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JNTU-KAKINADA: Proposed Course Structure & Syllabus B. Pharmacy II Year-II Semester.

B. PHARMACY PROPOSED COURSE STRUCTURE AND SYLLABUS (R10 Batch).

II YEAR II Semester

S.No	Subject	T	C	P	C
1	Pharmaceutical Unit Operations- II	4+1	4	3	2
2	Pharmaceutical Analysis I	4+1	4	3	2
3	Pharmacognosy – II	4+1	4	3	2
4	Dispensing and Hospital Pharmacy	4+1	4	3	2
5	Biostatistics	4+1	4	–	–
6.	English Communication Practice	–	–	2	1
	Total	25	20	14	9

II Year B. Pharmacy  II-Semester                                                                                   T              P            C

4+1*       0              4

PHARMACEUTICAL UNIT OPERATIONS – II

UNIT-I

Heat Transfer: Source of heat, heat transfer, steam and electricity as heating media, determination of requirement of amount of steam/electrical energy, steam pressure, boiler capacity, mathematical problems on heat transfer.

UNIT-II

Evaporation: Basic concept of phase equilibria, factors affecting the evaporation, evaporators, film evaporators, single effect and multiple effect evaporators.

UNIT-III

Distillation: Raoult’s law, phase diagrams, volatility, simple steam and flash distillations, principles of rectification, Azeotropic and extractive distillation.

UNIT-IV

Drying: Moisture content and mechanism of drying, rate of drying and time of drying calculations, classification and types of dryers, dryers used in pharmaceutical industries tray dryer, Fluid bed dryer, spray dryer, vaccum oven and freeze-dryer.

UNIT-V

Size Reduction: Definition, objectives of size reduction, factors affecting size reduction, laws governing energy and power requirements of a mill, types of mills including ball mill, hammer mill, fluid energy mill etc.

UNIT-VI

Mixing: Theory of mixing, solid?solid, solid?liquid and liquid?liquid mixing equipment, double cone, twin-shell, silverson mixer, colloid mill, sigma blade mixer, planatery mixer, propeller mixer and turbine mixer.

UNIT-VIII

Automated process control systems: Process variables, temperature, pressure, flow level and vacuum and their measurements. Elements of automatic process control and introduction to automatic process control systems. Elements of computer aided manufacturing (CAM). Reactors and fundamentals of reactors design for chemical reactions.

TEXT BOOKS

1. S.J. Carter, Cooper and Gunn’s Tutorial Pharmacy, 6^th ed., CBS publisher, Delhi.
2. CVS Subhramanyam, Pharmaceutical Engineering.
3. K. Samba Murthy, Pharmaceutical Engineering
4. Mc Cabe & Smidth.Unit Operations.

REFERENCE BOOKS

1. W.I. Macebe and J. C. Smith Macro, Unit Operations To Chemical Engineering, Hill Int. Book Co., London.
2. L. Lachman, H. Lieberman & J. L Kaniz, The Theory And Practice Of Industrial Pharmacy, Lee & Febiger Philadelphia, USA
3. Badzer & Banchoro, Introduction to Chemical Engineering.
4. Perry’s Handbook of Chemical Engineering
5. M.E.Aulton, Pharmaceutics- The science of dosage form design, 2^nd ed.
6. E.A. Rawlin’s, Bentley’s Text Book of Pharmaceutics, 8^th ed ELBS

II Year B. Pharmacy  II-Semester                                                                                   T              P            C

4+1*       0              4

PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS – I

UNIT –I

Computation of analytical results, significant figures, concept of error, precision, accuracy, standard deviation, rejection of doubtful values with special reference to volumetric analysis.

Calibration of analytical equipment used in volumetric analysis.

UNIT-II

(a)           Theory of Neutralization Titration:  Acidimetry, Alkalimetry, Acid-base concept, Common ion effect and Solubility product, pH, Buffers and indicators.

