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  • JNTUA B.Tech First Year R19 First-Year Syllabus And Course-Structures Effective-from-2019-2020

     

    JNTUA B.Tech First Year R19 1st Year Syllabus And Course-Structures Effective-from-2019-2020

     

    JNTU Anantapur (JNTUA) B-Tech 2019-2020 Question Papers First Year R19 Regulation Syllabus

     

    JNTUA B.Tech First Year R19 First Year Syllabus  Download

     

     



    JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR

    B.Tech- I Sem                                                                                                                                                   

    (19A54101) Algebra & Calculus

    (Common to all branches of Engineering)

    Course Objectives:

    • This course will illuminate the students in the concepts of calculus and linear algebra.
    • To equip the students with standard concepts and tools at an intermediate to advanced level mathematics to develop the confidence and ability among the students to handle various real world problems and their applications.

    Bridge Course: Limits, continuity, Types of matrices

    Unit 1: Matrices                                                                                                                                                                  10 hrs

    Rank of a matrix by echelon form, solving system of homogeneous and non-homogeneous equations linear equations. Eigen values and Eigen vectors and their properties, Cayley-Hamilton theorem (without proof), finding inverse and power of a matrix by Cayley-Hamilton theorem, diagonalisation of a matrix, quadratic forms and nature of the quadratic forms, reduction of quadratic form to canonical forms by orthogonal transformation.

    Learning Outcomes:

    At the end of this unit, the student will be able to

    • solving systems of linear equations, using technology to facilitate row reduction determine the rank, eigenvalues and eigenvectors, diagonal form and different factorizations of a matrix; (L3)
    • identify special properties of a matrix, such as positive definite, etc., and use this information to facilitate the calculation of matrix characteristics; (L3)

    Unit 2: Mean Value Theorems                                                                                                                    6 hrs

    Rolle”™s Theorem, Lagrange”™s mean value theorem, Cauchy”™s mean value theorem, Taylor”™s and Maclaurin theorems with remainders (without proof);

    Learning Outcomes:

    At the end of this unit, the student will be able to

    • Translate the given function as series of Taylor”™s and Maclaurin”™s with remainders (L3)
    • analyze the behaviour of functions by using mean value theorems (L3)

    Partial derivatives, total derivatives, chain rule, change of variables, Jacobians, maxima and minima of functions of two variables, method of Lagrange multipliers.

    Learning Outcomes:

    At the end of this unit, the student will be able to

    • Find partial derivatives numerically and symbolically and use them to analyze and interpret the way a function varies. (L3)
    • Acquire the Knowledge maxima and minima of functions of several variable (L1)
    • Utilize Jacobian of a coordinate transformation to deal with the problems in change of variables (L3)

    Unit 4: Multiple Integrals                                                                                                                                                10hrs

    Double integrals, change of order of integration, double integration in polar coordinates, areas enclosed by plane curves. Evaluation of triple integrals, change of variables between Cartesian, cylindrical and spherical polar co-ordinates.

    Learning Outcomes:

    • At the end of this unit, the student will be able to
    • Evaluate double integrals of functions of several variables in two dimensions using Cartesian and polar coordinates (L5)
    • Apply double integration techniques in evaluating areas bounded by region (L4)
    • Evaluate multiple integrals in Cartesian, cylindrical and spherical geometries (L5)

    Unit 5: Special Functions                                                                                                                                                6 hrs

    Beta and Gamma functions and their properties, relation between beta and gamma functions, evaluation of definite integrals using beta and gamma functions.

    Learning Outcomes:

    At the end of this unit, the student will be able to

    • understand beta and gamma functions and its relations (L2)
    • Conclude the use of special function in evaluating definite integrals (L4)

    Course Outcomes:

    At the end of the course, the student will be able to

    • develop the use of matrix algebra techniques that is needed by engineers for practical applications (L6)
    • Utilize mean value theorems to real life problems (L3)
    • familiarize with functions of several variables which is useful in optimization (L3)
    • Students will also learn important tools of calculus in higher dimensions. Students will become familiar with 2- dimensional coordinate systems (L5)
    • Students will become familiar with 3- dimensional coordinate systems and also learn the utilization of special functions

     

    JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR

    B.Tech- II Sem                                                                                                                                                     L T P C

    3 1 0 4

    (19A54201) Differential Equations and Vector Calculus

    (Civil, Mechanical, EEE, ECE and EIE)

    Course Objectives:

    • To enlighten the learners in the concept of differential equations and multivariable
    • To furnish the learners with basic concepts and techniques at plus two level to lead them into advanced level by handling various real world applications.

    UNIT 1: Linear differential equations of higher order                                         8hrs

    Definitions, complete solution, operator D, rules for finding complimentary function, inverse operator, rules for finding particular integral, method of variation of parameters.

    Learning Outcomes:

    At the end of this unit, the student will be able to

    • identify the essential characteristics of linear differential equations with constant coefficients (L3)
    • solve the linear differential equations with constant coefficients by appropriate method (L3)

    UNIT 2: Equations reducible to Linear Differential Equations                           8hrs

    Cauchy”™s and Legendre”™s linear equations, simultaneous linear equations with constant coefficients, Applications to L-C-R Circuit problems and Mass spring system.

    Learning Outcomes:

    At the end of this unit, the student will be able to

    • classify and interpret the solutions of linear differential equations (L3)
    • formulate and solve the higher order differential equation by analyzing physical situations (L3)

    UNIT 3: Partial Differential Equations                                                                                                     8 hrs

    First order partial differential equations, solutions of first order linear and non-linear PDEs. Solutions to homogenous and non-homogenous higher order linear partial differential equations.

    Learning Outcomes:

    At the end of this unit, the student will be able to

    • apply a range of techniques to find solutions of standard PDEs (L3)
    • outline the basic properties of standard PDEs (L2)

     

    UNIT4: Vector differentiation                                                                                                                     8hrs

    Scalar and vector point functions, vector operator del, del applies to scalar point functions-Gradient, del applied to vector point functions-Divergence and Curl, vector identities.

    Learning Outcomes:

    At the end of this unit, the student will be able to

    • apply del to Scalar and vector point functions (L3)
    • illustrate the physical interpretation of Gradient, Divergence and Curl (L3)

    UNIT 5: Vector integration                                                                                                                           8hrs

    Line integral-circulation-work done, surface integral-flux, Green”™s theorem in the plane (without proof), Stoke”™s theorem (without proof), volume integral, Divergence theorem (without proof) and applications of these theorems.

    Learning Outcomes:

    At the end of this unit, the student will be able to

    • find the work done in moving a particle along the path over a force field (L4)
    • evaluate the rates of fluid flow along and across curves (L4)
    • apply Green”™s, Stokes and Divergence theorem in evaluation of double and triple integrals (L3)

     

    Course Outcomes:

    At the end of the course, the student will be able to

    • solve the differential equations related to various engineering fields (L6)
    • Identify solution methods for partial differential equations that model physical processes (L3)
    • interpret the physical meaning of different operators such as gradient, curl and divergence (L5)
    • estimate the work done against a field, circulation and flux using vector calculus (L6)

     

    JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR B.Tech- II Sem            L T P C

    3 1 0 4

    (19A54202) Probability and Statistics

    (Common to CSE, IT and Food Technology)

    Course Objectives:

    • To familiarize the students with the foundations of probability and statistical methods
    • To impart probability concepts and statistical methods in various applications Engineering

    Unit 1: Descriptive statistics and methods for data science                                          10 hrs

    Data science, Statistics Introduction, Population vs Sample, Collection of data, primary and secondary data, Type of variable: dependent and independent Categorical and Continuous variables, Data visualization, Measures of Central tendency, Measures of Variability (spread or variance) Skewness Kurtosis, correlation, correlation coefficient, rank correlation, regression coefficients, principle of least squares, method of least squares, regression lines.

    Learning Outcomes:

    At the end of this unit, the student will be able to

    • summarize the basic concepts of data science and its importance in engineering (L2)
    • analyze the data quantitatively or categorically , measure of averages, variability (L4)
    • adopt correlation methods and principle of least squares, regression analysis (L5)

    UNIT 2: Probability                                                                                                                                                     8 hrs

    Probability, probability axioms, addition law and multiplicative law of probability, conditional probability, Baye”™s theorem, random variables (discrete and continuous), probability density functions, properties, mathematical expectation.

    Learning Outcomes:

    At the end of this unit, the student will be able to

    • define the terms trial, events, sample space, probability, and laws of probability (L1)
    • make use of probabilities of events in finite sample spaces from experiments (L3)
    • apply Baye”™s theorem to real time problems (L3)
    • explain the notion of random variable, distribution functions and expected value(L2)

    UNIT 3: Probability distributions                                                                                                                            6 hrs

    Probability distribution – Binomial, Poisson approximation to the binomial distribution and normal distribution-their properties.

    Learning Outcomes:

    At the end of this unit, the student will be able to

    • apply Binomial and Poisson distributions for real data to compute probabilities, theoretical frequencies (L3)
    • interpret the properties of normal distribution and its applications (L2)

    Unit4: Estimation and Testing of hypothesis, large sample tests                                   8 hrs

    Estimation-parameters, statistics, sampling distribution, point estimation, Formulation of null hypothesis, alternative hypothesis, the critical and acceptance regions, level of significance, two types of errors and power of the test. Large Sample Tests: Test for single proportion, difference of proportions, test for single mean and difference of means. Confidence interval for parameters in one sample and two sample problems

    Learning Outcomes:

    At the end of this unit, the student will be able to

    • explain the concept of estimation, interval estimation and confidence intervals (L2) ● apply the concept of hypothesis testing for large samples (L4)

    Unit 5: Small sample tests                                                                                                                                           8 hrs

    Student t-distribution (test for single mean, two means and paired t-test), testing of equality of variances (F-test), χ2 – test for goodness of fit, χ2 – test for independence of attributes.

    Learning Outcomes:

    At the end of this unit, the student will be able to

    • apply the concept of testing hypothesis for small samples to draw the inferences (L3) ● estimate the goodness of fit (L5)

    Course Learning Outcomes:

    Upon successful completion of this course, the student should be able to

    • make use of the concepts of probability and their applications (L3)
    • apply discrete and continuous probability distributions (L3)
    • classify the concepts of data science and its importance (L4)
    • interpret the association of characteristics and through correlation and regression tools (L4)
    • design the components of a classical hypothesis test (L6)
    • infer the statistical inferential methods based on small and large sampling tests (L6)

     

    JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR B.Tech- I/II Sem        L T P C

    3 0 0 3

    (19A56101T) Applied Physics

    (ECE, CSE, EEE & IT Branches)

    Course Objectives:

    > To identify the importance of the optical phenomenon i.e. interference, diffraction and polarization related to its Engineering applications.

    > To explain the significant concepts of dielectric and magnetic materials this leads to potential applications in the emerging micro devices.

    > To impart knowledge in basic concepts of electromagnetic waves and its propagation in optical fibers along with its Engineering applications.

    > To identify the importance of semiconductors in the functioning of electronic devices.

    > To teach the concepts related to superconductivity which lead to their fascinating applications.

    > To familiarize the applications of nanomaterials relevant to engineering branches.

    Unit-I : Wave Optics                                                                                                                                                         8hrs

    Interference-Principle of Superposition-Interference of light-Conditions for sustained Interference -Interference in thin films (reflected light)-Newton”™s Rings-Determination of Wavelength- Engineering applications of Interference

    Diffraction-Fraunhofer Diffraction-Single and Double slits – Diffraction Grating- Grating Spectrum -Determination of Wavelength – Engineering applications of diffraction

    Polarization-Polarization by double refraction-Nicol”™s Prism–Half wave and Quarter wave plate- Engineering applications of Polarization.

    Unit Outcomes:

    The students will be able to

    > explain the need of coherent sources and the conditions for sustained interference (L2)

    > identify engineering applications of interference including homodyne and heterodyne detection (L3)

    > analyze the differences between interference and diffraction with applications (LA) > illustrate the concept of polarization of light and its applications (L2)

    > classify ordinary polarized light and extraordinary polarized light (L2)

     

    Unit-II : Dielectric and Magnetic Materials                                                                        (8hrs)

    Introduction–Dielectric polarization-Dielectric polarizability, Susceptibility and Dielectric constant- Types of polarizations: Electronic and Ionic, (Quantitative), Orientation Polarizations (Qualitative) – Frequency dependence of polarization-Lorentz (internal) field-Claussius – Mosotti equation-Applications of Dielectrics: Ferroelectricity.

    Introduction-Magnetic dipole moment-Magnetization-Magnetic susceptibility and permeability- Origin of permanent magnetic moment -Classification of Magnetic materials-Weiss theory of ferromagnetism (qualitative)-Hysteresis-soft and hard magnetic materials-Magnetic device applications (Magnetic bubble memory).

    Unit Outcomes:

    The students will be able to

    > explain the concept of dielectric constant and polarization in dielectric materials (L2) > summarize various types of polarization of dielectrics (L2)

    > interpret Lorentz field and Claussius- Mosotti relation in dielectrics (L2)

    > classify the magnetic materials based on susceptibility and their temperature dependence (L2)

    > explain the applications of dielectric and magnetic materials (L2)

    > Apply the concept of magnetism to magnetic devices (L3)

    Unit- III: Electromagnetic Waves and Fiber Optics                                                         10hrs

    Divergence and Curl of Electric and Magnetic Fields- Gauss”™ theorem for divergence and Stokes”™ theorem for curl- Maxwell”™s Equations (Quantitative)- Electromagnetic wave propagation (Non-conducting medium) -Poynting”™s Theorem.

    Introduction to Optical Fibers-Total Internal Reflection-Critical angle of propagation-Acceptance angle-Numerical Aperture-Classification of fibers based on Refractive index profile- Propagation of electromagnetic wave through optical fiber- modes -importance of V-number- Attenuation, Block Diagram of Fiber optic Communication -Medical Applications-Fiber optic Sensors.

    Unit Outcomes:

    The students will be able to

    > apply the Gauss”™ theorem for divergence and Stokes”™ theorem for curl (L3)

    > evaluate the Maxwell”™s equations, Maxwell”™s displacement current and correction in Ampere”™s law (L5)

    ~ asses the electromagnetic wave propagation and its power in non-conducting medium (L5) > explain the working principle of optical fibers (L2)

    > classify optical fibers based on refractive index profile and mode of propagation (L2)

    > identify the applications of optical fibers in medical, communication and other fields (L2) > Apply the fiber optic concepts in various fields (L3).

     

    Unit- IV: Semiconductors                                                                                                                                            8 hrs

    Origin of energy bands – Classification of solids based on energy bands- Intrinsic semiconductors – density of charge carriers-Fermi energy- Electrical conductivity – extrinsic semiconductors – P-type & N-type – Density of charge carriers – Dependence of Fermi energy on carrier concentration and temperature- Direct and Indirect band gap semiconductors-Hall effect- Hall coefficient – Applications of Hall effect – Drift and Diffusion currents – Continuity equation – Applications of Semiconductors.

    Unit Outcomes:

    The students will be able to

    > classify the energy bands of semiconductors (L2)

    > outline the properties of n-type and p-type semiconductors and charge carriers (L2) > interpret the direct and indirect band gap semiconductors (L2)

    > identify the type of semiconductor using Hall effect (L2)

    > identify applications of semiconductors in electronic devices (L2)

    Unit- V: Superconductors and Nanomaterials                                                                                                     8 hrs

    Superconductors-Properties- Meissner”™s effect-BCS Theory-Josephson effect (AC &DC)-Types of Super conductors-Applications of superconductors.

    Nano materials- Significance of nanoscale- Properties of nanomaterials: Physical, Mechanical, Magnetic, Optical- Synthesis of nanomaterials: Top-down-Ball Milling, Bottom-up -Chemical vapour deposition- characterization of nanomaterials: X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) – Applications of Nano materials.

    Unit Outcomes:

    The students will be able to

    > explain how electrical resistivity of solids changes with temperature (L2) > classify superconductors based on Meissner”™s effect (L2)

    > explain Meissner”™s effect, BCS theory & Josephson effect in superconductors (L2) > identify the nano size dependent properties of nanomaterials (L2)

    > illustrate the methods for the synthesis and characterization of nanomaterials (L2)
    > Apply the basic properties of nanomaterials in various Engineering branches (L3).

     

     

    > identify the wave properties of light and the interaction of energy with the matter (L3) > apply electromagnetic wave propagation in different guided media (L2)

    ~ asses the electromagnetic wave propagation and its power in different media (L5) > calculate conductivity of semiconductors (L3)

    > interpret the difference between normal conductor and superconductor (L2) > demonstrate the application of nanomaterials (L2)

     

    JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR B.Tech- I/II Sem        L T P C

    0 0 3 1.5

    (19A56101P) Applied Physics Lab

    (ECE, CSE, CSSE, EEE, EIE & IT Branches)

    Course Objectives:

    > Understands the concepts of interference and diffraction and their applications. > Understand the role of optical fiber parameters in communication.

    > Recognize the importance of energy gap in the study of conductivity and hall effect in a semiconductor.

    > Illustrates the magnetic and dielectric materials applications.

    > Apply the principles of semiconductors in various electronic devices.

