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  • NEET 2019 MBBS And BDS Entrance Exam Syllabus for Biology

    CONTENTS OF CLASS XI SYLLABUS

    S.No. CLASS XI CLASS XII
    1. Diversity in Living World Reproduction
    2. Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants Genetics and Evolution
    3. Cell Structure and Function Biology and Human Welfare
    4. Plant Physiology Biotechnology and Its Applications
    5. Human physiology Ecology and environment

     

    UNIT I: Diversity in Living World

    What is living? ; Biodiversity; Need for classification; Three domains of life; Taxonomy & Systematics; Concept of
    species and taxonomical hierarchy; Binomial nomenclature; Tools for study of Taxonomy- Museums, Zoos, Herbaria,
    Botanical gardens.

    ï‚· Five kingdom classification; salient features and classification of Monera; Protista and Fungi into major groups; Lichens; Viruses and Viroids.

    ï‚· Salient features and classification of plants into major groups-Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and
    Angiosperms (three to five salient and distinguishing features and at least two examples of each category); Angiosperms- classification up to class, characteristic features and examples).

    ï‚· Salient features and classification of animals-nonchordate up to phyla level and chordate up to classes level (three to five
    salient features and at least two examples).

     

    UNIT II: Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants

    ï‚·Morphology and modifications; Tissues; Anatomy and functions of different parts of flowering plants: Root, stem, leaf,inflorescence- cymose and recemose, flower, fruit and seed (To be dealt along with the relevant practical of the PracticalSyllabus).

    ï‚·Animal tissues; Morphology, anatomy and functions of different systems (digestive, circulatory, respiratory, nervous andreproductive) of an insect (cockroach). (Brief account only)

    UNIT III: Cell Structure and Function

    ï‚·Cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life; Structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell; Plant cell and animal cell; Cellenvelope, cell membrane, cell wall; Cell organelles-structure and function; Endomembrane system-endoplasmic reticulum,Golgi bodies, lysosomes, vacuoles; mitochondria, ribosomes, plastids, micro bodies; Cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella,centrioles (ultra structure and function); Nucleus-nuclear membrane, chromatin, nucleolus.

    ï‚·Chemical constituents of living cells: Biomolecules-structure and function of proteins, carbodydrates, lipids, nucleic acids;Enzymes-types, properties, enzyme action.

    ï‚·B Cell division: Cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis and their significance.

    UNIT IV: Plant Physiology

    ï‚·Transport in plants: Movement of water, gases and nutrients; Cell to cell transport-Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, activetransport; Plant- water relations- Imbibition, water potential, osmosis, plasmolysis; Long distance transport of water-Absorption, apoplast, symplast, transpiration pull, root pressure and guttation; Transpiration-Opening and closing ofstomata; Uptake and translocation of mineral nutrients-Transport of food, phloem transport, Mass flow hypothesis;Diffusion of gases (brief mention).

    ï‚·Mineral nutrition: Essential minerals, macro and micronutrients and their role; Deficiency symptoms; Mineral toxicity;Elementary idea of Hydroponics as a method to study mineral nutrition; Nitrogen metabolism-Nitrogen cycle, biologicalnitrogen fixation.

    ï‚·Photosynthesis: Photosynthesis as a means of Autotrophic nutrition; Site of photosynthesis take place; pigments involvedin Photosynthesis (Elementary idea); Photochemical and biosynthetic phases of photosynthesis; Cyclic and non cyclic andphotophosphorylation; Chemiosmotic hypothesis; Photorespiration C3 and C4 pathways; Factors affecting photosynthesis.

    ï‚·Respiration: Exchange gases; Cellular respiration-glycolysis, fermentation (anaerobic), TCA cycle and electron transportsystem (aerobic); Energy relations-Number of ATP molecules generated; Amphibolic pathways; Respiratory quotient.

    ï‚·Plant growth and development: Seed germination; Phases of Plant growth and plant growth rate; Conditions of growth;Differentiation, dedifferentiation and redifferentiation; Sequence of developmental process in a plant cell; Growthregulators-auxin,gibberellin, cytokinin, ethylene, ABA; Seed dormancy; Vernalisation; Photoperiodism.