(b)           General Principles and theory of oxidation-reduction methods, and precipitation methods. An account of the indicators used in these titrations.

Application of the above methods in the analysis of drugs, as under IP 1996 including the latest addendum.

UNIT –III

a)        Complexometric titration: Theory, types and application in pharmaceutical analysis. Masking and demasking and their applications.

a)        Non-aqueous Titration: Theory, types, solvents used and application in pharmaceutical analysis.

b)        Karl-Fisher method of estimation of water and other methods of moisture determination.

Note: Principle, instrumentation and applications of instruments mentioned in UNIT IV to UNIT VI

UNIT – IV

Potentiometry, pH metry (including specific ion electrons), conductometry and polarography.

UNIT – V

Flourimetry, flame photometry, nephelometry & turbidometry.

UNIT – VI

Refractometry, polarimetry and spectropolarimetry.

TEXT BOOKS

1. Kasture & Wadodkar, Text Book of Pharmaceutical analysis Vol.I & II.
2. A. Day Under Wood, Text Book of Quantative Analysis
3. Connors, A Textbook of Pharmaceutical Analysis.
4. B.K. Sarma, Instrumental Chemical Analysis, Goel Publishers.
5. Chatwal & Anand, Instrumental Methods of Analysis.

REFERENCE

1. A.H. Beckett & J.B Stanlake Vol.I&II., Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Athlone Press of the Univ of London
2. A.I Vogel, Quantitative Chemical Analysis, ELBS ed.
3. L M. Atherden, Bentley and Driver’s Textbook of Pharmaceutical Chemistry., Oxford University Press, Delhi.
4. Pharmacopoeia (IP, BP, USP).
5. Y.Anjaneyulu, K.Chandrasekhar, Valli Manickam, A Textbook of Analytical Chemistry

II Year B. Pharmacy  II-Semester                                                                                   T              P            C

4+1*       0              4

PHARMACOGNOSY – II

UNIT I

Definition, general test and detailed pharmacognostic study of the following glycoside containing drugs.

1. Saponin Glycosides                         : Glycyrrhiza, Ginseng, Discorea, Sarasaparilla & Senega.
2. Cardioactive Glycosides  : Digitalis, Squill, Strophanthus, Thevetia.
3. Anthraquinone Glycosides              : Aloe, Senna, Rhubarb & Cascara.
4. Bitter Glycosides                             : Psoralea, Gentian, Chirata.

UNIT II

Definition, general test and detailed pharmacognostic study of the following Alkaloid containing drugs.

a. Pyridine – Piperidine derivatives : Tobacco & Lobelia.

b. Tropane : Belladona, Hyoscyamus, Datura, Coca & Aswagandha.

c. Quinoline & Isoquinoline : Cinchona, Ipecac, Opium.

d. Indole : Ergot, Rauwolfia, Vinca, Nux-vomica

e. Imidazole : Pilocarpus

f. Steroid : Kurchi

1. Alkaloidal amine : Ephedra & Colchicum.
2. Glycoalkaloid : Solanum
3. Purine : Coffee, Tea.

UNIT III

Study of Tannins & Tannin containing drugs: Gambir, Black catechu, Myroblan & Arjuna.

UNIT IV

Definination & study of drugs contining resin & resin combinations: Benzoin, Asafoetida, Balsam of Tolu, Podophyllum.

UNIT-V

Biological sources, preparations, identification tests and uses of the following enzymes: Diastase, Papain, Pepsin, Trypsin, Pancreatin.

UNIT-VI

General techniques of biosynthetic studies and basic metabolic pathways.

Brief introduction to biogenesis of secondary metabolites of pharmaceuitcal importance.

UNIT – VII

Natural dyes and their applications in pharmacy.