    Note: In the following list, out of 15 experiments, any 12 experiments must be performed in a semester

    List of Physics Experiments

    1. Determine the thickness of the wire using wedge shape method

    Experimental outcomes:

    operates optical instrument like travelling microscope. (L2)

    estimate the thickness of the wire using wedge shape method (L2)

    Identifies the formation of interference fringes due to reflected light from non uniform thin film. (L2)

    1. Determination of the radius of curvature of the lens by Newton”™s ring method Experimental outcomes: operates optical instrument like travelling microscope. (L2)

    estimate the radius of curvature of the lens (L2)

    Identifies the formation of interference fringes due to reflected light from non uniform thin film. (L2)

    plots the square of the diameter of a ring with no. of rings (L3)

    1. Determination of wavelength by plane diffraction grating method

    Experimental outcomes:

    operates optical instrument like spectrometer. (L2)

    estimate the wavelength of the given source (L2)

    Identifies the formation of grating spectrum due diffraction. (L2)

    1. Dispersive power of a diffraction grating

    Experimental outcomes:

    operates optical instrument like spectrometer. (L2)

    estimate the wavelength of the given source (L2)

    Identifies the formation of grating spectrum due diffraction. (L2)

    1. Resolving power of a grating Experimental outcomes: operates optical instrument like spectrometer. (L2)

     

    estimate the resolving power of the grating (L2)

    Illustrates the role of resolving power in various optical instruments. (L3)

    1. Determination of dielectric constant by charging and discharging method. Experimental outcomes:

    operates various instruments and connect them as per the circuit. (L2) estimate the dielectric constant of the given substance. (L2)

    Identifies the significance of dielectric constant in various devices. (L2)

    1. Magnetic field along the axis of a circular coil carrying current. Experimental outcomes:

    operates various instruments and connect them as per the circuit. (L2)

    estimate the magnetic field along the axis of a circular coil carrying current. (L2) plots the intensity of the magnetic field of circular coil carrying current with distance (L3)

    1. To determine the self inductance of the coil (L) using Anderson”™s bridge. Experimental outcomes:

    operates various instruments and connect them as per the circuit. (L2) estimate the self inductance of the coil using Anderson”™s bridge. (L2) Identifies the significance of self inductance of the coil in electric devices. (L2)

    1. Study the variation of B versus H by magnetizing the magnetic material (B-H curve) Experimental outcomes:

    operates various instruments and connect them as per the circuit. (L2)

    estimate the hysteresis loss, coercivity and retentivity of the ferromagnetic material.. (L2)

    classifies the soft and hard magnetic material based on B-H curve. (L2) plots the magnetic field H and flux density B (L3)

    1. To determine the numerical aperture of a given optical fiber and hence to find its acceptance angle

    Experimental outcomes:

    operates various instruments and connect them as per the circuit. (L2)

    estimate the numerical aperture and acceptance angle of a given optical fiber. (L2) Identifies the significance of numerical aperture and acceptance angle of a optical fiber in various engineering applications. (L2)

    1. Measurement of magnetic susceptibility by Gouy”™s method Experimental outcomes:

    operates various instruments and connect them as per the circuit. (L2) estimate the magnetic susceptibility of the given material. (L2)

    Identifies the significance of magnetic susceptibilityin various engineering applications. (L2)

    1. Determination of Hall voltage and Hall coefficient of a given semiconductor using Hall effect.

    Experimental outcomes:

    operates various instruments and connect them as per the circuit. (L2)

    estimate the charge carrier concentration and mobility in a semiconductor. (L2) Illustrates the applications of hall effect. (L3)

    plots the voltage with current and voltage with magnetic field (L3)

     

    1. To determine the resistivity of semiconductor by Four probe method Experimental outcomes:

    operates various instruments and connect them as per the circuit. (L2) estimate the resistivity of a semiconductor. (L2)

    Identifies the importance of Four probe method in finding the resistivity of semiconductor. (L3)

    1. To determine the energy gap of a semiconductor

    Experimental outcomes:

    operates various instruments and connect them as per the circuit. (L2) estimate the energy gap of a semiconductor. (L2)

    Illustrates the engineering applications of energy gap . (L3) plots 1/T with log R (L3)

    1. Measurement of resistance with varying temperature.

    Experimental outcomes:

    operates various instruments and connect them as per the circuit. (L2) estimate the resistance with varying temperature. (L2)

    plots resistance R with temperature T (L3)

    Course Outcomes:

    The students will be able to

    > operate optical instruments like microscope and spectrometer (L2)

    > determine thickness of a hair/paper with the concept of interference (L2)

    > estimate the wavelength of different colors using diffraction grating and resolving power (L2)

    > plot the intensity of the magnetic field of circular coil carrying current with distance (L3) > evaluate the acceptance angle of an optical fiber and numerical aperture (L3)

    > determine magnetic susceptibility of the material and its losses by B-H curve (L3) > determine the resistivity of the given semiconductor using four probe method (L3) > identify the type of semiconductor i.e., n-type or p-type using hall effect (L3)

    > calculate the band gap of a given semiconductor (L3)

     

    JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR

    B.Tech- I/II Sem                                                                                                                                                  L T P C

    3 0 0 3

    (19A56102T) Engineering Physics

    (Civil, Mechanical and Food Technology)

    Course Objectives:

    > To impart knowledge in basic concepts of mechanics.

    > To familiarize the basic concepts of acoustics and ultrasonics with their Engineering applications.

    > To explain the significant concepts of dielectric and magnetic materials this leads to potential applications in the emerging micro devices.

    > To impart knowledge in basic concepts of optical fibers and LASERs along with its Engineering applications.

    > Familiarize types of sensors for various engineering applications

    Unit-1: MECHANICS                                                                                                                                   (10 hrs)

    Basic laws of vectors and scalars-rotational frames-conservative forces- F = – grad V, torque and angular momentum – Newton”™s laws in inertial and linear accelerating non-inertial frames of reference-rotating frame of reference with constant angular velocity-qualitative explanation of Foucault”™s pendulum-rigid body-angular velocity vector -center of mass- gravitation and Keplar”™s Law (Qualitative).

    Learning Outcomes:

    The students will be able to

    > Identify forces and moments in mechanical systems using scalar and vector techniques (L3)

    > interpret the equation of motion of a rigid rotating body (torque on a rigid body) (L3) > extend Newton”™s second law for inertial and non-inertial frame of reference (L2)

    > explain consideration of Earth’s rotation in designing and launching missiles (L2)

    Unit-2: ACOUSTICS AND ULTRASONICS                                                                                                    (9 hrs)

    Acoustics Introduction- Reverberation- Reverberation time”“ Sabine”™s formula- derivation using growth and decay method- Absorption coefficient and its determination-factors affecting acoustics of buildings and their remedies.

    Ultrasonics- Introduction, Properties and Production by magnetostriction& piezoelectric methods – acoustic grating -Non Destructive Testing- pulse echo system through transmission and reflection modes – A,B and C- scan displays, Medical applications.

     

    Learning Outcomes:

    The students will be able to

    > explain how sound is propagatedin buildings (L2)

    > analyze acoustic properties of typically used materials in buildings (L4)

    > recognize sound level disruptors and their use in architectural acoustics (L2) > identify the use of ultrasonics in different fields (L3)

    Unit-3 : Dielectric and Magnetic Materials                                                                         (8hrs)

    Introduction–Dielectric polarization-Dielectric polarizability, Susceptibility and Dielectric constant- Types of polarizations: Electronic, Ionic, Orientation Polarizations (Qualitative) – Frequency dependence of polarization-Lorentz (internal) field-Claussius -Mosotti equation-Applications of Dielectrics.

    Introduction-Magnetic dipole moment-Magnetization-Magnetic susceptibility and permeability- Origin of permanent magnetic moment -Classification of Magnetic materials-Domain Concepts of ferromagentism-Hysteresis-soft and hard magnetic materials-Magnetic device applications.

    Unit Outcomes:

    The students will be able to

    > explain the concept of dielectric constant and polarization in dielectric materials (L2) > summarize Gauss”™s law in the presence of dielectrics (L2)

    > interpret dielectric loss, Lorentz field and Claussius- Mosotti relation (L2)

    > classify the magnetic materials based on susceptibility and their temperature dependence (L2)

    > explain the applications of dielectric and magnetic materials (L2)

    Unit- IV: Lasers and Fiber Optics                                                             (10hrs)

    Introduction – Characteristics of Laser – Spontaneous and Stimulated emission of radiation – Einstein”™s coefficients – Population inversion – Pumping Mechanisms – He-Ne laser, Nd-YAG laser – Semiconductor laser – Applications of laser.

    Introduction to Optical Fibers-Total Internal Reflection-Construction of optical fibers, Critical angle of propagation-Acceptance angle-Numerical Aperture-Classification of fibers based on Refractive index profile& modes-Propagation of electromagnetic wave through optical fiber- importance of V number- Block Diagram of Fiber optic Communication system -Medical Applications.

    Unit Outcomes:

    The students will be able to

    > Understand the basic concepts of LASER light Sources (L2)

    > Apply the concepts to learn the types of lasers (L3)

    > Identifies the Engineering applications of lasers (L2)

    > explain the working principle of optical fibers (L2)

    > classify optical fibers based on refractive index profile and mode of propagation (L2)

    > identify the applications of optical fibers in medical, communication and other fields (L2)

     

    Unit- V: Sensors                                                                                                                                                 (8 hrs)

    Sensors:(qualitative description only): Different types of sensors and applications; Strain and Pressure sensors- Piezoelectric, magnetostrictive sensors, Fibre optic methods of pressure sensing; Temperature sensors – bimetallic strip, pyroelectric detectors, Hall-effect sensor, smoke and fire detectors.

    Learning Outcomes:

    The students will be able to

    > identify different types of sensors and applications (L3)

    > explain physics behind theworking principles of sensors (L2) > select sensors for different type of applications (L3)

     

    Course Outcomes:

    After completing this course students will be able to

    > explain physics applied to solve engineering problems (L2)

    > apply the principles of acoustics in designing of buildings (L3)

    > explains the applications of ultrasonics in various engineering fields (L2) > apply electromagnetic wave propagation in different Optical Fibers (L2) > Apply the lasers concepts in various applications (L3)

    > Explains the concepts of dielectric and magnetic materials (L2) > identify the sensors for various engineering applications (L3)

     

    JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR

    B.Tech- I/II Sem                                                                                                                                                  L T P C

    0 0 3 1.5

    (19A56102P) Engineering Physics Lab

    (Civil, Mechanical and Food Technology)

    Course Objectives:

    > Understand the role of Optical fiber parameters in engineering applications.

    > Recognize the significance of laser by studying its characteristics and its application in finding the particle size.

    > Illustrates the magnetic and dielectric materials applications.

    > Identifies the various sensor applications.

    Note: – In the following list of experiments, out of 15 experiments any 12 experiments must be performed in a semester.

    List of Physics Experiments:

    1. Determination of wavelength of LASER light using diffraction grating.

    Experimental outcomes:

    operates various instrument (L2)

    estimate the wavelength of laser source (L2)

    Identifies the formation of grating spectrum due diffraction. (L2)

    1. Determination of particle size using LASER. Experimental outcomes:
    • operates various instrument (L2)
    • estimate the Particles size using laser (L2)
    • Identifies the application of laser (L2)
    1. Determination of spring constant of springs using Coupled Oscillator

    Experimental outcomes:

    operatesvarious instrument. (L2) estimate thespring constant (L2) Identifies the principle of coupled oscillations. (L2)

    1. Determination of Hall voltage and Hall coefficient of a given semiconductor using Hall

    operatesvarious instruments and connect them as per the circuit. (L2)

    estimate thecharge carrier concentration and mobility in a semiconductor. (L2) Illustrates the applications of hall effect. (L3)

    plotsthe voltage with current and voltage with magnetic field (L3)

    1. Determination of Dielectric constant of dielectric material using charging and discharging of

    Experimental outcomes:

    operatesvarious instruments and connect them as per the circuit. (L2)

    estimate the dielectric constant of the given substance. (L2)

     

    Identifies the significance of dielectric constant in various devices. (L2)

    1. Magnetic field along the axis of a circular coil carrying current.

    Experimental outcomes:

    operatesvarious instruments and connect them as per the circuit. (L2)

    estimate the magnetic field along the axis of a circular coil carrying current. (L2) plotsthe intensity of the magnetic field of circular coil carrying current with distance (L3)

    1. Rigidity modulus of material of a wire-dynamic method (Torsional pendulum)

    Experimental outcomes: operatesvarious instruments. (L2)

    estimate therigidity modules of a given wire (L2)

    plotslength of the pendulum (l) with time period T2 (L3)

    1. Determination of hysteresis loss by tracing B-H Curve of ferromagnetic material. Experimental outcomes: operatesvarious instruments and connect them as per the circuit. (L2)

    estimate thehysteresis loss, coercivity and retentivity of the ferromagnetic material.. (L2)

    classifies the soft and hard magnetic material based on B-H curve. (L2)

    plotsthe magnetic field H and flux density B (L3)

    1. To determine the numerical aperture of a given optical fiber and hence to find its acceptance angle

    Experimental outcomes:

    operatesvarious instruments and connect them as per the circuit. (L2)

    estimate thenumerical aperture and acceptance angle of a given optical fiber. (L2) Identifies the significance of numerical aperture and acceptance angle of a optical fiber in various engineering applications. (L2)

    1. Measurement of magnetic susceptibility by Gouy”™s method

    Experimental outcomes:

    operatesvarious instruments and connect them as per the circuit. (L2)

    estimate themagnetic susceptibility of the given material. (L2)

    Identifies the significance of magnetic susceptibilityin various engineering applications. (L2)

    1. Determination of ultrasonic velocity in liquid (Acoustic grating)

    Experimental outcomes: operatesvarious instruments. (L2)

    estimatethe velocity of ultrasonic waves in liquids. (L2)

    Illustrates the basic applications of ultrasonics. (L3)

    1. Determination of pressure variation using Strain Guage sensor.

    Experimental outcomes:

    operatesvarious instruments. (L2)

    estimatethe pressure variation using strain guage sensor. (L2)

    Illustrates the applications of strain gauge sensors. (L3)

    1. Determination of temperature change using Strain Guage sensor.

    Experimental outcomes:

    operatesvarious instruments. (L2)

    estimatethe temperature variation using strain guage sensor. (L2)

    Illustrates the applications of strain gauge sensors. (L3)

    1. Determination of pressure variations using optical fiber sensors. Experimental outcomes:

    operatesvarious instruments. (L2)

    estimatethe pressure variation using Optical fiber sensor. (L2) Illustrates the applications of Optical fiber sensors. (L3)

    1. Determination of temperature changes using optical fiber sensors. Experimental outcomes:

    operatesvarious instruments. (L2)

    estimatethe temperature variation using Optical fiber sensor. (L2) Illustrates the applications of Optical fiber sensors. (L3)

     

     

    JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR

    B.Tech- I/II Sem                                                                                                                                                  L T P C

    3 0 0 3

    (19A51101T) Engineering Chemistry

    (MECH and CIVIL)

    Course Objectives:

    • To familiarize engineering chemistry and its applications
    • To impart the concept of soft and hard waters, softening methods of hard water
    • To train the students on the principles and applications of electrochemistry, polymers, surface chemistry, and cement

    Unit 1: Water Technology                                                                                                                                      (8 hrs)

    Introduction-Soft Water and hardness of water, Estimation of hardness of water by EDTA Method – Boiler troubles scale and sludge, Industrial water treatment- specifications for drinking water, Bureau of Indian Standards(BIS) and World health organization(WHO) standards, zeolite and ion-exchange processes – desalination of brackish water, reverse osmosis (RO) and electrodialysis.

    Learning outcomes:

    The student will be able to

    • list the differences between temporary and permanent hardness of water (L1)
    • explainthe principles of reverse osmosis and electrodialysis. (L2)
    • comparequality ofdrinking water with BIS and WHO standards. (L2)
    • illustrateproblems associated with hard water – scale and sludge. (L2)
    • explain the working principles of different Industrial water treatment processes (L2)

    Unit 2: Electrochemistry and Applications:                                                        (10 hrs)

    Electrodes- concepts, electrochemical cell, Nernst equation, cell potential calculations. Primary cells-Leclanche cell, Li Battery

    Secondary cells- lead acid, and lithium ion batteries- working of the batteries including cell reactions.

    Fuel cells- Basic Principles and Working Principles of hydrogen-oxygen, methanol fuel cells Corrosion: Introduction to corrosion, electrochemical theory of corrosion, differential aeration cell corrosion, galvanic corrosion, metal oxide formation by dry electrochemical corrosion, Pilling Bedworth ratios and uses, Factors affecting the corrosion, cathodic and anodic protection, electroplating and electro less plating (Nickel and Copper).

     

    Learning Outcomes:

    At the end of this unit, the students will be able to

    • apply Nernst equation for calculating electrode and cell potentials (L3)
    • apply Pilling Bedworth rule for corrosion and corrosion prevention (L3)
    • demonstrate the corrosion prevention methods and factors affecting corrosion (L2)
    • compare different batteries and their applications (L2)

    Unit 3: Polymers and Fuel Chemistry: (12 hrs)

    Introduction to polymers, functionality of monomers, Mechanism of chain growth, step growth and coordination polymerization,

    Thermoplastics and Thermo-setting plastics-: Preparation, properties and applications of PVC and Bakelite

    Elastomers- Preparation, properties and applications of Buna S, Buna N, Thiokol

    Fuels ““ Types of fuels, calorific value, numerical problems based on calorific value; Analysis of coal, Liquid Fuels refining of petroleum, fuels for IC engines, knocking and anti-knock agents, Octane and Cetane values, cracking of oils; alternative fuels- propane, methanol and ethanol, bio fuels.

    Learning Outcomes:

    At the end of this unit, the students will be able to

    • explain different types of polymers and their applications (L2)
    • Solve the numerical problems based on Calorific value(L3)
    • select suitable fuels for IC engines (L3)
    • explain calorific values, octane number, refining of petroleum and cracking of oils (L2)

    UNIT-4 Advanced Engineering Materials                                                                                               (8 hrs)

    • Composites- Definition, Constituents, Classification- Particle, Fibre and Structural reinforced composites, properties and Engineering applications
    • Refractories- Classification, Properties, Factors affecting the refractory materials and Applications
    • Lubricants- Classification, Functions of lubricants, Mechanism, Properties of lubricating oils and Applications
    • Building materials- Portland Cement, constituents, phases and reactivity of clinker, Setting and Hardening of cement.

    Learning Outcomes:

    At the end of this unit, the students will be able to

    • explain the constituents of Composites and its classification (L2)
    • Identify the factors affecting the refractory material(L3)
    • Illustrate the functions and properties of lubricants (L2)
    • demonstrate the phases and reactivity of concrete formation (L2)
    • identify the constituents of Portland cement (L3)
    • enumerate the reactions at setting and hardening of the cement (L3)

     

    Unit 5: Surface Chemistry and Applications:                                      (10 hrs)

    Introduction to surface chemistry, colloids, micelle formation, synthesis of colloids (any two methods with examples), chemical and electrochemical methods (not more than two methods) of preparation of nanometals and metal oxides, stabilization of colloids and nanomaterials by stabilizing agents, characterization of surface by physicochemical methods (SEM, TEM, X-ray diffraction), solid-gas interface, solid-liquid interface, adsorption isotherm, BET equation (no derivation) applications of colloids and nanomaterials- catalysis, medicine, sensors.

