--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
STERILIZATION
It is the killing of all micro-organisms including their spores whether these are pathogenic or non-
pathogenic.
DISINFECTION
It is the process of killing of vegetative form of micro-organism.
PHYSICAL METHODS
HEAT
Dry heat can be applied in form of red heat. In red heat we hold objects in flame until it is red
Flaming is also used and objects are exposed for few seconds to flame.
In hot air oven, we apply 160?C for 2 hours. Hot air oven is used for sterilization of surgical
Dry heat will cause damage to cells by oxidation and denaturation of proteins.
Moist heat is generally more effective than dry heat for killing microorganisms because of its
(causes proteins and enzymes to lose their three-dimensional functional shape).
1. BOILING
Temperature is raised to 100?C. object is placed in boiling water. This will cause killing of all
obtained by boiling.
2. PASTEURIZATION
Temperature is less than 100?C and there are three methods of pasteurization.
BATCH METHOD: heat applied is 62?C for 30 mins.
FLASH METHOD: heat applied is 72?C for 15 sec and then cooled rapidly. It is used for milk,
baverages. Flash method is more effective because it doesnot affect flavor and maintain
ULTRA PASTEURIZATION: exposure at 82?C for 3 seconds.
3. AUTOCLAVING
Steam is applied at pressure of 15Ib/in2 for 15 minutes and temperature is 121?C
Bacterial spores are resistant to boiling (100?C). As water boils at 100?C at normal atmospheric
pressure (sea level), when the pressure is increased from normal level, water will boil at
temperature higher than 100?C in a closed container. This high temperature of steam kills even
highly resistant spores of Clostridium botulinum. Temperature of 121?C cause sterilization in 15-20
temperature for a long time.
Characteristics of steam in autoclaving:
Temperature is near condensation point
No suspended water droplets
4. TYNDALIZATION
sterilization of sensitive culture medias that cannot withstand autoclave temperature for longer
time.
FACTORS AFFECTING STERILIZATION BY HEAT
1. Time and temperature: At higher temperature, less time will be required.
2. Number of micro-organisms and spores: At higher degree of contamination, more time for
sterilization is required. Organisms producing spores are heat resistant.
3. Species strain and spore forming ability: Different duration is required for different species e.g
Staphylococci and N-gonorrhea are killed at 50-62?C in 10 min. Polio virus is killed at 60?C for 30
min. Hepatitis virus are killed at 100?C after 10 min, other strains may require more time at the
4. Organic material: Organisms heated in high organic media require more time for being killed.
5. pH of media: At neutral pH, organisms are resistant to heat and so the media should be acidic or
FILTRATION
It is a method for removing microbes from fluid or air by using mechanical porous devices, known as
filter papers. The fluids are passed through two types of filter paper. Most common is nitrocellulose
USES:
For sterilization of IV solutions, pharmaceuticals and baverages.
For sterilization of air and water
RADIATION
There are two types of radiations:
formation of thymine dimer of DNA of animals. Thymine dimer leads to inhibition of replication.
They do not affect spores of bacteria.
of water, which damages cells. They have more penetrating power e.g beta rays, X-rays and
gamma rays.
Different types of chemicals have property of rapid onset of action. There are many chemicals used for
this purpose. They should have following properties:
They should be non-toxic and non-irritant.
negative bacteria.
They should not get inactivated by organic matter.
They are divided into three main groups:
1. Chemicals causing damage to cell membrane
2. Chemicals causing modification of protein
CHEMICALS CAUSING DAMAGE TO CELL MEMBRANE
ALCOHOL
antiseptic.
DETERGENTS
They act as surface active agents e.g. benzalkonium chloride (skin antiseptic). They are not effective
PHENOL AND DERIVATIVES
They include:
Chloroxylenol (Dettol)
Chlorohexidine (habitane)
Hexachlorophene
These proteins may be structural or enzymatic proteins which are affected by these chemicals.
HALOGENS
Iodine (oxidant), povidine iodine, tincture iodine (2% iodine + K iodine in ethanol). They are used as skin
antiseptic
Chlorides: chlorine (powerful oxidant) used in water supply and swimming pools. They are also used as
bleaching powder as hypochlorate (bbleach, Clorox)
HEAVY METALS
gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum.