TEXT BOOKS

1. Kokate C.K , Purohit AP & Gokhale, The Pharmacognosy S.B (Nirali)
2. Trease and Evans, Pharmacognosy, Latest Edition.
3. Tyler, Brady & Robert, Pharmacognosy.
4. Khare C.P, Indian Medicinal plants – An Illustrated dictionary

REFERENCES

Atal C.R & Kapur B.M, Cultivation & Utilization of Medicinal Plants.

1. Wallis, Textbook of pharmacognosy, Pub by CBS Publishers and distributors, New Delhi.
2. Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Pub by Govt. Of India
3. Herbal Drug Industry Eastern Publishers., New Delhi.
4. J.B.Harbone, Phytochemical Methods: A guide to modern techniques of Plant analysis.

II Year B. Pharmacy  II-Semester                                                                                   T              P            C

4+1*       0              4

DISPENSING & HOSPITAL PHARMACY

UNIT-I

Dispensing Pharmacy: Principles of dispensing, form of prescription, handling of prescription, source of errors for prescription, care required in dispensing procedures including labeling of dispensed products.Weights and Measures, introduction to Latin terms, Percentage calculations, alligation method, proof spirit calculations, displacement value and calculations of isotonicity adjustment. General dispensing procedure- posology-calculations of doses.

UNIT-II

Principles involved and procedures adopted in dispensing of the following classes of preparations.

(i) Mixtures            ii) solutions   iii) emulsions iv) powders v) lotions & liniments vi) ointments

Definition of the following preparations like creams, capsules, pastes, jellies, suppositories, ophthalmics, lozenges, pills, inhalations, paints, sprays, tablet triturates etc.

UNIT-III

Incompatibilities: Physical, chemical and therapeutic incompatibilities – methods of over coming and handling of incompatible prescriptions.

UNIT-IV

Extraction and galenical products: Principle and method of extraction preparation of infusion, tinctures, dry, soft liquid extracts.

UNIT-V

Hospital Pharmacy: Organization and structure, organization of a hospital and hospital pharmacy, responsibilities of a hospital pharmacist, pharmacy and therapeutic committee, Budget preparation and implementation hospital formulary, organization of drug store, purchase and inventory control, patient counseling, role of pharmacist in community health care and education.

UNIT-VI

The pharmacy procedural manual, drug distribution, dispensing to out-patients, in-patients and ambulatory patient-dispensing of ancillary and controlled substances, drug information center.

UNIT-VIII

Records and Reports: Prescription filling, drug profile, patient medication profile, cases on drug interaction and adverse reactions, idiosyncratic cases etc.

TEXT BOOKS

1. Cooper & Gunns Dispensing Pharmacy, CBS, Publ. and Distributors New Delhi.
2. Gupta AK, Health Education and Community Pharmacy, CBS, Publ. and Distributors New Delhi.
3. JS Quadry, Hospital Pharmacy.
4. K.Sampath, Hospital & Clinical Pharmacy, Vikas Publications.
5. Lorria & William, Essential dosage calculations.

REFERENCES

1. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Remington Pharmaceutical Sciences.
2. William Hassan, Hospital Pharmacy.
3. R.M Metha, Dispensing Pharmacy.
4. E.A. Rawlkins, Bentley’s Text Book of Pharmaceutics, Elbs publ.
5. Hoover, Dispensing of Medication.
6. NK Jain, Health Education and Community Pharmacy by, CBS, Publ. and Distributors New Delhi.

II Year B. Pharmacy  II-Semester                                                                                   T              P            C

4+1*       0              4

BIOSTASTICS

UNIT-I

Data collection and treatment: Significant digits and rounding of numbers, data collection, random and non-random sampling methods, sample size, data organization, diagrammatic representation of data, bar, pie, 2-D and 3-D diagrams, standard deviation and standard error of means, co-efficient of variation, confidence (fiducial) limits, probability and events.

UNIT-II

Probability and Distributions: Bayer’s theorem, probability theorem, probability distribution, elements of binomial and poison distribution, normal distribution curve and properties, kurtosis and skewness.

UNIT – III

Regression: Correlation and regression analysis, method of least squares and non-linear regression.