    Learning Outcomes:

    At the end of this unit, the students will be able to

    • summarize the applications of SEM, TEM and X-ray diffraction in surface characterization (L2)
    • explain the synthesis of colloids with examples (L2)
    • outline the preparationof nanomaterials and metal oxides (L2)
    • identify the application of colloids and nanomaterials in medicine, sensors and catalysis (L2)

    Course Outcomes:

    At the end of the course, the students will be able to

    • demonstrate the corrosion prevention methods and factors affecting corrosion (L2)
    • explain the preparation, properties, and applications of thermoplastics & thermosettings, elastomers & conducting polymers. (L2)
    • explain calorific values, octane number, refining of petroleum and cracking of oils (L2)
    • explain the setting and hardening of cement and concrete phase (L2)
    • summarize the application of SEM, TEM and X-ray diffraction in surface characterization (L2)

     

    JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR

    B.Tech- I/II Sem                                                                                                                                                  L T P C

    0 0 3 1.5

    (19A51101P) Engineering Chemistry Lab

    (MECH and CIVIL)

    Course Objectives:

    • To Verify the fundamental concepts with experiments

    List of Experiments:

    1. Determination of Hardness of a groundwater sample.
    2. pH metric titration of (i) strong acid vs. strong base, (ii) weak acid vs. strong base
    3. Determination of cell constant and conductance of solutions
    4. Potentiometry – determination of redox potentials and emfs
    5. Determination of Strength of an acid in Pb-Acid battery
    6. Preparation of a polymer
    7. Determination of percentage of Iron in Cement sample by colorimetry
    8. Estimation of Calcium in port land Cement
    9. Preparation of nanomaterials
    10. Adsorption of acetic acid by charcoal
    11. Determination of percentage Moisture content in a coal sample
    12. Determination of Viscosity of lubricating oil by Red Viscometer 1 &2
    13. Determination of Calorific value of gases by Junker”™s gas Calorimeter

    Course Outcomes:

    At the end of the course, the students will be able to

    • determine the cell constant and conductance of solutions (L3)
    • prepare advanced polymer materials (L2)
    • determine the physical properties like surface tension, adsorption and viscosity (L3)
    • estimate the Iron and Calcium in cement (L3)
    • calculate the hardness of water (L4)

     

    JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR B.Tech- I/II Sem         L T P C

    3 0 0 3

    (19A51102T) Chemistry

    (CSE, CSSE, ECE, EIE, EEE and IT)

    Course Objectives:

    • To familiarize engineering chemistry and its applications
    • To train the students on the principles and applications of electrochemistry and polymers ● To introduce instrumental methods, molecular machines and switches

    Unit 1: Structure and Bonding Models:                                                                                    (10 hrs)

    Planck’s quantum theory, dual nature of matter, Schrodinger equation, significance of Ψ and Ψ2 , applications to hydrogen, particle in a box and their applications for conjugated molecules, molecular orbital theory- bonding in homo- and heteronuclear diatomic molecules- energy level diagrams of O2 and CO, etc. Ï€-molecular orbitals of butadiene and benzene, calculation of bond order, crystal field theory- salient features- splitting in octahedral and tetrahedral geometry, magnetic properties and colour, band theory of solids- band diagrams for conductors, semiconductors and insulators, role of doping on band structures.

    Learning Outcomes:

    At the end of this unit, the students will be able to

    • apply Schrodinger wave equation to hydrogen and particle in a box (L3)
    • illustrate the molecular orbital energy level diagram of different molecular species (L2) ● explain the band theory of solids for conductors, semiconductors and insulators (L2)
    • discuss the magnetic behaviour and colour of complexes (L3)

    Unit 2: Electrochemistry and Applications:                                                (10 hrs)

    Electrodes- concepts, reference electrodes (Calomel electrode, Ag/AgCl electrode and glass electrode) electrochemical cell, Nernst equation, cell potential calculations, numerical problems, potentiometry- potentiometric titrations (redox titrations), concept of conductivity, conductivity cell, conductometric titrations (acid-base titrations), photovoltaic cell- working and applications, photogalvanic cells with specific examples. Electrochemical sensors- potentiometric sensors with examples, amperometric sensors with examples.

    Primary cells- Zinc-air battery, Fuel cells, hydrogen-oxygen, methanol fuel cells- working of the cells.

    Secondary cells- lead acid,and lithium ion batteries- working of the batteries including cell reactions.

     

    Learning Outcomes:

    At the end of this unit, the students will be able to

    • apply Nernst equation for calculating electrode and cell potentials (L3)
    • differentiate between pH metry, potentiometric and conductometric titrations (L2)
    • explain the theory of construction of battery and fuel cells (L2)
    • solve problems based on cell potential (L3)

    Unit 3: Polymer Chemistry:                                                                                           (10 hrs)

    Introduction to polymers, functionality of monomers, chain growth and step growth polymerization, coordination polymerization, copolymerization (stereospecific polymerization) with specific examples and mechanisms of polymer formation.

    Plastics – Thermoplastics and Thermosettings, Preparation, properties and applications of- Bakelite, urea-formaldehyde, Nylon-66, carbon fibres, Elastomers”“Buna-S, Buna-N”“preparation, properties and applications.

    Conducting polymers- polyacetylene, polyaniline, polypyrroles- mechanism of conduction and applications.

    Learning Outcomes:

    At the end of this unit, the students will be able to

    • explain the different types of polymers and their applications (L2)
    • explain the preparation, properties and applications of Bakelite, Nylon-66, and carbon fibres (L2)
    • describe the mechanism of conduction in conducting polymers (L2)
    • discuss Buna-S and Buna-N elastomers and their applications (L2)

    Unit 4: Instrumental Methods and Applications                                        (10 hrs)

    Electromagnetic spectrum. Absorption of radiation: Beer-Lambert”™s law. Principle and applications of pH metry, potentiometry, conductometry, UV-Visible, IR and NMR Spectroscopies. Principles of Gas Chromatography (GC) and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), separation of gaseous mixtures and liquid mixtures

    Learning outcomes:

    After completion of Module IV, students will be able to

    • explain the different types of spectral series in electromagnetic spectrum (L2)
    • understand the principles of different analytical instruments (L2)
    • explain the different applications of analytical instruments (L2)

    Unit 5: Molecular Machines and Molecular Switches:                               (10 hrs)

    Concepts and terms of supra molecular chemistry, complementarity, Basic Lock and Key principle, examples of Supramolecules, Molecular recognition- cation binding, anion binding, simultaneous cation and anion binding, supramolecular reactivity and catalysis

    Self assembly in biological systems, Synthetic systems- catenanes, rotaxanes, metal ion assisted assemblies, template synthesis of macrocyclic ligands

    Applications of Supramolecular Devices- Ionic devices, Electronic devices, Switching devices

     

    Learning Outcomes:

    At the end of this unit, the students will be able to

    • explain the band theory of solids for conductors, semiconductors and insulators (L2)
    • explainsupramolecular chemistry and self assembly (L2)
    • demonstrate the application of Rotaxanes and Catenanes as artificial molecular machines (L2)

    Course Outcomes:

    At the end of the course, the students will be able to

    • compare the materials of construction for battery and electrochemical sensors (L2)
    • explainthe preparation, properties, and applications of thermoplastics &thermosettings, elastomers & conducting polymers. (L2)
    • explain the principles of spectrometry, GC and HPLC in separation of gaseous and liquid mixtures (L2)
    • apply the principle of supramolecular chemistry in application of molecular machines and switches (L3)

     

    JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR B.Tech- I/II Sem      L T P C

    0 0 3 1.5

    (19A51102P) Chemistry Lab

    (CSE, CSSE, ECE, EIE, EEE and IT)

    Course Objectives:

    • Verify the fundamental concepts with experiments

    List of Experiments:

    1. Measurement of 10Dq by spectrophotometric method
    2. Models of potential energy surfaces
    3. Conductometrictitration of (i) strong acid vs. strong base, (ii) weak acid vs. strong base
    4. Determination of cell constant and conductance of solutions
    5. Potentiometry – determination of redox potentials and emfs
    6. Determination of Strength of an acid in Pb-Acid battery
    7. Preparation of a polymer
    8. Verify Lambert-Beer”™s law
    9. Thin layer chromatography
    10. Identification of simple organic compounds by IR and NMR
    11. HPLC method in separation of gaseous and liquid mixtures
    12. Estimation of Ferrous Iron by Dichrometry.

    Course Outcomes:

    At the end of the course, the students will be able to

    • determine the cell constant and conductance of solutions (L3) ● prepare advanced polymer materials (L2)
    • measure the strength of an acid present in secondary batteries (L3) ● analyse the IR and NMR of some organic compounds (L3)

     

    JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR

    B.Tech- I Sem                                                                                                                                                      L T P C

    3 0 0 3

    (19A51103T) Fundamental Chemistry

    (Food Technology)

    Course Objectives:

    • To familiarize engineering chemistry and its applications
    • To train the students on the principles and applications of electrochemistry and polymers ● To introduce instrumental methods, molecular machines and switches

    Unit 1: Structure and Bonding Models:                                                                                    (10 hrs)

    Planck’s quantum theory, dual nature of matter, Schrodinger equation, significance of Ψ and Ψ2 , applications to hydrogen, particle in a box and their applications for conjugated molecules, molecular orbital theory- bonding in homo- and heteronuclear diatomic molecules- energy level diagrams of O2 and CO, etc. Ï€-molecular orbitals of butadiene and benzene, calculation of bond order, crystal field theory- salient features Crystal field splitting in octahedral and tetrahedral geometry, magnetic properties and colour, band theory of solids- band diagrams for conductors, semiconductors and insulators, Effect of doping on band structures.

    Learning Outcomes:

    At the end of this unit, the students will be able to

    • apply Schrodinger wave equation to hydrogen and particle in a box (L3)
    • illustrate the molecular orbital energy level diagram of different molecular species (L2) ● explain the band theory of solids for conductors, semiconductors and insulators (L2)
    • discuss the magnetic behaviour and colour of complexes (L3)

    Unit 2: Electrochemistry and Applications:                                                (10 hrs)

    Electrodes- concepts, reference electrodes (Calomel electrode, Ag/AgCl electrode and glass electrode) electrochemical cell, Nernst equation, cell potential calculations, numerical problems, concept of pH, pH meter and applications of pH metry (acid-base titrations), potentiometry- potentiometric titrations (redox titrations), concept of conductivity, conductivity cell, conductometric titrations (acid-base titrations), photovoltaic cell- working and applications, photogalvanic cells with specific examples.Electrochemical sensors- potentiometric sensors with examples, amperometric sensors with examples.

    Primary cells- Zinc-air battery, alkali metal sulphide batteries, Fuel cells, hydrogen-oxygen, methanol fuel cells- working of the cells.

    Secondary cells- lead acid, nickel-metal hydride and lithium ion batteries- working of the batteries including cell reactions, button cells,

    Learning Outcomes:

    At the end of this unit, the students will be able to

    • apply Nernst equation for calculating electrode and cell potentials (L3)
    • differentiate between pH metry, potentiometric and conductometric titrations (L2)
    • explain the theory of construction of battery and fuel cells (L2)
    • solve problems based on cell potential (L3)

    Unit 3: Polymer Chemistry:                                                                                          (10 hrs)

    Introduction to polymers, functionality of monomers, chain growth and step growth polymerization, coordination polymerization, copolymerization (stereospecific polymerization) with specific examples and mechanisms of polymer formation.

    Plastics – Thermoplastics and Thermosettings, Preparation, properties and applications of- Bakelite, urea-formaldehyde, Nylon-66, carbon fibres, Elastomers”“Buna-S, Buna-N”“preparation, properties and applications.

    Conducting polymers- polyacetylene, polyaniline, polypyrroles- mechanism of conduction and applications.

    Learning Outcomes:

    At the end of this unit, the students will be able to

    • explain the different types of polymers and their applications (L2)
    • explain the preparation, properties and applications of Bakelite, Nylon-66, and carbon fibres (L2)
    • describe the mechanism of conduction in conducting polymers (L2)
    • discuss Buna-S and Buna-N elastomers and their applications (L2)

    Unit 4: Instrumental Methods and Applications                                        (10 hrs)

    Electromagnetic spectrum. Absorption of radiation: Beer-Lambert”™s law. Principle and applications of pH metry, potentiometry, conductometry, UV-Visible, IR and NMR spectroscopies. Principles of Gas Chromatography (GC) and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), separation of gaseous mixtures and liquid mixtures

    Learning outcomes:

    After completion of Module IV, students will be able to

    • explain the different types of spectral series in electromagnetic spectrum (L2)
    • understand the principles of different analytical instruments (L2)
    • explain the different applications of analytical instruments (L2)

    Unit 5: Surface Chemistry and Applications:                                      (10 hrs)

    Introduction to surface chemistry, colloids, nanometals and nanometal oxides, micelle formation, synthesis of colloids (any two methods with examples), chemical and electrochemical methods (not more than two methods) of preparation of nanometals and metal oxides, stabilization of colloids and nanomaterials by stabilizing agents, characterization of surface by physicochemical methods (SEM, TEM, X-ray diffraction), solid-gas interface, solid-liquid interface, adsorption isotherm, BET equation (no derivation), calculation of specific surface area of solids, numerical problems, functionalization of surface of nanomaterials”“ applications of colloids and nanomaterials- catalysis, medicine, sensors, etc.

    Learning Outcomes:

    At the end of this unit, the students will be able to

    • summarize the applications of SEM, TEM and X-ray diffraction in surface characterization (L2)
    • explain the synthesis of colloids with examples (L2)
    • outline the preparationof nanomaterials and metal oxides (L2)
    • identify the application of colloids and nanomaterials in medicine, sensors and catalysis (L2)

    Text Books:

    1. Jain and Jain, Engineering Chemistry, 16/e, DhanpatRai, 2013.
    2. Peter Atkins, Julio de Paula and James Keeler, Atkins”™ Physical Chemistry, 10/e, Oxford University Press, 2010.

    Reference Books:

    1. D. Lee, Concise Inorganic Chemistry, 5/e, Oxford University Press, 2008.
    2. Skoog and West, Principles of Instrumental Analysis, 6/e, Thomson, 2007.
    3. J. Shaw, Introduction to Colloids and Surface Chemistry, Butterworth-Heineman,1992

    Course Outcomes:

    At the end of the course, the students will be able to

    • compare the materials of construction for battery and electrochemical sensors (L2)
    • explainthe preparation, properties, and applications of thermoplastics &thermosettings, elastomers & conducting polymers. (L2)
    • explain the principles of spectrometry, GC and HPLC in separation of gaseous and liquid mixtures (L2)
    • apply the principle of supramolecular chemistry in application of molecular machines and switches (L3)

     

    JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR

    B.Tech- I Sem                                                                                                                                                      L T P C

    0 0 3 1.5

    (19A51103P) Fundamental Chemistry Lab

    (Food Technology)

    Course Objectives:

    • Verify the fundamental concepts with experiments

    List of Experiments:

    1. Measurement of 10Dq by spectrophotometric method
    2. Models of potential energy surfaces
    3. pH metric titration of (i) strong acid vs. strong base, (ii) weak acid vs. strong base
    4. Determination of cell constant and conductance of solutions
    5. Potentiometry – determination of redox potentials and emfs
    6. Determination of Strength of an acid in Pb-Acid battery
    7. Preparation of a polymer
    8. Determination of viscosity of polymer solution using survismeter
    9. Verify Lambert-Beer”™s law
    10. Thin layer chromatography
    11. Identification of simple organic compounds by IR and NMR
    12. HPLC method in separation of gaseous and liquid mixtures
    13. Preparation of nanomaterials
    14. Adsorption of acetic acid by charcoal

    Course Outcomes:

    At the end of the course, the students will be able to

    • determine the cell constant and conductance of solutions (L3) ● prepare advanced polymer materials (L2)
    • measure the strength of an acid present in secondary batteries (L3) ● analyse the IR and NMR of some organic compounds (L3)

     

    JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR

    B.Tech- I/II Sem                                                                                                                                                  L T P C

    2 0 0 2

    (19A52101T) Communicative English I

    (Common to All Branches of Engineering)

    Introduction

    The course is designed to train students in receptive (listening and reading) as well as productive and interactive (speaking and writing) skills by incorporating a comprehensive, coherent and integrated approach that improves the learners”™ ability to effectively use English language in academic/ workplace contexts. The shift is from learning about the language to using the language. On successful completion of the compulsory English language course/s in B.Tech., learners would be confident of appearing for international language qualification/proficiency tests such as IELTS, TOEFL, or BEC, besides being able to express themselves clearly in speech and competently handle the writing tasks and verbal ability component of campus placement tests. Activity based teaching-learning methods would be adopted to ensure that learners would engage in actual use of language both in the classroom and laboratory sessions.

    Course Objectives

    ➢ Facilitate effective listening skills for better comprehension of academic lectures and English spoken by native speakers

    ➢ Focus on appropriate reading strategies for comprehension of various academic texts and authentic materials

    ➢ Help improve speaking skills through participation in activities such as role plays, discussions and structured talks/oral presentations

    ➢ Impart effective strategies for good writing and demonstrate the same in summarizing, writing well organized essays, record and report useful information

    ➢ Provide knowledge of grammatical structures and vocabulary and encourage their appropriate use in speech and writing

    Unit 1

    Listening: Identifyingthe topic, the context and specific pieces of information by listening to short audio texts and answering a series of questions. Speaking:Asking and answering general questions on familiar topics such as home, family, work, studies and interests; introducing oneself and others. Reading: Skimming to get the main idea of a text; scanning to look for specific pieces of information. Reading for Writing:Beginnings and endings of paragraphs – introducing the topic, summarizing the main idea and/or providing a transition to the next paragraph. Grammar and Vocabulary: Content words and function words; word forms: verbs, nouns, adjectives and adverbs; nouns: countables and uncountables; singular and plural; basic sentence structures; simple question form – wh-questions; word order in sentences.

     

    Learning Outcomes

    At the end of the module, the learners will be able to

    > understand social or transactional dialogues spoken by native speakers of English and identify the context, topic, and pieces of specific information

    > ask and answer general questions on familiar topics and introduce oneself/others

    > employ suitable strategies for skimming and scanning to get the general idea of a text and locate specific information

    > recognize paragraph structure and be able to match beginnings/endings/headings with paragraphs

    > form sentences using proper grammatical structures and correct word forms

    Unit 2

    Listening: Answering a series of questions about main idea and supporting ideas after listening to audio texts. Speaking: Discussion in pairs/ small groups on specific topics followed by short structured talks.Reading: Identifying sequence of ideas; recognizing verbal techniques that help to link the ideas in a paragraph together. Writing: Paragraph writing (specific topics) using suitable cohesive devices; mechanics of writing – punctuation, capital letters. Grammar and Vocabulary: Cohesive devices – linkers, sign posts and transition signals; use of articles and zero article; prepositions.

     

    Unit 3

    Listening: Listening for global comprehension and summarizing what is listened to. Speaking: Discussing specific topics in pairs or small groups and reporting what is discussed Reading: Reading a text in detail by making basic inferences -recognizing and interpreting specific context clues; strategies to use text clues for comprehension.Writing: Summarizing – identifying main idea/s and rephrasing

     

    Unit4

    Listening: Making predictions while listening to conversations/ transactional dialogues without video; listening with video. Speaking: Role plays for practice of conversational English in academic contexts (formal and informal) – asking for and giving information/directions. Reading:Studying the use of graphic elements in texts to convey information, reveal trends/patterns/relationships, communicate processes or display complicated data.Writing: Information transfer; describe, compare, contrast, identify significance/trendsbased on information provided in figures/charts/graphs/tables.Grammar and Vocabulary:Quantifying expressions – adjectives and adverbs; comparing and contrasting; degrees of comparison; use of antonyms

    Learning Outcomes

    At the end of the module, the learners will be able to

    > infer and predict about content of spoken discourse

    > understand verbal and non-verbal features of communication and hold formal/informal conversations

    > interpret graphic elements used in academic texts

    > produce a coherent paragraph interpreting a figure/graph/chart/table

    > use language appropriate for description and interpretation of graphical elements

    Unit 5

    Listening: Identifying key terms, understanding concepts and answering a series of relevant questions that test comprehension. Speaking: Formal oral presentations on topics from academic contexts – without the use of PPT slides. Reading: Reading for comprehension. Writing: Writing structured essays on specific topics using suitable claims and evidencesGrammar and Vocabulary: Editing short texts-identifying and correcting common errors in grammar and usage (articles, prepositions, tenses, subject verb agreement)

     

     

    JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR

    B.Tech- I/II Sem                                                                                                                                                   L T P C

    0 0 2 1

    (19A52101P) Communicative English I Lab

    (Common to All Branches of Engineering)

    Introduction

    The course is designed to train students in receptive (listening and reading) as well as productive and interactive (speaking and writing) skills by incorporating a comprehensive, coherent and integrated approach that improves the learners”™ ability to effectively use English language in academic/ workplace contexts. The shift is from learning about the language to using the language. On successful completion of the compulsory English language course/s in B.Tech., learners would be confident of appearing for international language qualification/proficiency tests such as IELTS, TOEFL, or BEC, besides being able to express themselves clearly in speech and competently handle the writing tasks and verbal ability component of campus placement tests. Activity based teaching-learning methods would be adopted to ensure that learners would engage in actual use of language both in the classroom and laboratory sessions.