    UNIT V: Human Physiology

    ï‚·Digestion and absorption; Alimentary canal and digestive glands; Role of digestive enzymes and gastrointestinalhormones; Peristalsis, digestion, absorption and assimilation of proteins, carbohydrates and fats; Caloric value ofproteins, carbohydrates and fats; Egestion; Nutritional and digestive disorders- PEM, indigestion, constipation,vomiting, jaundice, diarrhea.

    ï‚·Breathing and Respiration: Respiratory organs in animals (recall only); Respiratory system in humans; Mechanism ofbreathing and its regulation in humans-Exchange of gases, transport of gases and regulation of respiration Respiratoryvolumes; Disorders related to respiration-Asthma, Emphysema, Occupational respiratory disorders.

    ï‚·Body fluids and circulation: Composition of blood, blood groups, coagulation of blood; Composition of lymph and itsfunction; Human circulatory system-Structure of human heart and blood vessels; Cardiac cycle, cardiac output, ECG,Double circulation; Regulation of cardiac activity; Disorders of circulatory system-Hypertension, Coronary arterydisease, Angina pectoris, Heart failure.

    ï‚·Excretory products and their elimination: Modes of excretion- Ammonotelism, ureotelism, uricotelism; Human excretorysystem-structure and fuction; Urine formation, Osmoregulation; Regulation of kidney function-Renin-angiotensin, AtrialNatriuretic Factor, ADH and Diabetes insipidus; Role of other organs in excretion; Disorders; Uraemia, Renal failure,Renal calculi, Nephritis; Dialysis and artificial kidney.

    ï‚·Locomotion and Movement: Types of movement- ciliary, fiagellar, muscular; Skeletal muscle- contractile proteins andmuscle contraction; Skeletal system and its functions (To be dealt with the relevant practical of Practical syllabus);Joints; Disorders of muscular and skeletal system-Myasthenia gravis, Tetany, Muscular dystrophy, Arthritis,Osteoporosis, Gout.

    ï‚·Neural control and coordination: Neuron and nerves; Nervous system in humans- central nervous system, peripheralnervous system and visceral nervous system; Generation and conduction of nerve impulse; Reflex action; Sense organs;Elementary structure and function of eye and ear.

    ï‚·Chemical coordination and regulation: Endocrine glands and hormones; Human endocrine system-Hypothalamus,Pituitary, Pineal, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, Gonads; Mechanism of hormone action (Elementary Idea);Role of hormones as messengers and regulators, Hypo-and hyperactivity and related disorders (Common disorders e.g.Dwarfism, Acromegaly, Cretinism, goiter, exopthalmic goiter, diabetes, Addison”Ÿs disease).
    (Imp: Diseases and disorders mentioned above to be dealt in brief.)

    CONTENTS OF CLASS XII SYALLBUS

    UNIT I: Reproduction

    ï‚·Reproduction in organisms: Reproduction, a characteristic feature of all organisms for continuation of species; Modes ofreproduction- Asexual and sexual; Asexual reproduction; Modes-Binary fission, sporulation, budding, gemmule,fragmentation; vegetative propagation in plants.

    ï‚·Sexual reproduction in flowering plants: Flower structure; Development of male and female gametophytes; Pollination-types, agencies and examples; Outbreeding devices; Pollen-Pistil interaction; Double fertilization; Post fertilization events-Development of endosperm and embryo, Development of seed and formation of fruit; Special modes-apomixis,parthenocarpy, polyembryony; Significance of seed and fruit formation.

    ï‚·Human Reproduction: Male and female reproductive systems; Microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary; Gametogenesis-spermatogenesis & oogenesis; Menstrual cycle; Fertilisation, embryo development upto blastocyst formation, implantation;Pregnancy and placenta formation (Elementary idea); Parturition (Elementary idea); Lactation (Elementary idea).

    ï‚·Reproductive health: Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STD); Birth control-Need and Methods, Contraception and Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP); Amniocentesis; Infertility and assistedreproductive technologies- IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (Elementary idea for general awareness).

    UNIT II: Genetics and Evolution

    ï‚·Heredity and variation: Mendelian Inheritance; Deviations from Mendelism-Incomplete dominance, Co-dominance,Multiple alleles and Inheritance of blood groups, Pleiotropy; Elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; Chromosometheory of inheritance; Chromosomes and genes; Sex determination-In humans, birds, honey bee; Linkage and crossingover; Sex linked inheritance-Haemophilia, Colour blindness; Mendelian disorders in humans-Thalassemia; Chromosomaldisorders in humans; Down”Ÿs syndrome, Turner”Ÿs and Klinefelter”Ÿs syndromes.

