeksafterconception
b)Tachypnoea>50breaths/minwithin1weekofbirth

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)PresenceofbilateralinfiltratesonchestXrayfor2weeks
d)ReticulogranularpatternonchestXrayfor6weeks
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Needforsupplementaloxygenat36weeksafter
conception

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Chroniclungdiseaseofinfancywasformerlycalled
bronchopulmonarydysplasia.
Bronchopulmonarydysplasiaisusuallydefinedasaneedfor
supplementaloxygenat36weeksafterconception.
Bronchopulmonarydysplasiaisusuallydefinedasaneedfor

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

supplementaloxygenat36weeksafterconception.BPDisusually
definedasaneedforsupplementaloxygenat36wkafter
conception.
BPDisaresultoflunginjuryininfantsrequiringmechanical
ventilationandsupplementaloxygen.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1387.Mostcommonantigeninvolvedin
erythroblastosisfetalisis
a)CantigeninRhgroup
b)DantigeninRhgroup
c)EantigeninRhgroup

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Duffyantigen
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.DantigeninRhgroup
RBCantigensarecapableofelicitinganantibodyresponse,
significantdiseaseisassociatedprimarilyDantigenofRhgroupand

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

withABOincompatibility

---

1388.Eryhtematousblotchyrashisseenon
theabdomen,trunkandfaceofa3day
oldchildalongwithyellowishpapules.
Howeverthechildfeelswell.Whatis

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

themanagement?
a)Steroidandantibioticlotion
b)Notreatment
c)Steroidcream
d)Urgentintravenousantibiotics

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Notreatment
Erythematoxicumneonatorumisabenignself-limitederuption
occurringprimarilyinhealthynewbornsintheearlyneonatalperiod.
ItischaracterizedbyErythematouspapulesontrunk&face.They

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

appearon2nd&3rddayanddisappearspontaneously.

---

1389.Furtherinvestigationisessentialina
newbornwithwhichcondition?
a)Erythematoxicum
b)Vaginalbleed

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Subconjunctivalhemorrhage
d)Lensopacity
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.Lensopacity
Theproblemsare

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Milia
2. Erythematoxicum
3. Storkbites
4. Peelingofskin
5. Subconjuctivalhemorrhages

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

6. Breastengorgment
7. Epsteinpearl
8. Pre-deciduous(natalteeth)
9. Vaginalbleeding
10. Vaginalmucoiddischarge

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

11. Hymenaltags
12. Physiologicalphymosis
13. Mongolianspots

---

1390.Anewbornpresentswith
subconjunctivalhemorrhage.The

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

treatmentis
a)Notreatment
b)Antibioticeyedrops
c)Aspitation
d)Antibioticandsteroiddrops

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Notreatment
Subconjunctivalhemorrhageinnewbornisanormalphenomenom
whichdisappearsspontaneously.

---

1391.Whatistheshapeofcaecuminthe

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

newborn?
a)Ovoid
b)Trapezoid
c)Globular
d)Conical

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.Conical
Theshapeofthecaecuminaninfantisconicalwiththeappendix
borneatthebaseofthecone.

---

1392.MostcommoncomplicationofMeckel's

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Diverticulumlitchildren
a)Abdominalpain
b)Pepticulcers
c)Intestinalobstruction
d)PainlessRectalbleeding

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.PainlessRectalbleeding
MostcomnmonpresentationofMeckel'sDiverticuluminchildrenis
painlessrectalBleeding.
[RefAlemayehuH,HallM,DesaiAA,StPeterSD,SnyderCL.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Demographicdisparitiesofchildrenpresentingwithsymptomatic
Meckel'sdiverticuluminchildren'shospitals.PediatricSurgery
International.2014Jun30.6:649-653]

---

1393.WhichofthefollowingisaXlinked
metabolicdisorder?

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Fabry'sdisease
b)Sandoffsdisease
c)Pompedisease
d)Gaucherdisease
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-A.Fabry'sdisease
Alllysosomaldisordersare`autosomalrecessive'exceptfor
Hunter'ssyndromeandFabry'sdisease,whichareX-linked
recessive.ThusHunter'ssyndromeandFabry'sdiseaseaffectonly
male.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1394.Testesarenotpalpablein
a)SRYdeletion
b)DAX1deletion
c)WNT-4genemutation
d)RSPO-1genemutation

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.SRYdeletion
SRYgeneisinvolvedindevelopmentofmalegonds(testes)from
primitive(bipotentialgonads).
DAX-1,WNT-4andRSPO1genesareinvolvedindevelopmentof

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

femalegonads(ovary).

---

1395.Childwith10episodesofdiarrheain
last24hourswithsunkendryeyes,
veryslowskinpinch,andabsenttears.
Managementis

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)ORSsolution
b)breastfeeding
c)Start10%dextrose
d)StartRinger'slactate
CorrectAnswer-D

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-D.StartRinger'slactate
Thisisacaseofseveredehydration.
SevereDehydration
StartIVfluidsimmediately
BestIVfluidsolutionisRingerlactate

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Normalsalinecanbeused
Dextroseisnoteffective
100ml/kgistobegivenasshownbelow:
AGE
FIRST

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

THEN
<12months
30nil/kginIhours 70ml/kg5hours
12monthsto5yrs. 30minutes
21/2hrs

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1396.1yearoldchildwithmultipleepisodes
ofdiarrheapresentswithsunkendry
eyes,depressedfontanelles,veryslow
skinpinch.Theamountoffluidtobe
giveninthefirst6hoursis

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)600ml
b)900ml
c)1200ml
d)1500ml
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-B.900ml
Theapproximateweightofa1yearoldchildis9kg(iethricethe
birthweight)
Thedescriptionofdehydrationgivenaboveisconsistentwithsevere
dehydration.T

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1397.Whatisthefirstlinetreatmentofa4
yearoldchildpresentingwith
intussusception?
a)Conservativemanagementwithwaitandwatchpolicy
b)Immediateattempttoreductionusingbariumedema

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Surgicalcorrection
d)Exploratorylaparotomywithresectionoftheaffectedsegment
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Immediateattempttoreductionusingbariumedema
Correctionofintussusceptionbybariumenemaistheinitial

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

managementofchoice.Ifitfails,surgicalcorrectionisdone.

---

1398.Hutchison'sTriadisseenin
a)CongenitalSyphilis
b)Tertiarysyphilis
c)SecondarySyphilis

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Primarysyphilis
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.CongenitalSyphilis
Hutchinson'striadisacommonpatternofpresentationofCongenital
syphilis.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Itconsistsofthreephenomena:
1. Interstitialkeratitis,
2. Hutchinsonincisor,
3. Eighthnervedeafness

---

1399.Hydrocephalusisbestdetected

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

antenatelyby:
a)X-rayabdomen
b)Amniocentesis
c)Clinicalexamination
d)Ultrasonography

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.isdi.e.Ultrasonography
Hydrocephalusisaconditioninwhichthereisanabnormalincrease
incerebrospinalfluidwithintheventricularandsubarachnoidspaces
ofbrain.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

"Theprenataldiagnosisofhydrocephalusisusuallymadeby
demonstrationofadilatedventricularsysteminanultrasound
examination."
Earliestandmostaccuratesonographicsignofhydrocephalus?
Enlargedlateralventricles.?

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Thelateralventricleismeasuredatthelevelofatrium.
Normaltransversediameterofatriumis7mm?1mm.(Itremains
constantduringthesecondandthirdtrimester)
Whendiameterofatriumis>10mmitiscalledasVentriculomegaly/
Hydrocephalus.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

OthersignsofhydrocephalusonUSG:
Danglingchoroidplexuses.
Thinningoutofcerebralcortex.
ExtraEdge:
Friends,thetermsventriculomegalyandhydrocephalusareoften

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

usedinterchangeablybuthaveslightlydifferentmeanings.
*Ventriculomegaly:Theconditioninwhichlateralventriclesofthe

---

brainarefilledwithexcessivefluidandenlarge.
*Hydrocephalus:Thereisventriculomegalyalongwithanincrease
intheheadcircumference.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Normalfetalheadcircumferenceattermrangesbetween32and38
cms.
Withhydrocephalus,thecircumferenceexceeds50cms.
Ventriculomegalycanalsobecausedby?:
*Spinabifida?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

*Chromosomalabnormalities?
*Congenitalinfectionslikecytomegalovirus.toxoplasmosis,syphilis
andinfluenza.?
DandywalkersyndromeincludesHydrocephalus+Posteriorfossa
cyst?+Defectincerebellarvermis.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1400.Triadofnormalpressure
hydrocephalusincludesallexcept-
a)Dementia
b)Gaitdisturbance
c)Urinaryincontinence

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Browache
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.Browache
Triadofnormalpressurehydrocephalus/Adam'striad/Hakim's
triad

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Dementia
Gaitdisturbance
Urinaryincontinece(wet,wackyandwobbly)

---

1401.Medulloblatomaarisesexclusivelyfrom
thecellsof

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Immatureembryonalcells
b)Ependymalcells
c)Neurons
d)Spindleshapedcells
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-A.Immatureembryonalcells
MedulloblastomaisthemostcommonPNET(primitive
neuroectodermaltumor)locatedinposteriorcranialfossa.
[RefHinz,Chris;Hesser,Deneen.FocusingOnBrainTumors:
Medulloblastoma.AmericanBrainTumorAssociation]

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1402.HypoxicIschemicencephalopathytrue
is?
a)Lowerlimbsaffectedmorethanupperlimbs
b)Prox.Muscles>distalmuscles
c)Seizure

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Trunkinvolved
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Seizure
Clinicalfeaturesofhvpoxicischemicencephalopath'
oEncephalopathyprogressovertime?

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

1)Birthto12hours-->Decreasedlevelofconciousness,poor
tone,decreasedspontaneousmovement,periodicbreathingor
apnea,seizures.
2)12-24hours-4Moreseizuers,Apneicspells,jitteriness,
weakness.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

3)After24hours-->Hypotonia,conciousness,poorfeeding,
brainstemsigns(oculomotor)andpupillarydisturbances.

---

1403.Whichofthefollowingisnottrueabout
encephalocoele?
a)Itisaneuraltubedefect

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Commoninthefrontalregion
c)Canbeassociatedwithhydrocephalus
d)Itisprotrusionofneuraltissuethroughadefect
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Itisaneuraltubedefect

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Perinatalasphyxia,moreappropriatelyknownashypoxic-ischemic
encephalopathy(HIE),ischaracterizedbyclinicalandlaboratory
evidenceofacuteorsubacutebraininjuryduetoasphyxia.The
primarycausesofthisconditionaresystemichypoxemiaand/or
reducedcerebralbloodflow(CBF)

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1404.Trueaboutcephalhematomais-
a)Itishemorrhagebetweentheskullandperiosteum
b)Itishemorrhagewithinthesubcutaneoustissuearoundthe
skull
c)Itistypeofsubduralhemorrhage

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Itisextraperiostealbleedingintheskull
CorrectAnswer-A
Amswer-A.Itishemorrhagebetweentheskullandperiosteum
Cephalhematomaissubperiostealbleeding,i.e.betweenskullbone
andperiosteum.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

---

1405.A8yearoldchildpresentswithamass
inthelumbarregionwithabdominal
painwithexcruciatingbonepain.
Possiblediagnosisis-
a)Neuroblastoma

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Wilm'sTumour
c)Lymphoma
d)Angiomyolipoma
CorrectAnswer-A
Amswer-A.Neuroblastoma

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thisisacaseofneuroblastomathathasmetastatized
Metastasisispresentin60-70%atthetimeofdiagnosis.
Commonestsiteofmetastasisisskeletalsystemandneuroblastoma
isthemostcommonchildhoodmalignancymetastasizestobone.

---

1406.A6yearoldchildpresentswithan

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

abdominalmass,fever,bonepainand
IVCthrombosis,thediagnosiscouldbe
-
a)Wilm'stumour
b)Neuroblastoma

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

c)LangerhanscellHistiocytosis
d)Gastriclymphoma
CorrectAnswer-B
Amswer-B.Neuroblastoma
Renalveininvasionismorecharacteristicofneuroblastoma(itis

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

rareinwilmstumor).

---

1407.Kwashiorkor-Triadincludesallexcept-
a)Psychomotorchanges
b)Hypoglycemia
c)Edema

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Growthretardation
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Hypoglycemia
Classicaltriadofkwashiorkorismarkedlyretardedgrowth,
psychomotor(mental)changesandedema.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1408.Whatisthemaintainancefluid
requirementina6kgchild?
a)240ml/day
b)600ml/day
c)300ml/day

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)1200ml/day
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.600ml/day
FluidRequirementsin:InfantsandChildren
HOLLIDAY-SEGARMETHOD

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

100ml/kg
First10kgl
Na+3
(4ml/kg/hr)
1000ml+50ml/kgforeachKg>10kg

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

10-20kg
K+2
(40ml/hr+2ml/kg/hr(wt-10kg)
1500ml+20ml/kgforeachKg>20kg
>20kg

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Cl-2
(60ml/hr+1ml/kg/hr(wt-20kg)

---

1409.Mostcommonsiteforopeningof
TAPVCis-
a)Supracardiac

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Cardiac
c)Infracardiac
d)Multiple
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Supracardiac

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

TypeI(SupraCardiac)TAPVCMostcommon45%
TypeII(Cardiaclevel)TAPVC-25%
TypeIII(InfraCardiac)TAPVC-25%
TypeIV(Multiplelevel)TAPVC45%

---

1410.Whichoneofthefollowingstatementsisfalseabout

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Xanthogranulomatouspyelonephritisinchildren?
a)Oftenaffectsthoseyoungerthan8yearsofage
b)Itaffectsthekidneyfocallymorefrequentlythandiffusely
c)Clinicalpresentationinchildrenissameasinadults
d)Boysareaffectedmorefrequently

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-D
Itismostfrequentlyaffectedinfemalescomparedtomales.Itisan
unusualformofchronicpyelonephritischaracterizedby
granulomatousabscessformation,severekidneydestruction,anda
clinicalpicturethatmayresemblerenalcellcarcinomaandother

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

inflammatoryrenalparenchymaldiseases.
Xanthogranulomatouspyelonephritisisaformofchronic
pyelonephritischaracterisedbydestructionofrenalparenchymaand
thepresenceofgranulomas,abscessesandcollectionoflipidladen
foamymacrophages(foamcells).

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Xanthogranulomatouspvelonephritisinchildren

*Ageofpresentationrangesfrominfancyto16years.
*FocalfirmbeingmorecommoninchildrenAppearhealthy.
*Thosewhoaffecteddiffusely,presentwithnon-specific

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

symptomsofchronicinfection.
i)Weightlossii)Feveriii)Lethargyiv)
Failuretothrive

---

*Proteusisthemostcommoncausativeorganism.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Ref:ByJamesPattison,DavidGoldsmith,BarrieHartley,Fernando
C.FervenzaandJosephP.Grande(2004),Chapter6,"Renal
InfectionsandStructuralAbnormalities",Inthebook,"AColour
HandbookofRenalMedicine",UK,Page100.

---

1411.AutosomalrecessivePolycystic

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

kidneys-allaretrueexcept-
a)Seeninadults
b)DefectivegeneisPKHD1
c)Bothkidneysshowinnumerablecysts
d)USGshowssaltandpepperappearance

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Amswer-A.Seeninadults
Childhoodpolycystickidneydiseasehasautosomalrecessive
inheritance,thereforeitisalsoknownasautosomalrecessive
polycystickidneydisease.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

DefectivegeneisthePKHD1(PolycysticKidneyandHepatic
Disease1)whichcodesforaproteinfibrocystin
Bothkidneysaremarkedlyenlargedandshowinnumerablecysts
radiatingfrommedullathecortex.
MRIofkidneyshowsradiallyarrangedfusiformdilatedcollecting

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ducts.
PrenatalUSGshowsasaltandpepperappearanceofkidney.

---

1412.Investigationofchoicefor
CONFIRMINGHenochSchonlein
purpurais-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)SerumIgAlevels
b)CRPlevels
c)RenalBiopsy
d)DTPA
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Amswer=C.RenalBiopsy
Biopsyofthekidneymaybeperformedbothtoestablishthe
diagnosisortoassesstheseverityofalreadysuspectedkidney
disease.

---

1413.AbdominalpaininHenochSchonlein

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

purpuraisdueto-
a)MucosalerosionsandswellingoftheGImucosa
b)Gastrointestinalhemorrhage
c)Volvulus
d)Associatedpancreaticinflammation

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.MucosalerosionsandswellingoftheGImucosa
ThesecondmostfrequentsymptomofHenoch-SchOnleinpurpura
isabdominalpain,whichoccursinupto65percentofcases.The
mostcommoncomplaintiscolickyabdominalpain,whichmaybe

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

severeandassociatedwithvomiting.
Endoscopicevaluationoftenshowsmucosalerosionsandswelling.

---

1414.WhichofthefollowingisnotafeatureofJuvenileIdiopathicArthritis?
a)Rheumatoidnodules
b)Spikesofhighfever

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Uveitis
d)Raynaud'sphenomenon
CorrectAnswer-D
Raynaud'sPhenomenonisnotmentionedinassociationwithJuvenileIdiopathicArthritis
(JIA).

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Ref:CurrentDiagnosisandTreatmentinRheumatology,2ndEdition,Pages196-197;
Nelson'sTextbookofPediatrics,18thEdition,Page1003;PrimeronTheRheumatic
DiseasesByJohnH.Klippel,Page145

---

1415.Whichofthefollowingiscorrectabout
shockinchild?

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Tachycardiaisaverysensitiveindicatorofdepletionof
intravascularvolume
b)Mottlingofextremitiesisseeninearlyshock
c)Confusion,stuporandcomaareearlysigns
d)Respiratoryrateismoresensitivethanheartrateasan

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

indicatorofearlyshock
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Tachycardiaisaverysensitiveindicatorof
depletionofintravascularvolume
Hypovolemicshockinchildrenmayhavefollowingstages:-

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

i)Earlycompensated
Immediatelyafterhypovolemia,bodytriestomaintaintheBPto
maintainadequateperfusiontovitalorgansthroughacompensatory
mechanisms.
Anincreaseinheartrate(Tachycardia)istheearliestandmost

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

sensitiveindicatorforintravascularvolumereduction
ii)Lateuncompensated
Ifshockstatecontinuesorthecompensatorymechanismsarenot
enoughtomaintainthemetabolicneedsofthetissue,theshock,
goesintouncompensatedphase.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1416.Inotropicsupportforseverely
dehydratedchildwithdopamineisdone
atwhatrate-
a)0.1-0-5microgram/kg/min
b)1-5microgram/kg/min

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

c)1-5mg/kg/min
d)10-15mg/kg/min
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.1-5microgram/kg/min
Inhighdoses,itactsonalpha-adrenergicreceptorstoincrease

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

systemicvascularresistanceandraisebloodpressure.
1-5mcg/kg/minIV,increasedto5-20mcg/kg/min;nottoexceed50
mcg/kg/min.

---

1417.Testdonetodiagnosesyphilisin
newbornifmotherissyphilitic-

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)SyphilisCapitaMtest
b)DetectionofIgG
c)ZNstaining
d)Fluoroescentantigentest
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-A.SyphilisCapitaMtest
TheteststodetectIgMare-
1. FTA-ABS(19SIgMFTA-ABS).
2. SyphilisCapitaMtest.

---

1418.Eyelidpapulesandhoarsecryinachild

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

issuggestiveof-
a)Congenitalsyphilis
b)Croup
c)Lipoidproteinosis
d)Acrodermatitisenterohepatica

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.Lipoidproteinosis
Lipoidproteinosisalsoknownashyalinosiscutisetmucosaor
Urbach-Weithediseaseisarareautosomalrecessivedisorder.
characterizedclinicallybyamyriadsignsandsymptomsthatinclude

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

hoarsenessofthevoice,beadedeyelidpapules(Moniliform
blepharosis),yellowish-whitemucocutaneousinfiltrates,andatrophic
pock-likescars.

---

1419.Inacutediarrheafollowingisusedto
decreasedurationandseverity-

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Zn
b)Mg
c)Fe
d)Ca
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-A.Zn
Recentstudiessuggestthatadministrationofzincalongwithnew
lowosmolarityoralrehydrationsolutions/salts(ORS),canreduce
thedurationandseverityofdiarrhealepisodesforuptothree
months.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

[RefSachdevHP,MittalNK,YadavHS.Oralzincsupplementation
inpersistentdiarrheaininfants.AnnTropPaediatr.1990;10:63-9.]

---

1420.Japaneseencephalitisvaccinein
routinescheduleisgiveninhowmany
doses-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Twodoses1monthapartwithaboosterafter1-2yearsif
needed
b)Singledosevaccine
c)Threedoses1monthapartfollowedbyaboosterifneeded
d)Threedoseswiththeseconddose1monthand3'dose6

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

monthsafterthefirstdose
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Twodoses1monthapartwithaboosterafter1-2
yearsifneeded
AVerocell-derived,inactivatedandalum-adjuvantedJEvaccine

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

basedontheSA14-14-2strainisused.Theprimarytwodosesare
administered4weeksapart.Aboosterdoseisrecommended1-2
yearsaftertheprimaryimmunization

---

1421.Consanguinousmarriagesincreaserisk
ofdiseases-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Autosomaldominantdisease
b)Autosomalrecessivedisease
c)Xlinkeddominantdiseases
d)Environmentaldiseases
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-B.Autosomalrecessivedisease
Increasesriskof-autosomalrecessivedisease
Nochangeinriskof-autosomaldominant,Xlinkedrecessive(if
neitherparentaffected)
NotProven-complexlateonsetdiseaseslikediabetes,

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

schizophrenia,cardiovasculardiseases

---

1422.Floorofnasalcavityinchildrenismade
of-
a)Palatineboneandvomer
b)Sphenoidandethmoid

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Nasalboneandmaxilla
d)Palatineboneandmaxilla
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.Palatineboneandmaxilla
"Thefloorofthenasalcavities,whichalsoformtheroofofthe

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

mouth,ismadeupbythebonesofthehardpalate:thehorizontal
plateofthepalatineboneposteriorlyandthepalatineprocessofthe
maxillaanteriorly."
[RefMoore,KeithL;Dailey,ArthurF.(1999).ClinicallyOriented
Anatomy.LippincottWilliamserWilkins.]

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1423.Mostcommonsiteforbonemarrow
aspirationinneonatesis-
a)Anteriorsuperioriliaccrest
b)Posteriorsuperioriliaccrest
c)Sternum

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Anteromedialtibia
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.Anteromedialtibia
Preferredsiteforbonemarrowaspirationinchildren-Posterior
superioriliaccrest.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Inchildren<18monthofageAnteromedialtibiaispreferred.

---

1424.ReducedosmolarityORSdoesnot
containwhichofthefollowingion-
a)Sodium
b)Potassium

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Lactate
d)Citrate
CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.Lactate
Table1:CompositionofstandardandreducedosmolarityORS

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

solutions
ORS
Standard ReducedOsmolarity
Contents mEq/L
mEq/L

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Glucose
111
75
Sodium
90

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

75
Choride
80
65
Potassium 20

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

20
Citrate
10
10
Osmoarity 311

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

245
30mmol/lofbicarbonateinsteadof10mmol/lofcitrate

---

1425.WhichisfoundinDiGeorge'ssyndrome
-
a)Tetany

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Eczema
c)TotalabsenceofTcells
d)AbsentBandTcells
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Tetany

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Digeorgesyndrome
DigeorgesyndromeisanexampleofaTcelldeficiencythatresults
fromfailureofdevelopmentofthethirdandfourthpharyngeal
pouches.
*Clinicalfeatures?

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

*Enhancedsusceptibilitytoviral,fungal(mucocutaneous
candidiasis)andbacterialinfections.
*Facialabnormalities:Hypertelorism,abnormalears,shortphiltrum
andmicrognathia.
Hypocalcemictetanyduetofailureofparathyroiddevelopment.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Congenitalheartdiseasesegfallot'stetralogy.
*Absenceofanormalthymus.
*Serumimmunoglobulinconcentrationarefrequentlynormal,but
antibodyresponses,particularlyofIgGandIgAisotypes,areusually
impaired.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

*Tcelllevelsarereduced(nottotalabsence).
*Bcelllevelsarenormal.

---

1426.Therepeuticphlebotomyisnotdonein
whichofthefollowingconditions?
a)CML

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Polycythemiavera
c)Hemochromatosis
d)Porphyriacutaneatarda
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.CML

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Indicationsfortherepeuticphlebotomy-
Polycythemiavera
Hemochromatosis
Secondarypolycythemia
Porphyriacutaneatarda

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

[RefCurrentapplicationsoftherapeuticphlebotomyTarekBouAssi
andElizabethBaz.BloodTransfus.2014Jan;12(Suppl1):s75-s83]

---

1427.Whichofthefollowingispresentina
XYchildbutnotinaXXchild?
a)Epoophoron

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Paroophoron
c)Cowper'sglands
d)Gartner'sduct
CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.Cowper'sglands

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Bulbourethralgland(Cowper'sgland)arefoundinmales(XY)and
arehomologoustoBartholin'sglandinfemales(XX).
[Ref:"Differentiationoftheurogenitalsinusinmales".Embryology]

---

1428.TreatmentofchoiceforKawasaki
Diseaseis:

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a)IVImmunoglobulins
b)Steroids
c)Dapsone
d)Methotrexate
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

AnswerisA(IVImmunoglobulins):
ThetreatmentofchoiceinKawasakidiseaseisintravenous
immunglobulins

---

1429.Puffofsmokeappearanceoncerebral
angiographyisseenin:

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)ACAaneurysm
b)Cavernoussinusthrombosis
c)Moyamoyadisease
d)VeinofGalenmalformation
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.c.Moyamoyadisease
Moyamoyadiseaseisanidiopathic,noninflammatory,non
atheroscleroticprogressivevasculo-occlusivediseaseinvolvingthe
circleofWillis,typicallythesupraclinoidinternalcarotidarteries.
Smallabnormalnet-likevesselsproliferategivingthe

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

characteristic"puffofsmoke"appearanceondirect
angiography.CTAandMRAisnotalwaysabletodemonstratethis
appearanceonaccountoflowerflowandspatialresolution.