UNIT.IV

Statistical inference: Common parametric and non-parametric tests employed in testing of significance in biological/pharmaceutical experiments and elements of ANOVA (One way and two way).

UNIT.V

Design of experiments: Basic concepts of CRD, RBD and Latin square designs.

Sampling and Quality Control: Concept of random sampling, statistical QC charts. Applications of statistical concepts in pharmaceutical sciences.

TEXT BOOKS

1. Pranab Kumar Benarjee, Introduction to Biostatistics
2. Khan and Khanum, Fundamentals of Biostatistics

II Year B. Pharmacy  II-Semester                                                                                   T              P            C

0              3              2

PHARMACEUTICAL UNIT OPERATIONS II LAB

1. Measurement of flow of fluids and their pressure, determination of reynold’s number and calculation of frictional losses.
2. Evaluation of filter media, determination of rate filtration and study of factors affecting filtration including filter aids.
3. Experiments to demonstrate applications of centrifugation.
4. Determination of Humidity?use of Dry Bulb and Wet Bulb thermometers and Psychometric charts.
5. Determination of overall Heat Transfer Coefficient.
6. Determination of rate of evaporation.
7. Experiments based on steam. Extractive and Azeotropic distillations.
8. Determination of rate of drying, free moisture content and bound moisture content.
9. Experiments to illustrate the influence of various parameters on the time of drying.
10. Experiments to illustrate principles of size reduction, Laws governing energy and power requirements of a size reduction.
11. Experiments to illustrate solid?solid mixing, determination of mixing efficiency using different types of mixers.

II Year B. Pharmacy  II-Semester                                                                                   T              P            C

0              3              2

PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS – I      LAB

1. Assay of Pharmaceutical compounds based on chemical methods such as acid base, oxidation-reduction, non-aqueous, complexometric titration methods.
2. Conductometric determination of equivalent point of titration of HCI with NaoH.
3. Potentiometric determination of pH of a soulation.
4. Potentiometric titration of an Acid.\
5. Potentiometric determination of strength of unknown solution and HCL with NaoH.
6. Nephelometric determination of sulfate.
7. Fluorimetric estimation of quinine.
8. Polarographic determination of amount of Nitrobenzene in solutions.
9. Flame photometric determination of Sodium.
10. Flame photometric determination of Potassium.
11. Determination of refractive index of liquids by Abbe refractrometer.

II Year B. Pharmacy  II-Semester                                                                                   T              P            C

0              3              2

PHARMACOGNOSY – II      LAB

1. Microscopy and macroscopy of any four glycoside containing crude drugs and study of their powder characters given in theory.
2. Microscopy and macroscopy of any four alkaloids containing crude drugs and study of their powder characters given in theory.
3. Microscopy and macroscopy of any three tanin containing crude drugs and study of theri powder characters given in theory.
4. Microscopy and macroscopy of any three resin containing crude drugs and study of theri powder characters given in theory.
5. Identification test for any two enzymes given in theory.

II Year B. Pharmacy  II-Semester                                                                                   T              P            C

0              3              2

DISPENSING & HOSPITAL PHARMACY LAB

1. Dispensing of prescriptions falling under the categories; Mixtures, solutions, emulsions, creams, ointments, powders, pastes, lotions, liniments, inhalations, paints. etc.
2. Identification of various types of incompatabilities in a prescription, correlation thereof and dispensing of such prescriptions.
3. Dispensing procedures involving pharmaceutical calculations, pricing of prescriptions and dosage calculations for paediatric and geriatric patients.
4. Dispensing of prescriptions involving adjustment of tonicity.
5. Categorization and storage of pharmaceutical products based on legal requirements of labelling and storage.
6. Project report on visit to the community pharmacy for Counseling on the rational use of drugs and aspects of health care.
7. Preparation of Pharmacopoeial extracts and galenical products utilizing various methods of extraction.

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