    Course Objectives

    ➢ To expose the students to variety of self instructional, learner friendly modes of language learning

    ➢ To help the students cultivate the habit of reading passages from the computer monitor. Thus providing them with the required facility to face computer based competitive exams like GRE, TOEFL, and GMAT etc.

    ➢ To enable them to learn better pronunciation through stress, intonation and rhythm

    ➢ To train them to use language effectively to face interviews, group discussions, public speaking

    ➢ To initiate them into greater use of the computer in resume preparation, report writing, format making etc

    Course Outcomes

    > CO1: To remember and understand the different aspects of the English language proficiency with emphasis on LSRW skills

    > CO2: To apply communication skills through various language learning activities

    > CO3: To analyze the English speech sounds, stress, rhythm, intonation and syllable division for better listening and speaking comprehension.

    > CO4: To evaluate and exhibit acceptable etiquette essential in social and professional settings

    > CO5: To create awareness on mother tongue influence and neutralize it in order to improve fluency in spoken English.

     

    Unit 1

    1. Phonetics for listening comprehension of various accents
    2. Reading comprehension
    3. Describing objects/places/persons

    Learning Outcomes

    At the end of the module, the learners will be able to

    > understand different accents spoken by native speakers of English

    > employ suitable strategies for skimming and scanning on monitor to get the general idea of a text and locate specific information

    > learn different professional registers and specific vocabulary to describe different persons, places and objects

    Unit 2

    1. JAM
    2. Small talks on general topics
    3. Debates

    Learning Outcomes

    At the end of the module, the learners will be able to

    > produce a structured talk extemporarily

    > comprehend and produce short talks on general topics

    > participate in debates and speak clearly on a specific topic using suitable discourse markers

    Unit 3

    1. Situational dialogues- Greeting and Introduction
    2. Summarizing and Note making
    3. Vocabulary Building

    Learning Outcomes

    At the end of the module, the learners will be able to

    > Learn different ways of greeting and introducing oneself/others

    > summarize the content with clarity and precision and take notes while listening to a talk/lecture and make use of them to answer questions

    > replenish vocabulary with one word substitutes, homonyms, homophones, homographs to reduce errors in speech and writing

    Unit4

    1. Asking for Information and Giving Directions
    2. Information Transfer
    3. Non-verbal Communication- Dumb Charade

     

    Unit 5

    1. Oral Presentations
    2. Précis Writing and Paraphrasing
    3. Reading Comprehension and spotting errors

     

    JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR B.Tech- I Sem                                                                                                                                                                                     L T P C

    3 1 0 4

    (19A05101T) Problem Solving and Programming

    (Common to All Branches of Engineering)

    Course Objectives:

    1. Introduce the internal parts of a computer, and peripherals.
    2. Introduce the Concept of Algorithm and use it to solve computational problems
    3. Identify the computational and non-computational problems
    4. Teach the syntax and semantics of a C Programming language
    5. Demonstrate the use of Control structures of C Programming language
    6. Illustrate the methodology for solving Computational problems

    Unit 1:

    Computer Fundamentals: What is a Computer, Evolution of Computers, Generations of Computers, Classification of Computers, Anatomy of a Computer, Memory revisited, Introduction to Operating systems, Operational overview of a CPU.

    Introduction to Programming, Algorithms and Flowcharts: Programs and Programming, Programming languages, Compiler, Interpreter, Loader, Linker, Program execution, Fourth generation languages, Fifth generation languages, Classification of Programming languages, Structured programming concept, Algorithms, Pseudo-code, Flowcharts, Strategy for designing algorithms, Tracing an algorithm to depict logic, Specification for converting algorithms into programs.

    Unit Outcomes:

    Student should be able to

    1. Identify the different peripherals, ports and connecting cables in a PC (L2)
    2. Illustrate the working of a Computer (L3)
    3. Select the components of a Computer in the market and assemble a computer (L4)
    4. Solve complex problems using language independent notations (L3)

    Unit 2:

    Introduction to computer problem solving: Introduction, the problem-solving aspect, top-down design, implementation of algorithms, the efficiency of algorithms, the analysis of algorithms.

    Fundamental algorithms: Exchanging the values of two variables, counting, summation of a set of numbers, factorial computation, sine function computation, generation of the Fibonacci sequence, reversing the digits of an integer.

     

    Learning Outcomes: Student should be able to

    1. Solve Computational problems (L3)
    2. Apply Algorithmic approach to solving problems (L3)
    3. Analyze the algorithms (L4)

    Unit 3:

    Types, Operators, and Expressions: Variable names, data types and sizes, constants, declarations, arithmetic operators, relational and logical operators, type conversions, increment and decrement operators, bitwise operators, assignment operators and expressions, conditional expressions precedence and order of evaluation.

    Input and output: standard input and output, formatted output-Printf, formatted input-Scanf.

    Control Flow: Statements and blocks, if-else, else-if, switch, Loops-while and for, Loops-Do­while, break and continue, Goto and labels.

    Functions and Program Structure: Basics of functions, functions returning non-integers, external variables, scope variables, header variables, register variables, block structure, initialization, recursion, the C processor.

    Learning Outcomes: Student should be able to

    1. Recognize the programming elements of C Programming language (L1)
    2. Select the control structure for solving the problem (L4)
    3. Apply modular approach for solving the problem (L3)

    Unit 4:

    Factoring methods: Finding the square root of a number, the smallest divisor of a number, the greatest common divisor of two integers, generating prime numbers.

    Pointers and arrays: Pointers and addresses, pointers and function arguments, pointers and arrays, address arithmetic, character pointers and functions, pointer array; pointers to pointers, Multi-dimensional arrays, initialization of arrays, pointer vs. multi-dimensional arrays, command line arguments, pointers to functions, complicated declarations.

    Array Techniques: Array order reversal, finding the maximum number in a set, removal of duplicates from an order array, finding the kth smallest element

    Learning Outcomes: Student should be able to

    1. Solve mathematical problems using C Programming language (L3)
    2. Structure the individual data elements to simplify the solutions (L6)
    3. Facilitate efficient memory utilization (L6)

     

    Unit 5:

    Sorting and Searching: Sorting by selection, sorting by exchange, sorting by insertion, sorting by partitioning, binary search.

    Structures: Basics of structures, structures and functions, arrays of structures, pointers to structures, self-referential structures, table lookup, typedef, unions, bit-fields.

    Some other Features: Variable-length argument lists, formatted input-Scanf, file access, Error handling-stderr and exit, Line Input and Output, Miscellaneous Functions.

    Learning Outcomes: Student should be able to

    1. Select sorting algorithm based on the type of the data (L4)
    2. Organize heterogeneous data (L6)
    3. Design a sorting algorithm (L6)

    Course Outcomes:

    1. Construct his own computer using parts (L6).
    2. Recognize the importance of programming language independent constructs (L2)
    3. Solve computational problems (L3)
    4. Select the features of C language appropriate for solving a problem (L4)
    5. Design computer programs for real world problems (L6)
    6. Organize the data which is more appropriated for solving a problem (L6)

     

    JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR B.Tech- I Sem                                                                                                                                                                                     L T P C

    0 0 3 1.5

    (19A05101P) Problem Solving and Programming Lab

    (Common to All Branches of Engineering)

    Laboratory Experiments #

    1. Assemble and disassemble parts of a Computer
    2. Design a C program which reverses the number
    3. Design a C program which finds the second maximum number among the given list of
    4. Construct a program which finds the kth smallest number among the given list of

    numbers.

    1. Design an algorithm and implement using C language the following exchanges

    a – b E- c E d

    1. Develop a C Program which counts the number of positive and negative numbers separately and also compute the sum of them.
    2. Implement the C program which computes the sum of the first n terms of the series Sum = 1- 3 + 5 -7 + 9
    3. Design a C program which determines the numbers whose factorial values are between 5000 and 32565.
    4. Design an algorithm and implement using a C program which finds the sum of the infinite series

    1- x2/2! + x4/4!- x6/6! + ….

    10 Design a C program to print the sequence of numbers in which each number is the sum of the three most recent predecessors. Assume first three numbers as 0, 1, and 1.

    1. Implement a C program which converts a hexadecimal, octal and binary number to decimal number and vice versa.
    2. Develop an algorithm which computes the all the factors between 1 to 100 for a given number and implement it using C.
    3. Construct an algorithm which computes the sum of the factorials of numbers between m and n.
    4. Design a C program which reverses the elements of the array.

     

    1. Given a list of n numbers, Design an algorithm which prints the number of stars equivalent to the value of the number. The starts for each number should be printed
    2. Implement the sorting algorithms a. Insertion sort b. Exchange sort c. Selection sort . Partitioning sort.
    3. Illustrate the use of auto, static, register and external variables.
    4. Design algorithm and implement the operations creation, insertion, deletion, traversing on a singly linked list.
    5. Develop a C program which takes two numbers as command line arguments and finds all the common factors of those two numbers.
    6. Design a C program which sorts the strings using array of pointers.

    # The above list is not exhaustive. Instructors may add some experiments to the above list. Moreover, 50% of the experiments are to be changed every academic year. Instructors can choose the experiments, provided those experiments are not repetitions.

    Course outcomes: Student should be able to

    1. Construct a Computer given its parts (L6)
    2. Select the right control structure for solving the problem (L6)
    3. Analyze different sorting algorithms (L4)
    4. Design solutions for computational problems (L6)
    5. Develop C programs which utilize the memory efficiently using programming constructs like pointers.

     

    JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR B.Tech- I/II Sem                                                                                                                                                                                    L T P C

    0 0 2 1

    (19A03101) Engineering Workshop

    (Common to all branches)

    Course Objective:

    To familiarize students with wood working, sheet metal operations, fitting and electrical house wiring skills

    Wood Working:

    Familiarity with different types of woods and tools used in wood working and make following joints

    1. Half- Lap joint
    2. Mortise and Tenon joint
    3. Corner Dovetail joint or Bridle joint

    Sheet Metal Working:

    Familiarity with different types of tools used in sheet metal working, Developments of following sheet metal job from GI sheets

    1. a) Tapered tray b) Conical funnel c) Elbow pipe                      d) Brazing

    Fitting:

    Familiarity with different types of tools used in fitting and do the following fitting exercises a) V-fit     b) Dovetail fit                    c) Semi-circular fit

    1. Bicycle tire puncture and change of two wheeler tyre

    Electrical Wiring:

    Familiarities with different types of basic electrical circuits and make the following connections

    1. a) Parallel and series b) Two way switch c) Godown lighting d) Tube light
    2. Three phase motor f) Soldering of wires

    Course Outcomes:

    After completion of this lab the student will be able to

    1. apply wood working skills in real world applications. (L3)
    2. build different parts with metal sheets in real world applications. (L3)
    3. apply fitting operations in various applications. (L3)
    4. apply different types of basic electric circuit connections. (L3)
    5. demonstrate soldering and brazing. (L2)

     

    JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR B.Tech- II Sem          L T P C

    3 0 0 3

    (19A02201T) Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering

    Part A: Basic Electrical Engineering
    (Civil, Mechanical, CSE, CSSE, IT and Food Technology)

    Course Objectives:

    1. To introduce basics of electric circuits.
    2. To teach DC and AC electrical circuit analysis.
    3. To explain working principles of transformers and electrical machines.
    4. To impart knowledge on low voltage electrical installations

    Unit 1                    DC & AC Circuits:

    Electrical circuit elements (R – L and C) – Kirchhoff laws – Series and parallel connection of resistances with DC excitation. Superposition Theorem – Representation of sinusoidal waveforms – peak and rms values – phasor representation – real power – reactive power – apparent power – power factor – Analysis of single-phase ac circuits consisting of RL – RC – RLC series circuits.

    Unit Outcomes: Able to

    • Recall Kirchoff laws (L1)
    • Analyze simple electric circuits with DC excitation (L4)
    • Apply network theorems to simple circuits (L3)
    • Analyze single phase AC circuits consisting of series RL – RC – RLC combinations (L4)

    Unit 2                    DC & AC Machines:

    Principle and operation of DC Generator – EMF equations – OCC characteristics of DC generator- principle and operation of DC Motor- Performance Characteristics of DC Motor – Speed control of DC Motor- Principle and operation of Single Phase Transformer – OC and SC test on transformer – principle and operation of Induction Motor [ Elementary treatment only ]

    Unit Outcomes: Able to

    • Explain principle and operation of DC Generator & Motor.
    • Perform speed control of DC Motor (L2)
    • Explain operation of transformer and induction motor. (L2)
    • Explain construction & working of induction motor – DC motor

    Unit 3                     Basics of Power Systems:

    Layout & operation of Hydro, Thermal, Nuclear Stations – Solar & wind generating stations- Typical AC Power Supply scheme- Elements of Transmission line- Types of Distribution systems: Primary & Secondary distribution systems.

     

    Unit Outcomes: Able to

    • Understand working operation of various generating stations (L2)
    • Explain the types of Distribution systems

    Course Outcomes:

    • Apply concepts of KVL/KCL in solving DC circuits (L3)
    • Choose correct rating of a transformer for a specific application (L5)
    • Illustrate working principles of induction motor – DC Motor (L3)
    • Identify type of electrical machine based on their operation.(L1)
    • Describe working principles of protection devices used in electrical circuits. (L2)

    Part B: Basic Electronics Engineering

    Course Objectives:

    • To provide comprehensive idea about working principle, operation and applications of PN junction & zener diodes, BJT, FET, MOSFET and operational amplifier
    • To introduce fundamentals of digital electronics
    • To educate on principles of various communication systems
    • To teach efficacy of electronic principles which are pervasive in engineering applications

    Unit I                     Analog Electronics

    Overview of Semiconductors, PN junction diode, Zener diode, Applications of diode as switch and rectifier, Zener diode as regulator, special purpose diodes: schottky diode, tunnel diode, varactor diode, photodiode, phototransistor and LED.

    BJT construction, operation, configuration and characteristics, JFET and MOSFET construction, operation, characteristics (CS configuration), applications

    Operational Amplifiers: Introduction, block diagram, basic op-amp circuits: Inverting, Non Inverting, summer, subtractor, voltage follower.

    Unit Outcomes:

    • Describe operation and characteristics of diodes and transistors (L2)
    • Make use of diodes and transistors in simple, typical circuit applications (L3)
    • Understand operation of basic op-amp circuits (L2)

     

    Unit II                    Digital Electronics

    Introduction, Switching and Logic Levels, Digital Waveform, characteristics of digital ICs, logic gates, number systems, combinational circuits – adders, multiplexers, decoders; introduction to sequential circuits, flip flops, shift register, binary counter.

    Unit Outcomes:

    • Explain different logic gates using truth table (L2)
    • Distinguish combinational and sequential circuits (L2)
    • Analyze various combinational circuits such as adders, multiplexers and decoders (L4)
    • Understand functionality of flip-flops, shift registers and counters (L2)

    Unit III                                  Communication Systems

    Introduction, Elements of Communication Systems, EM spectrum, basics of electronic communication, Amplitude and Frequency modulation, Pulse modulation, Communication receivers, Examples of communication systems: Microwave & Satellite, Fibre optic, Television, mobile communication (block diagram approach).

    Unit Outcomes:

    • Describe basic elements of a communication system (L2)
    • Explain need for modulation and different modulation techniques (L2)
    • Understand functioning of various communication systems (L2)

     

    JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR B.Tech- II Sem            L T P C

    0 0 3 1.5

    (19A02201P)Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering Lab

    (Civil, Mechanical, CSE, CSSE, IT and Food Technology)

    Part A: Electrical Engineering Lab

    Course Objectives:

    1. To Verify Kirchoff”™s laws
    2. To verify Superposition theorem.
    3. To learn performance characteristics of DC Machines.
    4. To perform open circuit & Short Circuit test on 1- Phase Transformer.
    5. To Study the I- V Characteristics of Solar PV Cell

    List of experiments:

    1. Verification of Kirchhoff laws.
    2. Verification of Superposition Theorem.
    3. Open circuit characteristics of a DC Shunt Generator.
    4. Speed control of DC Shunt Motor.
    5. OC & SC test of 1- Phase Transformer.
    6. Brake test on 3 – Phase Induction Motor.
    7. I- V Characteristics of Solar PV cell
    8. Brake test on DC Shunt Motor.

    Course Outcomes: Able to

    1. Verify Kirchoff”™s Laws & Superposition theorem.
    2. Perform testing on AC and DC Machines.
    3. Study I- V Characteristics of PV Cell

    Part B: Electronics Engineering Lab

    Course outcomes:

    • Describe construction, working and characteristics of diodes, transistors and operational amplifiers (L2)
    • Demonstrate how electronic devices are used for applications such as rectification, switching and amplification (L2)
    • Build different building blocks in digital electronics using logic gates (L3)
    • Explain functionality of flip-flops, shift registers and counters for data processing applications (L2)
    • Explain functioning of various communication systems (L2)

     

    List of Experiments:

    1. Draw and study the characteristics of Semi-conductor diode and Zener Diode
    2. Draw and study the input and output characteristics of Transistor in Common Emitter configuration
    3. Draw and study the static and transfer characteristics of FET in Common Source Configuration
    4. Construct half wave and full wave rectifier circuits. Find ripple factor and plot their output waveforms with and without filters
    5. Study the application of Op-amp as an Inverting amplifier, Non-inverting amplifier, Voltage follower, Summer and Subtractor
    6. Realization of logic gates, AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR
    7. Realization of Adders, Multiplexers and Decoders using logic gates.
    8. Realization of flip-flops using logic gates.
    9. Conduct an experiment on AM & FM modulation & demodulation, Plot the corresponding modulated and demodulated signals

     

    JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR B.Tech- II Sem            L T P C

    3 0 0 3

    (19A04201T) Network Theory

    (ECE)

    Course Objectives:

    • To introduce basic laws, mesh & nodal analysis techniques for solving electrical circuits
    • To impart knowledge on applying appropriate theorem for electrical circuit analysis
    • To explain transient behavior of circuits in time and frequency domains
    • To teach concepts of resonance
    • To introduce open circuit, short circuit, transmission, hybrid parameters and their

    UNIT 1                        Introduction to Electrical Circuits

    Passive components and their V-I relations, Energy sources – Ideal, Non-ideal, Independent and dependent sources, Source transformation Kirchoff”˜s laws, Star”“to-Delta or Delta-to-Star Transformations, Mesh analysis and Nodal analysis problem solving, Super node and Super mesh for DC Excitations.