Mercury: it is used as skin antiseptic in the form of thiomerosal (merthiolate) and merbromin
(mercurochrome).
OXIDIZING AGENTS
They include:
Hydrogen peroxide, which is also sporicidal
Aldehydes which may be formalin or glutaraldehyde. Glutaraldehyde is sporicidal.
GASEOUS DISINFECTANTS
Ethylene oxide which is highly inflammable. It is mainly used for sterilization of plastic material.
CHEMICALS CAUSING MODIFICATION OF NUCLEIC ACIDS
They mainly contain dyes including acridine dyes and aniline dyes
USES OF STERILIZATION
Culture media, suspending fluids, reagents for use in microbiology.
Medical and surgical instruments.
Pre-operative disinfection of skin
Fumigation of a room, airplanes, ships, operating theatre etc.
STERILIZATION METHODS FOR DIFFERENT OBJECTS
1. Dressing, gloves, surgical instruments ? Autoclave
2. Rubber and plastic catheters ? Boiling
3. Plastic syringe ? ionizing radiation
4. Thermometer ? iodine or phenolic compounds
6. Skin ? tincture iodine
7. Culture media ? autoclave or tyndalization
8. Cannulas ? ionizing radiation
9. Milk ? pasteurization
STERILIZATION
It is the killing of all micro-organisms including their spores whether these are pathogenic or non-
pathogenic.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
DISINFECTION
It is the process of killing of vegetative form of micro-organism.
PHYSICAL METHODS
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
HEAT
Dry heat can be applied in form of red heat. In red heat we hold objects in flame until it is red
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
hot. It is used for scalpels, points of needle, forceps etc.Flaming is also used and objects are exposed for few seconds to flame.
In hot air oven, we apply 160?C for 2 hours. Hot air oven is used for sterilization of surgical
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
instruments like scissors, scalpel, dry glassware, knives, oils and fats.Dry heat will cause damage to cells by oxidation and denaturation of proteins.
Moist heat is generally more effective than dry heat for killing microorganisms because of its
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ability to penetrate microbial cells. Moist heat kills microorganisms by denaturing their proteins(causes proteins and enzymes to lose their three-dimensional functional shape).
1. BOILING
Temperature is raised to 100?C. object is placed in boiling water. This will cause killing of all
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
pathogenic micro-organisms but not affect spores. Purification of water for drinking purposes is alsoobtained by boiling.
2. PASTEURIZATION
Temperature is less than 100?C and there are three methods of pasteurization.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
BATCH METHOD: heat applied is 62?C for 30 mins.
FLASH METHOD: heat applied is 72?C for 15 sec and then cooled rapidly. It is used for milk,
baverages. Flash method is more effective because it doesnot affect flavor and maintain
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
nutritional value.ULTRA PASTEURIZATION: exposure at 82?C for 3 seconds.
3. AUTOCLAVING
Steam is applied at pressure of 15Ib/in2 for 15 minutes and temperature is 121?C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Bacterial spores are resistant to boiling (100?C). As water boils at 100?C at normal atmospheric
pressure (sea level), when the pressure is increased from normal level, water will boil at
temperature higher than 100?C in a closed container. This high temperature of steam kills even
highly resistant spores of Clostridium botulinum. Temperature of 121?C cause sterilization in 15-20
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
mins, 126?C cause sterilization in 10 min and 134?C for those that donot withstand autoclavetemperature for a long time.
Characteristics of steam in autoclaving:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Free from airTemperature is near condensation point
No suspended water droplets
4. TYNDALIZATION
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Tyndalization is intermittent steaming for 3 consecutive days at 100?C for 30 min. it is used forsterilization of sensitive culture medias that cannot withstand autoclave temperature for longer
time.
FACTORS AFFECTING STERILIZATION BY HEAT
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1. Time and temperature: At higher temperature, less time will be required.
2. Number of micro-organisms and spores: At higher degree of contamination, more time for
sterilization is required. Organisms producing spores are heat resistant.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3. Species strain and spore forming ability: Different duration is required for different species e.g
Staphylococci and N-gonorrhea are killed at 50-62?C in 10 min. Polio virus is killed at 60?C for 30
min. Hepatitis virus are killed at 100?C after 10 min, other strains may require more time at the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
same temperature.4. Organic material: Organisms heated in high organic media require more time for being killed.