---

1430.Osteoclastshaveallofthefollowing
except-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Boneresorption
b)Receptorforparathormone
c)Ruffledborder
d)RANKligand
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-B.Receptorforparathormone
Osteoclastsarefoundinsitesinwhichboneisbeingremodeled
Thesecellsaretheprincipalmediatorofboneresorption
Thecharacteristicfeatureistheareaofinfoldedplasmamembrane
knownasruffledborderwhichissurroundedbyanorganellefree

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

clearzonethroughwhichosteoclastattachestobone&whichisthe
siteofboneresorption.
RANKbindstoRANKLigandwhichstimulatesboneresorption.
Parathormonearepresentonosteoblasts(notonosteoclasts).

---

1431.PTHactsdirectlyonwhichcells?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Osteoclasts
b)Osteocytes
c)Osteoblasts
d)Macrophages
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-C.Osteoblasts
Parathormoneactivatesosteoblastswhichthensecretemediatorsof
osteoclastogenesisthatstimulateosteoclastsforboneresorption.

---

1432.Mostvascularzoneoftheboneis-
a)Metaphysis

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Diaphysis
c)Epiphysis
d)MedullaryCavity
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Metaphysis

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Metaphysisisthemostvascularzoneoftheboneespeciallyin
childrenasithaslonghairpinlooparrangedarteriolesandvenules
runningthroughit.

---

1433.Snappingkneesyndromeisdueto
involvementof-

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)PesAnserinus
b)QuadriepsTendon
c)Gastrocnemiusorigin
d)lateralcollateralligament
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-A.PesAnserinus
Snappingkneesyndromeischaracterizedbypainfulclicks/catching
sensationsexperiencedduringeverymovementofflexionand
extension.Itisexperiencedusuallyattheposteromedialcornerof
thekneeandususallyisduetoinvolvementofsemitendinosusand

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

gracilistendons.

---

1434.Tenniselbowischaracterizedby?
a)Tendernessoverthemedialepicondyle
b)Tendinitsofcommonextensororigin
c)Tendinitisofcommonflexororigin

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Painfulflexionandextension
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Tendinitsofcommonextensororigin
Tenniselbowisextraarticularaffectioncharacterizedbypainand
acutetendernessattheoriginoftheextensormusclesofthe

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

forearmfromthelateralepicondyle.
Itisbelievedtobecausedbystrainoftheforearmextensor
muscles,particularlytheextensorcarpiradialisbrevis,atthepointof
theiroriginfromlateralepicondyle.

---

1435.FlexorDigitorumProfundustendon

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

avulsioninjuryleadsto-
a)JerseyFinger
b)MalletFinger
c)GamekeepersThumb
d)BoutonierreDeformity

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.JerseyFinger
JerseyFinger-FlexordigitorumprofundusInjury
MalletFinger-Avulsioninjuryofextensordigitorumtendon
GamekeepersThumb-chronicinjurytoulnarcollateralligamentof

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

thumb
BennetsFracture-Intraarticularfractureatthebaseof1st
metacarpal

---

1436.Knailcanbeusedforallofthe
followingfracturesexcePt-

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Isthmicfemurshaftfractures
b)Intertrochantericfractures
c)Lowsubtrochantericfractures
d)Distalfemurshaftfractures
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-B.Intertrochantericfractures
Knailisacloverleafshapednailthatreliesontheprincipleofthree
pointfixation
Knailcanneverbeusedforintertrochantericfracturesasitcannot
providestabilityinthisfracture.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1437.ExtensorCarpiRadialisLongusis-
a)Extensorandulnardeviatorofthewrist
b)ExtensorandradialDeviatorofthewrist
c)InjuredinPosteriorinterosseusnerveinjury
d)Weakextensorofthewrist

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.ExtensorandradialDeviatorofthewrist
ExtensorcarpiRadialisLongusisaprimaryextensorandradial
deviatorofthewrist.
Lossoffunctioncauseswristdrop.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1438.Thomastestisusedfortesting?
a)Hipflexion
b)Kneeflexion
c)Hipabduction
d)Hiprotation

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
A
HipflexionREF:LangeInstantAccess:OrthopedicsandSports
Medicine,byAnilPatel,page106
ThomasTest:Withthepatientlyingsupine,maximallyflexbothhips.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Allowthefemurontheipsilateralsidetofallintoasmuchextension
aspossible,whileholdingtheotherhipup.Theanglebetweenthe
femurandexaminingtableistheresidualflexionandrepresentsthe
flexioncontracture.

---

1439.Achildpresentedtoanorthopaedic

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

clinicwithalimp.Thesurgeon
suspectedhimtohaveafixedfledon
deformityofthehip.Whichtestshould
thesurgeonperformtoconfirmhis
finding?

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Thomastest
b)Trendelenburgstest
c)Nelatonstest
d)Telescopingtest
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-A.Thomastest
Thomastestisdoneforflexiondeformityofhip.

---

1440.TriggerFingerInvolvesWhichjoint?
a)ProximalInterphalngealjoint
b)DistalInterphalngealfoint

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Metacarpophalangealjoint
d)Carpometacarpaljoint
CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.Metacarpophalangealjoint
Themouthofthefibrousdigitalsheathisatthelevelofmetacarpo-

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

phalangealjoint.

---

1441.Effectofhypoparathyroidisrnonbones
include-
a)Browntumours
b)SubperiostealResorptionofBone

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)MultipleCystsinBone
d)NoneoftheAbove
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.NoneoftheAbove
FeaturesofHypoparathyroidism

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Prematureclosureofepiphyses
Generalizedincreaseinbonedensity(Osteosclerosis)
Calvarialthickening
Sacroiliacsclerosis
Bandlikedensityinmetaphysic

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thickenedlaminadura+wideneddiploe
Deformedhip(thickening&Sclerosisoffemoralhead&acetabulum)
Intracranialcalcification
Calcificationofspinal&Otherligaments
Subcutaneouscalcification

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ectopicboneformation
Ossificationofmuscleinsertions

---

1442.Bonetransportcanbeusedinthe
managementof-
a)Gapnonunion

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)DeformityCorrection
c)Communitedshaftfemurfracture
d)AvscularNecrosisofFemoralHead
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Gapnonunion

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Bonetransporttechniqueisprimarilyusedinthemanagementof
gapnonunions.
Anosteotomyismadeinthenormalboneandasegamntofboneis
transportedtothenonunionsite

---

1443.Aeroplanesplintisusedin?

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Radialnerveinjury
b)Ulnarnerveinjury
c)Brachialplexusinjury
d)Scoliosis
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'c'i.e.,Brachialplexusinjury
Name
Use
Cramer-wiresplint
Emergencyimmobilisation

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Thomassplint
Fracturefemur-anywhere
Bohler-Braunsplint
Fracturefemur-anywhere
Aluminiumsplint

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Immobilizationoffingers
DennisBrownsplint
CIEV
Cock-upsplint
Radialnervepalsy

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Knuckle-bendersplint Ulnarnervepalsy
Toe-raisingsplint
Footdrop
Volkmann'ssplint
Volkmann'sischaemiccontracture(VIC)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Four-postcollar
Neckimmbilisation
Aeroplanesplint
Brachialplexusinjury
SOMIbrace

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Cervicalspineinjury
ASHE(Anteriorspinal Dorso-lumbarspinalinjury
hyperextension)
brace
Taylor'sbrace

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Dorso-lumbarimmobilisation
Milwaukeebrace
Scoliosis
Bostonbracet
Scoliosis

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Lumbarcorset
Backache

---

1444.AIIofthefollowingaretrueregarding
applicationofPOPCastexcept-
a)PuttingthePlasterrollinwarmwaterhastenssettingtime

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)ItisanhydrousCalciumphosphate
c)Itcanappliedinpresenceofextremeswelling
d)Gangreneisknowncomplicationofatightplastercast
CorrectAnswer-B
AnswerB.ItisanhydrousCalciumphosphate

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

POPischemicallyhemihydrouscalciumsulphate.
Warmwaterhastenswhilecoldwaterslowsthesettingtime.
Plastercastshouldbeavoidedwhenthereisextremeswelling.
Commoncomplicationsofplastercastsincludecompartment
syndrome,gangreneandplastersores.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1445.Inuncementedarthroplastyofthehip,
thestemremainsattachedtothebone
by-
a)BoneIngrowth/ongrowthoverthesurfaceofthestem
b)Mechanicalbondingbetweenthestemandbone

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Pressfittingofthesteminthetightcanal
d)Adhesionbetweenthestemandboneduetoashesive
propertiesofthestem
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.BoneIngrowth/ongrowthoverthesurfaceofthe

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

stem
Boneingrowth-
Overporoussurface.
Optimalporesizeshouldbe100to400microns.
Fibermeshorbeadsarepresentoverthestemsurface.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Stemcreatedbysinteringordiffusionbondingprocesses.

---

1446.Duringperfomingatotalhip
replacement,thesurgeonfound
destructionofthearticularcartilageand
rnultiplewedgeshapedsubchondral

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

depressions.Whatisthiscalled?
a)Osteolysis
b)Osteomyelitis
c)Osteonecrosis
d)Osteogenesis

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.Osteonecrosis
Presenceofdensewedgeshapedopacitiesintheanterolateral
quadrantofthefemoralheadthisiscalledsectoralinvolvement.
Presenceofmultiplecysticandscleroticareas

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Acetabularinvolvementleadstodevelopmentofseverearthritis

---

1447.Suddendorsiflexionoffootmayleadto
whichofthefollowinginjuries-
a)Anteriortalofibularligamentinjury
b)TendoAchillesavulsioninjury

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Ruptureofdeltoidligament
d)Tarsaltunnelsyndrome
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.TendoAchillesavulsioninjury
AruptureoftheAchillestendonoccurswhenthetendonisstretched

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

outsidebeyonditscapacity.
Themostcommonsiteofruptureisthe"watershed"lessvascular
areaoftendon,whichis4cmproximaltoitsinsertiononcalcaneum.

---

1448.SalterHarrisclassificationisusedfor-
a)Supracondylarhumerusfracturesinchildren

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Estimationofgrowthofthephyses
c)Physealinjuries
d)Severityofdeglovinginjuriestothelimb
CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.Physealinjuries

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1449.MilwaukeeBraceisusedin-
a)CongenitalKyphosis
b)ScheurmannsDisease
c)AdolescentldiopathicScoliosis
d)Spondylolisthesis

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.CongenitalKyphosis
TheMilwaukeebraceisaplasticbodyjacketusedinthetreatment
ofadolescentswithidiopathicscoliosisandScheuermann'sdisease.
TheMilwaukeebrace,alsorefferredtoasaCervico-Thoraco-

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Lumbo-Sacral-Orthosisbrace,issimilartobracesforthelowerback,
butalsoincludesaneckringheldinplacebyverticalbarsattached
tothebodyofthebrace.

---

1450.VertebraPlanaisseeninallexcept-
a)HistioctosisX

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)Leukemia
c)Excessiveuseofsystemicsteroids
d)ScheurmannsDisease
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.ScheurmannsDisease

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

CausesofVertebraPlana
1. Histocytosis-X(Eosinophilicgranuloma)
2. Leukemia
3. TB
4. Metastasis,Multiplemyeloma,Ewing'ssarcoma,lymphoma

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

5. Osteochondritisofvertebralbody(Calve'sdisease)
6. Hemangioma
7. Trauma
8. Steroids

---

1451.Whatisluxatioerecta?

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

a)AnteriorDislocationoftheshoulderjoint
b)InferiorDislocationoftheshoulderjoint
c)AnteriorDislocationoftheHIPjoint
d)PosteriorDislocationofHipjoint
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-B.InferiorDislocationoftheshoulderjoint
Theheadofthehumerusisbelowtheglenoidcavityandthe
humeralshaftispointingoverhead.
Itisduetohyperabductioninjury.
Itisrareandalsocalledluxatioerectabecausethehumeralheadis

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

subluxated(dislocatedinferiorly)andhumerusshaftpointsupwards
(erected).

---

1452.Whichofthefollowingcasts/splintsis
usedforfractureshafthumerus?
a)Hangingcasts

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Knucklebendersplint
c)AeroplaneSplint
d)Aboveelbowcast
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Hangingcasts

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Hangingcast-Fractureofthehumerus
Turn-bucklecast-Scoliosis

---

1453.Liftofftestisdonetoassessthe
functionof:
a)Supraspinatus

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Infraspinatus
c)TeresMinor
d)Subscapularis
CorrectAnswer-D
Di.e.Subscapularis

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

-Failuretoperformmaximuminternalrotation(astestedinbelly
pressandliftofftest)orinabilitytomaintainpositionofmaximal
internalrotation(internalrotationlagsign)indicatetearof
subscapularistendon.
Liftofftestisdonetoassessthestrengthofsubscapularismuscle

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

anddetectanisolatedruptureofsubscapularistendoninarotator
cufftear.

---

1454.Allaretrueaboutmenisciofkneejoint
except
a)Lateralmeniscuscoversmorearticularsurfaceoftibia-

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Lateralmeniscusismoremobile
c)Lateralmeniscusismorepronetoinjury
d)Lateralmeniscusissemicircular
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Lateralmeniscusismorepronetoinjury

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1455.Threepointbonyrelationshipofthe
elbowisdisturbedin-
a)SupracondylarFractureofthehumerus
b)Fracturelateralcondyleofthehumerus
c)MonteggiaFracturedislocation

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

d)FractureofProximalRadius
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Fracturelateralcondyleofthehumerus
Threeprominentbonypointsaroundelbowaremedialepicondyle,
lateralepicondyleandtipoftheolecranon.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Inelbowinjuries,followingisseeninthreebonyrelationship:
1. Maintained
2. Disturbed

---

1456.HamiltonRulertestsignispositivein
whichoftheabovementioned

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

conditions?
a)Anteriordislocationofshoulder
b)Acrornioclavivularjointdislocation
c)Posteriordislocationofshoulder
d)luxatioerecta

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Anteriordislocationofshoulder
Hamiltonrulertest:Becauseofflatteningofshoulder,itispossible
toplacearuleronthelateralsideofarmandittouchesacromian&
lateralcondyleofhumerussimultaneously(innormalitwouldnot

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

duetoshouldercontour).

---

1457.CubitusValgusDeformityiscommonly
seeninwhichofthefollowing
conditions-
a)MalunitedLateralCondylarfractureofHumerus

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)MalunitedSupracondylarFractureofHumerus
c)Posteriordislocationofelbow
d)Fracturemedialcondyleofhumerus
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.MalunitedLateralCondylarfractureofHumerus

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Fracturescommonlyshowingcubitusvalgusdeformitydueto
malunion:
Fracturelateralcondylehumerus
MonteggiaFractureDislocation

---

1458.TrueregardingMonteggiafractureis:

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

March2007,March2013(a,b,d,f)
a)Upperulnarfracture&dislocatedradialhead
b)Upperradialfracture&dislocatedulna
c)Lowerradialfracture&dislocatedulna
d)Lowerulnarfracture&dislocatedradius

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A:Upperulnarfracture&dislocatedradialhead
Monteggiafracture-dislocationsareclassifiedbytheBado
system
BadotypeIinjuriesarecharacterizedbyaproximalulnarfracture

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

withanteriordislocationoftheradialhead.Thisisduetoaforceful
pronationinjuryoftheforearmandisthemostcommontype.
BadotypeIIinjuriesare"reversed"Monteggiafracture-dislocation
injuries.
Here,thereisposteriorangulationoftheulnarfracturesiteand

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

posteriordislocationoftheradialhead.BadotypeIIIandIVarerare
injuries.

---

1459.Dinnerforkdeformityisseenin?
a)Colle'sfracture
b)Marchfracture

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Lateralcondylefracture
d)Supracondylarfracture
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Colle'sfracture
Complicationsofcolle'sfracture

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Complicationsincolle'sfracturearehigh(50-60%).Following
complicationsmayoccur
1)Stiffnessoffingersandjoints
Stiffnessoffinger,wristandshoulderisthemostcommonavoidable
complicationofcolle'sfracture.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Thisoccursduetolackofexercise.Therefore,patientshouldbe
encouragedforactiveexerciseoffingerandshoulder.
2)Malunion
Itisthesecondmostcommoncomplication
Itresultsindinnerforkdeformity

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

3)Sudek'sosteodystrophy(reflexsympatheticdystrophy)
4)Carpaltunnelsyndrome:
Mediannervemaygetcompressedincarpaltunnel
5)Carpalinstability
6)Ruptureoftheextensorpollicislongustendon

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

7)Frozenshouldersyndrome
Thisisatroublesomecomplicationwhichdevelopsdueto
unnecessoryvoluntaryshoulderimmobilizationbythepatientonthe
affectedsideforfearoffracturedisplacement.
8)TFCCinjury

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

9)Non-unionisveryrare

---

1460.AVNfollowingtranscervicalneckfemur
fracturesoccursduetodamageto
whichofthefollowingbloodvessels?
a)Lateralretinacularbranchoflateralcircumflexfemoralartery

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Lateralretinacularbranchofmedialcircumflexfemoralartery
c)Medialretinacularbranchoflateralcircumflexfemoralartery
d)Obduratorartery
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Lateralretinacularbranchoflateralcircumflex

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

femoralartery
LateralcircumflexfemoralarteryItsuppliesthroughanterior
retinacularartery.

---

1461.Brodie-Trendelenburgtestispositive
in:

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Deepveinthrombosis
b)Sapheno-femoralincompetence
c)Thromboangiitisobliterans
d)Below-kneeperforatorsincompetence
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.B:Sapheno-femoralIncompetence
Atesttoassessthecompetenceofthesaphenofemoraljunction.
TheBrodie-Trendelenburgtestisusedtodetectvenous
incompetenceandtodifferentiatebetweenperforatorandGSV
incompetence.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

TheBrodie-Trendelenburgtestishighlysensitiveforthe
identificationofsuperficialandperforatorreflux.
SFJ(saphenofemoraljunction)incompetenceisdiagnosedifthe
distalveinsfillrapidlyuponreleaseofthetourniquet.
SometextbooksrefertotheTrendelenburgtestandthetourniquet

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

testinterchangeably.

---

1462.Lockingofthekneeinvolves-
a)Externalrotationoffemurwiththefootofftheground
b)Internalrotationofthetibiawiththefootontheground
c)Contractionofpopliteus

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Internalrotationoffemurwithfootontheground
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.Internalrotationoffemurwithfootontheground
Physiologicallockingoccursinextensionwhenthefemuris
internally(medially)rotatedonafixedtibia.Lockingisamechanism

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

thatallowsthekneetoremaininthepositionoffullextensionasin
standingwithoutmuchmusculareffortsandiscausedbyquadriceps
femoris.

---

1463.Footdropoccursduetothe
involvementof:

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

September2006,March2013(b,fg,h)
a)Sciaticnerve
b)Directinjurytothedorsiflexors
c)Commonperonealnervepalsy
d)Alloftheabove

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D:Alloftheabove
Footdropmayfollowdirectinjurytothedorsiflexors.
Afewcasesofruptureofthetibialisanteriortendonleadingtofoot
dropandsuspicionofperonealnervepalsyhaveoccurred.This

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

subcutaneoustendonruptureusuallyoccursafteraminortrauma
withthefootinplantarflexion.
Compartmentsyndromesalsomayleadtofootdrop.
Marchgangrene,aformofanteriorcompartmentsyndrome,is
thoughttobeduetoedemaandsmallhemorrhagesinthemuscles

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

oftheanteriorcompartmentoccurringafterstrenuousactivityin
individualsnotaccustomedtoit.Deepposteriorcompartment
syndromealsomayresultinfootdropasalatesequeladueto
resultantcontractureformation.
Neurologiccausesoffootdropincludemononeuropathiesofthe

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

deepperoneal,commonperoneal,orsciaticnerves.Lumbosacral
plexopathy,lumbarradiculopathy,motorneurondisease,or
parasagittalcorticalorsubcorticalcerebrallesionsalsocanmanifest
asfootdrop.Theselesionscanbedifferentiatedthroughclinicaland
electrodiagnosticexaminations.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

Acommonbehavioralcauseoffootdropishabitualcrossingofthe
legs.Thesecasestypicallyresolvewithdiscontinuationofthehabit.
Footdropalsomaybeseenasacombinationofneurologic,
muscular,andanatomicdysfunction.Charcotfootisoneexample.

---

1464.Fractureneckoffemurin80yearold

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

malesustained1weekbackThe
treatmentofchoiceis-
a)Hemiarthroplasty
b)ExcisionarthroPlastY
c)Closedreductionandfixationwiththreecancellousscrews

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Longitudinalskintractionfor6weeks
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Hemiarthroplasty
Closedreduction&screwfixation
If2attemptsofclosedreductionfail,hemiarthroplastyisdone

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1465.Whichofthefollowingfracturesofthe
neckoffemurareassociatedwith
maximalcompromiseinbloodsupply?
a)Intertrochantericfractures
b)Basicervicalfracture

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Transcervicalfracture
d)SubCapitalfractures
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.SubCapitalfractures
Thenon-unionandAVNwillbemostcommoninsubcapitalfracture

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

andleastinbasicervicalfracture.

---

1466.AVNisseeninwhichtypeof#offemur:
a)Intertrochantric#
b)Subcapital#
c)Transcervical#

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

d)BANDC
CorrectAnswer-D
B.i.e.Subcapital>C.i.e.Transcervical
Fractureoftheneckoffemur
FractureoftheScaphoid(Proximalpole>Waist)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Fractureneckoftalus
Posteriordislocationofthehip

---

1467.Tinelssignisseenin-
a)AvascularnecrosisofscaPhoid
b)KienbocksDisease

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)lstcarpometacarpaljointarthritis
d)Carpaltunnelsyndrome
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.Carpaltunnelsyndrome
Mediannervepercussiontest(Tinel'ssign):-Themediannerveis

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

gentlytappedatthewrist.Thetestispositiveifthereistingling
sensation

---

1468.Whichofthefollowingisusedasa
substituteforwristextensorsinradial
nervePalsY?

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a)PronatorTeres
b)PalmarisLongus
c)FlexorDigitorumSuPerficialis
d)FlexorDigitorumProfundus
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-A.PronatorTeres
Pronatorteresisacommonmuscleusedasasubstituteforwrist
extensorsincaseofwristdropoccurringasaresultofradialnerve
palsy.Pronatorteresisapronatoroftheforearmsuppliedby
Mediannerve.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

---

1469.Mostcommoncauseofca4raltunnel
syndromeis?
a)Pregnancy
b)Idiopathic
c)Alcoholism

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Occupational-Excessiveuseofvibratoryinstruments
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Idiopathic
Mostcommontypeofcarpaltunnelsyndromeisidiopathicno
knowncause.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1470.A45yearoldcarpenterwithablunt
traumatohisarmsustainedafracture
followingwhichhedevelopedwristdrop,
lossofextensionatfingersandlossof
sensationsonthelateralaspectofthe

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

wristjoint.Whichofthefollowingis
true?
a)Patienthasaninjurytothemediannerve
b)Heshouldhavealsolostextentionoftheforearm
c)Patienthasinjuredtheradialnerveinthespirdgroove

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Thereiscombinedinvolvementoftheradialnerveandmedian
nerve
CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.Patienthasinjuredtheradialnerveinthespird
groove

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Radialnerveinjurymaybehighorlow.
1)Highradialnervepalsy
Injuryisbeforethespiralgroove
Allmusclessuppliedbyradialnerveareparalysed
2)Iflesionishigh

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Wristdrop,thumbdropandfingerdrop.
Inabilitytoextendelbow,wrist,thumb&fingers(MPjoint)
Patientcanextendinterphalangealjointsduetoactionoflumbricals
andinterossei.
Sensorylossoverposteriorsurfaceofarm&forearmandlower

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

lateralhalfofforearm.

---

---

1471.Wristdropisduetoinjuryto?
a)Radialnerve
b)Ulnarnerve
c)Mediannerve

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Posteriorinterosseousnerve
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.(A)Radialnerve
Clinicalfeaturesofradialnervepalsy
Clinicalfeaturesdependuponthesiteoflesion.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1)Iflesionishigh
Wristdrop,thumbdropandfingerdrop.
Inabilitytoextendelbow,wrist,thumb&fingers(MPjoint)
Patientcanextendinterphalangealjointsduetoactionoflumbricals
andinterossei.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Sensorylossoverposteriorsurfaceofarm&forearmandlower
lateralhalfofforearm.
2)Iflesionislow
a)TypeI
Wristdrop,thumbdropandfingerdrop.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Elbowextensionispreserved.
Sensorylossoverthedorsumoffirstwebspace.
b)TypeII
Thumbdropandfingerdrop
Elbowandwristextensionispreserved

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Sensorylossoverthedorsumoffirstwebspace.