    Unit Outcomes

    • Gain knowledge on basic network elements, voltage and current laws (L1)
    • Apply Kirchoff”™s laws, network reduction techniques on simple electrical circuits with dependent & independent sources (L3)
    • Solve complex circuits using mesh and nodal analysis techniques (L3)

    UNIT 2                                Network Theorems

    Superposition theorem, Thevenin & Norton theorems, Maximum power transfer theorem, Reciprocity theorem, Millman theorem, Miller Theorem, Tellegan”™s Theorem, Compensation theorem – problem solving using dependent sources also, Duality and dual networks.

    Unit Outcomes:

    • Understand significance of duality and dual networks (L2)
    • Select appropriate theorem for network simplification (L5)
    • Determine maximum power transfer to the load (L5)

    UNIT 3                                 Transients

    First order differential equations, Definition of time constants, R-L circuit, R-C circuit with DC excitation, Evaluating initial conditions procedure, second order differential equations, homogeneous, non-homogenous, problem solving using R-L-C elements with DC excitation and AC (sinusoidal) excitation, Response as related to s-plane rotation of roots. Solutions using Laplace transform method.

    Unit Outcomes:

    • Understand behavior of circuit elements under switching conditions (L1)
    • Analyze response of RL, RC & RLC circuits in time & frequency domains (L4)
    • Evaluate initial conditions in RL, RC & RLC circuits (L5)

    UNIT 4                                Resonance and Coupled Circuits

    Self inductance, Mutual inductance, dot rule, coefficient of coupling, Analysis of multi-winding coupled circuits, series & parallel connection of coupled inductors.

    Resonance: Introduction, Definition of Q, Series resonance, Bandwidth of series resonance, Parallel resonance, Condition for maximum impedance, current in anti resonance, Bandwidth of parallel resonance, general case resistance present in both branches, anti resonance at all frequencies.

    Unit Outcomes:

    • Understand magnetically coupled circuits (L1)
    • Determine resonant frequency and bandwidth of a simple series or parallel RLC circuit (L5)
    • Determine voltages and currents in a resonant circuit (L5)

    UNIT 5                                Two Port Networks & Network Functions

    Two Port Networks, relationship of two port variables, impedance parameters, admittance parameters, transmission parameters, hybrid and inverse hybrid parameters, relationship between parameters, interconnection of two port networks.

    Concept of complex frequency, driving point and transfer functions for one port and two port network, poles & zeros of network functions, Restriction on Pole and Zero locations of network function

    Unit Outcomes:

    • Determine network parameters for given two port network (L5)
    • Relate different two port network parameters (L4)
    • Represent transfer function for the given network (L4)

     

    Course Outcomes:

    • Solve network problems using mesh and nodal analysis techniques (L3)
    • Analyze networks using Thevenin, Norton, Maximum power transfer, Superposition, Miller and Millman theorems (L4)
    • Compute responses of first order and second order networks using time & frequency domain analysis (L5)
    • Design resonant circuits for given bandwidth (L6)
    • Utilize z, y, ABCD and h parameters for analyzing two port circuit behavior (L3)

     

    JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR B.Tech- II Sem            L T P C

    0 0 3 1.5

    (19A04201P) Network Theory Lab

    (ECE)

    Course Objectives:

    • To gain hands on experience in verifying Kirchoff”™s laws and network theorems
    • To analyze transient behavior of circuits
    • To study resonance characteristics
    • To determine 2-port network parameters

    List of Experiments:

    Any 10 of the following experiments are to be conducted in Hardware & Simulation (Multisim/Open source software):

    1. Verification of Kirchoff”™s Laws
    2. Apply Mesh & Nodal Analysis techniques for solving electrical circuits (problems with dependent sources also)
    3. Verification of Superposition & Reciprocity Theorem
    4. Verification of Thevenin”™s and Norton”™s Theorem
    5. Verification of Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
    6. Verification of Millman and Miller Theorm
    7. Measure and calculate RC time constant for a given RC circuit
    8. Measure and calculate RL time constant for a given RL circuit
    9. Measure and analyze (settling time, overshoot, undershoot, etc.) step response of for a given series RLC circuit for following cases:
    • ζ =1 (critically damped system)
    • ζ >1(over damped system)
    • ζ<1 (under damped system)

    Choose appropriate values of R, L, and C to obtain each of above cases one at a time.

    1. Design a series RLC resonance circuit. Plot frequency response and find resonance frequency , Bandwidth , Q- factor.
    2. Design a parallel RLC resonance circuit. Plot frequency response and find resonance frequency , Bandwidth , Q- factor.
    3. Measure and calculate Z, Y parameters of two-port network.
    4. Measure and calculate ABCD & h parameters of two-port network.

    Course Outcomes:

    • Verify Kirchoff”™s laws and network theorems (L4)
    • Measure time constants of RL & RC circuits (L3)
    • Analyze behavior of RLC circuit for different cases (L4)
    • Design resonant circuit for given specifications (L6)
    • Characterize and model the network in terms of all network parameters (L3)

    JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR B.Tech- II Sem            L T P C

    3 0 0 3

    (19A02202T) Principles of Electrical Engineering

    (EIE)

    Course Objectives:

    • To introduce basics of electric & magnetic circuits.
    • To teach DC and AC electrical circuit analysis.
    • To explain working principles of transformers and electrical machines.
    • To impart knowledge on low voltage electrical installations

    Unit 1                    DC Circuits

    Electrical circuit elements (R, L and C), voltage and current sources, Kirchoff current and voltage laws, analysis of simple circuits with dc excitation. Superposition, Thevenin and Norton Theorems, Maximum power transfer theorem & Reciprocity theorem – Time-domain analysis of first-order RL and RC circuits.

    Unit Outcomes:

    • Recall Kirchoff Voltage and Current laws (L1)
    • Analyze simple electric circuits with dc excitation (L4)
    • Apply network theorems to simple circuits with independent sources (L3)
    • Analyze first order RL & RC circuits in time domain (L4)

    Unit 2                    AC Circuits

    Representation of sinusoidal waveforms, peak and rms values, phasor representation, real power, reactive power, apparent power, power factor, Analysis of single-phase ac circuits consisting of R, L, C, RL, RC, RLC combinations (series and parallel), Concept of Resonance in series & parallel circuits, bandwidth and quality factor, Three-phase balanced circuits, voltage and current relations in star and delta connections.

    Unit Outcomes:

    • Analyze single phase AC circuits consisting of series and parallel RL, RC, RLC combinations (L4)
    • Determine conditions for resonance in the series and parallel circuits (L5)
    • Interpret voltages and currents in three-phase star – delta connections (L2)
    • Solve simple balanced three-phase ac systems (L3)

    Unit 3                    Transformers

    Magnetic materials, BH characteristics, Mutual coupled circuits, Dot Convention in coupled circuits, ideal and practical transformer, equivalent circuit, losses in transformers, regulation and efficiency, Auto-transformer and three-phase transformers connections.

     

    Unit Outcomes:

    • Understand magnetic materials and their characteristics (L2)
    • Compare ideal and practical transformers (L2)
    • Determine losses, efficiency, and voltage regulation of a transformer under specific

    operating conditions (L5)

    • Identify the connections of a three phase transformer (L3)

    Unit 4                     Electrical Machines

    Generation of rotating magnetic fields, Construction and working of a three-phase induction motor, Significance of torque-slip characteristic. Loss components and efficiency, starting and speed control of induction motor, Single-phase induction motor, construction, working, torque-speed characteristic and speed control of separately excited dc motor, construction and working of synchronous generators.

    Unit Outcomes:

    • Illustrate effects of magnetic induction on moving parts (L2)
    • Explain construction & working of induction motor, DC motor & synchronous generator (L2)
    • Determine motor losses and efficiency (L5)

    Unit 5                     Electrical Installations

    Components of LT Switchgear: Switch Fuse Unit (SFU), MCB, ELCB, MCCB, Types of Wires and Cables, Earthing, Types of Batteries, Important Characteristics for Batteries, Elementary calculations for energy consumption, power factor improvement and battery backup.

    Unit Outcomes:

    • Understand working principles of LT Switchgear components (L2)
    • Perform elementary calculations for energy consumption, power factor improvement and battery backup (L3)

    Course Outcomes:

    • Apply concepts of KVL/KCL and network theorems in solving DC circuits (L3)
    • Analyze steady state behavior of single phase and three phase AC electrical circuits (L4)
    • Choose correct rating and characteristics of a transformer for a specific application (L5)
    • Illustrate working principles of induction motor, dc motor and synchronous (L3)
    • Identify type of electrical machine based on their construction.(L1)
    • Describe working principles of protection devices used in electrical circuits. (L2)

    JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR B.Tech- II Sem           

     

    (19A02202P) Principles of Electrical Engineering Lab

    (EIE)

    List of experiments:

    1. Basic safety precautions. Introduction and use of measuring instruments- voltmeter, ammeter, multi-meter, oscilloscope. Real-life resistors, capacitors and inductors.
    2. Verification of Thevenin”™s and Norton Theorems.
    3. Measuring the steady-state and transient time-response of R-L, R-C, and R-L-C circuits to a step change in voltage (transient may be observed on a storage oscilloscope). Sinusoidal steady state response of R-L, and R-C circuits- impedance calculation and verification. Observation of phase differences between current and voltage. Resonance in R-L-C circuits.
    4. Transformers: Observation of the no-load current waveform on an oscilloscope (non-sinusoidal wave-shape due to B-H curve nonlinearity should be shown along with a discussion about harmonics). Loading of a transformer: measurement of primary and secondary voltages and currents, and power.
    5. Three-phase transformers: Star and Delta connections. Voltage and Current relationships (line-line voltage, phase to-neutral voltage, line and phase currents). Phase-shifts between the primary and secondary side. Cumulative three-phase power in balanced three-phase
    6. Verification of Superposition theorem for DC and AC Networks.
    7. Verification of Maximum power transfer theorem for DC and AC Networks.
    8. Verification of Reciprocity theorem.
    9. To determine the performance characteristics of a Shunt Motor.
    10. To determine the performance characteristics of a Compound Motor.
    11. To determine speed control of DC Shunt Motor.
    12. To determine the load characteristics of a Shunt Generator.
    13. Synchronous Machine operating as a generator: stand-alone operation with a load. Control of voltage through field excitation.
    14. Demonstration of components of LT switchgear.
    15. 3- Phase Power Measurements for balanced loads

    Unit Outcomes:

    • Get exposure to common electrical components and their ratings (L2) ● Make electrical connections by wires of appropriate ratings (L3)
    • Understand usage of common electrical measuring instruments (L2)
    • Determine performance characteristics of transformers and electrical machines (L5)

     

    JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR B.Tech- II Sem  

     

    (19A01201T) Basic Civil & Mechanical Engineering
    (EEE)

    Course Objectives:

    • Impart basic principles of stress, strain, shear force, bending moment and torsion.
    • To teach principles of strain measurement using electrical strain gauges
    • Describe technical details of power plants, gas turbines, hydro power plants and non-conventional energy sources.
    • Teach different types of drives for power transmission
    • Impart concepts of CAD, CAM & CIM

    PART – A

    UNIT- I:

    Basic Definitions of Force- Stress- Strain- Elasticity. Shear force- Bending Moment- Torsion . Simple problems on Shear force Diagram and Bending moment Diagram for cantilever and simply supported beams.

    • understand principles of Stress and Strain.
    • able to draw SFD & BMD for simply supported beams and cantilever beams. UNIT- II:

    Measurement of Strain – Electrical Capacitance and Resistance Strain gauges- multi channel strain indicators. Rosette analysis- Rectangular and Triangular strain rosettes- Wheatstone bridge.

    • understand basic principles of Strain Measurement.
    • Apply the concepts of Strain Rosettes for strain measurement .

    UNIT- III:

    Characteristics of common building materials- Brick- Types- Testing; Timber- Classification- Seasoning- Defects in Timber ; Glass- Classification- uses; steel and its applications in construction industry.

    • understand common building materials used in construction.
    • Analyze charactestics of common building materials .

     

    Course Outcomes:

    At the end of the course, student is able to

    • Draw SFD and BMD for cantilever and Simply supported beams. (L.1)
    • Understand the working principles of electrical resistors and capacitors. (L.2)
    • Apply concepts of Rosetta analysis for strain measurements. (L.3)

    PART- B

    Course Objectives

    • Familiarize the sources of energy, power plant economics and environmental aspects.
    • Outline the working components of different power plant.
    • To teach working principle of hydraulic machinery.
    • To familiarize the developments in IC engines.
    • To teach combustion process in SI and CI engines.
    • Explain the principles of refrigeration and air conditioning.

    UNIT- 1

    Power Plant Engineering: Introduction- Energy Renewable and Non- Renewable Energy, Sources- Classification of Power Plants based on Sources of Energy- Thermal Power Plant or Steam Power Plant- Hydro Electric Power- Nuclear Fission, Chain Reaction, Layout of Nuclear Power Plant- Diesel Power Plant- Gas Turbine Power Plant- Open Cycle Gas Turbine, Closed Cycle Gas Turbine Power Plant, Comparison of Diesel Power Plant with Gas Turbine Power Plant- Pumps- Classification of Pumps, Centrifugal Pump, Applications of Centrifugal Pump, Priming, Reciprocating Pumps, Single Acting Reciprocating Pump, Working of a Double acting Reciprocating Pump, Comparison of Reciprocating Pump with Centrifugal Pump-Hydraulic Turbine- Classification of Hydraulic Turbines, Impulse Turbine, Reaction Turbine, Difference between Impulse and Reaction Turbine.

    Learning Outcomes

    At the end of this unit, the student will be able to

    • Outline sources of energy, compare and selection of types of power plants (L2).
    • Explain working principle and compare types of diesel power plant (L2).
    • Explain construction and operation of different pumps (L2).
    • Classify pumps based on principle of operation (L1).
    • Classify turbines based on principle of operation (L1).

     

    UNIT- 2

    I.C Engine: Heat Engine- Types of Heat Engine- External Combustion Engine, IC Engine (Internal Combustion), Classification of I.C. Engine, Two Stroke Petrol Engine, Four Stroke Engine, Valve Timing Diagram, Port Timing Diagram, Comparison of Two Stroke and Four Stroke Engines, Comparison of Petrol Engine and Diesel Engine, Fuel System of a Petrol Engine, Ignition Systems.

    Boilers: Classification of Boilers- Simple Vertical Boiler- Cochran Boiler- Babcock and Wilcox Boiler- Benson Boiler- Difference between Fire Tube and Water Tube Boilers- Boiler Mountings- Boiler Accessories- Difference between Boiler Mountings and Accessories. Learning outcomes:

    After completion of this unit, students will be able to

    • Understand classification and working of IC engines (L1).
    • Compare 2 stroke and 4 stroke, petrol and diesel engines (L3).
    • Understand classification and construction of boilers (L1).
    • Compare boiler mountings and accessories (L3).

    UNIT- 3

    Refrigeration and Air Conditioning: Introduction- Terminology of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning- Properties of Refrigerants- List of Commonly used Refrigerants- Types of Refrigerating System- Vapour Compression Refrigeration System- Vapour Absorption Refrigerator- Domestic Refrigerator- Air Conditioning- Application of Air Conditioning- Psychrometry- Window Air Conditioning.

    Learning outcomes:

    After completion of this unit, students will be able to

    1. Analyze the basics cycles of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Systems (L4).
    2. Outline the operation of refrigerators (L2).
    3. Identify different refrigerants and applications (L1).

    Course Outcomes:

    At the end of this course, the student will be able to

    • Outline sources of energy, power plant economics, and environmental aspects (L2).
    • Describe working components of a steam power plant (L2).
    • Illustrate the working mechanism of Diesel and Gas turbine power plants (L2).
    • Explain different types of pumps and their application (L2).
    • Explain working of IC engines with combustion process (L2).
    • Possess the knowledge of system components of refrigeration and air conditioning (L3)

     

    JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR B.Tech- II Sem       

     

    (19A01201P) Basic civil & Mechanical Engineering Lab

    (EEE)

    Part A

    Laboratory Experiments:

    1. Bending test on (Steel/Wood) Cantilever beam.
    2. Bending test on (Steel/Wood) simply supported beam.
    3. Use of electrical resistance strain gauges.
    4. Compression test on Bricks
    5. Water absorption test on Bricks
    6. Torsion test.
    7. Tests on closed coiled and open coiled helical springs

    Part B

    Course Objectives:

    • Understand the functioning and performance of I.C. Engines ● To find heat losses in various engines

    List of Experiments:

    1. Load test on four stroke Diesel Engine with mechanical loading.
    2. Load test on four stroke Diesel Engine with DC Generator loading.
    3. Heat balance test on Four Stroke Diesel Engine.
    4. Load test on two stroke petrol engine.
    5. A) Study of Valve & Port diagram.
    6. B) Study of boilers.
    7. Performance test on vapour compression refrigeration system.
    8. Performance test on vapour absorption refrigeration system.

    Course Outcomes:

    Upon the successful completion of course, students will be able to ● Explain different working cycles of engine.

    • Illustrate the working of refrigeration systems
    • Evaluate heat balance sheet of IC engine.

     

    JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR

    B.Tech- I/II Sem                                                                                                                                                  L T P C

    1 0 4 3

    (19A03102) Engineering Graphics Lab

    (Common to All Branches of Engineering)

    Course Objectives:

    • Bring awareness that Engineering Drawing is the Language of Engineers.
    • Familiarize how industry communicates technical information.
    • Teach the practices for accuracy and clarity in presenting the technical information.
    • Develop the engineering imagination essential for successful design.
    • Instruct the utility of drafting & modeling packages in orthographic and isometric
    • Train the usage of 2D and 3D modeling.
    • Instruct graphical representation of machine components.

    Part A: Manual Drawing: (7 Classes)

    Introduction to Engineering graphics: Principles of Engineering Graphics and their significance-Conventions in drawing-lettering – BIS conventions.