5. pH of media: At neutral pH, organisms are resistant to heat and so the media should be acidic or
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
basic.FILTRATION
It is a method for removing microbes from fluid or air by using mechanical porous devices, known as
filter papers. The fluids are passed through two types of filter paper. Most common is nitrocellulose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
filter, having pore with size of 0.22?m.USES:
For sterilization of IV solutions, pharmaceuticals and baverages.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
For sterilization of sera (plural of serum), anti-sera, anti-toxins etcFor sterilization of air and water
RADIATION
There are two types of radiations:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1. Non-ionizing radiations: In this type we have uv and infrared rays. They cause damage to theformation of thymine dimer of DNA of animals. Thymine dimer leads to inhibition of replication.
They do not affect spores of bacteria.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2. Ionizing Radiations: They are more powerful and form hydroxyl free radicals due to hydrolysisof water, which damages cells. They have more penetrating power e.g beta rays, X-rays and
gamma rays.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CHEMICAL METHODS:Different types of chemicals have property of rapid onset of action. There are many chemicals used for
this purpose. They should have following properties:
They should be non-toxic and non-irritant.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
They should have a wide range of safety and storing activity against gram positive and gramnegative bacteria.
They should not get inactivated by organic matter.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
They are divided into three main groups:
1. Chemicals causing damage to cell membrane
2. Chemicals causing modification of protein
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3. Chemicals causing modification of nucleic acidsCHEMICALS CAUSING DAMAGE TO CELL MEMBRANE
ALCOHOL
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
It is used as ethanol, 70% solution of isopropyl alcohol is also used but it is toxic. It is used as skinantiseptic.
DETERGENTS
They act as surface active agents e.g. benzalkonium chloride (skin antiseptic). They are not effective
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
against gram negative bacteria.PHENOL AND DERIVATIVES
They include:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cresol which include Lysol, sudol, steriol, cleurosalChloroxylenol (Dettol)
Chlorohexidine (habitane)
Hexachlorophene
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CHEMICALS CAUSING MODIFICATION OF PROTEINThese proteins may be structural or enzymatic proteins which are affected by these chemicals.
HALOGENS
Iodine (oxidant), povidine iodine, tincture iodine (2% iodine + K iodine in ethanol). They are used as skin
antiseptic
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Chlorides: chlorine (powerful oxidant) used in water supply and swimming pools. They are also used as
bleaching powder as hypochlorate (bbleach, Clorox)
HEAVY METALS
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Silver: silver sulphadizaine is used in burn wounds and silver nitrate drops are used to preventgonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum.
Mercury: it is used as skin antiseptic in the form of thiomerosal (merthiolate) and merbromin
(mercurochrome).
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
OXIDIZING AGENTS
They include:
Hydrogen peroxide, which is also sporicidal
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Potassium permanganateAldehydes which may be formalin or glutaraldehyde. Glutaraldehyde is sporicidal.
GASEOUS DISINFECTANTS
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Formaldehyde but it is irritantEthylene oxide which is highly inflammable. It is mainly used for sterilization of plastic material.
CHEMICALS CAUSING MODIFICATION OF NUCLEIC ACIDS
They mainly contain dyes including acridine dyes and aniline dyes
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
USES OF STERILIZATION
Culture media, suspending fluids, reagents for use in microbiology.
Medical and surgical instruments.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Decontamination of objects before disposal or re-use.Pre-operative disinfection of skin
Fumigation of a room, airplanes, ships, operating theatre etc.
STERILIZATION METHODS FOR DIFFERENT OBJECTS
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1. Dressing, gloves, surgical instruments ? Autoclave
2. Rubber and plastic catheters ? Boiling
3. Plastic syringe ? ionizing radiation
4. Thermometer ? iodine or phenolic compounds
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
5. Hospital rooms/ OT ? hot formalin vapors6. Skin ? tincture iodine
7. Culture media ? autoclave or tyndalization
8. Cannulas ? ionizing radiation
9. Milk ? pasteurization
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
10. Water supply ? filtration and treated with hypochloride