---

1472.Inwhichofthefollowingdeformitiesis
thedistalinterphalangealjointextended
?
a)Boutonnieredeformity

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Swanneckdeformity
c)Zdeforrnity
d)ClawHand
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Boutonnieredeformity

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Boutonnieredeformity:FlexioncontractureofPIPjointand
extensionofDIPjoint.

---

1473.Clubfootclinicallypresentaswhat
deformity?
a)Calcaneovalgus

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)Equinovarus
c)EquinoCavovarus
d)Calcaneovarus
CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.EquinoCavovarus

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

CTEVisthecommonestandmostimportantcongenitaldeformityof
thefoot.
Thedeformityconsistsoffollowingelements:
1. Equinus,i.e.Plantarflexionatanklejoint(tibiotalarjoint)
2. Inversionoffootatsubtalarjoint(talocalcanealjoint)

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

3. Forefootadduction,atmid-tarsaljoints,especiallyattalo-navicular
joint.
4. Sometimesforefootcavus,i.e.excessivearchingofthefootatmid-
tarsaljoints

---

1474.4yearoldchildpresentedtotheclinic

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

withahistoryoffallonoutstretched
hand.Radiographsrevealedabroken
anteriorcortexwithanintactposterior
cortexOftheradiuswithan
exaggeratedbowingoftheradius.The

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

fracturesustainedisknownas-
a)TorusFracture
b)Greenstickfracture
c)GalleaziFracture
d)MonteggiaFrtactureDislocation

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Greenstickfracture
GreenstickFracture:Incompletefractureofthebonewithplastic
deformationontheconcavesideofthebone.Thefractureneedsto
becompletedtoobtainreduction.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

---

1475.Greenstick/Nightstickfracturesare
seenin-
a)Children
b)Elderly
c)Youngadults

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Commoninallagegroups
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Children

---

1476.Waddlinggaitdueto:
March2009

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Bilateralcongenitaldysplasiaofhip
b)Coxavalga
c)CTEV
d)Bilateralcoxavalgum
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.A:Bilateralcongenitaldysplasiaofhip
Awaddlinggaitisthestyleofwalkingthatisseeninapatient
withproximalmyopathy.Itischaracterisedby:
Abroad-basedgaitwithaduck-likewaddletotheswingphase
Thepelvisdropstothesideofthelegbeingraised

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Forwardcurvatureofthelumbarspine
Markedbodyswing
Thisgaitmaybeseeninpatientswithbilateralcongenitalhip
dislocationandpregnancy.

---

1477.Blount'sdiseaseisassociatedwithallofthefollowing,EXCEPT:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Genuvarum
b)GenuRecurvatum
c)InternalTibialTorsion
d)ExternalTibialTorsion
CorrectAnswer-D

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Blount'sdiseaseischaracterizedbyvarusandinternaltibialtorsionandgenurecurvatum,
withvarusoftheproximaltibiabeingtheprimarydeformity.Itisnotassociatedwithexternal
tibialtorsion.
Ref:Operativetechniquesinpediatricorthopedics,byJohnM.Flynn,SamW.Wiesel,Page
205,206.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

---

1478.WhodevisedcorrectionofCTEVby
serialcastinga-
a)IgnasioPonseti
b)GerhardtKuntscher
c)GavrilIlizarov

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)HughOwenThomas
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.IgnasioPonseti
IgnasioPonsetipropoundedthetechniqueofserialweeklycasts.

---

1479.Osteosclerosisisafeatureofwhichof

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

thefollowinga-
a)Rickets
b)Hyperparathyroidism
c)PagetsDisease
d)OsteogenesisImperfecta

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.PagetsDisease
Paget'sdiseaseischaracterizedbyincreasedboneturnoverand
enlargementandthickeningofthebone,buttheinternalarchitecture
isabnormalandtheboneisusuallybrittle.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Primarydefectisinosteoclastswithincreasedosteoclasticactivity.
Thisresultssecondarilyincreaseinosteoblasticactivity(normal
osteoclastsandosteoblastsactinaco-ordinatedmanner).

---

1480.Allofthefollowingaretrueregarding
PagetsDiseaseexcept-

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Pelvisisthemostcommonsite
b)Cranialnerveinvolvementmaybeseen
c)Highoutputcardiacfailureisoneofthecomplications
d)Itmayprogresstoasecondarychondrosarcoma
CorrectAnswer-D

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-D.Itmayprogresstoasecondarychondrosarcoma
Pagetsdiseasemayprogresstoasecondaryosteosarcomanot
chondrosarcoma

---

1481.Whichofthefollowingis/aretrueaboutperthesdisease?

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

1.Avascularnecrosisoffemoralhead
2.Onsetbefore10yearsofage
3.Osteotomyisusedfortreatment
4.Limbshortening

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a)1,2true&3,4false
b)2,3True&1,4false
c)1,2,3true&4false
d)Allaretrue
CorrectAnswer-D

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

ItisalsoknownastheparsplanaandPseudoCoxalgia.Itisanosteochondritisofthe
femoralhead.Thefemoralheadbecomespartlyorwhollyavascularanddeformed.
Etiologyisnotdefinetlyknown.Itissupposedtobeduetoreccurentepisoedesof
ischemiaofthefemoralheadinthesuceptibleagegroup,probablyperecipitaedby
episodesofsynovitis.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Pathology:thediseaseprogressesinthreeilldefinedstages:
Stageofsynovitis
Stageoftrabecularnecrosis
Stageofhealing
Clinicalfeatures:

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Commonlyseenintheagegroupof5to10years.Childpresentwithpaininthehipwhich
oftenradiatestothekneeormayalsopresentwithlimporhipstiffness.Onexamination,
thefindingareminimal.sometimestheonlyfindingbeinglimitationofabductionand
internalrotationandshortening.
X-rayshowscollapseandsclerosisoftheepiphysisofthefemoralhead.hipjointspaceis

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

increased.Bonescanmayshowadecreaseduptakebytheheadofthefemur.
Treatment:Theprimaryaimistopreventtheheadfromillshapingwhiletheboneisinthe
softeningphase.Theheadisrequiredtobekeptinsidetheacetabulumwhilethe
revascularizationtakesplace(i.e.containment).Thismaybeachievedbycorrective
methods(plaster,splintetc.)orbyoperation(containmentosteotomy).

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

Ref:Maheshwari3/e,Page269-70.

---

1482.Microorganismwhichcausespyogenic
osteomyelitisis?
a)Streptococcus
b)Staphaureus

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Corynebacterium
d)Neisseriagonorrhoeae
CorrectAnswer-B
Staphylococcusaureuscauses80?90%ofcasesofacute
pyogenicosteomyelitis.Saureushasareceptorforcollagen,which

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

contributestoitspathogenicity.Otherorganismsthatcause
osteomyelitisinclude:
EscherichiacoliandPseudomonasinintravenousdrugusersand
patientswithurinarytractinfections.
HaemophilusinfluenzaeandGroupBStreptococcusinneonates.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Salmonellainpatientswithsicklecelldisease.
Ref:WyattC.,KempW.L.,MoosP.J.,BurnsD.K.,BrownT.G.
(2008).Chapter19.PathologyoftheBonesandJoints.InC.Wyatt,
W.L.Kemp,P.J.Moos,D.K.Burns,T.G.Brown(Eds),Pathology:
TheBigPicture.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1483.Commonestsiteofoccurrenceof
chondrosarcomais-
a)Pelvis
b)Ribs
c)Femur

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Proximaltibia
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Pelvis
Achondrosarcomaisamalignanttumorderivedfromcartilagecells
andittendstomaintainitscartilaginouscharacterthroughoutits

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

evolution
Mostcommonlyinvolvedbonesarepelvis(mostcommon),femur
(2ndmostcommon),humerus,ribsandshouldergirdles.
Itmaybeatmetaphysisordiaphysis.

---

1484.OnionpeelappearanaceonXrayis

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

seeninwhichofthefollowing
conditions?
a)EwingsSarcoma
b)Osteosarcoma
c)Giantcelltumour

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Eosinophilicgranuloma
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.EwingsSarcoma
OnionPeelAppearance EwingsSarcoma
CodmansTriangle

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Osteosarcoma
SunBurstAppearance
Osteosarcoma
SoapBubbleappearance GCT

---

1485.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

---

Whichpartofthespineismostcommonly
affectedinRheumatoidarthritis:
a)Cervical
b)Lumbar
c)Thoracic

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Sacral
CorrectAnswer-A
AnswerisA(Cervical):
Rheumatoidarthritiscommonlyinvolvesthejointsofhands,wrist,
elbow,knees,ankle,andfeetinasymmetricalmanner.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

AxialskeletoninvolvementisusuallylimitedtoUpperCervical
Spine.

---

1486.Hammertoedeformityisseenin-
a)Rheumatoidarthritis
b)Fracturedistalphalanxofgreattoe

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Bunion
d)Osteochondritis
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Rheumatoidarthritis
FootHalluxvalgus,Hammertoe,etc.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1487.Nervedamagedduetolunate
dislocation(incarpaltunnel):
a)Median&ulnar
b)Median
c)Ulnar

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Radial
CorrectAnswer-B
B.i.e.Mediannerve
Commoncausesofmediannervepalsyincarpaltunnelarecarpal
tunnelsyndrome(mostcommon)andInnatedislocation.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1488.Malodorousvaginaldischargeisdue
to
a)Bacterialvaginosis
b)Chlamydiatrachomatis
c)Trichomonasvaginalis

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Neisseriagonorrhea
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Bacterialvaginosis
Bacterialvaginosisisanalterationofthenormalvaginalflorawith
consequentovergrowthofpathogenicbacteria.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Thereisfallintheabsolutenumberofhydrogenperoxide-
producinglactobacilli,leadingtoariseinpHandincreaseinthe
absolutenumberofG.vaginalis,anaerobicgram-negativerods,
Mobiluncusspp.andMycoplasmahominis.

---

1489.Quickeninginmultiparaeisfeltatwhat

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

weeksofgestation?
a)14weeks
b)16weeks
c)18weeks
d)20weeks

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.16weeks
Quickeningisfeelingoflife.Itdenotesperceptionofactivefetal
movementsbythewomen.Itisusuallyfeltaboutthe18thweek,
about2weeksearlierinmultiparae.Itsappearanceisanuseful

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

guidetocalculatetheexpecteddateofdeliverywithreasonable
accuracy.

---

1490.Trueaboutplacentalsitetrophoblastic
diseaseis
a)HighlyMalignantbehavior

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Hysterectomyfollowedbychemoradiationisthetreatmentof
choice
c)Secreteshumanplacentallactogen
d)Containssyncytiotrophoblastsmainly
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-C.Secreteshumanplacentallactogen
PlacentalSiteTrophoblasticTumour
Arisesfromtheplacentalbedtrophoblastsandinvadesthe
myometrium.
Followsafull-termnormaldelivery.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Tumorcontainsmainlycytotrophoblastswithfeworno
syncytiotrophoblasts.
Mostofthesetumorsrunabenigncourse,malignancyisrare.
[RefShaw'sGynaele/ep.313;Dutta'sObs8thiep.231]

---

1491.Crowningis

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Biparietaldiameterattheinletofpelvis
b)Biparietaldiameterattheischialspine
c)Biparietaldiameteratthevulvaloutlet
d)BiparietaldiameterjustoutsidethevulvaloutletAnswer-
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-C.Biparietaldiameteratthevulvaloutlet
Crowning:Afterinternalrotationofthehead,furtherdescentoccurs
untilthesubocciputliesunderneaththepubicarch.Atthisstage,the
maximumdiameterofthehead(biparietaldiameter)stretchesthe
vulvaloutletwithoutanyrecessionoftheheadevenafterthe

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

contractionisover-called"crowningofthehead".

---

1492.Prolongedsecondstageoflabourmay
occurdueto
a)Uterineinertia
b)Epiduralanalgesia

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Cephalopelvicdisproportion
d)Alloftheabove
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.Alloftheabove
Prolongationofsecondstageoflabourcanoccurduetoanyof

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

thefollowingreasons:
1)Faultinthepower
Uterineinertia
Inabilitytobeardown
Epiduralanalgesia

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Constrictionring
2)Faultinthepassage
Cephalopelvicdisproportion,androidpelvis,contractedpelvis
Undueresistanceofthepelvicfloororperineumduetospasmorold
scarring

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Softtissuepelvictumor.
3)Faultinthepassenger
Malposition(occipito-posterior)
Malpresentation
Bigbaby

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Congenitalmalformationofthebaby

---

1493.Progesteroneofchoiceinemergencycontraceptionis?
a)Norethisterone
b)Medroxyprogesterone
c)Oxytocin

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Levonorgestrel
CorrectAnswer-D
Unprotectedintercoursewithoutregardtothetimeofthemonthcarriesan8%incidenceof
pregnancy,anincidencethatcanbereducedto2%bytheuseofemergency
contraceptiveswithin72hoursofunprotectedintercourse.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

0.75mglevonorgestrelarenowapprovedforpostcoitalcontraceptionandareavailable
overthecounterforwomenaged>17years.Levonorgestrelismoreeffectiveandis
associatedwithfewersideeffectsthanthecombinationestrogen-progestinregimens.
Basicallythemethodsusedinterferewiththephysiologicaleventsbeforeimplantation,for
e.g.inhibitionordelayingofovulationorinterferencewithpostovulatoryeventsnecessary

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

forimplantation&longevityoftheblastocyst.
Ref:HallJ.E.(2012).Chapter347.TheFemaleReproductiveSystem,Infertility,and
Contraception.InD.L.Longo,A.S.Fauci,D.L.Kasper,S.L.Hauser,J.L.Jameson,J.
Loscalzo(Eds),Harrison'sPrinciplesofInternalMedicine,18e.

---

1494.Lovsetmanoeuvreisusedindeliveryof

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

:
a)Head
b)Breech
c)Foot
d)Arms

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-D
Arms
Lovset'smaneuver
Principle:Becauseofthecurvedbirthcanal,whentheanterior
shoulderremainsabovethesymphysispubis,theposteriorshoulder

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

willbebelowthesacralpromontory.Ifthefetaltrunkisrotated
keepingthebackanteriorandmaintainingadownwardtraction,the
posteriorshoulderwillappearbelowthesymphysispubis.

---

1495.Commonmisdiagnosisofpartialmole
is

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Threatenedabortion
b)Choriocarcinoma
c)Completemole
d)Ectopicpregnancy
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-A.Threatenedabortion
Theclinicalpictureofpartialmoleisconfusedwiththreatened
abortionormissedabortionduetopainandbleedingalongwitha
fetus(usuallydead)inutero.

---

1496.Whenfetusisatstation+2&fetalskull

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

reachespelvicfloor,whichofthe
followingistrue
a)Forcepscanbeapplied
b)Besttimetogiveepisiotomy
c)Calledascrowning

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Mayleadtodeeptransversearrest
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Forcepscanbeapplied
Whenthefetalskullhasreachedthelevelofpelvicfloorandstation
ofheadisat+2ormore,outletforcepscanbeapplied.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

However,crowningisdefinedasstretchingofthevulva'outletbythe
maximumdiameterofthefetalhead(biparietaldiameter)without
anyrecession.Thusthestationis+5.
Besttimetogiveepisiotomyisatthetimeofcrowningofhead.
[RefDutta'sObstetrics81h/ep.651]

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1497.Mostcommonbreechpositionis
a)Completebreech
b)Frankbreech
c)Footlingbreech
d)Kneepresentation

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Frankbreech
Frankbreech(Breechwithextendedlegs)isthemostcommon
breechpresentation.
Breechwithextendedlegs(Frankbreech):Thighsareflexedathip

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

andlegsareextendedatknee.Itiscommonlyseeninprimigravidae
(70%).
Itisthemostcommontypeofbreech.

---

1498.Whichisnotariskfactorforgestational
hypertension

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Obesity
b)Smoking
c)Primigravida
d)FactorVLeidenmutation
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-B.Smoking
Primigravida:Youngorelderly(firsttimeexposuretovilli)
Familyhistory(hypertension,pre-eclampsia)
Placentalischemia
Obesity

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Thrombophilia(antiphospholipidsyndrome),proteinCandS
deficiency,factorVLeidenmutation)
Molarpregnancy(earlyonsetpre-eclampsia)

---

1499.Methodnotusedforshoulderdystocia
a)McRobert'smaneuver

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Hegar'smaneuver
c)Zanavellimaneuver
d)Wood'smaneuver
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Hegar'smaneuver

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

McRobert's,ZanavelliandWood'smaneuvers'aremaneuversinthe
managementofshoulderdystocia.

---

1500.Occipitoanteriorposition
a)Anteriorfontanalleisposterior
b)SagittalsutureisalongtheTransverseplaneofthematernal

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

pelvis
c)Coronalsutureisalongtheantero-posteriorplaneofthe
maternalpelvis
d)Alloftheabove
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-A.Anteriorfontanalleisposterior
Indirectoccipitoanteriorposition,thesagittalsutureofthefetuswill
bealongtheantero-posteriorplaneofthematernalpelvisandthe
coronalsuturealongthetransversediameter.

---

1501.InMedicalterminationofpregnancy,

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

accordingtoFDA,Misoprostolisgiven
afterhowmanyhoursofMifepristone?
a)24hours
b)48hours
c)72hours

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)96hours
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,48hours
FDAapprovedprotocol-(Originalprotocol)
600mgofmifepristone(i.e.,3tablets)givenorallyonday1followed

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

2days(48hours)laterbyoralmisoprostol400tig(2tablets)onday
3.
Thetreatmentshouldbestartednomorethan48daysfromthestart
ofthelastmenstrualperiod.
Butaccordingtotherecentprotocol

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

200mgofmifepristone(itisaseffectiveas600mgofmifepristone)
isgivenorallyonDay1followed2days(48hours)laterbyvaginal
misoprostol800pg.
Thisregimeprovideshighestefficacywithin63daysofamenorrhea.

---

1502.Thebestmethodforinducingmid

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

trimesterabortionis:
a)InjectionofHypertonicSaline
b)Ethacrydine
c)Prostaglandins
d)DandC

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-C
Prostaglandins
Midtrimesterterminationofpregnancy
A)Medicalmethods
i)Prostaglandins:misoprostol(PGE1)withorwithoutMife

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

pristone,gemeprost(PGE1),dinoprostone(PGE2),carboprost
(PGE2)
ii)Oxytocin

---

1503.Twinpregnancyofthesameageand
sexrulesout?

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Superfetation
b)Maternaltwins
c)Superfecundation
d)Noneoftheabove
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'a'i.e.,Superfetation
Superfetation
Itisthesimultaneousoccurrenceofmorethanonestageof
developingoffspringinthesameanimal.
Inmammals,itmanifestsastheformationofanembryofroma

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

differentestrouscyclewhileanotherembryoorfetusisalready
presentintheuterus.

---

1504.Propulsivestageinlabourinmultipara
a)10minutes
b)20minutes

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

c)40minutes
d)1hour
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.20minutes
Secondstageoflabourhastwophases:

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

1. Propulsivephase:fromfulldilatationofcervixuntilheadtouches
pelvicfloor.
2. Expulsivephase:Sincethetimethereisirresistiblematernaldesire
tobeardownuntilthebodyisdelivered.
Meandurationofsecondstageis50minutesfornulliparaand20

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

minutesinmultipara.

---

1505.Duringpregnancyincreasedsizeof
pituitaryiscausedbyincreasedsizeof
cellswhichsecrete?
a)Growthhormone

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)Prolactin
c)ACTH
d)TSH
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Prolactin

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Prolactinlevelsrisegraduallythroughoutpregnancy,preparingthe
breastforlactation.
Thislactotrophhyperplasiahasimportantimplicationsforthepatient
withaprolactinomawhodesirespregnancy.

---

1506.Therapeuticuseoffolicacidis

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Previouspregnancywithchildhavingneuraltubedefect
b)Megaloblasticanaemia
c)Hemoglobinopathies
d)Alloftheabove
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-B.Megaloblasticanaemia
Folicacidisgiveninallthegivenconditions.Butanswerhearis
optionb.
Thisquestionsistricky:-
Examinerisaskingabouttherapeuticusesoffolicacid(not

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

preventive)
Inmegaloblasticanemia,folicisgivenfortreatment-->therapeutic
uses
Inpregnancyitisgivenforpreventionofneuraltubedefect-->
prophylacticuse(preventiveuse)

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1507.Whatwouldbethetypeofpresentationwhentheengagingdiameteris
mentovertical?
a)Face
b)Brow
c)Vertex

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Breech
CorrectAnswer-B
Inbrowpresentation,theengagingdiameterismentovertical(14cm).Browisthe
rarestvarietyofcephalicpresentationwherethepresentingpartisthebrowandtheattitude
oftheoftheheadisshortofthatdegreeofextensionnecessarytoproduceface

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

presentation.
Infacepresentation,thepresentingpartisface,attitudeofthefetusshowscomplete
flexionofthelimbswithextensionofthespine.Thecommonestpositionisleftmento
anterior.Theengagingdiameteroftheheadissubmentobregmatic9.5cminfully
extendedheadorsubmentovertical11.5cminpartiallyextendedhead.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Ref:TextbookofObstetricsByD.CDutta,6thedn,page392-3

---

1508.Cardiacoutputinpregnancyincreases
fromwhichweekofgestation
a)5weeks

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)15weeks
c)25weeks
d)35weeks
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.5weeks

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Cardiacoutputstartstoincreasefromthe5thweekofgestation,
reachesitspeak40-50%at30-34weeks.

---

1509.Strokevolumeincreasesinpregnancy
by
a)20%

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)25%
c)40%
d)45%
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.25%

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Hemodynamicchangesduringpregnancy
Pregnancynear
Non-pregnant
Change
term

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Cardiacoutput
4.5
6.26
+40%
(lit/m1)

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Strokevolume(ml)
65
75
+27%
Heartrate(per

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

70
85
+17%
minute)
Unaffectedormidpregnancydropofdiastolic

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Bloodpressure
pressureby5-10mmHg
8-10cm
Venouspressure
20cm

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

+100%
(femoral)
Colloidoncotic
20
18

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

-14%
pressure(mmHg)
Systemicvascular
-21%
resistance

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Pulmonaryvascular
-34%
rests

---

1510.Oxygenconsumptionincreasesin
pregnancyby

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

a)10%
b)20%
c)30%
d)40%
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-B.20%
Oxygenconsumptionincreasesapproximately20%during
pregnancy,anditisapproximately10%higherinmultifetal
gestation.
Duringlabour,oxygenconsumptionincreases40-60%.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1511.Whichofthefollowingaboutabdominal
pregnancyistrue?
a)Primaryabdominalpregnancyismorecommon
b)Ifplacentaisdenselyadhered,itshouldbeseparatedalongwith
theorganitoverlies

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Around50%ofthefetusreachfulltermandsurvive
d)Ifplacentaisleftbehind,infectioncanoccur
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.Ifplacentaisleftbehind,infectioncanoccur
AbdominalPregnancy

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

A)PrimaryAbdominalPregnancy
CriteriatodiagnoseprimaryabdominalpregnancybyStudiford:
1. Boththetubesandovariesarenormalwithoutevidenceofrecent
injury
2. Absenceofuteroplacentalfistula

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

3. Presenceofapregnancyrelatedexclusivelytotheperitoneal
surfaceandyoungenoughtoeliminatethepossibilityofsecondary
implantationfollowingprimarynidationinthetube
B)Secondary
Almostalwayssecondary,theprimarysitesbeingtube,ovaryor

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

eventheuterus-theconceptusescapesoutthroughtherentinthe
uterinescar.

---

1512.45yrsfemalewithG5P4A0L4withLMP
25.8.15,gestationalagewillbehow
manyweeksondate11.5.15?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)32weeks
b)35weeks
c)36weeks
d)40weeks
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-C.36weeks
ifthepatient'sLMPis25.8.15thenEDDwouldbe3.6.16.
On11.5.15,patientwouldbe23daysleftwouldforEDD,thatis3
weeksand2days.Subtractingthisfrom40weeks,thepatients
gestationalagewouldbe36weeksand5days.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1513.

---

Incidenceofscarruptureinasubsequent
pregnancyincaseofLowerSegment
CesareanSection(LSCS)is:
a)2%

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

b)4%
c)5%
d)8%
CorrectAnswer-A
2%

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Theriskoflowersegmentscar-ruptureislow(0.2-1.5%)andevenif
itdoesoccur,maternaldeathismuchlessandtheperinatal
mortalityisabout1in8.

---

1514.Whichofthefollowingisnotaprobable
signofpregnancy

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Jacquemier'ssign
b)Dalrymplesign
c)Hegar'ssign
d)Palmer'ssign
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-B.Dalrymplesign
Probablesignsofpregnancy:
Jacquemier'ssign/Chadwick'ssign
Osiander'ssign
Goodell'ssign

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Piskacek'ssign
Hegar'ssign
Palmer'ssign
Braxtor-hickscontraction
Externalballotment

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Abdominalenlargement
Outliningthefetus

---

1515.Whichofthefollowingovariantumoris
mostpronetoundergotorsionduring
pregnancy:

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Serouscystadenoma
b)Mucinouscystadenoma
c)Dermoidcyst
d)Thecaluteincyst
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.isci.e.Dermoidcyst
"Abenigncysticteratomaisthemostcommonneoplasmtoundergo
torsion,andittotheM/Cbenigntumordiagnosedduring
pregnancy."
Abenigncysticteratomaissynonymoustodermoidcyst.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Remember:
Mostcommonovariantumourinpregnancyisserouscystadenoma
butmostlyremainsundiagnosed.
Incidenceofdermoidcystisincreasedtwofoldduringpregnancy
anditisthemostcommonneoplasmdiagnosedduringpregnancy.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Hingoranisignseen:-Inovariantumorduringpregnancy.
Trendelenburg'spositioncanelicitthegroovebetweentwoseparate
swelling.Usedtodistinguishbetweenovariantumourandfibroid.