    1. Conic sections including the rectangular hyperbola- general method only,
    2. Cycloid, epicycloids and hypocycloid
    3. Involutes (2L + 6P hrs)

    Projection of points, lines and planes: Projection of points in any quadrant, lines inclined to one or both planes, finding true lengths, angle made by line. Projections of regular plane surfaces. (2L + 6P hrs)

    Projections of solids: Projections of regular solids inclined to one or both planes by rotational or auxiliary views method.                                                  (1L + 3P hrs)

    Sections of solids: Section planes and sectional view of right regular solids- prism, cylinder, pyramid and cone. True shapes of the sections.                                                 (1L + 3P hrs)

    Development of surfaces: Development of surfaces of right regular solids-prism, cylinder, pyramid, cone and their sectional parts.                                                 (1L + 6P hrs)

    Part B: Computer Aided Drafting: (6 Classes)

    Introduction to AutoCAD: Basic drawing and editing commands: line, circle, rectangle, erase, view, undo, redo, snap, object editing, moving, copying, rotating, scaling, mirroring, layers, templates, polylines, trimming, extending, stretching, fillets, arrays, dimensions. (1L + 3P hrs)

     

    Dimensioning principles and conventional representations.

    Orthographic Projections: Systems of projections, conventions and application to orthographic projections. (3L + 9P hrs)

    Isometric Projections: Principles of isometric projection- Isometric scale; Isometric views: lines, planes, simple solids. (2L + 6P hrs)

    Text Books:

    1. L.Narayana & P.Kannaiah, Engineering Drawing, 3/e, Scitech Publishers, Chennai, 2012.
    2. Venugopal, Engineering Drawing and Graphics, 3/e, New Age Publishers, 2000

    Reference Books:

    1. Dhanajay A Jolhe, Engineering Drawing, Tata McGraw-Hill, Copy Right, 2009
    2. D.Bhatt, Engineering Drawing, 53/e, Charotar Publishers, 2016.
    3. Shah and Rana, Engineering Drawing, 2/e, Pearson Education, 2009
    4. C.John, Engineering Graphics, 2/e, PHI, 2013
    5. Basant Agarwal & C.M.Agarwal, Engineering Drawing, Tata McGraw-Hill, Copy Right,

    Course Outcomes:

    After completing the course, the student will be able to

    • draw various curves applied in engineering. (L2)
    • show projections of solids and sections graphically. (L2)
    • draw the development of surfaces of solids. (L3)
    • use computers as a drafting tool. (L2)
    • draw isometric and orthographic drawings using CAD packages. (L3)

     

    JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR

    B.Tech- II Sem                                                                                                                                                     L T P C

    3 0 0 3

    (19A05201T) Data Structures

    (Common to All Branches of Engineering)

    Course Objectives:

    1. To teach the representation of solution to the problem using algorithm
    2. To explain the approach to algorithm analysis
    3. To introduce different data structures for solving the problems
    4. To demonstrate modeling of the given problem as a graph
    5. To elucidate the existing hashing techniques

    Unit- 1: Introduction

    Algorithm Specification, Performance analysis, Performance Measurement. Arrays: Arrays, Dynamically Allocated Arrays. Structures and Unions. Sorting: Motivation, Quick sort, How fast can we sort, Merge sort, Heap sort

    Learning Outcomes :

    Student should be able to

    1. Analyze the given algorithm to find the time and space complexities.(L4)
    2. Select appropriate sorting algorithm (L4)
    3. Design a sorting algorithm (L6)

    Unit- 2: Stack, Queue and Linked lists

    Stacks, Stacks using Dynamic Arrays, Queues, Circular Queues Using Dynamic Arrays, Evaluation of Expressions, Multiple Stacks and Queues. Linked lists: Singly Linked Lists and Chains, Representing Chains in C, Linked Stacks and Queues, Additional List Operations, Doubly Linked Lists.

    Learning outcomes: Student should be able to

    1. Evaluate expressions (L5)
    2. Develop the applications using stacks and queues (L3)
    3. Construct the linked lists for various applications (L6)

    Unit- 3 :Trees

    Introduction, Binary Trees, Binary Tree Traversals, Additional Binary Tree Operations, Binary Search Trees, Counting Binary Trees, Optimal Binary search Trees, AVL Trees. B-Trees: B-Trees, B + Trees.

     

    Learning outcomes

    1. Explain the concept of a tree (L2)
    2. Compare different tree structures (L4)
    3. Apply trees for indexing (L3)

    Unit- 4 : Graphs and Hashing

    The Graph Abstract Data Type, Elementary Graph Operations, Minimum Cost Spanning Trees, Shortest Paths and Transitive Closure

    Hashing: Introduction to Hash Table, Static Hashing, Dynamic Hashing.

    Learning outcomes:

    Student should be able to

    1. Recognize the importance of Graphs in solving real world problems (L2)
    2. Apply various graph traversal methods to applications (L3)
    3. Design a minimum cost solution for a problem using spanning trees (L6)
    4. Select the appropriate hashing technique for a given application (L5)
    5. Design a hashing technique (L6)

    Unit- 5: Files and Advanced sorting

    File Organization: Sequential File Organization, Direct File Organization, Indexed Sequential File Organization.

    Advanced sorting: Sorting on Several keys, List and Table sorts, Summary of Internal sorting, External sorting.

    Learning outcomes: Student should be able to

    1. Organize data in the form of Files (L6)
    2. Apply sorting on large amount of data (L3)

    Course Outcomes:

    Students should be able to

    1. Select Appropriate Data Structure for solving a real world problem (L4)
    2. Select appropriate file organization technique depending on the processing to be done (L4)
    3. Construct Indexes for Databases (L6)
    4. Analyse the Algorithms (L4)
    5. Develop Algorithm for Sorting large files of data (L3)

    JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR

    B.Tech- II Sem                                                                                                                                                    L T P C

    0 0 3 1.5

    (19A05201P) Data Structures Lab

    (Common to All Branches of Engineering)

    Course Objectives:

    1. To introduce to the different data structures
    2. To elucidate how the data structure selection influences the algorithm complexity
    3. To explain the different operations that can be performed on different data structures
    4. To introduce to the different search and sorting algorithms.

    Laboratory Experiments

    1. String operations using array of pointers
    2. Searching Algorithms (With the Number of Key Comparisons) Sequential, Binary and Fibonacci Search Algorithms.
    3. Sorting Algorithms: Insertion Sort, Selection Sort, Shell Sort, Bubble Sort, Quick Sort, Heap Sort, Merge Sort, and Radix Sort. Using the system clock, compute the time taken for sorting of elements. The time for other operations like I/O etc should not be considered while computing time.
    4. Implementation of Singly Linked List, Doubly Linked List, Circular Linked List
    5. Stack implementation using arrays
    6. Stack implementation using linked lists
    7. Queue implementation using arrays. Implement different forms of queue. While implementing you should be able to store elements equal to the size of the queue. No positions should be left blank.
    8. Queue implementation using linked lists
    9. Creation of binary search tree, performing operations insertion, deletion, and
    10. Breadth first search
    11. Depth first search
    12. Travelling sales man problem
    13. File operations
    14. Indexing of a file
    15. Reversing the links (not just displaying) of a linked list.
    16. Consider a linked list consisting of name of a person and gender as a node. Arrange the linked list using “˜Ladies first”™ principle. You may create new linked lists if necessary.
    17. An expression can be represented in three ways: infix, prefix and postfix. All the forms are necessary in different contexts. Write modules to convert from one form to another form.

     

    1. A table can be defined as a collection of rows and columns. Each row and column may have a label. Different values are stored in the cells of the table. The values can be of different data types. Numerical operations like summation, average etc can be performed on rows/columns which contain numerical data. Such operations are to be prevented on data which is not numeric. User may like to insert row/columns in the already existing table. User may like to remove row/column. Create table datatype and support different operations on it.

    Course Outcomes:

    At the end of the course students should be able to

    1. Select the data structure appropriate for solving the problem (L5)
    2. Implement searching and sorting algorithms (L3)
    3. Design new data types (L6)
    4. Illustrate the working of stack and queue (L4)
    5. Organize the data in the form of files (L6)

     

    JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR

    B.Tech- I Sem (Civil Engineering)                                                                                                                 L T P C

    0 0 2 1

    (19A01201) Civil Engineering Workshop

    • Setting out of a building: The student should set out a building (single room only) as per the given building plan using tape only.
    • Setting out of a building: The student should set out a building (single room only) as per the given building plan using tape and cross staff.
    • Construct a wall of height 50 cm and wall thickness 11/2 bricks using English bond (No mortar required) – corner portion- length of side walls 60 cm.
    • Construct a wall of height 50 cm and wall thickness 2 bricks using English bond (No mortar required) – corner portion- length of side walls 60 cm.
    • Computation of Centre of gravity and Moment of inertia of a given rolled steel section by actual measurements.
    • Installation of plumbing and fixtures like Tap, T-Joint, Elbow, Bend, Threading etc;
    • Plastering and Finishing of wall
    • Application of wall putty and painting a wall
    • Application of base coat and laying of Tile flooring of one square meter
    • Preparation of soil cement blocks for masonry and testing for compressive strength
    • Casting and testing of Fly ash Blocks
    • Preparation of cover blocks for providing cover to reinforcement

     

    JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR B.Tech- I Sem (Electrical & Electronics Engineering)                                                                                                                  L T P C

    0 0 2 1

    (19A02101) Electrical & Electronics Engineering Workshop

    Course Objectives :

    1. To know about different tools, abbreviations and symbols in Electrical Engineering
    2. To learn about types of measuring instruments to measure electrical quantities
    3. To gain knowledge on different types of earthing and earth resistance
    4. To study different types of wiring

    List of Exercises / Experiments:

    1. Study of Introduction to Electrical tools, symbols and abbreviations
    2. Study of types of sizes of wires and making “T” joint and straight joint for wires
    3. Measurements of Electrical quantities (like Voltage, Current, Power, Power factor in RLC circuits)
    4. Study of measurements of Energy (using Single phase and Three phase Energy meter) by connecting different loads
    5. Study of earthing and measurement of earth resistance
    6. Study and performance of residential wiring (using Energy meter, Fuses, Switches, Indicator, Lamps, etc.)
    7. Study of Fluorescent lamp wiring
    8. Study of various electrical gadgets (CFL and LED)
    9. Study of PV Cell
    10. Study of Induction motor and Transformer
    11. Assembly of choke or small transformer
    12. Study of trouble shooting of electrical equipments (fan, iron box, mixer-grinder, etc.)
    13. Introduction to basics of Electronic components: Solder practice, Multi meter, Power supply
    14. Measurement of wire guages using guage meter
    15. Identification of color code, resistors, ICs, Transistors, capacitors, diodes, SCRs, IGBTs

    References:

    1. Lab manual of Electrical Engineering by TTTI, Chennai.

     

    Course Outcomes:

    1. Able to demonstrate knowledge on different tools, abbreviations and symbols used in Electrical Engineering
    2. Able to measure different electrical quantities using measuring instruments
    3. Able to demonstrate how to trouble shoot the electrical equipments (like fan, grinder, motor, etc.)
    4. Able to do wiring and earthing for residential houses

     

    JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR

    B.Tech- II Sem (Mechanical Engineering)                                                                                                 L T P C

    0 0 2 1

    (19A03201) Mechanical Engineering Workshop

    Course Objectives:

    1. Familiarize moulding and casting skills.
    2. Train on different types welding joints.
    3. Develop assemble or disassembly skills.
    4. Make plastic components.
    5. Familiarize with use power tools.
    6. Demonstrate assembly of computer and installation of software

    Foundry Practice: (2 Sessions)

    1. a) Determination of average grain size for sand sample using sieve shaker
    2. b) Preparation of a green sand mould using single piece pattern
    3. Preparation of a green sand mould using split piece pattern with core and demonstration of casting.

    Welding Practice: (2 Sessions)

    1. Lap joint, butt joint and T joint using arc welding.
    2. a) Lap joint using resistance spot welding b) Lap and butt joints using gas welding

    Assembling/Disassembling Practice: (3 Sessions)

    1. Bicycle
    2. Clutch and carburetor
    • Two wheeler engine parts
    1. Desktop Computer and installation of Operating system Software

    Manufacture of a Plastic Component (2 Sessions)

    1. Use of injection moulding machine
    2. FRP composite using hand layup method
    • Joining of plastic components

    Manufacturing any two domestic utility products with any material by above methods (2 Sessions) Use of Power Tools (2 Sessions)

    Drilling, Cutting, Planing, Finishing, Etc,. on wood or metals

    Text Books:

    1. Venkata Reddy Workshop Mannual 6th Ed., B.S. Publishers, 2013.
    2. L. Juneja Workshop practice 1st Ed., Cengage, 2015.

     

    Course Outcomes:

    After completion of this lab student will be able to

    • make moulds for sand casting. (L3)
    • develop different weld joints. (L3)
    • assemble or disassemble of machine components. (L3)
    • make plastic components. (L3)
    • use power tools for different applications. (L3)
    • Assemble computer and installation of software (L3)

     

    JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR B.Tech- I Sem             L T P C

    0 0 2 1

    (19A04101) Electronics & Communication Engineering Workshop
    (19A10101) Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering Workshop

    Course Objectives:

    • To introduce electronic components, measuring instruments and tools used in electronic
    • To equip with the knowledge of understanding data sheets of electronic components
    • To give practical experience on soldering the electronic components on a PCB
    • To introduce EDA tools
    • To know about the internal parts of a computer, assembling a computer from the parts, preparing a computer for use by installing the operating system
    • To provide training on Productivity tools like word processors, spreadsheets, presentations
    • To provide knowledge in understanding working of various communication systems

    List of Exercises / Experiments:

    1. Familiarization of commonly used Electronic Workshop Tools : Bread board, Solder, cables, relays, switches, connectors, fuses, Cutter, plier, screwdriver set, wire stripper, flux, knife/blade, soldering iron, de-soldering pump etc.
    • Provide some exercises so that electronics hardware tools and instruments are learned to be used by the students
    1. Familiarization of Electronic Measuring Instruments like Voltmeters, Ammeters, multimeter, LCR-Q meter, Power Supplies, CRO, DSO, Function Generator, Frequency counter.
    • Provide some exercises so that electronic measuring instruments are learned to be used by the students
    1. Electronic Components:
      Familiarization/Identification of electronic components (Resistors, Capacitors, Inductors, Diodes, transistors, IC”™s etc.)- Functionality, type, size, color coding, package, symbol, cost etc.
    2. Testing of electronic components like Resistor, Capacitor, Diode, Transistor, ICs etc.
    • Compare values of components like resistors, inductors, capacitors etc with the measured values by using electronic instruments

     

    1. Study of Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO)
    • Find the Amplitude and Frequency of a signal
    • Measure the Unknown Frequency & Phase difference of signals using Lissajous figures
    1. Interpret data sheets of discrete components and IC”™s.
    • Write important specifications/ratings of components & ICs and submit it in the form of a report
    1. Introduction to EDA Tools: MULTISIM/PSPICE/TINA schematic capture tool, Learning of basic functions of creating a new project, getting and placing parts, connecting placed parts, simulating the schematic, plotting and analyzing the results.
    • Provide some exercises so that students are familiarized in using EDA tools
    1. Assembling and Testing of simple electronic circuits on breadboards; identifying the components and its location on the PCB, soldering of the components, testing the assembled circuit for correct functionality.
    2. Familiarization with Computer Hardware & Operating System:
    • Identify the internal parts of a computer, and its peripherals. Represent the same in the form of diagrams including Block diagram of a computer. Write specifications for each part of a computer including peripherals and specification of Desktop computer. Submit it in the form of a report.
    • Disassemble and assemble the PC back to working condition. Students should be able to trouble shoot the computer and identify working and non-working parts. Student should identify the problem correctly by various methods available (eg: beeps). Students should record the process of assembling and trouble shooting a computer.
    • Install Operating system on the computer. Students should record the entire installation process.
    1. Familiarization with Office Tools
    • Word Processor: Able to create documents using the word processor tool. Students should be able to prepare project cover pages, content sheet and chapter pages at the end of the task using the features studied.
    • Spreadsheet: Able to create, open, save the application documents and format them as per the requirement. Some of the tasks that may be practiced are Managing the worksheet environment, creating cell data, inserting and deleting cell data, format cells, adjust the cell size, applying formulas and functions, preparing charts, sorting
    • Presentations: creating, opening, saving and running the presentations, Selecting the style for slides, formatting the slides with different fonts, colors, creating charts and tables, inserting and deleting text, graphics and animations, bulleting and numbering, hyper-linking, running the slide show, setting the timing for slide show.

     

    1. Familiarization of PA system with different microphones, loud speakers, mixer etc. Represent the same in the form of diagrams, write specifications and submit it in the form of a report.
    2. Understand working of various Communication Systems like Television, Satellite Transmitter & Receiver, Radio Receiver, Mobile Phone. Prepare demo boards/charts of various communication systems.

    Course Outcomes:

    • Identify discrete components and ICs (L3)
    • Assemble simple electronic circuits over a PCB (L3)
    • Testing of various components (L4)
    • Interpret specifications (ratings) of the component (L5)
    • Demonstrate disassembling and assembling a Personal Computer and make the computer ready to use (L2)
    • Make use of Office tools for preparing documents, spread sheets and presentations (L3)
    • Demonstrate working of various communication systems (L2)

     

    JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR B.Tech- II Sem            L T P C

    0 0 2 1

    (19A05202) Computer Science and Engineering Workshop
    (19A15201) Computer Science & Systems Engineering Workshop
    (19A12201) Information Technology Workshop

    Course Objectives:

    • To provide Technical training to the students on Productivity tools like Word processors, Spreadsheets, Presentations
    • To make the students know about the internal parts of a computer, assembling a computer from the parts, preparing a computer for use by installing the operating system
    • Teach them how to connect two or more computers
    • Introduce to the Raspberry Pi board
    • Explain storytelling by creating Graphics, Webpages and Videos

    Preparing your Computer

    Task 1: Learn about Computer: Identify the internal parts of a computer, and its peripherals. Represent the same in the form of diagrams including Block diagram of a computer. Write specifications for each part of a computer including peripherals and specification of Desktop computer. Submit it in the form of a report.

    Task 2: Assembling a Computer: Disassemble and assemble the PC back to working condition. Students should be able to trouble shoot the computer and identify working and non-working parts. Student should identify the problem correctly by various methods available (eg: beeps). Students should record the process of assembling and trouble shooting a computer.

    Task 3: Install Operating system: Student should install Linux on the computer. Student may install another operating system (including proprietary software) and make the system dual boot or multi boot. Students should record the entire installation process.

    Task 4: Operating system features: Students should record the various features that are supported by the operating system(s) installed. They have to submit a report on it. Students should be able to access CD/DVD drives, write CD/DVDs, access pen drives, print files, etc. Students should install new application software and record the installation process.

    Productivity tools

    Task 5: Word Processor: Students should be able to create documents using the word processor tool. Some of the tasks that are to be performed are inserting and deleting the characters, words and lines, Alignment of the lines, Inserting header and Footer, changing the font, changing the colour, including images and tables in the word file, making page setup, copy and paste block of

     

    text, images, tables, linking the images which are present in other directory, formatting paragraphs, spell checking, etc. Students should be able to prepare project cover pages, content sheet and chapter pages at the end of the task using the features studied. Students should submit a user manual of the word processor considered.

    Task 6: Spreadsheet: Students should be able to create, open, save the application documents and format them as per the requirement. Some of the tasks that may be practiced are Managing the worksheet environment, creating cell data, inserting and deleting cell data, format cells, adjust the cell size, applying formulas and functions, preparing charts, sorting cells. Students should submit a user manual of the Spreadsheet application considered.