    ï‚·Molecular basis of Inheritance: Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material; Structure of DNA and RNA;DNA packaging; DNA replication; Central dogma; Transcription, genetic code, translation; Gene expression andregulation-Lac Operon; Genome and human genome project; DNA finger printing.

    ï‚·Evolution: Origin of life; Biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution from Paleontology, comparativeanatomy, embryology and molecular evidence); Darwin”Ÿs contribution, Modern Synthetic theory of Evolution; Mechanismof evolution-Variation (Mutation and Recombination) and Natural Selection with examples, types of natural selection;Gene flow and genetic drift; Hardy-Weinberg”Ÿs principle; Adaptive Radiation; Human evolution.

    UNIT III: Biology and Human Welfare
    ï‚·Health and Disease; Pathogens; parasites causing human diseases (Malaria, Filariasis, Ascariasis. Typhoid, Pneumonia,common cold, amoebiasis, ring worm); Basic concepts of immunology-vaccines; Cancer, HIV and AIDS; Adolescence,drug and alcohol abuse.

    ï‚·Improvement in food production; Plant breeding, tissue culture, single cell protein, Biofortification; Apiculture and Animalhusbandry.

    ï‚·Microbes in human welfare: In household food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation andas biocontrol agents and biofertilizers.

    UNIT IV: Biotechnology and Its Applications

    ï‚·Principles and process of Biotechnology: Genetic engineering (Recombinant DNA technology).

    ï‚·Application of Biotechnology in health and agriculture: Human insulin and vaccine production, gene therapy; Geneticallymodified organisms-Bt crops; Transgenic Animals; Biosafety issues-Biopiracy and patents.

    UNIT V: Ecology and environment

    ï‚·Organisms and environment: Habitat and niche; Population and ecological adaptations; Population interactions-mutualism,competition, predation, parasitism; Population attributes-growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution.

    ï‚·Ecosystem: Patterns, components; productivity and decomposition; Energy flow; Pyramids of number, biomass, energy;Nutrient cycling (carbon and phosphorous); Ecological succession; Ecological Services-Carbon fixation, pollination,oxygen release.

    ï‚·Biodiversity and its conservation: Concept of Biodiversity; Patterns of Biodiversity; Importance of Biodiversity; Loss ofBiodiversity; Biodiversity conservation; Hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book, biosphere reserves,National parks and sanctuaries.

    ï‚·Environmental issues: Air pollution and its control; Water pollution and its control; Agrochemicals and their effects; Solidwaste management; Radioactive waste management; Greenhouse effect and global warning; Ozone depletion;Deforestation; Any three case studies as success stories addressing environmental issues

     

    NEET 2019 Syllabus for Biology  Download

  • 25 Facts about Your Gray Matter You Should Know

    25 Facts about Your Gray Matter You Should Know

    Our mind assumes a part in all that we do, from composing a poem to scratching the ear, yet we do not invest much energy in our everyday schedule considering what’s truly going up there. While we generally may not be aware of it, our mind is a bustling organ, putting away recollections, giving us a chance to feel agony and delight and responding with lightning velocity to everlasting jolts, all while keeping the fundamental substantial frameworks running easily. Regardless of the possibility that we are not majoring in the organic sciences, our brain has got some reflex actions that works wonder. The activities or the information about our cerebrum may very well inspire us to give it the regard.