---

1516.Whatisthepreferredtreatmentof
completeprolapseinafemalewith

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

completedfamily?
a)Slingsurgery
b)Vaginalhysterectomy
c)LeForte'srepair
d)Pessary

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Vaginalhysterectomy
Vaginalhysterectomyiscommonlyperformedformajordegree
uterineprolapseinafemalewithcompletedfamily.

---

1517.InMRKHsyndrome,whichamongthe

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

followingisabsent?
a)Vagina
b)Breastdevelopment
c)Pubichairdevelopment
d)Testes

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.Testes
MRKHsyndromeisalsoknownasMURCSsyndrome(Mullerian
agenesis,Renalaplasiaandcervicothoracicsomitedysplasia).
MRKH(MayerRokitanskyKusterHauser)syndromehasa

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

karyotypeof46,XX.Sothegonadspresentareovariesincontrast
toAndrogenInsensitivitySyndromewheretestesarepresent.
TheMRKHsyndromeischaracterizedbycongenitalaplasiaofthe
uterusandtheupperpart(2/3)ofthevaginainwomenshowing
normaldevelopmentofsecondarysexualcharacteristicsanda

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

normal46,XXkaryotype.

---

1518.Ifthesymphysiofundalheightis40cm
andthestationoftheheadisat-1,
weightofthefetusisapproximately
a)3kg

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)3.3kg
c)4kg
d)4.3kg
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.4.3kg

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Johnson'sFormulaforestimationoffetalweight:
Heightoftheuterusabovethesymphysispubisincentimeters
minus12,ifthevertexisatorabovethelevelofischialspinesor
minus11,ifthevertexisbelowthelevelofischialspines-multiplied
by155givestheweightingrams.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Solution:(40-12)x155=4340gms

---

1519.Whichofthefollowingistrueregarding
precociouspuberty:
a)Sexualmaturityisattainedearly
b)Mentalfunctionisincreased

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Noreproductivefunction
d)Bodyproportionsareenlarged
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.isai.e.Sexualmaturityisattainedearly
Precociouspubertyistheappearanceofappropriatesecondary

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

sexualcharactersbeforetheageof8yearsandoccurrenceof
menstruationbefore10yearsofchronologicalage.
Alsoknow:Delayedpuberty:isconsidereddelayedwhenthe
secondarysexualcharactersdonotappearbytheageof14,and
menarcheisnotestablishedby16yearsofage.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1520.DuringwhichgestationalageispeakserumHCGlevelsattained?
a)7-9weeks
b)11-13weeks
c)20weeks
d)25weeks

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
HCGrisesprogressivelyfromconception.Levelsdoubleontheaverage,every30.9hours
untilvaluesreach6500mIU/ml(6,500IU/L)atapproximatelytheeighthweekafterthelast
menstrualperiod(LMP).
Afterthattherateofrisebecomesindividualized,peakingbetweenthe60thand70th

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

day(9to10weeks)LMP.
HCGdecreasesslightlybetweenthe12thand16thweekpostLMP,andthenremains
constantuntilbirth.

---

1521.Cephalicindexis
a)BPD/OFD

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

b)BPD/HC
c)OFD/BPD
d)HC/FL
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.BPD/OFD

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Cephalicindex=BPD/OFD(Biparietaldiameterdividedbythe
occipito-frontaldiameter)

---

1522.Theroleofhumanplacentallactogenis
:
a)Stimulatemilkproduction

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Fetalbreastdevelopment
c)Growthoffetus
d)Endocrineregulation
CorrectAnswer-C
Growthoffetus

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Functions:
a)Providefetalnutritionbyantagonizingtheactionofinsulinin
maternalcirculation,breakdownoffatsandproteinsandtransportof
fattyacidsandaminoacidsfrommaternaltofetacirculation.
b)Potentangiogenic,helpsdevelopfetalvasculature.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Promotesgrowthofbreastforlactation.

---

1523.Hotflushesareexperiencedasaresult
of
a)Increasednoradrenaline
b)Decreasedestrogen

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Increasednoradrenalineanddecreasedestrogen
d)Increasednoradrenalineandestrogen
CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.Increasednoradrenalineanddecreasedestrogen
Hotflushesarecausedbynoradrenaline,whichdisturbsthe

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

thermoregulatorysystem.Oestrogendeficiencyreduces
hypothalamicendorphins,whichreleasemorenorepinephrineand
serotonin.Thisleadstoinappropriateheatlossmechanism.
Othercausesthatcanbeassociatedwiththesymptomofhot
flushesinclude:thyroiddisease,epilepsy,pheochromocytoma,

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

carcinoidsyndromes,autoimmunedisorders,mastcelldisorders,
insulinoma,pancreatictumoursandevenleukemias.

---

1524.Kallmanssyndromeisassociatedwith
allofthefollowingexcept
a)Amenorrhea

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

b)ExcessstimulationoftheHPOaxis
c)Geneticmutation
d)Anosmia
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.ExcessstimulationoftheHPOaxis

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

WhencongenitalGnRHdeficiencyisassociatedwithanosmiaor
hyposmia(anabsentorgrosslyimpairedsenseofsmell),the
disorderisknownasKallmann'ssyndrome.
TwogeneticmutationsassociatedwithKallman'sSyndrome:
1. KALgene-X-linkedinheritance(Xp22.3)encodinganosmin-1.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. GeneencodingFGFR1(Fibroblastgrowthfactor-1receptor)-
autosomaldominantform.
Anosmin-1isaneuraladhesionmoleculethatpromotesmigration
ofGnRHneuronsandolfactoryneurons,fromtheolfactoryplacode
intothehypothalamusduringembryonicdevelopment.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1525.PatientwithNTD,doseoffolicacidin
nextpregnancy
a)0.5mg
b)1mg
c)2mg

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)4mg
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.4mg
Folicacidsupplementation4mgdaily1monthbeforeconceptionto
about12weeksofpregnancy.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1526.AbsolutecontraindicationforIUD(Intra
UterineContraceptiveDevice)areall
except?
a)Pregnancy
b)Undiagnosedvaginalbleeding

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Pelvicinflammatorydisease
d)Uterinemalformation
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'di.e.,Uterinemalformation
Contraindications

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

ABSOLUTE:
a)Suspectedpregnancy
b)Pelvicinflammatorydisease
c)Vaginalbleedingofundiagnosedetiology
d)Cancerofthecervix,uterusoradnexaandotherpelvic

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

tumours
e)Previousectopicpregnancy
RELATIVE:
a)Anaemia
b)Menorrhagia

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

c)HistoryofPID(PelvicInflammatoryDisease)sincelast
pregnancy
d)Purulentcervicaldischarge
e)Distortionsoftheuterinecavityduetocongenital
malformations,fibroid

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

f)Unmotivatedperson

---

1527.G2P1L1femalewith1:4antiDtitresat
28weeksgestation,managementis
a)MCADoppler
b)Caesareansection

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Inductionoflabour
d)Amniocentesis
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.MCADoppler
IfIndirectCoomb'stestispositiveinanantenatalpatientwithRh

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

negativebloodgroup,andantibodytitres>1:16orAblevel>10
IU/ml
1. SerialMCADoppler,every1-2weeksfrom20weeks
2. Serialultrasonographyevery2-3weeksfrom20weeks

---

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

1528.AllareofvalueinmodifiedBishop
scoreexcept
a)Dilatation
b)Effacement
c)Cervicallength

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Consistency
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Effacement

---

1529.Antimullerianhormoneissecretedby?
a)Granulosacells

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)Lyedigcells
c)Sertolicells
d)None
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Sertolicells

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

AntimullerianhormoneorMullerianinhibitingsubstanceissecreted
bysertolicells.

---

1530.Numberofstemvilliatterminhuman
placentais
a)60

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)120
c)240
d)480
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.60

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Functionalsubunitiscalledalobulewhichisderivedfromatertiary
stemvilli.About60stemvillipersistinhumanplacenta.Thuseach
cotyledon(total15-29)contains3-4majorstemvilli.Thevilliare
thefunctionalunitoftheplacenta.Thetotalvillisurface,for
exchange,approximatelyvariesbetween10to14squaremetres.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Thefetalcapillarysystemwithinthevilliisalmost50kmlong.

---

1531.Uterusisreceptiveforimplantationfor
howmanydaysafterfertilization-
a)6days
b)12days

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

c)6weeks
d)12weeks
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.12weeks
Superfetationisthefertilizationoftwoovareleasedintwodifferent

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

menstrualcycles.Thenidationanddevelopmentofonefetusover
anotherfetusistheoreticallypossibleuntilthedecidualspaceis
obliteratedby12weeksofpregnancy.

---

1532.Humanplacentais?
a)Discoid

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Hemochorial
c)Deciduate
d)Alltheabove
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Alltheabove

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Thehumanplacentais:
Discoid,becauseofitsshape.
Hemochorial,becauseofdirectcontactofthechorionwiththe
maternalbloodandDeciduate,becausesomematernaltissueis
shedatparturition.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1533.Allaretrueaboututeroplacental
circulationexcept
a)Bloodintheintervillousspaceiscompletelyreplaced3-4
timesperminute
b)Thevillidependonthematernalbloodfortheirnutrition

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Amatureplacentahas150mlofbloodinthevillisystemand
350mlofbloodintheintervillousspace
d)Intervillousbloodflowattermis500-600mlperminute
CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.Amatureplacentahas150mlofbloodinthevilli

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

systemand350mlofbloodintheintervillousspace
Amatureplacentahasavolumeofabout500mlofblood;350ml
beingoccupiedinthevillisystemand150mllyingintheintervillous
space.
Intervillousbloodflowattermisaround500-600mlperminute.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Thebloodintheintervilllousspaceiscompletelyreplacedabout3-
4timesperminute.
Thevillidependonmaternalcirculationfornutrition,thusitis
possibleforthechorionicvillitosurviveforavaryingperiodeven
afterthefetusisdead.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1534.Whichisincreasedinpremature
ovarianfailure:
a)Sr.Inhibin
b)Sr.FSH
c)Sr.Estradiol

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

d)BothAandB
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Sr.FSH
Inprematureovarianfailure:-
1. FSHlevelincreased(40mIU/mlormore).

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

2. Estrogenisdecreased(E2Level20pg/mlorless)
3. InhibinBisdecreased.
[RefShaw'sGynaecology10h/ep.74;SperoffsClinical
GynaecologicEndocrinologyandInfertility5th/ep.463]

---

1535.Allofthefollowingaremarkersof

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

ovarianreserveexcept-
a)InhibinA
b)Estradiolconcentration
c)InhibinB
d)Ovarianvolume

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.InhibinA
BasalFSHandEstradiolconcentration
ClomipheneCitrateChallengeTest
InhibinB

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Antimullerianhormone
Antralfolliclecount
Ovarianvolume

---

1536.Mostcommonsiteinvolvedingenital
TB-

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Fallopiantubes
b)Endometrium
c)Ovaries
d)Vulvo-vaginalpart
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-A.Fallopiantubes
FallopianTubes90-100

---

1537.WhichisnotasideeffectofPOP
[Progestinonlypill]
a)Ovariancysts

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Venousthromboembolism
c)Increasedriskofdiabetesmellitus
d)Ectopicpregnancy
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Venousthromboembolism

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Adverseeffectsofprogestinonlypill(minipill)
Mensturalirregularities
Headache,nausea,dizziners
Bloatingorweightgain
IncreasedriskofINDDM

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Ovariancysts
Breasttenderness
Acne
Ectopicpregnancy

---

1538.Maternalageisnotassociatedwith-

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Pretermlabour
b)Postmaturity
c)Aneuploidy
d)Hydatidiformmole
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-A.Pretermlabour
Recentevidencehoweversuggestslowestincidenceofpreterm
laborbetween18and35yearsofageandhigherriskinlowerand
higheragegroups.

---

1539.Whatistobedoneif2OCPismissed

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

onday17-18ofthecycle-
a)Take2pillsonthenext2days
b)Usebackupcontraceptive
c)Bothaandb
d)Continuetakingsinglepillperday

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Usebackupcontraceptive
MissingpillswhileonOCP-Management:
Missingonepill(lateupto24hours)-takethemissedpillatonceand
continuethesameregimen.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Missingtwopillsinthefirstweek(days1-7)-taketwopillsoneach
ofthenexttwodaysandthencontinuetheschedule.Extra-
precaution(backup)-alternativecontraception
Missingtwopillsinthethirdweek(days15-21)orifmorethantwo
pillsaremissedatanytime-anotherformofcontraception.Startthe

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

nextpackwithoutabreak.
Missinganyofthe7inactivepills-throwawaythemissedpills.Start
thenewpackasusual.

---

1540.Mostcommoncomplicationofdermoid
cystis-

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)CystRupture
b)Torsion
c)Malignantdegeneration
d)Noneoftheabove
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-B.Torsion
TorsionisthemostcommoncomplicationoccurringinDermoidcyst.
Becauseofthefatcontentofthecyst,itislighterthanotherovarian
tumorsandthereforeeasilytorsioned.Almost15%ofdermoidcysts
undergotorsion.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1541.Causeofunilateraldysmenorrhea:
a)Onehornofmalformeduterus
b)Endometriosiswithunilateraldistribution
c)Smallfibroidattheuterotubaljunction
d)Alloftheabove

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-D
Alloftheabove
Causesofunilateraldysmenorrhea:
Onehornofmalformeduterus
Endometriosiswithunilateraldistribution

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Smallfibroidattheutero-tubaljunction.
Ovariandysmenorrhea
Rightovarianveinsyndrome
Colonicorcaecalspasm.

---

1542.Managementoftubalectopicpregnancy

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

of2.5x3cmis-
a)Medicalmanagement
b)Salpingectomy
c)Accordingtopresenceoffetalcardiacactivity
d)Observation

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.Accordingtopresenceoffetalcardiacactivity
Conservativemanagement
Medicalmanagement:
1. Hemodynamicallystable

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

2. SerumhCGlevel<3000IU/L
3. Tubaldiameter<4cmwithoutanyfetalcardiacactivity
4. Nointraabdominalhaemorrhage
Surgicalmanagement:
1. Hemodynamicinstability

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

2. SerumhCGlevel>3000IU/L
3. Tubaldiameter>4cm
4. Presenceoffetalcardiacactivity

---

1543.Doseofdexamethasoneforfetallung
maturityis-

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a)6mg
b)12mg
c)18mg
d)24mg
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-A.6mg
Betamethasone-12mgi.m.24hoursapartfor2doses
Dexamethasone-6mgi.m.12hoursapartfor4doses.
Betamethasone-Steroidofchoice.

---

1544.MostcommoncauseofsecondaryPPH

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

is:
a)Uterineinertia
b)Retainedplacenta
c)Episiotomy
d)Cervicaltear

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Retainedplacenta
SecondaryPPH
Bleedingusuallyoccursbetween8thto14thdayofdelivery.
CausesoflatePPH:

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Retainedbitsofcotyledonormembranes(M.C.)
Infectionandseparationofsloughoveradeepcervico-vaginal
laceration.
Endometritisandsubinvolutionoftheplacentalsite.

---

1545.Managementofapatientwithcomplete

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

placentapreviaat38weeksgestation
withoutanyvaginalbleedingis-
a)Expectantmanagement
b)MacafeeandJohnsonregimen
c)Electivecaesareansection

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Emergencycaesareansection
CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.Electivecaesareansection
Asthispatientismorethan37weeksgestation,activeinterference
ismandatory.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Butasthispatientisnotactivelybleedingthereforeelective
caesareansectioncanbeplanned.

---

1546.Trueaboutnabothiancystisallexcept-

a)Squamousepitheliumoccludesthemouthoftheglands

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Itisseeninchronicirritationandinflammation
c)Itisapathologyofthecervix
d)Itispre-malignant
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.Itispre-malignant

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Seeninchronicinflammationofcervix.
Itistheresultofblockageofmouthoftheglandsofthecervix.
Duringtheprocessofhealing,thesquamousepitheliumreplacesthe
columnarepithelium.
Theblockedglandsbecomedistendedwithsecretionandformsmall

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

cystswhichcanbeseenwiththenakedeye,theso-callednabothian
follicles.
Theconditionisneithermalignantnorpre-malignant.

---

1547.Mostcommoncauseofpelvic
inflammatorydiseaseis-

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Sexuallytransmitteddisease
b)IUCD
c)Pelvicperitonitis
d)Puerperalsepsis
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-A.Sexuallytransmitteddisease
Sexuallytransmitteddiseaseisthemostcommoncause.
Gonococcalandchlamydialinfectionsarethemostcommoncause.
Postabortalorpuerperalsepsis.
IUCD

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Tuberculosis
Pelvicperitonitis,duetoappendicitisanddiverticulitis.

---

1548.Thereisoverlappingofskullsutures
whichcanbereducedwithgental
pressure.Whatisthegradeofmoulding

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

?
a)Grade1
b)Grade2
c)Grade3
d)Grade4

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Grade2
Therearethreegradingsofmoulding:
Grade1-thebonestouchingbutnotoverlapping
Grade2-overlappingbuteasilyseparated

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Grade3-fixedoverlapping.

---

1549.Riskfactorforcervicalcarcinomais-
a)Smoking
b)Humanpapillomavirus
c)Lowsocioeconomicstatus

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Alloftheabove
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.Alloftheabove
HPVinfection.
Coitusbefore18years.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Multiplesexualpartners.
Deliveryofthefirstbabybeforetheageof20years.
Multiparitywithpoorbirthspacingbetweenpregnancies.
Poorpersonalhygiene.
Poorsocioeconomicstatus.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Smoking.
Immunosupressivedisease.

---

1550.Whatisthestageofcarcinomacervix
involvingbodyofuterus-
a)StageI

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)StageII
c)StageIII
d)StageIV
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.StageI

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

CervicalCancer-FIGOStaging
Stage Carcinomainsitu
0
StageI Intraepithelialcarcinomaconfinedtothecervix
Stage Diagnosedonlybymicroscopy

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

IA
Stage Microinvasivacarcinomawithstromalinvasion<3mmin
IA1
depth&<7mminwide.
Stage Microinvasivacarcinomanotexceeding5mmindepth/7

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

IA2
mminwidth.
Stage Clinicallyvisibleormicroscopiclesion>IA2.
IB
Stage Clinicallesionnotexceeding4cmindiameter.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

IB1
Stage Clinicallesionmorethen4cmindiameter.
IB2
Stage Extensionbeyondthecervixbutnottothepelvicwall.
II

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Stage Involvementofvaginabutnotthelowerthird.
IIA

---

Involvementofvaginabutnotthelowerthird.
IIA
Stage Clinicallyvisiblelesionmorethen4cm.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

IIA1
Stage Clinicallyvisiblelesionmorethen4cm.
IIA2
Stage Parametrialinvolvementnotreachingthepelcvicsidewall.
IIB

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1551.Mostcommoncauseofdeathin
cervicalcanceris-
a)Renalfailure
b)Infection
c)Haemorrhage

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Metastasistovitalorgans
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Renalfailure
Renalfailureisthemostcommoncauseofdeathincervicalcancer.
Renalfailureincervicalcanceroccursduetoinvolvementofureters

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

inStage1IIB.Itcanalsooccurduetodirectinvolvementofkidney
asinstageIVB.

---

1552.TreatmentoptionsforCINIIIincludeall
ofthefollowingexcept-
a)LLETZ

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Conization
c)Hysterectomy
d)Wertheim'shysterectomy
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.Wertheim'shysterectomy

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Treatmentoptionsof(INIII
1. Conservativeablation:coagulation,cryoscrgery,laserablation
2. Localexcision:conization,laserconization,lleT2,LEEP,NETZ
3. Radicalexcision:Trachelectomy,hystrectomy(withorwithout
removalofvaginalcuff).

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Wertheim'shysterectomyisgenerallynotdoneincasesofCINIIIif
vaginaorlymphnodesarenotinvolved.

---

1553.A40yearoldwomanpresentswith
abnormalcervicalcytologyonPAP
smearsuggestiveofCINIII(HSIL).The

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

nextbeststepinmanagementis:
a)Hysterectomy
b)ColposcopyandLEEP
c)ColposcopyandCryotherapy
d)Conization

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
AccordingtoFIGOclassification,cervicalintraepithelialneoplasia3
(CIN3)belongtostage0.
Loopelectrocauteryexcisionproceduredoneundercolposcopic
visualizationisthemodeoftreatmentforCINIIandCINIIIlesions.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Ref:Novak's,14thEdition,Page582,583;William'sGynoecology,
1stEdition,Page635;COGDT,10thEdition,Pages841,837;
Dewhurst's,6thEdition,Pages575,574.

---

1554.Whatsizeofthehegar'sdilatorif
passedthroughtheinternaloscanbe

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

labeledascervicalincompetence?
a)4
b)6
c)8
d)10

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.8
PassagewithoutresistanceandpainofNo.8Hegar'sdilatorisa
screeningtestforcervicalincompetence.

---

1555.Funnelingincervicogramisseenin-

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Inlabour
b)Cervicalincompetence
c)Cervicalectopic
d)DuringTVS
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-B.Cervicalincompetence
Cervicogramisdonefordiagnosisofcervicalincompetence.Inother
conditions,cervicogramisnotdone.

---

1556.Incervicalincompetencediameterof
internalosofcervixis-

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a)1cm
b)1.5cm
c)2cm
d)2.5cm
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-A.1cm
Cervicalsonography:
FunellingofthecervixwithchangesintheformofY,V,U.
Cervicallength<2.5cm.
Funnellingoftheinternalos>1cm

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Speculumexamination:Detectionofdilatationofinternaloswith
herniationofthemembranes.
Cervicalindex=(Funnellength+1)/(endocervicallength).
The"+1"allowsanindextobecalculatedwhenfunellingisabsent.
Predictorsofpretermbirth:

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Cervicalindex>0.52.
Cervicallength<18mm
Funnellength>9mm.
Funnelwidth>6mm.

---

1557.Contractedpelvisisdefinedas

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

shorteningofoneormoreplanesby-
a)0.5cm
b)1cm
c)1.25cm
d)1.5cm

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.0.5cm
Anatomically,contractedpelvisisdefinedasshorteningofoneor
moreplanesby0.5cm.

---

1558.Vasapreviaisassociatedwith-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Marginalplacenta
b)Velamentousplacenta
c)Battledore
d)Placentaprevia
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-B.Velamentousplacenta
Ifaleashofbloodvesselshappentotraversethroughthe
membranesoverlyingtheinternalis,infrontofthepresentingpart,
theconditioniscalledasvasapraevia.
Itisassociatedwithvelamentousplacenta.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Theunsupportedumbilicalvesselsinvelamentousplacenta,lie
belowthepresentingpartandrunacrossthecervicalos.
Ruptureofmembranesinvolvingtheoverlyingvesselsleadsto
vaginalbleeding.
Asitisentirelyfetalblood,thismayresultinfetalexsanguination

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

andevendeath.
[RefDutta'sObstetrics8th/ep.301]

---

1559.Firstsymptominvulvalcanceris-
a)Pain
b)Pruritis

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Ulcer
d)Blooddischarge
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Pruritis
WomenwithWNandyulvarcancercommonlypresentwithpruritus

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

andavisiblelesion.
However,pain,bleeding,andulcerationmayalsobeinitial
complaints'

---

1560.Mostcommontypeofconjointtwinis-
a)Thoracopagus

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Omphalopagus
c)Craniopagus
d)Rachipagus
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Thoracopagus

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Fourtypesoffusionmayoccur:
Thorapagus-Mostcommon
Pyopagus(posteriorfusion)
Craniopagus(cephalic)
Ischiopagus(caudal)

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1561.Uterineheightisgreaterthan
gestationalageofthepatientinacase
ofallexcept-
a)Fibroiduterus
b)IUGR

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Wrongdates
d)Polyhydramnios
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.IUGR
Uterineheightgreaterthangestationalageincaseof:

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Wrongdates
Polyhydramnios
Pregnancywithfibroiduterus
Multiplepregnancy

---

1562.Pregnancyiscontraindicatedinwhich

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

cardiacdisease-
a)Mitralstenosis
b)Primarypulmonaryhypertension
c)VSD
d)Mitralregurgitation

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Primarypulmonaryhypertension
Placeoftherapeuticterminationincaseoffollowingheartdiseases.
Consideringhighmaternaldeaths,absoluteindicationsare:
Primarypulmonaryhypertension

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Eisenmenger'ssyndrome
Pulmonaryveno-occlusivedisease.

---

1563.Followingdelivery,tearinvolves
perineum,externalanalspincterwith
intactmucosa,gradeoftearis-

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Firstdegree
b)Seconddegree
c)Thirddegree
d)Fourthdegree
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-C.Thirddegree
Thirddegree:Injurytoperineum,involvingtheanalsphincter
complex(boththeexternalandinternal).
3a:ifhalfthicknessexternalanalsphincterinvolved.
3b:iffullthicknessexternalanalsphincterinvolved.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

3c:ifinternalanalsphincterinvoloved.