    Task 7: Presentations: creating, opening, saving and running the presentations, Selecting the style for slides, formatting the slides with different fonts, colours, creating charts and tables, inserting and deleting text, graphics and animations, bulleting and numbering, hyperlinking, running the slide show, setting the timing for slide show. Students should submit a user manual of the Presentation tool considered.

    Networking

    Task 8: Wired network: Select a LAN cable, Identify the wires in the cable, Define the purpose of each wire, Study the RJ45 connecter, Use crimping tool to fix the cable to the connecter, Test the cable using LAN tester, Connect two or more computers using cross and straight cables, Configure the computers, share the data between the computers.

    Task 9: Wireless network Connect the wireless LAN card or identify the built-in wireless LAN card, configure four computers using adhoc mode and share the data, connect four computers using infrastructure mode (Access point) and share the data.

    IoT

    Task 10: Raspberry Pi

    Study the architecture of Raspberry pi, configure software, Install SD card, Connect the cables, Install Raspbian (or any other) operating system, Configure Wi-Fi, Remotely connect to your Raspberry Pi.

     

    JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR

    B.Tech- II Sem (Food Technology)                                                                                                               L T P C

    0 0 2 1

    (19A27201) Food Technology Workshop

    Course Objectives:

    1. To create basic awareness on traditional processing methods and their importance in processing of foods.
    2. To know physico-chemical changes during these processing methods.

    List of Exercises / Experiments:

    1. Soaking
    2. Boiling
    3. Smoking
    4. Curing
    5. Grilling
    6. Drying
    7. Steaming
    8. Roasting
    9. Simmering
    10. Stewing
    11. Frying

    Learning Outcomes:

    • Gain knowledge on primary processing methods
    • Learn the changes occurred during processing
  • MAHE MBBS Microbiology Practical Materials (Manipal University)

    Manipal University (KMC Managalore-MAHE) MBBS Microbiology Practical Materials

     

    Manipal-University MBBS MAHE Microbiology-Practical-Materials

    MBBS Microbiology Practical Materials 2019     Download

     

    IDENTIFICATION OF BACTERIA

    1. STAPHYLOCOCCUS

    Specimen: Localized pus from abscess.
    Direct smear: Shows pus cells with gram positive cocci in clusters.
    Culture: Plating done on
    Culture media
    Incubation
    After 24 hr
    Nutrient agar
    Incubated at 37⁰c for 24 hr
    Opaque golden yellow colonies
    Blood agar
    Opaque colonies with beta hemolysis
    Mac conkey
    Tiny pink colonies
    Biochemical tests
    Urease
    Positive
    Mannitol
    Acid+;no gas
    Smear from culture plate: gram positive cocci in clusters.
    Coagulase test positive: Staphylococcus aureus
    Antibiotic susceptibility pattern.
    Phage typing – for epidemiology study
    Other species:
    Staphylococcus epidermidis – Opaque white colonies; coagulase test negative;
    Mostly a commensal, but the most frequent organism isolated from infected indwelling prosthetic devices.
    Staphylococcus albus – Opaque white colonies; coagulase test negative;
    Opportunistic pathogens.
    Staphylococcus citreus – lemon yellow colonies; coagulase negative;
    Opportunistic pathogens
    Clinical Significance:
    Staphylococcus aureus-Food poisoning, Toxic shock syndrome, Staphylococcal Skin Scalded Syndrome,
    Pneumonia, Osteomyelitis, Skininfections, Meningitis, Acute bacterial endocarditis, UTI
    Staphylococcus epidermidis-Mostly a commensal, but the most frequent organism isolated from
    3
    infected indwelling prosthetic devices, causes UTI, sepsis from IV line Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)-These bacterial isolates are resistant to many antibiotics. In the community, most MRSA infections are skin infections. In medical facilities, MRSA causes life threatening blood stream infections, pneumonia and surgical site infections.
    CASE HISTORY- 1
    A group of six children under 8 years of age live in a semitropical country. Each of the children has several crusted weeping skin lesions of impetigo (pyoderma). The lesions are predominantly on the arms and faces. Which of the following microorganisms is a likely cause of the lesions?
    (A) Escherichia coli
    (B) Chlamydia trachomatis
    (C) Staphylococcus aureus
    (D) Streptococcus pneumoniae
    (E) Bacillus anthracis
    4
    2. ESCHERICHIA COLI
    Specimen: Mid stream urine specimen in sterile container from
    Patient X having fever with burning micturition.
    Direct smear: Grams smear shows pus cells with gram negative rods.
    Wet Mount : Centrifuged, Plenty of pus cells seen
    Culture : After Incubation at 37⁰c for 24 hr
    Culture media
    Cultural Charecteristics
    Nutrient agar
    Blood agar
    Mac conkey
    Non Mucoid, Convex, Greyish white colonies
    Greyish white Non Mucoid Colonies
    Pink, Lactose fermenting colonies
    Smear from colonies: Gram negative rods are seen
    Biochemical tests:
    Indole
    Positive
    Urease
    Negative
    Citrate
    Negative
    TSI
    A/A Gas+ no H2S
    MR
    Positive
    VP
    Negative
    Sugar reaction: Glucose, lactose, sucrose, maltose, mannitol, starch are fermented with acid and gas.
    Antibiotic susceptibility testing.
    Other tests: Agglutination with mono and polyvalent antisera to detect EPEC, ETECetc
    Clinical Significance: Urinary tract Infections, Pyogenic infections, Septicemia, neonatal Meningitis
    Diarrhea (Enteropathogenic, Enterotoxigenic, Entero hemorrhagic, Enteroinvasive, enteroaggregative).
    Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamses (ESBL) producing isolates are resistance to 3rd generation cephalosporins (Ceftazidime, Cefotaxime, Ceftriaxone, Cefpodoxime) and Monobactams (Aztreonam). These ESBLs are of clinical concern because they restrict therapeutic options causing treatment failures.
    5
    CASE HISTORY – 2
    A 20-year-old college student goes to the student health center because of dysuria, frequency, and urgency on urination for 24 hours. She has recently become sexually active. On urinalysis, many polymorphonuclear cells are seen. The most likely organism responsible for these symptoms and signs is
    (A) Staphylococcus aureus
    (B) Streptococcus agalactiae
    (C) Gardnerella vaginalis
    (D) Lactobacillus species
    (E) Escherichia coli
    6
    3. KLEBSIELLA
    Specimen: Urine from patient X who complaints of fever,
    Lower abdominal pain, increased frequency of micturition.
    Direct smear: Grams smear shows pus cells with gram negative rods.
    Wet Mount : Centrifuged, Plenty of pus cells seen
    Culture : After Incubation at 37⁰c for 24 hr
    Culture media
    Cultural Charecteristics
    Blood agar
    Greyish white Colonies
    Mac conkey
    Pink, mucoid Lactose fermenting colonies
    Smear from plate: Thick Gram negative bacilli seen, with some bacilli showing halo around it.
    Biochemical tests:
    Indole
    Negative
    Citrate
    Positive
    Urease
    Positive
    TSI
    H2S
    Oxidase
    Negative
    Catalase
    Positive
    MR
    Negative
    VP
    Positive
    Sugar reactions: Glucose, lactose, sucrose, maltose, mannitol, starch are fermented with acid and gas.
    Animal Pathogenicity Test Done- Mice intraperitoneal inoculation done & organisms were demonstrated in the peritoneal fluid
    Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing And Klebocin Typing
    Clinical Significance: Pneumonia caused by Klebsiella species frequently involves the necrotic destruction of alveolar spaces, formation of cavities, and the production of blood-tinged sputum. These bacteria also cause wound & soft-tissue infection, and UTIs. Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamses (ESBL) producing isolates are resistance to 3rd generation cephalosporins (Ceftazidime, Cefotaxime, Ceftriaxone, Cefpodoxime) and Monobactams (Aztreonam). ESBL can pose a intimidating challenge with limited therapeutic options.
    7
    CASE HISTORY – 3
    The patient is a 40 year-old male with multisystem failure secondary to bilaterial pneumonia. Three days before he Complained to physician with history fever, malaise, and vague respiratory symptoms. He was given amantadine for suspected influenza. The patients condition became progressively worse, with shortness of breath a fever to 40.5 0C, and he was admitted to an outside hospital 24 h prior to transfer to this hospital. A laboratory examination revealed liver and renal functions as normal. Therapy with Timentin (Ticarcillin + Clavulanic acid) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was begun. On admission, he underwent a bronchoscopic examination which revealed mildly inflamed airways containing thin, watery secretions. A Gram stain of bronchial washings was obtained which showed the presence of gram negative bacilli. On culturing in Nutrient agar, it showed mucoid grayish white colonies.
    1.) Escherichia coli
    2.) Pseudomonas aeruginosa
    3.) Klebsiella pneumonia
    4.) Streptococcus pneumonia
    5.) Mycoplasma pnemoniae
    8
    4. PSEUDOMONAS
    Specimen: Wound swab from patient X
    Direct smear: Gram staining shows plenty of pus cells with Gram negative bacilli seen.
    Culture: After Incubation @ 37⁰c for 24 hr
    Culture media
    Colony Characteristics
    Nutrient agar
    Opaque irregular colonies with earthy smell. Pseudomonas pyogenes produce green pigment
    Blood agar plate
    Opaque irregular colonies surrounded by zone of hemolysis.
    Macconkey agar
    Non lactose fermenting colonies
    Smear from colony: Gram negative bacilli.
    Hanging drop: Motile rods seen
    Biochemical Tests:
    Indole
    Negative
    Urease
    Negative
    Citrate
    Positive
    TSI
    k/no change No gas/no H2S
    Oxidase
    Positve
    Catalase
    Positive
    Sugar reaction: Glucose- is utilized oxidatively, form acid only;
    Lactose; sucrose; maltose; mannitol- not fermented
    Pyocin typing and Antibiotic susceptibility testing.
    Clinical Significance: Pneumonia (Cystic fibrosis patient, Immunocompromised), Burns wound infection, bed sore infection, Skin and soft tissue infection, Urinary tract infection, Malignant otitis externa, Corneal ulcer for contact lens wearer or following trauma, Endocarditis for iv drug users, Septicemia.
    Most common cause for nosocomial infection
    9
    CASEHISTORY – 4
    A 37-year-old firefighter suffers smoke inhalation and is hospitalized for ventilatory support. He has a severe cough and begins to expectorate purulent sputum. Gram stain of his sputum specimen shows numerous polymorphonuclear cells and numerous gram-negative rods. Sputum culture grows numerous gram-negative rods that are oxidase-positive. They grow well at 42 °C. On clear agar medium they produce a blue-green color in the agar. The agar where the blue-green color is located fluoresces when exposed to ultraviolet light. The organism causing the patient”™s infection is
    (A) Burkholderia cepacia
    (B) Klebsiella pneumoniae
    (C) Escherichia coli
    (D) Pseudomonas aeruginosa
    (E) Burkholderia pseudomallei
    10
    5. PROTEUS
    Specimen: Urine of patient suffering from Urinary tract infection
    Direct smear: Pus cells with gram negative bacilli
    Culture: Plating done on
    Culture media
    Incubation
    After 24 hr
    Nutrient agar
    Incubated at 37⁰c for 24 hr
    Tiny colonies with swarming growth
    Blood agar
    Mac conkey
    Pale tiny non lactose fermenting colonies
    Smear from colony : gram negative bacilli seen, exhibits Pleomorphism. Different morphological forms are seen in the same organisms.
    Biochemical test:
    P.mirabilis P.vulgaris
    Indole
    Negative
    Positive
    Urease
    Positive
    Positive
    Citrate
    Positive
    Positive
    TSI
    Alk/acid
    Gas+
    H2S+
    Alk/acid
    Gas+
    H2S+
    Catalase
    Positive
    Positive
    Oxidase
    Negative
    Negative
    Hanging drop:motile gram negative bacilli seen
    Sugar reactions:
    Glu
    Lactose
    Sucrose
    Maltose
    Mannitol
    Acid+
    Not fermented
    Not fermented
    Acid+
    Not fermented
    Gas+
    Gas+
    Antibiotic susceptibility pattern: Amoxicillin Ciprofloxacin Cotrimoxazole Erythromycin Nalidicic acid Nitrofurantoin
    Clinical significance: Urinary Calculi formation
    11
    CASE HISTORY- 5
    A 37-year-old woman with a history of urinary tract infections comes to the emergency room with burning on urination along with frequency and urgency. She says her urine smells like ammonia. The cause of her urinary tract infection is likely to be
    (A) Enterobacter aerogenes
    (B) Proteus mirabilis
    (C) Citrobacter freundii
    (D) Escherichia coli
    (E) Serratia marcescens
    12
    6. VIBRIO
    Specimen: Rice water stools from patient suffering from acute watery diarrhea.
    Direct smear: Gram staining shows Gram negative bacilli. Some are comma shaped.
    Hanging Drop Preparation : Darting motility seen
    Culture:Transport media- enrichment media such as alkaline water or
    Monsur”™s med media or cary blair media is used to preserve Sample for long periods.
    Media Colony nature – After Incubation @ 37⁰c for 24 hr
    Nutrient agar Circular transparent water drop colonies
    Mac conkey Circular transport non lactose fermenting colonies
    Special Media – Thiosulphate Citrate Bile salt sucrose Mdium (TCBS) – Yellow circular colonies
    Smear from colony: Gram negative bacilli, some are comma shaped ; Hanging drop: Motile rods seen.
    Biochemical test:
    Indole
    Positive
    Urease
    Negative
    Citrate
    Negative
    TSI
    Acid/acid;no gas;noH2S
    Oxidase
    Positive
    Catalase
    Positive
    Cholera red reaction
    Polymyxin sensitivity
    Positive
    Sugar reaction:
    Glucose
    Lactose
    Sucrose
    Maltose
    Mannitol
    Mannose
    Arabinose
    Acid+