    1. The main constituent of brain is the water: Human brain is filled up with a jelly-like substance and liquid all over. The brain is covered by almost 70 percent to 80 percent water. This water comes from the blood which moves through the arteries of the brain after every 4 minutes.
    2. The maximum neurons are in the cerebellum: Most of the neurons are found in cerebellum instead of the fact that it occupies only 10 percent of the brain. Maximum of 100 billion neurons are in cerebellum which is due to the tiny granule cells found in this region.
    3. The neocortex contributes to the maximum weight of the brain: Cerebellum might have most of the neurons but neocortex consists of 76 percent of brain”™s mass. It is responsible for controlling consciousness and language. The structure is much similar to human ancestors.
    4. The left hemisphere has more neurons: The brain is not symmetrical when it comes to the distribution of neurons. The right hemisphere contains about 186 million neurons less than the left. The language skills and right-handedness are to the dominant left hemisphere.
    5. The brain is filled up with oxygen: The brain is totally an oxygenoholic where oxygen is the main requirement in the body. This oxygen splits up between gray and white matter where gray matter takes up about 94 percent of the total oxygen present in the brain.
    6. Most of the energy in a body is used up by the brain: The brain needs the energy to send electrical impulses, cell maintenance, and reflex actions. Our brain uses 20 percent of the total energy and 25 percent of total glucose formed in a body.
    7. Brain starts to shrink after an age of 30: The mass of the brain starts to shrink as one reaches in their 30s.
    8. A number of cells remain constant irrespective of its size: the brain grows in full size at the age of six. No matter what is the size of the brain, the number of cells stays the same.
    9. The fat brain indicates that it is healthy: No one wants extra fat in their body but when it comes to the brain it is good. The fat tissues in the brain play a vital role in insulating neurons and to transmit messages to the brain and the body.
    10. No pain in the brain: Despite the pain that we generally suffer an injury the brain itself does not feel the pain because of its pain receptors. Therefore the brain surgery is also possible to perform on people in their consciousness.
    11. More than 10 percent of the brains are used by humans: The brain is mainly used to think, function and remember. There are times when we use more than 10 percent when it is functioning.
    12. The brain also has super computational power: If our brain were built by electronic circuits then it would have been the best computer. The brain has receptors which process 10-16 operations per second.
    13. The capacity of short-term memory is low: The low limit of short-term memory is the reason why people tend to forget so fast.
    14. Brain consists of 40 percent gray matter and 60 percent white matter: People often think that the gray matter is more than the white matter but this is not true. White matter is responsible for the infrastructure and contains nerve axons with a layer of fat called myelin for protection where the gray matter is made up of neurons. Scientists have shown that white matter plays an active role and affects how it learns and the dysfunctioning of the brain.
    15. Eyeballs are connected to the brain: Eyeballs are an extension of the human brain. If we try removing brain the eyeballs will also come out because the eyes are connected to the brain through the nerve fibers which is responsible for vision. The Structure of Eye consists of optic nerves which are directly associated with our brain.
    16. It takes very less time to lose consciousness: Due to the loss of flow to the brain even in 10 seconds people might lose consciousness.
    17. The color of gray matter is not gray: Gray matter is pink in color due to the flow of blood while a person is alive. After death, the brain turns into a grayish color.
    18. The human brain is not fixed in the skull: The brain always floats in a cerebrospinal fluid which is mainly responsible for the protection and acts as a cushion.
    19. The brain does not always interpret right things: It is an amazing organ but it does make mistakes in interpreting visual things. Many times our brain fails to recognize right colors.
    20. Brains occupy a large surface area: Instead of the fact that the brain is folded and in a smaller package, the surface area is huge because of its expanding neurons.
    21. One cell is connected to 25000 other cells: Each cell in the brain is linked with other cells of range 25000. When there are 100 million cells then there are too many connections.
    22. Intelligence does not depend on sizes: The size of the brain is not an indicative of more intelligence. The structure of the brain is important.
    23. A Lot of neurons are lost where new ones are also gained: Human brain loses about 100000 neurons each day where hippocampus replaces those old nerve cells with the new ones.
    24. The brain works in deep sleep: We often think that when we sleep brain also rests but this is not the case brain recollects the information that we have come across the whole day and restores them for a longer duration. In short, brain stays busy when we sleep.
    25. Brain can produce energy to power a 25 watt light bulb: The human brain is a powerful energy resource where enough energy is produced by the brain.

    Our brains are one of the complex and probably a fascinating organ on the globe. These amazing facts about the gray matter help us to think that how small organs can do wonders. The NCERT books have the detail of how the brain works which helps the students to gain more knowledge.

    About the author:

    With a degree in Engineering, Shreyaa Banerjee is a content writer by profession. She is a voracious reader apart from writing and blogging along with part-time teaching. She is presently exploring all about the digital education with Byju”™s-the Learning App.

    Email_id: [email protected]

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