---

1564.Notacauseofoligohydramnios-
a)IUGR
b)Renalagenesis
c)Amnionnodosum

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Chorioangioma
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.Chorioangioma
Fetal,
Chromosomalorstructuralanamolies

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Renalagenesis
Obstructiveuropathy
Spontaneousruptureofmembrane
Intrauterineinfection
Drugs:PGinhibitors,ACEinhibitors

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Postmaturity
IUGR
Amnionnodosum
Maternal
Hypertensivedisorders

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Uteorplacentalinsufficiency
Dehydration
Idiopathic

---

1565.Falseaboutchorionicvinoussampling
-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Isusedforprentalgeneticdiagnosis
b)Isperformedonlyinsecondtrimesterofpregnancy
c)Villicollectedfromchorionfrondosum
d)Cancauselimbdeformities
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-B.Isperformedonlyinsecondtrimesterofpregnancy
Isusedforprenatalgeneticdiagnosis.
Performedtranscervicallythrough10-12weeks(firsttrimester)and
transabdominallyfrom10weekstoterm.(Advantageover
amniocentesiswhichisperformedinsecondtrimesterofpregnancy)

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Villiarecollectedfromchorionfrondosum.
Cancauseoromandibularlimbdeformitiesorlimbreductiondefects
ifperformedbefore10weeksofgestation.

---

1566.A28yearoldprimigravidawith32
weeksofgestationcomeswith

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

complainofthin,frothy,profuse
dischargethroughthevaginasince
yesterday.ShewasadvisedUSGwhich
showedSingleliveintrauterine
gestationalsacwithFLandAC

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

correspondingtotheweeksof
gestationandAFIasadequate.Whatis
thediagnosis?
a)PPROM
b)Trichomoniasis

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Normalfinding
d)Candidiasis
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Trichomoniasis
PatientsinfectedwithTrichomonasvaginaliscomplainofatypical

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

discharge,whichisthin,profuse,frothy,irritating,creamyorslight
greenincolour.
Slightgreencolourofthedischargeisoftennotcomplainedbythe
patientbutspottedbythephysician.

---

1567.Riskfactorsformolargestationareall

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

ofthefollowingexcept-
a)Orientalcountries
b)Disturbedmaternalimmunemechanism
c)Higherratioofmaternal/paternalchromosomes
d)Faultynutrition

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.Higherratioofmaternal/paternalchromosomes
RiskfactorsforH.mole:
1. Orientalcountries,highestincidenceinPhilippines.
2. Teenagepregnanciesor>35years.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

3. Faultynutrition.
4. Disturbedmaternalimmunemechanism.
5. Higherratioofpaternal/maternalchromosomes(not
maternal/paternal)
Highertheratio,greaterthemolarchange.Completemolesshow

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

2:0paternal/maternalratiowhereaspartialmoleshows2:1ratio.

---

1568.Poorprognosticfactorforhydatidiform
moleis-
a)Priormolarpregnancy
b)Metastasistolung

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Nopriorchemotherapy
d)WHOscore>8
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.WHOscore>8
HighRisk(PoorPrognosis):

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Longdurationofdisease(>4months)
InitialserumhCGlevel>40,000mIU/ml
Brainorlivermetastasis
Failureofpriorchemotherapy
Followingtermpregnancy

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

WHOscore>8

---

1569.Drugsusedinendometriosisis
a)Combinedoralcontraceptives
b)Letrozole
c)Mifepristone

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Alloftheabove
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.Alloftheabove
Combinedoralcontraceptives-Administeredintermittentlyor
continuously,oralcontraceptivesmayalleviatethedisease.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Oralprogestogens-Exertanti-estrogeniceffectandtheir
continuousadministrationcausesdecidualizationandendometrial
atrophy.
Danazol-inhibitspituitarygonadotropins
GnRHanalogues-Downregulateandsuppresspituitary

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

gonadotropins.
Aromataseinhibitors(letrozole):Anti-estrogenicaction
Anti-progestin(mifepristone)

---

1570.Embryogetsimplantedatwhatstageof
development?

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Twocellstage
b)Fourcellstage
c)Morula
d)Blastocyst
CorrectAnswer-D

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-D.Blastocyst
Afterthezygoteformation,typicalmitoticdivisionofthenucleus
occursproducingtwoblastomeres.
Twocellstageisreachedapproximately30hoursafterfertilization.
Theblastomerescontinuetodividebybinarydivisionthrough4,8,

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

16cellstageuntilaclusterofcellsisformedandiscalledmorula,
resemblingamulberry.
Morulaafterspendingabout3daysintheuterinetubeentersthe
uterinecavitythroughthenarrowuterineostium(1mm)onthe4th
dayinthe16-64cellstage.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Implantationoccursonthe6thdaywhichcorrespondstothe20th
dayofregularmenstrualcycle.
Implantationoccursthrough4stages:apposition,adhesion,
penetrationandinvasion.

---

1571.Leydigcellsoffetustestissecretes

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)hCG
b)LH
c)Testosterone
d)Mullerianinhibitingsubstance
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-C.Testosterone
Leydigcellsinfetaltestisarethecellularsiteoftestosterone
synthesis.
Fetaltestisalsosecretesmullerianinhibitingsubstanceproducedby
sertolicellswhichactslocallyasaparacrinefactortocause

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

mullerianductregression.Mullerianductregressioncompletesby9
to10weeks'gestation,whichismuchbeforetestosteronesecretion
hascommenced.

---

1572.LeFortrepairisdonefor
a)Uterovaginaldescent

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Vaultprolapse
c)VVF
d)RVF
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Uterovaginaldescent

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

LeForte'srepair
Veryelderlymenopausalwomen
Advancedprolapse
Unfitforanymajorsurgicalprocedure
[RefShaw'sGynaecology16th/ep.360]

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1573.Bacteriaresponsibleforectopic
pregnancyis
a)Staphylococcus
b)Chlamydia
c)Peptostreptococcus

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Trichomonasvaginalis
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Chlamydia
SalpingitisandPID(PelvicInflammatoryDisease)isthemost
importantriskfactorforectopicpregnancy.Chlamydiatrachomatis

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

infectionisthemostcommonriskfactorforPIDandsalpingitis.
[RefDutta'sObstetrics8th/ep..207]

---

1574.MostcommonsiteofImplantationof
tubalpregnancyis:
a)Interstitialportionoffallopiantube

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Isthmus
c)Ampulla
d)Infundibulum
CorrectAnswer-C
Ampulla

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Maximumpropensitytorupture-->Isthmicectopicpregnancy.
Minimumpropensitytorupture-3Ampullaryectopicpregnancy.

---

1575.

---

Inwhichpartoffallopiantubeectopicpregnancywillhavelongestsurvival?
a)Isthmus

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Ampulla
c)Cornua
d)Interstitium
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D.Interstitium

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Iftheimplantationoccursintheantimesentericborderinthe
ampulla,thepregnancymaycontinuealittlelongertime.
Earliestinterruptionoccursintheisthmialimplantationand
pregnancymaycontinueupto3-4monthsininterstitial
implantation.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Alsoknow:
Isthmicruptureusuallyoccursat6-8weeks,theampullaryoneat8-
12weeksandtheinterstitialoneatabout4months.
Ref:TextbookofObstetricsbyDCDutta,6thedition,Page181.

---

1576.Whichofthefollowingistrueabout

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

ovarianectopicpregnancy?
a)Studdifordcriteriaisusedfordiagnosis
b)Thereshouldbenorentontheovaryortube
c)Absenceofevidenceofpregnancyatanyothersitethan
ovarian

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Conservativesurgerycanbedoneifdiagnosedearly
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.Conservativesurgerycanbedoneifdiagnosed
early
Ovarianectopicisarareentitythatisdifficulttodiagnoseclinically.It

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

usuallydoesnotproceedpastthefirstfourweeksofpregnancy.
Spiegelberg'scriteriaisusedfordiagnosisofovarian
pregnancy.Itincludes:
1. Tubeontheaffectedsidemustbeintact.
2. Thegestationsacmustbeinthepositionoftheovary.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

3. Thegestationsacisconnectedtotheuterusbytheovarian
ligament.
4. Theovariantissuemustbefoundonitswallonhistological
examination.

---

1577.Planeofcleavageduringplacental

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

separationrunsthrough
a)Betweencompactandspongylayerofdeciduabasalis
b)Betweendeciduabasalisandchorionfrondosum
c)Throughdeepspongylayerofdeciduabasalis
d)Betweenlayersofchorionfrondosum

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.Throughdeepspongylayerofdeciduabasalis
Markedretractionreduceseffectivelythesurfaceareaatthe
placentalsitetoaboutitshalf.Butastheplacentaisinelastic,it
cannotkeeppacewithsuchanextentofdiminutionresultinginits

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

buckling.Ashearingforceisinstitutedbetweentheplacentaandthe
placentalsitewhichbringsaboutitsultimateseparation.

---

1578.Amselcriteriaisfor
a)Bacterialvaginosis
b)Antiphospholipidantibodysyndrome

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Ovarianectopicpregnancy
d)HELLPSyndrome
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Bacterialvaginosis
Amselcriteria:Threeoutoffourofthefollowingshouldbe

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

present
Awhite/grayhomogenousdischarge
AvaginaldischargepHof>4.5
Apositiveaminetest(dropof10%potassiumhydroxideaddedto
dropofdischargeonaslideproducesfishyodour),alsoknownas

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Whifftest.
Microscopydemonstratescluecells.

---

1579.TrueaboutKeratinocyteis?
a)Ectodermderivedcell
b)Presentonlyinbasallayer

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Matureinbasallayer
d)Differentiateinbasallayer
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.Ectodermderivedcell
Theprincipalcellsofepidermisarekeratinocytes.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Keratinfilamentisthehallmarkofkeratinocytes.Keratinocyteshas
followingfeatures:
1. Proliferate(divide)inbasallayer
2. DifferentiationoccursinstratumsPinosumandstratumgranulosum.
3. Completelymatureanddieinstratumcorneum.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

So,keratinocytesarepresentinallfourlayersofepidermis,
Keratinocytesarederivedfromectoderm.

---

1580. Odlandbodiesareseeninwhichlayer
ofepidermis?
a)Basalcelllayer

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Pricklecelllayer
c)Stratumgranulosum
d)Stratumcorneum
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Stratumgranulosum

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Odlandbodiesaremembranecoatedgranulesinstratum
granulosum,whichcontainlipidswhichisresponsibleforbarrier
functionofthislayer.
Thislayeralsocontainsdiamondshapedkeratohyalinegranules,
whicharethecharacteristicfeaturesofthislayer.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Thesekeratohyalinegranulescontainfilaggrinproteinwhichis
responsibleforaggregationofkeratinfilaments.

---

1581.Anagenphaseofthehairindicates:
a)Thephaseofactivityandgrowth
b)Thephaseoftransition

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Thephaseofresting
d)Thephaseofdegeneration
CorrectAnswer-A
Ai.e.Thephaseofactivity&growth

---

1582.Agirlabouttomarryhascomedonal

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

acne.Drugtotreatsuchacaseis:
March2013
a)Topicalantibiotic
b)Benzoylperoxide
c)Retinoids

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Estrogen
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.Ci.e.Retinoids
Retinoidsaremainlycomedolytic
Acne

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Comedonesarecharacteristicof:Acnevulgaris
Comedonesare:
*Smallcysts,
*formedinhairfollicles,
*duetoblockageofthefollicularorifice

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

*bytheretentionofsebumandkeratinousmaterial
Acenvulgarisiscausedby:Obstructionofpilosebaceousduct
Nodulocysticacne(NA)
TreatmentofNA:Isotretinonin(syntheticretinoicacid)

---

1583.Inwhichofthefollowingphototherapy

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

isusefulintreatment?
a)Psoriasis
b)Tineacorporis
c)Pemphigus
d)PMLE

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.Psoriasis
lndicationsforPUVAandUVB
1. Establishedmajorindications:-Psoriasis,atopicdermatitis,vitiligo,
mycosisfungoides,Polymorphiclighteruption,pompholyx.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

2. Lessfrequentlytreated(lessevidenceofeffectiveness):-Pityriasis
rosea,morphea,chronicurticaria,Pityriasislichenoidchronica,
Alopeciatotalis&Universalis,Lichenplanus,Pityriasisrubrapilaris,
Granulomaannulare,Generalizedpruritis,Nacrobiosislipoidics.

---

1584.Acanthosisnigricansischaracterized

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

byallofthefollowingexcept?
a)Commoninobesepeople
b)Associatedwiththickskinwithhyperpigmentaion
c)Histologicallythereishypermelanosis
d)Maybeasignofinternalmalignancy

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Histologicallythereishypermelanosis
Acanthosisnigricansisbrowntoblackdiscolourationwhichusually
affectsbodyfoldslikeaxilla,groin,umblicus,forehead.
Acanthosisnigricansoccursinindividualsyoungerthan40yearsof

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

age.
Itisassociatedwithobesity(mostcommon);endocrinopathylike
insulinresistanceDM,hypothyroidism,Bloomsynd.,PCOD,and
internalmalignancye.g.gastricadenocarcinoma.
Histopathologically,Papillomatosisisthecharacteristicfeature

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

whereasthereisnohypermelanosis.n

---

1585.AfterhepatitisBvaccinationchildwith
allergicfamilyhistoryandpruritis
involvingface&convexitiesdeveloped
numerousumblicatedvesicles;which

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

becamepustular&haemorhagic&
crusted.After2dayschilddeveloped
highfeverandlymphadenopathy.The
diagnosisis
a)Secondaryinfectedatopicdermatitis

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Molluscumcontagiosum
c)Eczemaherpaticum
d)Eczemavaccinatum
CorrectAnswer-C
C.i.e.Eczemaherpaticurrtx

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

*EczemaherpeticumorKaposi'svaricelliformeruptionresultsfrom
widespread(usually)primaryHSV-1(herpessimplexl)infectionin
skindamagedbyatopicdermatitis(eczema)Q.
*Patientswithatopiceczemamaydevelopsevereorofacialherpes
simplexvirus(HSV)infectionQ(eczemaherpaticum),whichmay

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

rapidlyinvolveextensiveareasofskin&occasionallydisseminateto
visceralorgans.Systemicacyclovirorvalacicloviristreatmentof
choice.
*Inatopicdermatitispatients,smallpoxvaccinationoreven
exposuretovaccinatedindividual,maycauseseverewidespread

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

erruption(k/aeczemavaccinatum)thatresemblestoeczema

---

herpaticum.
*Kaposisvaricelliformeruptionsmanifesteitheras-eczema
herpeticumoreczemavaccinatum.
Causative

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Disease
Virus
HSV-1(Herpes
Eczema
simplex

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

honimis
herpeticum virus)Q
Eczema
Vacciniavirus
vaccinatum dueto

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

inadvertent
vaccinationof
smallpox
withlivevirus
vaccine

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Milker's
Paravaccinia/
node
Pseudocowpox

---

1586.Epidermalnevusfollows?

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Blaschko'slines
b)Langer'slines
c)Vasculature
d)Lymphatics
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.A.Blaschko'slines
Blaschko'slinescorrespondtothepathwaysfollowedby
keratinocytesmigratingfromtheneuralcrestduringembryogenesis.
LinesofBlaschkorepresentnon-randomlinesofdevelopmentof
skin.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

EpidermalnevusfollowtheBlaschko'sline
TheskinlesionsthatfollowtheBlaschko'slinesare-
1. Pigmenteddisorders:-Nevusachromicus(includingHypomelanosis
ofito),Epidermalnevus(Nevussebaceous,Inflammatorylinear
verrucousnevus).

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

2. X-linkedgeneticskinconditions:-Incontinentiapigmenti,CHILD
syndrome.
3. Acquiredinflammatoryskinrashes:-Lichenstriatus,Lichenplanus,
lupuserythematosus.
4. Chimerism

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1587.Whichofthefollowingorganismhasa
roletoplayinSeborrhicdermatitis?
a)Pityrosporumovale
b)Canidaalbicans
c)Propionibacterium

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Noneoftheabove
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.Pityrosporumovale
MalaseziafurfuroritsyeastformPityrosporumovaleplaysan
etilogicalroleinSeborrhicdermatitis."

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1588.Pruritusisafeatureofwhichofthe
following?
a)Pemphigusfoliaceous
b)Pemphigusvulgaris
c)BullousPemphigoid

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Alloftheabove
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.BullousPemphigoid
Diseasescausingmildornoitching:Psonasis,Pityriasisrosea,SLE,
parapsoriasis,Secondarysyphilis,Pemphigus.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Diseasescausingmoderateitching:Contactdermatitis,Dryskin,
Bullouspemphigoid,Photosensitivity(sunburn).
Diseasescausingsevereitching:Lichenplanls,Lichensimplex
chronicus,Herpesgestationis,Mastocytosis,Dermatitis
herpetiformis,scabies,Prurigonodularis.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1589.Goekarmanregimenusedinfor
treatmentofpsoriasisis?
a)UVBpluscoaltar
b)UVBplusanthralin
c)Coaltarplusanthralin

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

d)UVBplusmethotrexate
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.UVBpluscoaltar
Goekermanregimenwasinventedforthetreatmentofmildto
moderatepsoriasis.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Inthistherapyapplicationofcrudecoaltarapplicationfor2-10hours
isfollowedbyexposuretoUVBlight.
Treatmentisnowobsolete.
SimilarlyUVBplusanthralincombinationisknownasIngram
regimen.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1590.Amongvarioustypesofpsoriatic
arthrirtis,whichvarietyismost
common?
a)Classic
b)Oligoarticular

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Rheumatoid
d)Spondylitis
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Oligoarticular
Psoriaticarthritis(Affects5-1Ochofpsoriaticpatients)

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Classicorpolyarticulartype(16%):-affectsDIPjointswith"sausage
shapeapearance"offingers
andtoes.Nailinvolvementiscommon.
Monoarticularoroligoarticulartype(70%)mostcommontype,
affectslargejointslikeknee.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Rheumatoidtype(15%):-RAlikepresentation.Symmetrical.
AffectsPIPjointsleadingto"swanneckdeformity."
Axialtypeorspondylitis:-associatedwithHLA-B27.

---

1591.Drugofchoiceforbubosinapregnant
femaleis?

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Tetracycline
b)Doxycycline
c)Ceftriaxone
d)Erythromycin
CorrectAnswer-D

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.D.Erythromycin
BuboesaremostcommonlycausedbyLGV.
Doxycycline/tetracyclineisthedrugofchoiceforLGVinanon-
pregnantfemale.
Inapregnantfemaleandchildrenbelow8years,itshouldbetreated

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

witherythromycin.

---

1592.Which'P'isnotafeatureoflichen
planus?
a)Polygonal
b)Polyhedral

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Pruritus
d)Plane
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Polyhedral
5characteristic'P'oflichenplanus

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Pruritic(itching)
2. Polygonal
3. Purple(violaceous)
4. Plane(flattopped)
5. Papuleorplaque

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

These5Psarethecharacteristicfeaturesoflichenplanuslesions
presentation.

---

1593.Inlichenplanusallthefollowingsites
areaffectedexcept?
a)Flexoraspectofupperextrimities

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Oralmucosa
c)Nails
d)Extensoraspectofupperextrimities
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D.Extensoraspectofupperextrimities

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Sitesofinvolvementinlichenplanus
Flexorsaspectofupperextremitiesandlegsarethemostcommon
siteinvolved.
Oralmucosainvolvementmayleadtolacypatternoflesions
Nailinvolvementmaycausepterygium(mostcharacteristic),

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

onychorrhexia,nailatrophy,anychia.
Hairinvolvementcausescaringalopecia
Inverselichenplanusaffectsaxillae,groin,infraaxillaryareas.

---

1594.Notahemorrhagiclesion?
a)Petechiae

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Echymosis
c)Plaque
d)Noneoftheabove
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Plaque

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Petechiaearesmallpinpointpurpuricmacularlesionsthatoccur
duetoextravasationofredbloodcellsfromcutaneousvesselsinto
theskin.
Echryosisarelargerbruiselikehemorrhagiclesions.Causeis
generallynoninflammatory.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Plaqueisasolidplateaulikeelevationthatoccupiesalargesurface
areaincomparisontoitsheightabovethenormalskinandhasa
diametermorethan0.5cms.Thereisnohemorrhageinvolvedas
such

---

1595.Maculaeceruleaisseenin?

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Pediculosishominiscorporis
b)Pediculosiscapitis
c)Scabies
d)Lupuserythematosus
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.A.Pediculosishominiscorporis
Maculaecerulea:
Thisisalatinnameforblue-greymacula.
Pathognomicofliceinfestation(Pediculosiscorporisand
Pediculosispthiris)

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Theyarehemosiderin-stainedpurpuricspotsatthesiteofinsect
bite.
Enzymesininsectsalivebreaksdownhumanbilirubintobiliverdin,
causingthecolorchangeintheskin.

---

1596.Incontinentiapigmentiinvolvesall

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

exept?
a)Skin
b)Bones
c)Teeth
d)Heart

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D.Heart
Incontinentiapigmenti(alsok/aBloch-Sulzbergersyndrome)is
aX-linkeddominantgeneticdisorder.Itinvolves
Skin(100%ofaffectedpeople)

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Teeth(80-90%ofaffectedpeople)
Bones(30-40%ofaffectedpeople)
CNSi.e.brain&spinalcord(30-40%ofaffectedpeople)
Eyes(25-35%ofaffectedpeople)

---

1597.Mostcommonsiteforatopicdermatitis

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

-
a)Scalp
b)Trunk
c)Poplitealfossa
d)Knees

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Poplitealfossa
Sitesofitchingpatchinatopicdermatitis
Infant;Face(especiallycheek),extensorsofforearm&legs.
Childhood&adult>Flexures(antecubitalrbitalfoxa,Poplitealfossa).

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1598.Bull'seyelesionsarefoundin?
a)Erythemanodosum
b)Erythemagangrenosum
c)Erythemamultiforme
d)Erythroderma

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.ErythemaMultiforme
Clinicalfeaturesoferythemamultiforme
TypicallesionofEMisaTargetlesion(lrislesionorBulle'seye
lesion)whichconsistsofthreeconcentriccomponents:-

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

1. Centralduskyerythma,surroundedbyvesiclebulla
2. Paleedematousring
3. Erythematoushalo

---

1599.

---

Allofthefollowingsarepartofthetreatment

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

ofscabiesexcept?
a)TopicalPermathrin
b)Oralivermactin
c)Oralantihistamines
d)Longtermoralsteroids

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D.Longtermoralsteroids
Drugsusedinscabies
1. Topical:Permethrin(drugofchoice),GBH/BHC,benzyl-benzoate,
crotamine,malathion.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

2. Oral:Ivermectin.
3. Forpruritis:Antihistaminics

---

1600.Apregnantladycomeswithitchyhand
lesionsasshown.Herhusbandalso
getsit.Thebesttreatmentthatcanbe

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

givenis?
a)Permathrin
b)Ivermectin
c)GBH
d)Benzylbenzoate

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Permathrin
Permethrin5%creamisconsideredthedrugofchoicefortreating
scabiesinpatients,includingpregnantwomen.
Otherscabicidesconsideredsafeforuseduringpregnancyare

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

sulfur5-10%inpetrolatumandcrotamiton10%.
Sulfuriseffectiveandithasagoodsafetyprofile;however,sulfur
preparationscanstainclothingandtheyareodorous.
Crotamiton10%creamisnotabsorbedpercutaneouslyandis
consideredsafeinpregnancyalthoughitisnoteffectiveasother

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

therapies

---

1601.TrueregardingBowen'sdiseaseis?
a)InsituBCC
b)Morecommonindarkskinnedpeople
c)HSVinfectionplaysarole

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Chronicsundamageplaysarole
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D.Chronicsundamageplaysarole
Bowen'sDisease
Bowen'sdiseaseisSCCinsitu.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Morecommoninfairskinnedpeople.
Morecommononsunexposedareassuchashead&neckfollowed
bylimbs.
Whenarisesonglanspenis,itiscalled"erythroplasiaofQueytat."

---

1602.TrueaboutpemphigusvulgarisA/E:

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Subepidermal
b)Autoimmunedisease
c)Tzancksmearshowsacanthoylticcells
d)Antibodyareformedagainstdesmogleins
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Ai.e.Subepidermal

---

1603.Whichofthefollowingischaracterized
byasolitarypainlessulceron
genitalia?
a)Herpes

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)Softchancre[chancroid]
c)Hardchancre
d)Traumaticulcer
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.HardChancre

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Characteristicsofvariousdifferenttypesofgenitalulcers-
Primarysyphilis(hardchancre):-punchedout,painless,non-
bleeding(avascular)ulcerwith6rminduration.
Donovanosis:-oneormore,painless,bleeding(vascular)ulcers
withinduration.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Chancroid(softchancre):-multiple,painful,bleeding
(vascular)ulcerswithnoorsoftinduration.
LGV:-single,painless,non-bleedingulcer.
Herpesgenitalis:-multiplepainful/asymptomaticulcers.

---

1604.LinesofBlaschkorepresent:

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Linesalonglymphatics
b)Linesalongbloodvessels
c)Linesalongnerves
d)Linesofdevelopment
CorrectAnswer-D

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

ThelinesofBlaschkoaredefinedbyapatterndeterminedbynevoid
representingnonrandomlinesonthehumanskinormucosa.
BlaschkolinesorthelinesofBlaschkoarethoughttorepresent
pathwaysofepidermalcellmigrationandproliferationduringthe
developmentofthefetus.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

LinesofBlaschkorepresentnon-randomdevelopmentallinesofthe
skinfundamentallydifferingfromthesystemof
dermatomes.Theyfollowa'V'shapeovertheback,'S'shaped
whorlsoverthechest,stomach,andsides,andwaryshapesonthe
head.Thelinesarebelivedtotracethemigrationofembryonic

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

epidermalcells.Thestripesareatypeofgeneticmosaicism.
Theselinescharacteristicallydonotfollowtheunderlyingnervous,
Vascular,muscularorlymplaticstructuresinthe
skin.LinesofBlaschkoarenotordinarilyvisibk,butarerecognized
inseveralcutaneousdisordersthatfollowthesearallelstreaks.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ref:Syndromes:Rapidrecognitionandperioperativeimplications,
byBrunoBisonnette,Page400;Neurocutaneousdisorders:
PhakomatosisandHamartoneoplasticSyndromes,byMartino
Ruggieri,Page364.

---

1605.Allaretrueaboutactiniclichenplanus

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

except?
a)Associatedwithseverepruritus
b)Autoimmuneetiology
c)Voilaceousbrownpapules
d)Usuallyaffectsexposedareasofbody

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.Associatedwithseverepruritus
ActinicLichenPlanus(lichenplanussubtropicus/tropicus/lichen
planusactinicus)
Lichenplanusisanautoimmunedisease.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Commoninspringandsummersintropicalcountries.
Usuallyaffectschildrenandyoungadults
Sunlightisconsideredtobethepredisposingfactorthereforelesions
aremorecommononsunexposedareas(face,dorsumofhand,
forearmsandarms,napeoftheneck).

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Papulesarehyperpigmentedwithvoilaceous-brownwithwell-
definedhypopigmentedborder.
Pruritrusandscalingareminimal.

---

1606.Muehrckelinesinnailsareseenin
a)Nephroticsyndrome

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Barrtersyndrome
c)Nailpatellasyndrome
d)Acutetubularnecrosis
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Nephroticsyndrome

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Muehrcke'slinesarecharacteristicofhypoalbuminemia.Nephrotic
syndromecauseshypoalbunemia.

---

1607.Whichofthefollowingdrugcanleadto
pemphigus?
a)Penicillamine

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Isoniazid
c)Carbamazepine
d)Furosemide
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.Penicillamine

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Drugscausingpemphigus-
Penicillamine
PenicillinsandCefalosporins
Captopril,
Iodine,

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Lithium
Phenophthelin,
Propanolol
Rifampicine
Phenytoin,

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Phenylbutazone,
Salicylates,
Piroxicam,
Sulphonamides

---

1608.Periungualdesquamation,whichisa

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

characteristicfeatureofKawasaki
syndrome,occursat?
a)1st-2ndweek
b)2nd-3rdweek
c)3rd-4thweek

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

d)4th_5thweek
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.2nd-3rdweek
Periungualdesequamationinkawasakidiseasestartsbetween10-18
days.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1609.Armtonguetimeis?
a)13secs
b)15secs
c)20secs
d)40secs

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.13secs
Armtotonguetimeismethodforknowingthecirculationtimei.e.
timetakenbyaparticleinthebloodtoflowfromonepointin
circulationtoother.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Itmeasuresthelinearvelocityofblood.
Tocalculate-thearmtotonguetime5mlof2%ofdecholineis
injectedintocubitalvein.
Assoonasdrugreachesthetongue,patientfeelsabittertaste.
Thetotaltimetakenfromarmtotongueis13seconds.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Similarlyarmtolungtimeiscalculatedwiththehelpofether.Itisd
seconds.

---

1610.Respiratoryfailureinapostoperative
patientis?
a)Type1

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Type2
c)Type3
d)Type4
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Type3

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Type3orperioperativerespiratoryfailure
Increasedatelectasisduetolowfunctionalresidualcapacity(FRC)
inthesettingofabnormalabdominalwallmechanics.
OftenresultsintypeIortypeIIrespiratoryfailure.
Canbeamelioratedbyanestheticoroperativetechnique,posture

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

posture,incentivespirometry,post-operativeanalgesia,attemptsto
rowerintra-abdominal-pressure.

---

1611.Laryngealmaskairway[LMA]is
contraindicatedin?
a)Difficultairways

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Ocularsurgeries
c)Pregnantfemale
d)InCPR
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Pregnantfemale

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

ContraindicationsofLMA
1. Conditionswithhighriskofaspiration.i.e.,fullstomachpatients,
hiatushernia,pregnancy.
2. Oropharyngealabscessormass(tumor).
3. Massivethoracicinjury

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

4. Massivemaxillofacialtrauma

---

1612.Allofthefollowingareadvantagesof
LMAexcept?
a)Morereliablethanfacemask
b)Preventaspiration

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

c)AlternativetoEndotrachealintubation
d)Doesnotrequirelaryngoscope&visualization
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Preventaspiration
LMAisintermediatebetweenthefacemaskandEndotracheal

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

intubationintermsofreliability,
invasivenessandfacilitationofgasexchange(facemaskhas
minimumandendotrachealintubationhasmaximum).
LMAdoesnotpreventasPiration+shouldnotbeusedinfull
stomachpatients.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

LMAcanbeusedasanalternativetoendotrachealintubationfor
minorsurgeries,whereanaesthetistwantstoavoidintubation.
LMAisintroducedblindly(withoutlaryngoscopy)

---

1613.WhichanestheticgaswasusedbyWTG
Mortoninhisexperiment?

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Nitrousoxide
b)Ammonia
c)Diethylether
d)Trichloroethylene
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.C.Diethylether
WilliamThomasGreenMorton,adentistandmedicalstudentat
Boston,afterexperimentingponanimals,gaveademonstrationof
generalanesthesia,In1846.

---

1614.Mouthtomouthrespirationprovideswhatpercentage

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

ofoxygen?
a)10%
b)16%
c)21%
d)100%

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.16%
Mouthtomouthbreathingprovides0.8to1.2litersofexhaledairper
breathand16%ofoxygenwhichisenoughtosustainlife.
TheuseofAmbubagandroomairprovides21%O2.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

TheAmericanHeartAssociationrecommendstidalvolumesof700
to1000mLduringmouth-to-mouthventilation,butsmallertidal
volumesof500mLmaybeofadvantagetodecreasethelikelihood
ofstomachinflation,asmouth-to-mouthventilationgascontainsonly
17%oxygen,but4%carbondioxide.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1615.Themostappropriatecircuitfor
ventilatingaspontaneouslybreathing
infantduringanaesthesiais?
a)jacksonReesmodificationofAyre'sTpiece
b)MaplesonAorMagill'scircuit

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)MaplesonCorWaterstoandfrocanister
d)Bainscircuit
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,JacksonReesmodification

---

1616.Bestuterinerelaxationisseenwith?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Chloroform
b)Nitrousoxide
c)Ether
d)Halothane
CorrectAnswer-D

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.'d'i.e.,Halothane
Halogenatedinhalationalanaestheticagentslikehalothaneare
powerfultocolyticagents.Halothaneisanaestheticofchoicefor
internalversionandmanualremovalofplacenta.

---

1617.Hepatotoxicagentis

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Ketamine
b)Ether
c)N20
d)Halothane
CorrectAnswer-D

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Di.e.Halothane

---

1618.Whichofthefollowingdrugsproduces
dissociativeanesthesia
a)Ketamine
b)Propofol

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Thiopentone
d)Enflurane
CorrectAnswer-A
Ai.e.Ketamine

---

1619.Whichoneofthefollowingagents

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

sensitizesthemyocardiumto
catecholamines-
a)Isoflurane
b)Ether
c)Halothane

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Propofol
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Halothane
oHalothanetendstosensitizethehearttoarrhythmogenicactionof
adrenaline-contraindicatedinpheochromocytoma.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1620.Anestheticagent(s)safetouseinTICP
a)Halothane
b)Thiopentone
c)Ketamine
d)Ether

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Bi.e.Thiopentone
Anestheticagentssafetouseinraisedintracranialpressure(ICP)
arethiopentone,propofol&etomidateQ

---

1621.Ketaminecanbeusedinallofthe

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

situationsexcept
a)Statusasthamaticus
b)Foranalgesia&sedation
c)Obstetrichemorrhage
d)Ischemicheartdisease

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-D
Di.e.Ischemicheartdisease
KetaminecausesprofoundanalgesiaQ,disociative
anesthesiaQ,andemergencepsychomimetichallucinationsand
deliriumQ.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Ketamineincreasescerebralmetabolism,02consumption,blood
flow&intracranialpressure.Q
Ketamine
*ItcausesprofoundanalgesiaQanddissociativeanesthesiaQ
(i.e.patientappearsconsciouse.g.eyeopening,swallowingbut

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

unabletoprocessorrespondtosensoryinput).Ketamine
causesDissociativeAnesthesiaQbyactingoncortexand
subcorticalareas(notonRAS)l/tfeelingofdissociationfromones
ownbodyandsurroundings.PostOperativeDeliriumand
HallucinationQispartofthisDissociativephenomenon.Drugof

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

choiceforpostop.delirium&hallucinationisLorazepam.Q
*Itisclosesttobeingacompleteanestheticsinceitinduces
analgesia,amnesia&unconsciousness.
*Itisassociatedwithemergencepsychotomimeticsideeffects
(delirium,illusions,hallucination)Q.Itislesscommoninchildrenand

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

pretreatmentwithlorazepam(drugofchoice)Q.

---

1622.Whichofthefollowinganestheticagent
isapotentbronchodilator-
a)Propofol
b)Ketamine

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Thiopentone
d)Methoxytone
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Ketamine
Ketamineisapotentbronchodilator,thereforeitisthei.v.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

anaestheticagentofchoiceinbronchialasthmapatients.

---

1623.Blood:Gaspartitioncoefficientisa
measureof?
a)Potencyofanaestheticagent
b)Speedofinductionandrecovery

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Lipidsolubilityofagent
d)None
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Speedofinductionandrecovery
Minimumalveolarconcentration(MAC)-->Measureofpotency.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Blood:GaspartitioncoefficientBloodsolubilityofanaestheticagent
anddeterminesthespeedofinduction&recovery.
Oil:Gaspartitioncoefficient-4Lipidsolubilityofanaestheticagent
andisrelatedtopotencyofanaestheticagent.

---

1624.Attheendofanaesthesiaafter

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

discontinuationofnitrousoxideand
removalofendotrachealtube,1000/0
oxygenisadministeredtothepatientto
prevent:
a)DiffusionHypoxia

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Secondgaseffect
c)Hyperoxia
d)Bronchospasm
CorrectAnswer-A
Ai.e.DiffusionHypoxia

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

(Ref:Willer8/ep656,3401)
OndiscontinuationofN2Oadministration,nitrousoxidegascan
diffusefrombloodtothealveoli,dilutingO2inthelung.
Produceaneffectcalled"Diffusionalhypoxia".
Toavoidhypoxia,100%O2,ratherthanairshouldbeadministered

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

whenN2Odiscontinued.

---

1625.Landmarkforpudendalnerveblockis?
a)Ischialtuberosity
b)Iliacspine
c)Sacroiliacjoint

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Noneoftheabove
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.Ischialtuberosity
Pudendalblock:
Whenperformingatransvaginalpudendalnerveblock,theischial

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

spineisthepalpatedthroughthewallofthevaginaandtheneedleis
thenpassedthroughthevaginalmucousmembranetowardthe
ischialspine.
Inaperinealpudendalnerveblock,theischialtuberosityispalpated
throughthebuttockandtheneedleisinsertedintothepudendal

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

canalaboutoneinchdeepmedialtotheischialtuberosity.

---

1626.Postduralpunctureheadacheusually
presentswithin?
a)0-6Hrs
b)6-12Hrs

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

c)12-72Hrs
d)72-96Hrs
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.12-72Hrs
PostduralpunctureheadacheisduetoCSFleak.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Typicallocationisbifrontaloroccipital.
Headachegetsworsenonsittingoruprightpostureandisrelieved
bylyingdownpositionandabdominalpressure).
Thehallmarkofpostduralpunctureheadachei.e.,associationwith
bodyposition.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Theonsetofheadacheisusually12-72hrsfollowingtheprocedure,
however,itmaybeseenalmostimmediately.
Inmostcasesitlastsfor7_10days.

---

1627.Notincludedinneuraxialblock?
a)Spinalblock

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Epiduralblock
c)Bier'sblock
d)Caudalblock
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans,C.Bier'sblock

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Centralneuraxialblock,asthenamesuggests,isthepertainsto
localanaestheticsplacedforwaroundthenervesofthecentral
nervoussystem.
Examplesarespinalanaesthesia,Epiduralanaesthesiaand
caudallaesthesia.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

BIER'sblockorintravenousregionalanesthesia(IVRA)isaformof
regionalanesthesiausedmostoftenforsurgeryoftheforearmand
hand.

---

1628.Contraindicationtoneruaxialblockis?
a)Hypertension

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Renaldisease
c)Clottingdisorders
d)Diabetes
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Clottingdisorders

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Contraindicationsofcentralneuroaxialblock:
Absolute:-Infectionatthesiteofinjection,patientrefusal,
coagulopathyorotherbleedingdisorder,severehypovolemia,
increasedICT,severeaorticormitralstenosis.
Relative:-Sepsis,unco-operativepatient,pre-existingneurological

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

deficit,demyelinatinglesions,severespinaldeformity,stenotic
valvularheartdisease

---

1629.Longactinglocalanaesthetic?
a)Procaine
b)Lignocaine

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Prilocaine
d)Dibucaine
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Dibucaine

---

1630.Shortestactinglocalanestheticagentis

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Procaine
b)Lidocaine
c)Tetracaine
d)Bupivacaine
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Ai.e.Procaine

---

1631.Mostcommoncauseofmaternal
mortalityinspinalanesthesiais?
a)Allergytolocalanesthesia
b)Nerveinjury

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Highblock
d)Hypotension
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Highblock
Mostcommoncauseofmaternaldeathorbraindamageinneuraxial

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

anesthesiaclaimswashighblock"

---

1632.Caudaequinasyndromeisassociated
with?
a)Lidocaine
b)Halothane

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

c)N20
d)Ether
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.Lidocaine
Caudaequinasyndromemayoccurasararedevastating

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

complicationofspinalanesthesiaduetomaldistributionofinjected
localanesthesiaaroundcaudaequinanerverootsresultinginloss
offunctionofthelumbarplexus.
Associatedwithalllocalanestheticlikelidocaine,bupivacaine,
chlorprocaineetc.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1633.Localanaestheticinjecteddirectlyinto
thetissue?
a)Infiltrationanaesthesia
b)Nerveblock
c)Fieldblock

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Bier'sblock
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Infiltrationanaesthesia
oInfiltrationanaesthesiaistheinjectionoflocalanaestheticdirectly
intotissuewithouttakingintoconsiderationthecourseofcutaneous

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

nerve.

---

1634.Compositionofsodalimeis:
NaOH-Ca(OH)2-KOH-Moisture
a)4%-90%-1%-5%
b)4%-80%-1%-15%

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

c)80%-10%-5%-5%
d)15%-80%-1%-4%
CorrectAnswer-B
Sodalimeisthemorecommonabsorbentandiscapableofabsorbingupto23LofCO2
per100gofabsorbent.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Itconsistsprimarilyofcalciumhydroxide(80%),alongwithsodiumhydroxide(4%),water,
andasmallamountofpotassiumhydroxide(1%).
Commercialsodalimehasawatercontentof14%to19%.

CO2absorbents(eg,sodalimeorcalciumhydroxidelime)containhydroxidesaltsthatare

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

capableofneutralizingcarbonicacid.Reactionendproductsincludeheat(theheatof
neutralization),water,andcalciumcarbonate.
Ref:ButterworthIVJ.F.,ButterworthIVJ.F.,MackeyD.C.,WasnickJ.D.,MackeyD.C.,
WasnickJ.D.(2013).Chapter3.BreathingSystems.InJ.F.ButterworthIV,J.F.Butterworth
IV,D.C.Mackey,J.D.Wasnick,D.C.Mackey,J.D.Wasnick(Eds),Morgan&Mikhail's

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ClinicalAnesthesiology,5e.

---

1635.
Suxamethoniumactsthroughwhich
channels?
a)Sodiumchannels

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Potassiumchannels
c)Calciumchannels
d)Chloridechannels
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.Sodiumchannels

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Suxamethonium(succinylcholine)isadepolarizingneuromuscular
blockingagentwhichactbyopeningtheNa+channelsatmuscle
endPlate.

---

1636.Onlyavailabledepolarizingmuscle
relaxantis?

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Decamethonium
b)Suxamethonium
c)Mivacurium
d)None
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.B.Suxamethonium
Suxamethonium(succinylcholine)anddecamethoniumcomeunder
depolarizingmusclerelaxants.
Outoftheseonlysuxamethoniumisavalaibleforclinicaluse.

---

1637.Allofthefollowingstatementsaboutneuromuscularblockageproduced

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

bysuccinylcholinearetrue,except:
a)NofadeonTrainoffourstimulation
b)Fadeontetanicstimulation
c)Noposttetanicfacilitation
d)Trainoffourratio>0.4

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Succinylcholineisadepolarizingneuromuscularblocker.
Withsuccinylcholinenofadingisobservedaftertrainoffourortetanicstimulation.
AllfourstimulatoryresponsesafterTOFstimulationaresuppressedtothesameextent.
Ref:NeuromuscularMonitoringinClinicalPracticeandResearchByThomasFuchs-Buder,

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Page16

---

1638.AllofthefollowingaboutMRIare
correctexcept:
a)MRIiscontraindicatedinpatientswithpacemakers
b)MRIisusefulforevaluatingbonemarrow

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

c)MRIisbetterforcalcifiedlesions
d)MRIisusefulforlocalizingsmalllesioneinthebrain
CorrectAnswer-C
Ci.e.MRIisbetterforcalcifiedlesions
*MRIisverypoorindetectionofcalcification.ItisinferiortoCT

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

scan,mammographyandx-rayindetectingcalcification.Thatiswhy
itlagsbehindmammographyinearlydetectionofnoninvasiveductal
carcinomainsitu(DCIS)Q,whichmostcommonly
hasmicrocalcificationasitsonlypresentingfeature.Andsimilarlyit
hasaverylimitedroleindetectionofrenalstonesandgall

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

stonesQ.However,itisimportanttonotethatonlyupto60%ofgall
stoneshaveenoughcalciumdensity(morethanthatofbile)toget
visualizedonCT.Becausofitssuperiorcalcificationdetection
abilities,MDCTisusedinAgatstonscoring(Coronarycalcium
scoring)ofcalcifiedplaquesofcoronaryarteryusingcoronary

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

calciumasasurrogatemarkertodetectthepresenceandmeasure
theamountofcoronaryatherosclerosis.Becausewithexceptionof
patientswithrenalfailurecalcificationofarteriesoccursexclusively
incontextofatherosclerosis.
SimilarlynonenhancedhelicalCTissuperiortoallotherimaging

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

modalitiesindiagnosisofurinarytractcalculiQbutatthecostof
higherradiationexposure.
NowthereisnoneedtosaythatMRIisbetterthatCTforevaluation
ofbonemarrow,smallbrainlesions,meniscus/ligamentinjuries,
softtissuetumorsandmeningealpathology.ButMRIisverypoorin

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

---

softtissuetumorsandmeningealpathology.ButMRIisverypoorin
detectionofcalcification.

---

1639.Whichofthefollowingisnota
contraindicationofMRI
a)Cardiacpacemaker

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Cochlearimplant
c)Ryle'stube
d)Metallicsplinterineye
CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.Ryle'stube

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

ContraindicationsforMRI
A)Absolute
Electronically,magnetically,andmechanicallyactivatedimplants.
Ferromagneticorelectronicallyoperatedactivedeviceslike
automaticcardioverterdefibrillators.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Cardiacpacemaker
Metallicsplintersintheeye.
FerromagnetichaemostaticclipsintheCNS.
B)Relativecontraindications
Cochlearimplants

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Prostheticheartvalves
Otherpacemakers,e.g.,forCarotidsinus
Haemostaticclips
Insulinpumpsandnervestimulators
Non-ferromagenticstapedialimplants

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Leadwiresorsimilarwires
Womenwithafirst-trimesterpregnancy

---

1640.Allaredonetominimizeradiation,
exposuretothepatientunder
fluroscopy,except

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Decreaseinfieldofview
b)IncreasingtheKvofradiation
c)Decreasingfluroscopictime
d)Usinglowdoseofradiation
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-A.Decreaseinfieldofview
Decreasingthefieldofviewduringfluroscopyincreasethe
radiationdoserate:-
1. Fieldofviewdiameter25cmhasdoserate0.3mGy/s
2. Fieldofviewdiameter17cmhasdose0.6mGy/s

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1641.Amountofradiationexposurein1CT-
scanofchestis
a)1mSv
b)3mSv
c)5mSv

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)7mSv
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.7mSv
CTchestcausesradiationexposureof7mSv.
CTabdomen-pelviscausesradiationexposureof10mSv.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

CTheadcausesradiationexposureof2mSv.

---

1642.Whichofthefollowingisalatesevere
adverseeffectofradiationtherapy
a)Nausea
b)Erythema

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Anemia
d)Osteoradionecrosis
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.Osteoradionecrosis
Osteoradionecrosisisalatecomplicationofradiationwhilenausea,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

erythemaandanemiaareearlycomplications.

---

1643.SubstanceusedforPETscanis
a)18FPCT
b)Gadolinium
c)Gastrogarfin

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Iodine
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.18FPCT
Fluorine-18-labeled2Ali-carbomethoxy-3AY-(4-chloropheny1)-8-(-3-
fluoropropyl)nortropane(FPCT)hasbeensynthesizedasanew

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

dopaminetransporterimagingagent.
OthersubstancesusedforPETscanare:
1. FDG
2. 64Cu-ATSM(4Cudiacetyl-bis(N4-methylthiosemicarbazone)
3. 18F-fluoride

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

4. FLT(3'-deoxy-3'-[18F]fluorothymidine)
5. FMISO(18F-fluoromisonidazole)
6. Gallium
7. Technetium-99m
8. Thallium

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

---

1644.WhichcommontracerinPETisusually
administeredintheformofaglucose
sugar
a)Oxygen15
b)Fluorine18

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Saccharide-12
d)Aluminum-12
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Fluorine18
Fluorine-18isusedintheformofFDGinPETscan.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Themostcommontracerhasacomplicatednamebutismostly
knownasFDG(whichstandsfor2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose).
ThebiologicallyactivemoleculemostcommonlyusedforPETis2-
deoxy-2-18F-fluoro--D-glucose(18F-FDG),ananalogueof
glucose,forearlydetectionoftumors.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1645.Intraoperativeradiotherapyisusedin
a)Gastriccancer
b)Coloncarcinoma
c)Pancreaticcarcinoma
d)Alloftheabove

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.Alloftheabove
IntraoperativeradiotherapycanbeusedIn-
1. Pancreaticcarcinoma
2. Retroperitonealsarcomas

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

3. Gastriccarcinoma
4. Genitourinarycancers
5. Colorectalcarcinoma
6. Braintumor
7. Head&Neckcancers

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

8. Somegynecologicalmalignancies

---

1646.Preciselydirectedhighdoseradiation
isusedin
a)IMRT
b)EBRT

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Stereotecticradiosurgery
d)Noneoftheabove
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.IMRT
Intensitymodulatedradiationtherapy(IMRT)isanadvancedmode

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

ofhighprecisionradiotherapythatutilizescomputercontrolledX-ray
acceleratorstodeliverpreciseradiationdosestoamalignanttumour
orspecificareaswithinthetumour.

---

1647.Stereotacticradiosurgeryisdonefor-
a)Glioblastomamultiforme

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)Medulloblastomaspinalcord
c)Ependymoma
d)AVmalformationofbrain
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'D'i.e.,AVmalformationofbrain

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Itisalsousedfor-
1. Solitarycerebralmetastasis
2. Arteriovenousmalformation
3. Smallmeningiomas
4. Schwannomas

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

5. Pituitaryadenomas

---

1648.Notusedforinternalradiotherapy
a)Iodine-125
b)Iodine-131
c)Cobalt-60

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Iridium-192
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Iodine-131
lsotpesusedforinternalradiotherapy(brachytherapy)
A)Interstitialbrachytherapy

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Permanentimplantsofinterstitialbrachytherapy:-Cesium-131,
Yttrium,Gold-198(Au-198),125I,Radon-222(Rn-222),
Pallidum-103(Pd-103).
TemporaryimplantsofInterstitialbrachytherapy:-Iridium-192(Ir-
192),Cesium-137(Cs-137),Cobalt-60(Co-60),Californium,

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Radium-226(Ra-226),Tantolum.

---

1649.Radioiodinegenerateswhichtypeof
radiation
a)X-rays
b)Alphaandbetarays

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Betaandgammarays
d)Alphaandbetarays
CorrectAnswer-C
Answer-C.Betaandgammarays
Radioiodinegeneratesbothbetaandgammaraysbutpredominantly

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

betarays.

---

1650.Radioactiveiodineisadministered
throughwhichroute
a)Intravenous
b)Subcutaneous

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Oral
d)Alloftheabove
CorrectAnswer-D
Answer-D.Alloftheabove
Radioactiveiodineisadministeredorallyaswellasparentrallyi.e.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

IV,SC&IM.

---

1651."Treeinbudappearance"onCTisseen
in
a)Pulmonarytuberculosis
b)Silicosis

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Pulmonaryhydatidcyst
d)Smallcellcarcinoma
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Pulmonarytuberculosis
ItisusuallyvisibleonstandardCT,however,itisbestseenonHRCTchest.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Typicallythecentrilobularnodulesare2-4mmindiameterandperipheral,within5mmof
thepleuralsurface.
Theconnectiontoopacifiedorthickenedbranchingstructuresextendsproximally
(representingthedilatedandopacifiedbronchiolesorinflamedarterioles)
AssociatedCTfindingsofbronchiolitisareseeninabout70%ofpatientswith

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

bronchiectasis.Smallcentrilobularnodularandlinearbranchingopacities(tree-in-budsign)
expressinflammatoryandinfectiousbronchiolitis
Pathogenesis-
Thetree-in-budsignoccursasaresultofanumberofprocesses,althoughoftentheyco-
existinthesamecondition:

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a.bronchiolesfilledwithpusorinflammatoryexudate
e.g.pulmonarytuberculosis,aspirationbronchopneumonia
b.bronchiolitis:thickeningofbronchiolarwallsandbronchovascularbundle
e.g.cytomegaloviruspneumonitis,obliterativebronchiolitis
c.bronchiectasiswithmucusplugging

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

e.g.cysticfibrosis
d.tumorembolitocentrilobulararteries(orcarcinomatousendarteritis)
e.g.breastcancer,stomachcancer

---

e.bronchovascularinterstitialinfiltration
e.g.sarcoidosis,lymphoma,leukemia

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1652.Investigationofchoiceforlungabscess
is
a)ChestX-ray
b)CECTscan
c)MRI

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Ultrasound
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.CECTscan
ContrastenhancedCTinusuallyconsideredtobeinvestigationof
choiceforlungabscess,showingacavitywiththickwallsand

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

centralmobilefluid.Ithelpstodifferentiateabscessfromempyma,
necrotizingpneumonia,sequestration,pneumatoceleorunderlying
congenitalabnormalitiessuchasbronchogeniccyst.

---

1653.OnCTchest'halosign'isnotedin
a)Pulmonaryhydatidcyst

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Invasivepulmonaryaspergilossis
c)Roundpneumonia
d)Bronchiectasis
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Invasivepulmonaryaspergilossis

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Thehalosign(HS)inchestimagingisafeatureseenonlung
windowsettings(typicallyHRCT),groundglassopacitysurrounding
apulmonarynoduleormassandrepresentshemorrhage.
Itistypicallyseeninangioinvasiveaspergillosis.

---

1654.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

---

A50yearoldmalepresentswithfeverand
malaisefor4months&paininthekneesand
ankles.Bloodtestsarenormalapartfroma
raisedESR.Chestx-rayshowsbilateralhilar
adenopathyandpulmonaryinfiltratesmost

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

severeintheupperandmidzones.Mantoux
testisnegative.Whatisthemostlikely
diagnosis
a)Tuberculosis
b)Sarcoidosis

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Asbestosis
d)Berylliosis
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Sarcoidosis
Sarcoidosisisthemostlikelydiagnosisgiventhepresentationwith

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

malaise,arthralgiaandachestx-rayshowingbilateralhilar
adenopathy.
"Thecharacteristicradiologicalfindinginpatientswithpulmonary
sarcoidosisisbilateralhilarlymphadenopathy"

---

1655.22-year-oldwomenpresentstothe

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

emergencydepartmentwithachief
complaintofsevereleftupperquadrant
[LUQ]painafterbeingpunchedbyher
husband.Herbloodpressureis110/76,
herpulseis80bpm,andherrespiration

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

rateis24breathsperminute.Thebest
meanstoestablishadiagnosisiswhich
ofthefollowing?
a)Four-quadranttapoftheabdomen
b)CToftheabdomen

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Peritoneallavage
d)Uppergastrointestinal[GI]series
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.CToftheabdomen
Clinicalpictureofthepatientinabovequestionindicatesthatpatient

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

ishemodynamicallystable.Thereforebestmodeofevaluation
shouldbeCTscanofabdomentoseetheextentofinjury.
Ifthepatientsishemodynamicallystableandcanbeshifted-CT
scan

---

1656.A35year-oldfemalepresentedtothe

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

emergencydepartmentwiththesudden
onsetofsevereepigastricpain.Shehad
ahistoryofheartburnanddyspeptic
symptomsforpast10years.On
physicalexam,shehadatemperature

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

of101.4?F,apulseof118andablood
pressureof128/72.Abdomenwas
tender&rigid.ExpectedfindingonX-
raywillbe
a)Bloodunderdiaphragm

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)Airunderdiaphragm
c)Hazylungfields
d)Prominentmarkings
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Airunderdiaphragm

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Aboveclinicalpictureissuggestiveofperforatedpepticulcer,Which
isthemostcommoncauseofpneumoperitoneum(airunder
diaphragm).
Perforationresultsinpneumoperitoneumandthebestviewtosee
pneumoperitoneumischestx-rayinerectpositionwhichdetectsair

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

underthedomesofdiaphragm.

---

1657.A50year-oldchronicalcoholicmale
patient,afteralargebingeofalcohol,
presentedtotheemergencydepartment
insubconsciousstate.Hevomited

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

severaltimes,fewofthemmixedwith
blood.Hehadahistoryofheartburn
anddyspepticsymptomsforpastfew
tears.Onphysicalexam,hehada
temperatureof102?F,apulseof110,

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

respiratoryrateof20perminuteanda
bloodpressureof90/60.Onphysical
examinationtherewasabdominal
guardingandtenderness.Aplaneerect
chestX-rayrevealsairunder

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

diaphragm.Probablediagnosisis
a)Perforatedpepticulcer
b)AcuteMI
c)Dissectedabdominalaorta
d)Noneoftheabove

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Perforatedpepticulcer
Historyofheartburnanddyspepsia,acuteonsetofbloodyvomiting
afterbingealcohol,generalandphysicalexaminationfindingsand
airunderdiaphragmonchestX-ray,alltheseindicatetowardsthe

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

airunderdiaphragmonchestX-ray,alltheseindicatetowardsthe
perforationofpepticulcer.

---

1658.RingenhancinglesiononCTisa
featureof
a)Toxoplasmsis

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Intracranialhemorrhage
c)Cysts
d)Hamartoma
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Toxoplasmsis

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Ringenhancingbrainlesions
1. Neoplasms:-Highgradeglioma,meningioma,lymphoma,acoustic
schwannoma,craniopharyngioma,metastasis.
2. Abscess:-Pyogenic,tuberculoma,toxoplasmosis,cysticercosis,
empyema.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

3. Hemorrhagic-ischemiclesion:-Resolvinginfarction,Aging
hematoma,operativebedfollowingresection.
4. Demyelinatingdisorder

---

1659.Aboutlipoma,radiologicallytrueis-
a)LowattenuationonCT

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

b)AnechoiconUS
c)Hypo-intenseonT1-MRI
d)Hypo-intenseonT2-MRI
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.LowattenuationonCT

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Lipomasarebenignfattumorswhichshow
VariableechosonUS
Hyper-intenseshadowsonbothT1&T2MRI
LowattenuationonCT.

---

1660.FollowingX-rayfindingisassociated

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

withChilaiditisyndrome-
a)Pseudopneumoperitoneum
b)Pseudopneumothorax
c)Pneumothorax
d)Hydropneumothorax

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.Pseudopneumoperitoneum
Chilaiditisyndromeistheanteriorinterpositionofthecolon(usually
tranversecolon)totheliverreachingtheunder-surfaceoftheright
hemidiaphragmwithassociatedupperabdominalpain.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Itisoneofthecausesofpseudopneumoperitoneum

---

1661.WhichofthefollowingagentsisusedtomeasureGlomerularFiltration
Rate(GFR)?
a)Iodohippurate
b)Tc99m-DTPA

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Tc99m-MAG3
d)Tc99m-DMSA
CorrectAnswer-B
Tc99m-DiethyleneTriaminePentothenicAcid(DTPA)isanagentofchoicewidelyusedin
measuringGFR.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Ref:RenalDisease:TechniquesandProtocolsByMichaelSGoligorsky,Page87;
PaediatricUroradiologyByRichardFotter,ALbertLBaert,Page47

---

1662.Ultrasonographicfindingofautosomal
recessivepolycystickidneydisease
[ARPKD]areallexcept

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Cystsmorethan2cm
b)Corticomedullarydifferentiationiseventuallylost
c)Enlargedkidney
d)Oligohydramnios
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-A.Cystsmorethan2cm
Onantenatalultrasoundassociatedoligohydramniosmaybe
identified
Cysts
Initiallytoosmalltoresolvebutwithtimemaybecomediscernible

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

UnlikeADPKDthecystsrarelyexceed1-2cmindiameter
Thekidneysappearenlargedandechogenicbutusuallyretaina
reniformshape
Medullarypyramids

---

1663.Cobraheadappearanceonexcretory

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

urographyissuggestiveof:
March2010
a)Horseshoekidney
b)Duplicationofrenalpelvis
c)Simplecystofkidney

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Ureterocele
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D:Ureterocele
Thetermureteroceledenotesacysticballooningofthedistalendof
theureter.Thistypeofureteroceleisalsotermedorthotopic,sinceit

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

arisesfromaureterwithanormalinsertionintothetrigone.
Anintravesicalureteroceleresultsfromtheprolapseofthemucosa
oftheterminalsegmentoftheureterthroughtheureterovesical
orificeintothebladder.
Thisprolapsedureteralmucosacarrieswithitaportionofthe

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

continuoussheetofthebladdermucosaaroundtheorifice.The
prolapsedsegmentthushasawallthatconsistsofathinlayerof
muscleandcollageninterposedbetweenthebladderuroepithelium
andtheureteruroepithelium.
Sincetheterminalureteralorificeisusuallynarrowedandpartially

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

obstructed,andsincethereisnomusclesupportforthedouble
mucosalwallsoftheprolapsedsegment,itdilates.Thisdilated
segmentfillswithurineandprotrudesintothebladder.
Onexcretoryurography,cobraheadsignisclassicallyseenwithan
intravesicalureterocele.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

---

1664.CTofgastricVolvulusshows-
a)Shortenedtwistedstomach
b)Enlargedtwistedstomach
c)Normaltwistedstomach
d)Noneoftheabove

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Enlargedtwistedstomach
CTscanofgastricVolvulusshowsenlargedtwistedstomachin
thoraxwithoneormoresitesoftorsion.Itisusefulinshowingthe
sitesofischemia.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

---

1665.Investigationofchoicetoevaluate
intracranialhemorrhageoflessthan48
hoursis-
a)CTscan
b)MRI

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

c)PET
d)SPECT
CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.CTscan
Primaryprocedureofchoiceforevaluatingintracranialcomplications

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

ofacuteheadinjury4CTscan.
Bestmodalityforassessingfracturesoftheskullbase,calvarium
andfacialbone4CTscan.
Investigationofchoicefordemyelinatingdisorders4MRI.

---

1666.Investigationofchoiceforacute

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

intracerebralhemorrhageis-
a)NCCT
b)MRI
c)PETscan
d)Noneoftheabove

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Answer-A.NCCT
"NCCTremainsthemainstayofemergencyimagingofstrokein
ordertoexcludeintracranialhemorrhage".
"Ininvestigationofstrokewithdelayedpresentationgradient-echo

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

MRIistheinvestigationofchoiceforexclusionofoldhemorrhage".

---

1667.EpiduralhematomaonCTscanshows-
a)Crescentshapedhyperdenselesion
b)Biconvexhyperdenselesion
c)Biconcavehyperdenselesion

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Crescentshapedhypodenselesion
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Biconvexhyperdenselesion
Acuteextradural(epidural)hematomaisbiconvexhyperdenseor
mixeddensitylesion.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Extradural(epidural)hematomaappearanceradiolgically:-
Biconvex(lensshapedorlenticular)
InAcutecases4Hyperdense(2/3)ormixeddensity(1/3).
Inchroniccases4Hypodense

---

1668.Investigationofchoiceforacute

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

subarachnoidhemorrhageis-
a)MRI
b)CTscan
c)EnhanceMRI
d)Angiography

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.CTscan
InvestigationofchoiceforacuteSAH-CTscan
InvestigationofchoiceforchronicSAH-MRI

---

1669.Sausagefingerappearanceisseenin-

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Psoriaticarthritis
b)Rickets
c)Hyperthyroidism
d)Addison'sdisease
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-A.Psoriaticarthritis
Thecommoncausesofsausagedigitare:
Psoriaticarthropathy.
Ankylosingspondylitis
Tuberculosis

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Osteomyelitis.
Sicklecelldisease
Leprosy

---

1670.SkylineviewX-rayisusefulin
diagnosing-

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Patellofemoralproblem
b)Radioulnarsproblem
c)Tibiofibularproblem
d)Skullfracture
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Answer-A.Patellofemoralproblem
A'Skyline'or'Sunrise'or'sunset'or'axial'or'tangential'or'mountain
view'givesmostinformationaboutpatellofemoraljoint.

---

1671.Investigationofchoiceforopticneuritis
is?

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)MRIBrainandorbit
b)CtscanBrainandorbit
c)Vitreousbiopsy
d)Electooculogram
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'a'i.e.,MRIBrainandorbit[RefKanski8th/eChap.19,p.
784]
MagneticResonanceImaging(MRI)isfarmoresuperiorforthe
studyofsofttissueandthus,formostneuro-ophthalmicconditions,
MRIistheinvestigationofchoice.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1672.Investigationofchoiceforsofttissue
sarcomais-
a)CT
b)MRI
c)Ultrasound

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

d)X-ray
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.MRI
"AnypatientwithasuspectedSTSshouldbereferredtoadiagnostic
centrefortripleassessmentwithclinicalhistory,imagingandbiopsy.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

WhilstthepreferredmethodofimagingisMRI,otheroptions
includingcomputerizedtomography(CT)orultrasoundmaybe
appropriatedependingonlocalexpertise."

---

1673.TigriodpatternonMRIisseenin-
a)Wilson'sdisease

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Metachromaticleukodystrophy
c)Parkinsonism
d)GBsyndrome
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Metachromaticleukodystrophy

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Itischaracteristicallyseenin-
Metachromaticleukodystrophy
Pelizaeus-Merzbacherdisease
Autosomalrecessivespasticataxiaofcharlevoix.

---

1674.Theoryofhumanmotivationwasgiven

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

by?
a)Pavlov
b)AbrahamMaslow
c)AliosAlzheimer
d)AaronBeck

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.AbrahamMaslow
Maslordshierarchyofneedsisatheoryinpsyehslagproposedby
AbrahamMaslowinhis1943paper.
"ATheoryOfHumanMotivation"inPsychologicalReview.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Maslowsubsequentlyextendedtoincludehisobservationsof
humansinnatecuriosity'.
Histheoriesparallelmanyothertheoriesofhumandevelopmental
psychology,someofwhichfocusondescribingthestagesofgrowth
inhumans.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Maslowusedtheterms"physiological","safety',"beloftingness"and
love,esteem,self-actualization",and"self-transcendence"to
describethepatternthathumanmotivationsgenerallyhavethrough.

---

1675.Illusionis:
September2007

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Afalseunshakenbeliefnotkeepingone'ssociaocultural
background
b)Perceptionwithoutstimuli
c)Abnormalperceptionbyasensorymisinterpretationofactual
stimulus

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Fearofclosedspaces
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C:Abnormalperceptionbyasensorymisinterpretationof
actualstimulus
Illusionisanabnormalperceptioncausedbyasensory

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

misinterpretationofactualstimulus,sometimesprecipitatedby
strongemotion,e.g.fearprovokingapersontoimaginetheyhave
seenanintruderintheshadows.

---

1676.Medicaltreatmentforparaphillia
includes?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)SSRIs
b)Benzodiazepines
c)Opioids
d)Barbiturates
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.A.SSRIs
Medicaltreatmentforparaphillia-
Antidepressants,suchaslithiumandvariousselectiveserotonin
reuptakeinhibitors(SSRIs)
Long-actinggonadotropin-releasinghormones(ie,medical

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

castration),suchasleuprolideacetateandtriptorelin
Antiandrogens(tolowersexdrive)'suchas
medroxyprogesteroneacetate(10mgqt2hr,withthedosagedoubled
every3daystoamaximumof200mg/day,thenmaintainedforI
monthandadjustedasnecessary).

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Phenothiazines,suchasfluphenazine
Moodstabilizers

---

1677.Husbandhavingsuspicionthathiswife
ishavingaffairwithanotherman,
diagnosisis?

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Illusion
b)Delusion
c)Hallucination
d)Delirium
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.B.Delusion
Adelusionisfalse,firm(unshakeable)beliefthatisnotacceptedby
othermembersofpatient'scultureandsociety.
Aboveisanexampleofdelusionofinfedility(morbidjealousy,
othellosyndrome)i.e-.Falsebeliefthatone'sloverhasbeen

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

unfaithful.

---

1678.A25yearoldmalebelievesthathis
penisisdecreasinginsizeeveryday
andonedayitwilldisappearoneday
andhewilldie.Diagnosisis?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Obsession
b)Somatization
c)Hypochondriasis
d)Delusiondisorder
CorrectAnswer-D

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.D.Delusiondisorder
DescriptiongiveninthequestionisofKorosyndrome,adelusional
disorder.
Korosyndrome
Koroisaculture-specificsyndromedelusionaldisorderinwhichan

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

individualhasanoverpoweringbeliefthatone'sgenitaliaare
retractingandwilldisappear,despitethelackofanytrue
longstandingchangestothegenitals.
Koroisalsoknownasshrinkingpenis.Thesyndromeiscommonly
knownasgenitalretractionsyndrome.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1679.Mostcommonsubstanceofabusein
India?
a)Cannabis
b)Tobacco
c)Alcohol

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Opium
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Tobacco
NationalHouseholdSurveyofDrugandAlcoholAbuseinIndia
?Estimatedusers:(2001)

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

1. Tobacco-162million.
2. Alcohol-62million
3. Cannabis-9million.
4. Opiates-2.5lakh

---

1680.InNeurolepticmalignantsyndrome,

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

causeofdeathis?
a)Respiratoryfailure
b)Liverfailure
c)Drugtoxicity
d)Noneoftheabove

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.Respiratoryfailure
CausesofdeathinNMS
Respiratoryfailure
Renalfailure

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Pneumonia
Thromboembolism
Cardiacfailure

---

1681.ThesiteoflesioninKorsakoff's
psychosisis

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Frontallobe
b)Corpusstriatum
c)MammilaryBody
d)Cingulategyrus
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Ci.e.Mammilarybody

---

1682.Sexreassignmentsurgeryisdonein?
a)Genderidentitydisorder
b)Prematureejaculation
c)Erectiledysfunction

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Orgasmicdysfunction
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.Genderidentitydisorder
Manypersonswithgenderidentitydisorderhavesoughtsex-
reassignmentsurgery,thatis,physicalchangethatisconstantwith

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

theircrosssexualidentity.

---

1683.Allarereversiblecausesofdementia
except
a)Hypothyroidism
b)Hydrocephalus

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Meningoencephalitis
d)Alzheimer'sdisease
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.'D'i.e.,Alzheimer'sdisease
Reversiblecausesofdementia

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

1)Surgicallytreatable:-Normalpressurehydrocephalus,brain
tumors(frontallobetumor),meningioma,subduralhematomadueto
headinjury,hydrocephalus.
2)Medicallytreatable:-Depression,hypothyroidism,alcohol
abuse,vitaminB12/folate/Niacindeficiency,anymetabolicor

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

endocrinedisturbance,neurosyphilis,Hashimoto'sencephalopathy,
Wilson'sdisease,celiacdisease,Whipple'sdisease,chronic
meningoencephalitis,drugsandtoxin(toxicdementia).
Irreversiblecausesofdementia:-
Alzheimer'sdisease,vascular(multi-infarct)dementia,

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Parkinsonism,Huntington'schorea,Lewybodydementia,Pick's
disease.

---

1684.Whichofthefollowingisnotassociated
withdementia:
March2011

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Forgetfulness
b)Alterationofconsciousness
c)Reducedpersonalcare
d)Lossofneuronsinbrain
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.B:Alterationofconsciousness
Thereisimpairmentofjudgementandimpulsecontrol,and
alsoimpairmentofabstractthinkingThereishoweverusually
noimpairmentofconsciousnessindementia(unlikein
delirium)Dementia:

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Chroniconset
Nodisturbanceofconsciousness
Cognitiveimpairment
Personalityalteration
Impairedmemory

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Impairedjudgment
Absentdiurnalvariation

---

1685.Agirlwithbadbehaviorlikesmashing
andthrowingobjectswasadmittedin
thehospital.Therealsoshewas

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

behavingverybadlywithstaff&
abusingnurses.Butshebehavesvery
wellwithaoneverygoodlooking
residentdoctor.Diagnosisis?
a)Bipolardisorder

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)Schizoaffectivedisorder
c)Borderlinepersonalitydisorder
d)Antisocialpersonality
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D.Antisocialpersonality

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Antisocial(Dissocial)personalitydisorder
Theessentialfeaturesofantisocialpersonalitydisorderarea
disregardforandviolationoftherightsoftheotherandtheruIesof
thesociety.
Itischaracterizedbyrepeatedviolationofthelawandrulesofthe

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

society(drugabuse);physicalaggressiveness;Recklessdisregard
forsafetyofselforothers;consistentirresponsibilityinworkand
familyenvironmentandlackofremorse.
Thisdisorderissynonymouswithpreviouslyusedtermslike
psychopathorsociopath.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1686.Trichophagiaischaracterizedby?
a)Compulsivepullingofhair
b)Compulsiveeatingofhair
c)Compulsiveshopping
d)Compulsivestealing

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Compulsiveeatingofhair
Trichophagiaiscompulsiveeatingofhairandisusuallyassociated
withtrichotillomaniai.e.compulsivepullingofhair.

---

1687.Allofthefollowingareessential

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

featuresofattentiondeficithyperactive
disease(ADHD)except-
a)Lackofconcentration
b)Impulsivity
c)Mentalretardation

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Hyperactivity
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.is'c'i.e.,MentalRetardation
Inattentive

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Thismustincludeatleast6ofthefollowingsymptomsofinattention
thatmusthavepersistedforatleast6monthstoadegreethatis
maladaptiveandinconsistentwithdevelopmentallevel:
Oftenfailstogivecloseattentiontodetailsormakescareless
mistakesinschoolwork,work,orotheractivities

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Oftenhasdifficultysustainingattentionintasksorplayactivities
Oftendoesnotseemtolistentowhatisbeingsaid
Oftendoesnotfollowthroughoninstructionsandfailstofinish
schoolwork,chores,ordutiesintheworkplace(notdueto
oppositionalbehaviororfailuretounderstandinstructions)

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Oftenhasdifficultiesorganizingtasksandactivities
Oftenavoidsorstronglydislikestasks(suchasschoolworkor
homework)thatrequiresustainedmentaleffort
Oftenlosesthingsnecessaryfortasksoractivities(school
assignments,pencils,books,tools,ortoys)

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Ofteniseasilydistractedbyextraneousstimuli

---

Oftenforgetfulindailyactivities
Hyperactivity/impulsivity
Thismustincludeatleast6ofthefollowingsymptomsof
hyperactivity-impulsivitythatmusthavepersistedforatleast6

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

monthstoadegreethatismaladaptiveandinconsistentwith
developmentallevel:
Fidgetingwithortappinghandsorfeet,squirminginseat
Leavingseatinclassroomorinothersituationsinwhichremaining
seatedisexpected

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Runningaboutorclimbingexcessivelyinsituationswherethis
behaviorisinappropriate(inadolescentsoradults,thismaybe
limitedtosubjectivefeelingsofrestlessness)
Difficultyplayingorengaginginleisureactivitiesquietly
Unabletobeoruncomfortablebeingstillforextendedperiodsof

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

time(maybeexperiencedbyothersas"onthego"ordifficultto
keepupwith)
Excessivetalking
Blurtingoutanswerstoquestionsbeforethequestionshavebeen
completed

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Difficultywaitinginlinesorawaitingturningamesorgroup
situations
Interruptingorintrudingonothers(foradolescentsandadults,may
intrudeintoortakeoverwhatothersaredoing)
Other

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Onsetisnolaterthanage12years
Symptomsmustbepresentin2ormoresituations,suchasschool,
work,orhome
Thedisturbancecausesclinicallysignificantdistressorimpairment
insocial,academic,oroccupationalfunctioning

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Disorderdoesnotoccurexclusivelyduringthecourseof
schizophreniaorotherpsychoticdisorderandisnotbetter
accountedforbymood,anxiety,dissociative,personalitydisorderor
substanceintoxicationorwithdrawal

---

1688.MCcauseofdelirium?

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Infection
b)Liverfailure
c)Belladonnapoisoning
d)Noneoftheabove
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.A.Infection
Infectionisoneofthemostcommoncausesofdelirium.

---

1689.Capgrassyndromeis?
a)Sharingofdelusion
b)Delusionofdouble

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Erotomania
d)Hypochondriacaldelusions
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.is'B'i.e.,Delusionofdouble
Capgrassyndromeisadelusionofdouble.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Thedelusionalmisidentificationsyndrome(DSM)
DSMischaracterizedbymisidentificationdelusionsofothersorself.
Fourmainsyndromesaredifferentiated:?
1. Capgrassyndrome(Delusionofdouble):-Patientfalselyseesa
familiarpersonasacompletestrangerwhoisimposingonhimasa

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

familiarperson.
2. Fregolisyndrome(illusiondefregola):-Thepatientfalselyidentifies
strangerasafamiliarperson.
3. Syndromeofsubjectivedouble:-Thepatient'sownselfisperceived
asbeingreplacedbyadouble.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

4. Syndromeofintermetamorphosis:-Afalsebeliefthatapersoncan
transformintoanotherperson.
Thesesyndromesmostcommonlyappearinschizophrenia.Other
causesareAlzheimersyndrome,headinjuries,anddelusional
disorders.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1690.Jamaisvuis-
a)Illusionthatwhatoneishearing,onehasheardpreviously
b)Aunfamiliarthoughtregardedasrepetitionofaprevious
thought
c)Unfamiliarsituationsoreventsfeelstrangelyfamiliar

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Feelingofstrangenesstofamiliarsituation
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D.Feelingofstrangenesstofamiliarsituation
famaisvu:-Afeelingofstrangenesstofamiliarsituationsorevents.

---

1691.Featureslikeincreasedpsychomotor

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

acitivity,waxyflexinbilityattimeare
seenclassicallyin:
a)Simpleschizophrenia
b)Hebephrenicschizophrenia
c)Catatonicschizophrenia

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

d)Noneoftheabove
CorrectAnswer-C
C.i.e.Catatonicschizophrenia

---

1692.Characteristichallucinationof
schizophreniais

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Auditoryhallucinationscommandingthepatient
b)Auditoryhallucinationsgivingrunningcommentary
c)Auditoryhallucinationscriticizingthepatient
d)Auditoryhallucinationstalkingtopatient
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.B.Auditoryhallucinationsgivingrunningcommentary
Third-personhallucinations,e.g.voicesheardarguing,commenting
ordiscussingthepatientorgivingarunningcommentaryonone's
action;arecharacteristicofschizophrenia.
Inschizophreniaauditoryhallucinationsarethemostcommon

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

typeofhallucinations.
1. First-personhallucination:-Audibleself-thoughts
2. Secondpersonhallucination:-Voicesaddressthepersondirectlyor
commandingone'sactionand
3. Third-personhallucinations:-voicesheardarguing,commentingor

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

discussingthepatientorgivingarunningcommentaryonhisaction
orthought.Onlythe"thirdpersonhallucinations'arecharacteristicof
schizophrenia.

---

1693.Goodprognosticfactorfor
schizophreniais?

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Bluntedaffect
b)Earlyonset
c)Presenceofdepression
d)Malesex
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'c'i.e.,Presenceofdepression
Goodprognosticfactors:-Acuteonset;lateonset(onsetafter35
yearsofage);Presenceofprecipitatingstressor;Goodpremorbid
adjustment;catatonic(bestprognosis)&Paranoid(2ndbest);short
duration(<6months);Married;Positivesymptoms;Presenceof

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

depression;familyhistoryofmooddisorder;firstepisode;pyknic
(fat)physique;femalesex;goodtreatmentcompliance&good
responsetotreatment;goodsocialsupport;presenceofconfusion
orperplexity;normalbrainCTScan;outpatienttreatment.

---

1694.Selfmutilationisafeatureof?

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Von-Goghsyndrome
b)Catatonicschizophrenia
c)Paranoidschizophrenia
d)Noneoftheabove
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.A.Von-Goghsyndrome
Dramaticself-mutilationoccurringinschizophreniahasalsobeen
calledVon-Goghsyndrome'

---

1695.Apatientinventingnewwords,isa
featureof?

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Neurosis
b)Schizophrenia
c)OCD
d)Von-Goghsyndrome
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

AnsB.Schizophrenia
Neologism:-Newwordsorcondensationsofseveralwordsthatare
notreadilyunderstoodbyothers.
Neologismisseeninschizophreniaandorganicbrainsyndrome.

---

1696.Increaseddopaminelevelsare

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

associated?
a)Depression
b)Mania
c)Delirium
d)Schizophrenia

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D.Schizophrenia
Dopaminehypothesisisthemostacceptedhypothesisfor
schizophrenia.
Thereishyperactivityofdopaminergicsystem.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Otherneurotransmittersinvolvedare:-Increasedserotonin,
DecreasedGABA,variablechange(Increasedordecreased)
glutamate,andincreasednorepinephrine.

---

1697.Looseningofassociationisanexample
of

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Formalthoughtdisorder
b)Schneider'sfirstsymptoms
c)Perseveration
d)Concretethinking
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.is'a'i.e.,Formalthoughtdisorder
Thoughtdisorders
Formalthought
Disordersofthought
disorders(Disordersof process

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

thoughtprocess)
Racingthoughts:-
Anxiety,Schizophrenia
Retardedthoughts:-
Depression

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Delusion:-Psychosis
Circumstantiality:-
(Schizophreniamania,
Mania,Schizophrenia
depression&others

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Thought
Obsession
blocking:-
Compulsion
Schizophrenia,Severe

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Preoccupations
anxiety
Phobias
Perseveration:-Organic Depersonalization&
braindisease,

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Derealization
Schizophrenia
(occasionally
Looseningof
association:-

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

association:-
Schizophrenia
Flightofideas:-Mania
Tangentiality
Clunging&punning:-

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Mania&schizophrenia
Neologism,wordsalad,
Echolalia:-
Schizophrenia
Inschizophreniaandmooddisorders(depression,mania)allpartsof

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

thethought(thoughtprocessaswellascontent)areinvolved.
However,schizophreniaisconventionallyreferredasformalthought
disorder.

---

1698.Visualhallucinationsisseenin:
a)Alcoholism

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Mania
c)Depression
d)Phobia
CorrectAnswer-A
A.i.e.Alcololism

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1699.
Treatmentofchoiceforacutepanic
attacksis?
a)Barbiturates
b)Benzodiazepines

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)TCAs
d)MAOinhibitors
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Benzodiazepines
DOCforPanicdisorders-SSRI's

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

DOCforacutepanicattack-Benzodiazepines.

---

1700.Whichofthefollowingisnottrueabout
sleep?
a)REMsleepcomesearlierthanNREMsleep
b)REMsleepisalsocalledparadoxicalsleep

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

c)SleepwalkingcomesinNREMsleep
d)DreamscomeinREMsleep
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.REMsleepcomesearlierthanNREMsleep
TheNREM(withitsfourstages)andREMsleeprepeatseveral

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

timesanightincyclicmanner,4-6timesdependingonthelengthof
sleep.
AtypicalcyclestartswithstageIoftheNREMsleepwhichis
followedbysecond,thirdandfourthstages.
REMsleepoccupies20-30%oftotalsleepandNREMsleep

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

occupies60-70%(StageIoccupies5-10%;Stage2occupies40-
50%;Stage3occupies15-20%

---

1701.GammawavesofREMsleepinsleep
cycleareassociatedwith?
a)Intenseattention

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Subconsciousthinking
c)Deepsubconsciousthinking
d)Deepsleep
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.Intenseattention

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Betaandgammawaves(20-80Hz)occurspontaneouslyduring
REMsleepandwakingandareevokedbyintenseattention,
conditionedresponses,tasksrequiringfinemovementsandsensory
stimulus

---

1702.Behavioraltherapyisdonein?

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Schizophrenia
b)Agoraphobia
c)Delirium
d)Neuroticdepression
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.B.Agoraphobia
Mostimportantuseofbehavioraltherapy-Phobia&OCD.
Otherusersare-Otheranxietydisorders(includingpanic),Eating
disorders,Autism,ADHD,somepersonalitydisorder,sexual
dysfunctions,depression.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1703.Notseeninanorexianervosa:
September2009
a)Osteoporosis
b)Refusaltofeeds
c)Weightloss

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Menorrhagia
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D:Menorrhagia
PhysicalSignsofanorexianervosa
*Excessiveweightloss

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

*Scantyorabsentmenstrualperiods
*Thinninghair
-Dryskin
*Coldorswollenhandsandfeet
Bloatedorupsetstomach

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

*DownyhaircoveringthebodyLowbloodpressure
*Fatigue
*Abnormalheartrhythms
*Osteoporosis
PsychologicalandBehavioralSignsinanorexianervosa

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

*Distortedperceptionofself(insistingtheyareoverweightwhen
theyarethin)
*BeingpreoccupiedwithfoodRefusingtoeat
*Inabilitytorememberthings
*Refusingtoacknowledgetheseriousnessoftheillness

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Obsessive-compulsivebehavior
*Depression

---

1704.Maindifferencebetweenanorexia
nervosaandbulimianervosalies
in:

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

March2013
a)Symptomatology
b)Weight
c)Gender
d)Age

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.Bi.e.Weight
Anorexianervosaandbulimia
Bothanorexianervosaandbulimiaarecharacterizedbyan
overvalueddriveforthinnessandadisturbanceineatingbehavior.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Themaindifferencebetweendiagnosesisthatanorexianervosais
asyndromeofself-starvationinvolvingsignificantweightlossof15
percentormoreofidealbodyweight,whereaspatientswithbulimia
nervosaare,bydefinition,atnormalweightorabove.
Bulimiaischaracterizedbyacycleofdieting,binge-eatingand

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

compensatorypurgingbehaviortopreventweightgain.
Purgingbehaviorincludesvomiting,diureticorlaxativeabuse.
Excessiveexerciseaimedatweightlossoratpreventingweightgain
iscommoninbothanorexianervosaandinbulimia.

---

1705.Eatingdisorderwithnormalweightis?

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Anorexianervosa
b)Bulimianervosa
c)Bingeeatingdisorder
d)Noneoftheabove
CorrectAnswer-B

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.B.Bulimianervosa
Anorexianervosa-Underweight
Bulimianervosa-NormalWeight
Bingeeatingdisorder-Overweight.

---

1706.Bingeeatingdisorderischaracterized

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

by?
a)Normalweight
b)Weightloss
c)Obesity
d)Selfinducedvomiting

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Obesity
Bingeeatingdisorder(BED)ischaracterizedbyinsatiablecravings
thatcanoccuranytimedayornight,usuallysecretive,andfilledwith
shame.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

TherearenocomPensatorymechanismsassociatedwiththebinge
togetridofcalories,soindividulaswithBEDaremorelikelytobe
overweightorobese,whilepatientswithbulimianervosamaybe
underweight,normalweight.

---

1707.Tricyclicantidepressantshaveallofthe

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

followingactionsexcept?
a)Anticholinergicaction
b)MAOinhibition
c)Block5-HTorNEreuptake
d)Causessedation

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Ans-B.MAOinhibition
Tricyclicantidepressants(TCAS)areeitherNA+5HTreuptake
inhibitors(e.g.-Imipramine,
Amitriptyline)orpredominantlyNAreuptakeinhibitors(e.g.

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Desipramine,nortriptyline).
TCAsarenotMAOinhibitors.
AdverseeffectsofTCFsare:anticholinergicsideeffects,sedatior,
mentalconfusion,weakness,increaseappetite&weightgain,
sweating&finetremor,posturalhypotensionandcardiac

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

arrhythmia.

---

1708.Whichofthefollowingisafeatureof
opioidwithdrawal?
a)Tremors
b)Gooseflesh

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Drynoseandmouth
d)Constipation
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Gooseflesh
Manifestationsofmorphinewithdrawal-

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Lacrimation
Sweating
Yawning
Gooseflash(Piloerection)
Mydriasis

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Anxiety&fear
Restlessness
Insomnia
Abdominalcolic
Diarrhea

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Dehydration
Hypertension
Palpitation
Rapidweightloss

---

1709.Phototherapyisusedinthetreatment

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

of?
a)Anorexianervosa
b)Seasonalaffectivedisorder
c)Schizophrenia
d)Obsessivecompulsivedisorder

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.B.Seasonalaffectivedisorder
Phototherapyisprimarilyindicatedinthetreatmentofseasonal
depressions.
Inadditiontoseasonaldepression,theothermajorindicationfor

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

phototherapymaybeinsleepdisorders.

---

1710.Featureassociatedwithmaniais?
a)Neologism
b)Perseveration
c)Echolalia

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Flightsofideas
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D.Flightsofideas
Diagnosticcriteriaformania
Threeormoreofthefollowingforatleast1week:-

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

1. Inflatedselfvesteemorgrandiosity
2. Decreasedneedforsleep
3. Overtalkativeness
4. Flightofvideas
5. Distractibility

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

6. PsychomotoragitationorIncreasedgoaldirectedactivities
7. Excessiveinvolvementinpleasurableactivities

---

1711.DrugnotusedinprophylaxisofMDP?
a)Haloperidol
b)Lithium

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Carbamazepine
d)Valproate
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.Haloperidol
Prophylactictreatmentforbipolardisorder:

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

1. Lithium(drugofchoice)
2. Carbamazepine
3. Valproate
4. Otherdrugswhichcanbeusedaretopiramate,Lamotrigine,atypical
antipsychotics(artpiprazale,olanzapine,quetiapine,risperidone,

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Clozapine)andGabapentin.

---

1712.Characterizedbychronic,multipletics
?
a)Parkinson'sdisease
b)Wilson'sdisease

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Shy-Dragersyndrome
d)Tourette'ssyndrome
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D.Tourette'ssyndrome
Tourettesyndrome(alsocalledTourette'ssyndrome,Tourette's

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

disorder,GillesdelaTourettesyndrome,GTSor,morecommonly,
simplyTourette'sorTS)isaninheritedneuropsychiatricdisorder
withonsetinchildhood,characterizedbymultiplephysical(motor)
ticsandatleastonevocal(phonic)tic.

---

1713.Tourettesyndromeisatypeof?

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Ticdisorder
b)Mentalretardationdisorder
c)Seizuredisorder
d)Noneoftheabove
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.A.Ticdisorder
Tourettesyndrome(alsocalledTourette'ssyndrome,Tourette's
disorder,GillesdelaTourettesyndrome,GTSor,morecommonly,
simplyTourette'sorTS)isaninheritedneuropsychiatricdisorder
withonsetinchildhood,characterizedbymultiplephysical(motor)

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

ticsandatleastonevocal(phonic)tic.
Averageonsetbetweentheagesof3and9years.
Malesareaffectedaboutthreetofourtimesmoreoftenthan
females.
CommonassociationsareADHDandOCD.

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1714.Trueaboutflumazenilis?
a)Canbeusedinbarbituratepoisoning
b)Specificantidoteforopiateoverdose
c)Canbeusedinbenzodiazepineoverdose
d)Alloftheabove

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Canbeusedinbenzodiazepineoverdose
Fumazenilisanimidazobenzodiazepinederivativeandapotent
benzodiazepinerecePtorantagonistthatcompetitivelyinhibitsthe
activityatthebenzodiazepinerecognitionsiteontheGABA

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

benzodiazepinereceptorcomplextherebyreversingtheeffectsof
benzodiazepineonthecentralnervoussystem.
Flumazenildoesnotantagonizethecentralnervoussystemeffects
ofdrugsaffectingGABA-ergicneuronsbymeansotherthanthe
benzodiazepinereceptor(includingethanol,barbiturates,orgeneral

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

anesthetics)anddoesnotreversetheeffectsofopioids.

---

1715.Whichofthefollowingtypical
antipsychoticdrugisnotavailablein
depotform?
a)Haloperidol

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

b)Risperidone
c)Olanzapine
d)Chlorpromazine
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.D.Chlorpromazine

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Antipsychoticdrugswithdepotpreparationsarerisperidone,
poliperidone,halopetidol,fluphenazine,flupenthixol,zuclopenthixol,
olannpine,clozapine,imipramineandquetiapine.

---

1716.Conventionaldrugusedinthe
treatmentofdeliriumis?

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Haloperidol
b)Lithium
c)SSRIs
d)Morphine
CorrectAnswer-A

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.A.Haloperidol
Drugsusedfordelirium:
Typicalantipsychotics:-Haloperidol(Doc),Thioridazine,
chlorpromazine.
Atypicalantipsychotics:-Risperidone,quetiapine,olanzapine.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

Benzndiazepines(fordeliriumtremens):-Chlordiazepoxide,
Diazepam,Lorazepam,Clonazepam.

---

1717.Generalparalysisofinsaneis
associatedwith?
a)Neurosyphillis

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

b)Alzheimer'sdisease
c)Parkinson'sdisease
d)Noneoftheabove
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans,A.Neurosyphillis

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Generalparesis,alsoknownasgeneralparalysisoftheinsaneor
paralyticdementia,isasevereneuropsychiatricdisorder,classified
asanorganicmentaldisorderandcausedbythechronic
meningoencephalitisthatleadstocerebralatrophyinlate-
stagesyphilis.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Degenerativechangesareassociatedprimarilywiththefrontaland
temporallobarcortex-
GeneralparalysisoftheInsane(GPI)isprogressivedeteriorationof
thewholementalandphysicalpersonality.
Symptomsincludedexaggeratedkneejerk,Iackofreactionofthe

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

pupilstolight,aninabilitytopayattention,a'clouding'of
consciousness,poorshort-termmemory,tremulousvoice,reflex
disturbances,andretinalanomalies'anddiminishedskinsensation.
Patientswereoftenrecognizablebytheirstriking'delusionsof
grandeur"

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1718.Signofoppositionalisminayoung
childisdueto?
a)Mentalretardation
b)Organicmentaldisorder
c)Mentaldistress

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Alloftheabove
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Mentaldistress
"Oppositionalism,tempertantrumsandbreathholdingspellsarenot
unusualduring1styearsoflifeandareagetypicalexpressionof

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

frustrationandanger"

---

1719.Allofthefollowingareassociated
increasedREMlatency,except?
a)Firstnighteffect
b)SSRIs

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Narcolepsy
d)Restlesslegsyndrome
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Narcolepsy
IncreasedREMlatency-

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

PTSD
Restlesslegsyndrome.
Firstnighteffect
SSRI's
TCA's

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Ethanol
Lithium

---

1720.Modafinilisusedforthetreatmentof?
a)Narcolepsy
b)Sexualdysfunction

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Depression
d)Anxiety
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.A.Narcolepsy
Modafinilisawakefulness-promotingagent(oreugeroic)usedfor

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

treatmentofdisorderssuchasnarcolepsy,shiftworksleepdisorder,
andexcessivedaytimesleepinessassociatedwithobstructivesleep
apnea'

---

1721.Drugwithnomoodstabilizingproperty
is-

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

a)Lithium
b)Lamotrigine
c)Imipramine
d)Carbamazepine
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.C.Imipramine
The5individualdrugsthatcanbeusedasmoodstabilizers
are:
1. Lithium
2. CarbamazePine

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

3. Lamotrigine
4. Valproate
5. Asenapine

---

1722.Haloperidolinducedextarpyramidal
sideeffectsaretreatedby?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Benzodiazepines
b)Barbiturates
c)Anticholinergicdrugs
d)SSRIs
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.C.Anticholinergicdrugs
Commonlyusedmedicationsforextra-pyramidalsymptomsare
anticholinergicagentssuchasBenztropine,Diphenhydramineand
trihexyphenidyl.
Anothercommoncourseoftreatmentincludesdopamineagonist

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

agentssuchaspramipexole.

---

1723.Mostcommoncomplicationofmodified
ECT
a)IntracerebellarBleed
b)Fracturespine

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

c)Bodyache
d)Amnesia
CorrectAnswer-D
Di.e.Amnesia
*Electroconvulsivetherapy(seizure)increasesproductionofbrain

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

derivedneurotrophicfactor(BDNF)Q.Madsenproposedgeneration
ofnewneuronsinthehippocampusmaybeanimportant
neurobiologicalelementunderlyingtheclinicaleffectsofECT.
*ECTismostcommonlyindicated(-85%ofallECT)andmost
effectiveintreatmentofmajordepression(withpsychosis/

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

delusions/orsuicidaltendency)Q.ECTisindicatedinpsychotic
(delusional)depressionQbecausenihilisticdelusionsmayinduce
suicidaltendency,whereasECTisnotindicatedinneurotic
depression(dysthynia),cyclothymiaQ.ECTmaybeusefulinMDP
(bipolar)indecreasingdurationofdepressiveepisode.

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

ECTisnot(orless)usefulinchronicconditionslikechronic
schizophrenia(withnegativsymptomsesp)Q.UseofECTisnotthe
firstline(choice)oftreatmentinmania&schizophrenia(lithium&
antipsychoticsaremainstayoftreatment).Panicdisorderisalso
treatedwithdrugsnotECT.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

IndicationsofECT
*ECTismostusefulinacuteandpositivesymptoms(egsuicidal
tendency,catatonia),whereasitisleasteffectiveinchronic
conditionsandnegativesymptoms

---

*ClinicalindicationsofECTinclude

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

Primaryuse
Secondaryuse
1.Rapiddefinitive
1.Failureto
response

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

respondor
requiredonmedical intoleranceto
or
pharmacotherapyin
psychiatricgrounds current

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

2.Riskof
episodei.e.drugs
alternative
are
treatmentsout

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

ineffective,
weightbenefits
contraindicatedor
3.Pasthistoryof
haveseriousside

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

poorresponseto
effects
psychotropicsor 2.Rapiddefinitive
goodresponseto response
necessitatedby

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

ECT
deteriorationof
4.Patient
thepatients
preferance

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

condition.
*ECTshouldbeconsideredwhentheonsetofdisorderisacute,
whenchangesinmood,thought,andmotoractivitiesare
pronounced,whenthecauseofdisorderisbelievedtobe
biochemicalorphysiological,whentheconditioninterfereswiththe

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

dailylifeorwhenothertreatmentshavefailed.Diagnosisforwhich
ECTmaybeindicatedinclude(especiallywhena/wdelusions).
Major(Severe)ManiaSchizophreniaOther
Depressionwith(Bipolar(Severeconditions
1.Psychosis(i.e.disorder)Psychosis)1.Deliriumd/t

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

delusionalor1.Psychosis1.Catatoniageneral
medical
psychotic2.ManicparticularlyQconditionsor
depression)Q,whodelirium2.Schizoaffectivesubstance
areguiltriddenor3.Rapidcyclingdisorder(i.e.intoxication

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

---

feelworthless,whostatesdepressive2.Catatoniad/t
believeothers4.Acutefeatures)QandGMC,neurolept
controltheirlives&uncontrolledschizophreniform
malignantContraindications
I.Absolute(relatively)RaisedIntraCranialTensionQd/tfearofbrain

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

herniation.
1. Relative
*CerebrovascularAccident(CVA)=intracerebralhemorrhage
*RecentMyocardialinfarction(MI)
*Severehypertension

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

*Pheochromocytoma-SeverePulmonarydisease
*Retinaldetachment-Spaceoccupyingintracerebrallesions
(exceptforsmall,slowgrowingtumorswithoutedemaorothermass
effect)
*UnstablevascularaneurysmsormalformationsComplications

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Direct(Modified)ECT(whenECTisgivenwithoutmusclerelaxant&
anesthesia)
MostcommonsideeffectisfractureT4T8spineQ
Causesdecreasedintraoculartension(JOT)
.ModifiedECT(withMR&anesthesia)Bothretrograde&antegrade

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

amnesiaisfoundbutthemostcommoncomplicationisretrograde
amnesiaQAntegradeamnesiausuallyresolveswithin5hours
whereasretrogradememorydeficitsmaytake6-9monthsQ

---

1724.Causesofneuroregressioninachild
canbeallexcept?

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

a)Wilson'sdisease
b)VitaminB12deficiency
c)ADHD
d)Ataxiatelengiectasia
CorrectAnswer-C

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

Ans.C.ADHD
Causesofneuroregression
Inherited
A.GreYmatterinvolvement-
Withvisceromegaly:-Niemannpickdisease,Sandholfdisease

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

(GM2),sialidosis,Goucherdisease,Mucopolyschharidoses(MPS)
Withoutvisceromegaly:-TaySachDisease,Rettsyndrome,Menke's
kinkyhairdisease
B.Whitematterinvolvement:-
Leukodystrophies:-Metachromaticleukodystrophy,Krebbe's

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

disease,Adrenoleukodytrophy,Alexanderdisease,Cannavan
disease.
Acquired/Demyelinating:-
Multiplesclerosis,schilder'sdisease,Devicdisease
C.Basalgangliainvolvement-Wilson'sdisease,Dystoniamuscular

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

deformans,Huntington'sdisease
D.Spinocerebeller:-Friedrich'sataxia,Ataxiatelengiectasis
E.Acquired
Infections:-SSPE,progressiverubellasyndrome,HIV
Metabolic:Chronicleadpoisoning,Hypothyoidism,VitB12&Edeficienry,Drugs(anticonvulsants).

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

---

1725.Mechanismofactionofduloxetineis?
a)SelectiveInhibitionofserotoninreuptake
b)Selectiveinhibitionofnor-epinephrinereuptake
c)Selectiveinhibitionofbothserotoninandnor-epinephrine
reuptake

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

d)Noneoftheabove
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.C.Selectiveinhibitionofbothserotoninandnor-
epinephrinereuptake
Duloxetine,isadrugclassifiedunderserotonin-norepinephrine

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

reuptakeinhibitors(sNRJs).
Atlowerdosesitismoreprominentserotoninreuptakeinhibitor.
Whereasathigherdosesitismoreprominentinhibitorofnor-
epinephrinereuptake.
Ithasminimaldopamineagonistaction.

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

---

1726.Whichofthefollowingdescribesthe
pointsmarkedinthediagram?
a)Obliqueconjugate
b)Diagonalconjugate

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

c)Obstetricconjugate
d)Trueconjugate
CorrectAnswer-B
Answer-B.Diagonalconjugate
Diagonalconjugate:Distancebetweenthelowerborderofpubic

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

symphysistothemidpointonthesacralpromontory.Itmeasures12
cm.
invalidquestionid

---