    Acid+
    Acid+
    Acid+
    Acid+

    Other tests:
    High titre sera agglutination for O group + serotypes ( Ogawa, Inaba, Hikojima)
    Chick cell agglutination to differ the EI tor and classical.
    Antibiotic susceptibility testing.
    Clinical Significance: Severe Watery diarrhea (Classically with Rice water stools)
    13
    CASE HISTORY – 6
    An 18-year-old woman in rural Bangladesh develops profuse (8 L/d) diarrhea. She has no symptoms other than the diarrhea and the manifestations of the fluid and electrolyte loss caused by the diarrhea. The most likely cause of her diarrhea is
    (A) Campylobacter jejuni
    (B) Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli
    (C) Salmonella Typhimurium
    (D) Vibrio cholerae
    (E) Shigella dysenteriae
    14
    7. Salmonella typhi
    Specimen : Blood sample from patient X suffering from high grade fever 5 days
    duration with vomiting and abdominal pain .patient has palpable spleen.
    Culture : Specimen inoculated immediately at bed side of patient in to Ox bile
    or BHI broth medium & incubated for 24 hrs at 37c.
    Culture media Incubation After 24 hr Nutrient agar Incubate at 37 c for 24 hrs Convex , greyish white, colonies Blood agar Greyish white, colonies Mac conkey agar Non lactose fermenting colonies Selective media : ï‚·Wilson blair medium ï‚·Salmonella Shigella agar —————–
    Smear From Colony: Gram Negative Bacilli seen.
    Hanging Drop: Motile rod seen.
    BIOCHEMICAL TESTS
    Organism Indole Urease Catalase Oxidase Tsi Citrate S.typhi Negative Negative Positive Negative K/A;No Gas; Speck of H2S+ Negative
    Organism Glucose Lactose Sucrose Maltose Mannitol Xylose Arabinose S.typhi Acid + ; no gas ——— ———- Acid + ; no gas Acid + ; no gas Acid + ; no gas —————–
    Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing :
    High Titre Sera Agglutination Test: Poly O, Typhi H, O9
    New Taxonomy : Salmonella enterica enterica typhi
    Clinical Significance : Enteric Fever, Step ladder fever, have soft Palpable spleen, may have rose
    spots. It may lead on to intestinal perforation, hemorrhage & circulatory
    collapse
    15
    CASE HISTORY – 7
    A 27-year-old woman is admitted to the hospital because of fever, with increasing anorexia, headache, weakness, and altered mental status of 2 days”™ duration. She works for an airline as a cabin attendant, flying between the Indian subcontinent and other places in Southeast Asia and the West Coast of the United States. Ten days prior to admission she had a diarrheal illness that lasted for about 36 hours. She has been constipated for the last 3 days. Her temperature is 39 °C, heart rate 68/min, blood pressure 120/80 mm Hg, and respirations 18/ min. She knows who she is and where she is but does not know the date. She is picking at the bedclothes. Rose spots are seen on the trunk. The remainder of the physical examination is normal. Blood cultures are done and an intravenous line is placed. The most likely cause of her illness is
    (A) Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)
    (B) Shigella sonnei
    (C) Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serotype Typhimurium (Salmonella Typhimurium)
    (D) Salmonella enterica subspecies enteric serotype Typhi (Salmonella Typhi)
    (E) Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC)
    16
    8. Salmonella paratyphi A
    Specimen : Blood sample from patient x suffering from fever 5 days duration with vomiting and abdominal pain .patient has palpable spleen.
    Culture : specimen inoculated immediately at bed side of patient in to ox bile
    medium & incubated for 24 hrs at 37c.
    Culture media Incubation After 24 hr Nutrient agar Incubate at 37 c for 24 hrs Convex , greyish white, colonies Blood agar Greyish white, colonies Mac conkey agar Non lactose fermenting colonies Selective media : ï‚·Wilson blair medium ï‚·Salmonella Shigella agar —————–
    Smear From Colony: Gram Negative Bacilli Seen.
    Hanging Drop: Motile Rod Seen.
    Biochemical Tests
    Organism Indole Urease Catalase Oxidase TSI Citrate S.Paratyphi A Negative Negative Positive Negative K/A; Gas +; No H2s Negative
    Sugar Reactions :
    Organism Glucose Lactose Sucrose Maltose Mannitol Xylose Arabinose S.Paratyphi A Acid + ; Gas + ———– ———– Acid + ; Gas + Acid + ; Gas + ———— Acid + ; Gas +
    Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing :
    High Titre Sera Agglutination Test : Poly O, O2
    Clinical Significance: Paratyphoid Fever, even lead on to frank septicemia with supparative complications
    17
    9. Salmonella paratyphi B
    Specimen : Blood sample from patient X suffering from fever 5 days duration with
    vomiting and abdominal pain .patient has palpable spleen.
    Culture : Specimen inoculated immediately at bed side of patient in to Ox bile
    medium & incubated for 24 hrs at 37c.
    Culture media Incubation After 24 hr Nutrient agar Incubate at 37 c for 24 hrs Convex , greyish white, colonies Blood agar Greyish white, colonies Mac conkey agar Non lactose fermenting colonies Selective media : ï‚·Wilson blair medium ï‚·Salmonella Shigella agar —————–
    Smear From Colony: Gram Negative Bacilli seen.
    Hanging Drop: Motile rod seen.
    BIOCHEMICAL TESTS
    Organism Indole Urease Catalase Oxidase TSI Citrate S.Paratyphi B Negative Negative Positive Negative K/A; Gas +; H2s + Positive
    Sugar Reactions
    Organism Glucose Lactose Sucrose Maltose Mannitol Xylose Arabinose S.paratyphi B Acid + ; gas + ————– ———— Acid + ; gas + Acid + ; gas + Acid + ; gas + Acid + ; gas +
    Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing :
    High Titre Sera Agglutination Test: Poly O, O4
    Clinical Significance: Paratyphoid Fever, even lead on to frank septicemia with supparative complications
    18
    LIST OF BACTERIAL ORGANISMS FOR IDENTIFICATION
    1. Staphylococcus Aureus
    2. Escherichia coli
    3. Klebsiella
    4. Pseudomonas
    5. Proteus
    6. Vibrio
    7. Salmonella typhi
    8. Salmonella paratyphi A
    9. Salmonella paratyphi B
    19
    MYCOLOGY
    Mucor sp.
    Macroscopic: Colonies are very fast growing, cottony to fluffy, white, becoming dark-grey, with the development of sporangia.
    Microscopic:
    ï‚· Broad ,irregular, aseptate hyaline hyphae seen.
    ï‚· The sporangiophores are long, straight with irregular branching.
    ï‚· Sporangiospores enlarge at distal end into collemullae
    ï‚· Branching sporangiophores with collamulla supporting sporangia are filled with sporangiospores
    ï‚· The sporangia are globose
    ï‚· No rhizoids are seen
    Clinical Significance: Mainly in patients with uncontrolled diabetes or trauma can cause opportunistic, and often spreading infections known as mucormycosis.
    20
    Rhizopus sp.
    Macroscopic: Colonies growth is rapid, with cotton texture. Salt and Pepper appearance. Colony appearing white initially, turns grey to yellowish brown in time.
    Reverse is white to Pale.
    Microscopic:
    ï‚· Hyphae or non septate or sparsely septate.
    ï‚· Sporangiophore are unbranched.
    ï‚· Rhizoids present.
    ï‚· Collumullae hemispherical.
    ï‚· Apophyses absent.
    ï‚· Hyaline or brown coloured round to ovoid Sporangiospores.
    Clinical Significance:
    Caused by Diabetes and Immunosuppression, can cause Zygomycosis is an angio invasive disease. It can be of several types mucocutaneous, rhinocerebral, genitourinary, gastrointestinal, pulmonary, and disseminated infections.
    21
    Obverse Reverse
    Rhizopus Microscopic- Rhizoid Present
    Aspergillus fumigatus
    Macroscopic: Dark green velvety colonies are seen
    Reverse white to Tan
    Microscopic:
    ï‚· Broad, hyaline septate hyphae seen
    ï‚· Conidiophores are smooth walled and are light green or brown in colour
    ï‚· At the teriminal end of conidiophores, flask shaped vesicle is seen
    ï‚· Uniseriate phialides are present at the upper half (2/3rd ) of the vesicle
    ï‚· Each phialide bears a chain of conidia
    Clinical Significance:
    It can cause Allergic broncho pulmonary aspergillosis, Aspergilloma (fungal ball infection developing in a preexisting cavity), Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis. In immunocompromised can cause Disseminated Aspergillosis.
    22
    Conidial head of A. fumigatus (Note: uniseriate row of phialides on the upper two thirds of the vesicle).
    Culture of Aspergillus fumigatus. Obverse Reverse
    23
    Aspergillus niger
    Macroscopic : Coarse black granules present against creamy colony
    Reverse white to yellow.
    Microscopic:
    ï‚· Broad , hyaline septate hyphae
    ï‚· Conidiophores are wide with a brown tint in upper half
    ï‚· Vesicles are spherical
    ï‚· Phialides are biseriate
    ï‚· The conidia are globose and are jet black
    Clinical Significance:
    It causes aspergillus infection affecting otitis externa, (Swimmer”™s Ear) , a chronic local inflammation which is characterized by itching, pain, scaling.
    Culture of Aspergillus niger. Obverse Reverse
    a
    24
    Note: Conidial head of A. niger. conidial heads are biseriate, large, globose, dark brown, becoming radiate with the phialides borne on metulae.
    Aspergillus flavus
    Macroscopic: Yello to Yellow green colonies seen
    Reverse goldish to red brown.
    Microscopic:
    ï‚· Broad , hyaline septate hyphae
    ï‚· Conidiophores are thick walled , hyaline
    ï‚· Vesicles are large and globose
    ï‚· Phialides are biseriate and present over the entire surface of the vesicle
    ï‚· The conidia are unicellular & globose
    Clinical Significance:
    It occurs in immunocompromised host, can cause Allergic broncho pulmonary aspergillosis. Less commonly it causes Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis
    Culture of Aspergillus flavus. Obverse Reverse
    Conidial head of A. flavus.
    25
    Note: conidial heads with both uniseriate and biseriate arrangement of phialides may be present over the entire surface. Candida Species
    Macroscopic: Creamy white moist or pasty colonies
    Microscopic: Oval Gram Positive budding Yeast Cells, Pseudohyphae are constricted at the ends and remain attached like links of sausages. Hyaline are septate
    Clinical Significance:
    It most commonly involves mucous membranes oral cavity ( Oral Candidiasis), vulva and vagina ( Vulvo vaginal candidiasis). It also causes cutaneous candidiasis. Disseminated candidiasis is caused in immunocompromised individuals ( eg., HIV, Organ transplantation, Neoplastic debilitating patients)
    Germ Tube Test – It helps to differentiate Candida albicans from non albicans group Germ tube is atrue hyphal structure and therefore does not have constriction characterize of pseudohyphae. Formation of Germ tube is present in Candida albicans
    Culture of Candida albicans- Obverse ReversE
    26
    Candida- Microscopic- Budding Yeast Cells
    27
    OSPE
    A. CULTURE MEDIA
    1. Identify the culture media?
    2. What type of media is this?
    3. List two main ingredients of this medium?
    4. List four organisms grown in this media?
    5. How is this media sterilized?
    28
    A. CULTURE MEDIA
    1.Nutrient Agar
    2.Simple media (basal media)
    3.Peptone water, 1%Meat extract, 2% Agar
    4.
    a. Staphylococcus aureus,
    b. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
    c. Escherichia coli
    d. Klebsiella pneumoniae
    5.Autoclaving
    29
    B. CULTURE MEDIA
    1.Identify the culture media?
    2.What type of media is this?
    3.List two main ingredients of this medium?
    4.List four organisms grown in this media?
    5.How is this media sterilized?
    30
    B. CULTURE MEDIA
    1.Blood Agar
    2.Enriched media
    3. 5% blood and nutrient agar
    4.
    a. Streptococcus pyogenes,
    b. Streptococcus pneumonia,
    c. Neisseria spp,
    d. Vibrio cholera
    5.Medium is prepared by adding sterile blood to sterile nutrient agar that has been melted and cooled to 50ºC
    31
    C. CULTURE MEDIA
    1. Identify the culture media?
    2. What type of media is this?
    3. List two main ingredients of this medium?
    4. List four organisms grown in this media?
    5. How is this media sterilized?
    32
    C.CULTURE MEDIA
    1.Mac Conkey medium
    2.Differential media or Indicator medium
    3.Lactose, Peptone, Agar, Neutral red & Taurocholate.
    4.
    a) Pseudomonas aeruginosa
    b) Escherichia coli
    c) Klebsiella pneumoniae
    d) Salmonella typhi
    5.Autoclaving
    33
    1. INSTRUMENT
    1. Identify the jar?
    2. What is the use of this jar?
    3. List four organism which can be grown by using this jar?
    4. Enumerate two disease caused by these organisms?
    5. Chemical indicator used for verifying the required condition in the jar?
    34
    1. INSTRUMENT
    1. McIntosh and Filde”™s anaerobic jar
    2. For cultivation of anaerobic organism by achieving anaerobiosis.
    3.Clostridium tetani, C. perfringens, C. botulinum, C. septicum
    4. C. tetani causes Tetanus.
    C. perfringens causes gas gangrene.
    5.Reduced methylene blue, it remains colorless anaerobically but turns blue on exposure to oxygen.
    35
    2. INSTRUMENT
    1. Identify the given object
    2. What is it used for and what is the type of test done by using this object?
    3. What is the antigen used in the test?
    4. What is the disease diagnosed by the test done using this object?
    5. What is the causative agent of the disease diagnosed by using this object?
    36
    2.INSTRUMENT
    1.VDRL Rotator
    2.It is used for doing VDRL test.
    VDRL (Venereal Disease Research Laboratory) test is a slide flocculation test.
    3.Cardiolipin antigen
    4.Syphilis
    5.Treponema pallidum.
    37
    3. INSTRUMENT
    1. What is this instrument ?
    2. What are the instruments that can be
    sterilized using this ?
    3. What is the ideal temperature and pressure ?
    4. What is the Sterility check used ?
    5. What is this type of sterilization ?
    38
    3.INSTRUMENT
    1. Autoclave
    2. Dressing, instruments,laboratory ware, media and pharmaceutical products
    3. 121°C for 15 minutes at 15 lbs
    4. Spores of Bacillus stearothermophilus
    5. Steam under pressure
    39
    4. INSTRUMENT
    1. What is this instrument?
    2. What are the instruments to be sterilized?
    3. Ideal temperature and holding time?
    4. Sterility check used.
    5. What is this type of sterilization?
    .
    40
    4.INSTRUMENT
    1. Hot air oven
    2. Glassware, forceps, scissors, glass syringes,swabs and pharmaceutical products”™
    3. 160°C for 1 hour.
    4. Spores of nontoxigenicstrain of Clostridium tetani or Bacillus subtilus
    5. Dry heat sterilization
    41
    CASE 1
    A 23 year old female gives a 2 day H/O fever, frequency, dysuria and mild haematuria. She also complains of suprapubic pain, but there is no vaginal discharge. There is no relevant previous history and examination is unremarkable.
    1. What is the probable diagnosis?
    2. List four common organisms causing this infection
    3. What is the relevant microbiological investigation?
    4. Name the media
    5. Describe the colonies
    6. Gram stain of the organism isolated showed Gram negative bacilli
    Identify the organism from the given biochemical reactions?
    42
    CASE 1
    A 23 year old female gives a 2 day H/O fever, frequency, dysuria and mild haematuria. She also complains of suprapubic pain, but there is no vaginal discharge. There is no relevant previous history and examination is unremarkable.
    1. Urinary tract infection
    2. Proteus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus saprophyticus
    3. Urine culture & sensitivity
    4. MacConkey agar.
    5. MacConkey agar- Lactose Fermenting colonies
    6. Gram stain of the organism isolated showed Gram negative bacilli
    Identify the organism from the given biochemical reactions?
    Indole: positive
    TSI: A/A with gas, no H2S
    Urease: Negative
    Citrate: Not utilized
    Sugars:
    Glucose- – Fermented with acid & gas production
    Lactose- – Fermented with acid & gas production
    Sucrose– Fermented with acid & gas production
    Maltose– Fermented with acid & gas production
    Mannitol– Fermented with acid & gas production
    The organism is identified as Escherichia coli.
    43
    CASE 2
    A 14 year old boy gives H/O fever, headache and abdominal pain for the past 10 days. O/E he is toxic with coated tongue and hepatosplenomegaly.
    1. List two infective causes of fever?
    2. Write the relevant microbiological tests done to detect Enteric fever?
    3. Identify the given diagnostic test.
    4. Name the antigens used
    5. What is significant titre?
    44
    CASE 2
    A 14 year old boy gives H/O fever, headache and abdominal pain for the past 10 days. O/E he is toxic with coated tongue and hepatosplenomegaly.
    1.Enteric fever,Tuberculosis,Malaria.
    2.Blood Culture,Widal test,Stool Culture and Urine Culture.
    3.Widal test- Tube agglutination test.
    4. O antigen
    H antigen
    AH antigen
    BH antigen
    5.O agglutinin – 1:100 dilution or more.
    H agglutinin- 1:200 dilution or more.
    45
    CASE 3
    A 35 year old male with burns over both the arms gives an H/O discharge of pus from the wound.
    1. Name three bacteria commonly isolated from burns wound infection?
    2. What is the relevant microbiological investigation required in this case?
    3. Name the media?
    4. Describe the colonies?
    5. Gram stain of the organism isolated showed Gram negative bacilli
    Identify the organism from the given biochemical reactions
    46
    CASE 3
    A 35 year old male with burns over both the arms gives an H/O discharge of pus from the wound.
    1. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
    Staphylococcus aureus
    Proteus species
    2. Pus for culture and sensitivity.
    3. Nutrient Agar
    Mac Conkey agar
    4. Nutrient agar – Greenish pigmented colonies
    Mac Conkey agar – Non lactose fermenting colonies.
    5. Indole- Negative
    TSI- K/K
    Urease- Negative
    Citrate- Utilised
    Sugars- Glucose: no acid, no gas
    Lactose : no acid, no gas
    Sucrose: no acid, no gas
    Maltose: no acid, no gas
    Mannitol: no acid, no gas
    The organism is identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
    47
    CASE 4
    A 40 year old male with a H/O discharge of pus from a wound in the leg. O/E a sinus is seen which is attached to the bone.
    1. Name three bacteria commonly isolated in osteomyelitis?
    2. What are the revelant microbiological investigation required to diagnose this condition?
    3. Name the media?
    4. Describe the colonies?
    5. Gram stain of the organism isolated showed Gram positive cocci
    Identify the organism from the given biochemical reactions?
    48
    CASE 4
    A 40 year old male with a H/O discharge of pus from a wound in the leg. O/E a sinus is seen which is attached to the bone.
    1. Staphylococcus aureus , Proteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
    2. Pus for culture and sensitivity.
    3. Nutrient agar media.
    4. Golden yellow pigmented colonies.
    5. Urease : Positive.
    Mannitol is fermented with acid production without gas.
    Slide coagulase test : Positive.
    The organism is identified as Staphylococcus aureus.
    49
    CASE -5
    A 23 year old female gives a 2 day H/O fever, frequency, dysuria and mild haematuria. She also complains of suprapubic pain, but there is no vaginal discharge. There is no relevant previous history and examination is unremarkable.
    1. What is the probable diagnosis?
    2. List four common organisms causing this infection
    3. What is the relevant microbiological investigation?
    4. Name the media
    5. Describe the colonies
    6. Gram stain of the organism isolated showed Gram negative bacilli
    Identify the organism from the given biochemical reactions?
    50
    CASE -5
    A 23 year old female gives a 2 day H/O fever, frequency, dysuria and mild haematuria. She also complains of suprapubic pain, but there is no vaginal discharge. There is no relevant previous history and examination is unremarkable.
    1. Urinary tract infection
    2. Proteus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus saprophyticus
    3. Urine culture & sensitivity
    4. MacConkey agar.
    5. MacConkey agar-Non Lactose Fermenting colonies
    6. Indole: negative
    TSI: K/A with gas, Abundant H2S
    Urease: positive
    Citrate: Not utilized
    Sugars:
    Glucose- – Fermented with acid & gas production
    Lactose- -Not Fermented
    Sucrose””Not Fermented
    Maltose””Not Fermented
    Mannitol””Not Fermented
    The organism is identified as Proteus mirabilis
    51
    SMEAR PREPARATION
    The preparation of a smear is required for many laboratory procedures, including the Gram-staining. The purpose of making a smear is to fix the bacteria onto the slide and to prevent the sample from being lost during a staining procedure.
    Materials Required:
    Clean glass slides , Inoculating loops or needles , Normal saline or Sterile water , Glass marking pencil, Specimen ( may be Broth culture, Urine, Sputum , pus, swab,etc.,)
    Procedure:
    1. Take a clean, grease free glass slide. Wash the glass slide with fine sand soap , rinse it well, dry it thoroughly. Label your slide with the glass marking pencil.
    2. Place one loopful of bacterial growth in the center of a clean slide.
    3. If working from a solid medium, add one drop (and only one drop) of Normal Saline / Sterile water to the slide. If using a broth medium, do not add the water.
    4. Now, with the inoculating loop, mix the specimen with the Normal Saline/ Sterile water completely and spread the mixture out to cover about half of the total slide area.
    5. Place the slide on a slide warmer and wait for it to air dry.
    6. Dried smear is then fixed by passing it three times through the flame with the film facing downwards. . The smear is now ready for the staining procedure.
    52
    BIOMEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
    1. What is biomedical / hospital wastes?
    Any wastes generated while providing healthcare,performing research &undertaking investigation or related procedures on human beings or animals in hospitals/laboratories or in any health care setup.
    2. What are the types of biomedical wastes?
    1.Infectious wastes – placenta,body fluids, laboratory samples, cultures, sharp wastes (forms only 10% of total waste)
    2.Non infectious hazardous wastes- chemicals,radioactive substances, pharmacological wastes.
    3. What are the objectives of biomedical waste management?
    ï‚· To prevent harm resulting from biomedical wastes.
    ï‚· To minimize waste volumes.
    ï‚· To retrieve reusable material.
    ï‚· To ensure safe &economical disposal.
    4. What are the colour coding & types of container for disposal of biomedical wastes?
    COLOUR CODING
    TYPES OF CONTAINER
    WASTE CATEGORY 1.YELLOW PLASTIC BAG HUMAN ANATOMICAL WASTES. DISCARDED MEDICINE. CYTOTOXIC DRUGS. 2.RED DISINFECTED CONTAINER PLASTIC BAG MICROBIOLOGICAL, BIOTECHNOLOGICAL WASTES. SOILED WASTES. SOLID WASTES. 3.BLUE / WHITE PUNCTURE PROOF CONTAINER WASTE SHARPS 3.BLACK PLASTIC BAG BIODEGRADABLE INCINERATOR ASH CHEMICAL WASTES HOUSEHOLD WASTES
    53
    5.What are the steps of biomedical wastes management?
    ï‚§ Reduction.
    ï‚§ Segregation at the point of generation of waste
    ï‚§ Storage.
    ï‚§ Transportation.
    ï‚§ Treatment.
    6.What are the methods of biomedical wastes treatment?(any 4)
     Chemical disinfections.
     Deep burial.
     Incineration.
     Autoclaving.
     Microwaving.
    54
    VENIPUNCTURE
    Procedure for Venipuncture:
    1. Clean your hands with soap and water or gel cleanser. Ask the patient to state his/her name. Determine if the test to be obtained has any special requirements.
    2. Explain the procedure to the patient. Position the arm for venipuncture; support the arm on a firm surface; the arm should be in a downward position. The median cubital and cephalic veins are most commonly used for venipuncture
    3. The patient can make a fist, but should not pump the hand open and closed. Apply tourniquet Palpate the vein. Release the tourniquet and assemble appropriate equipment.
    4. Wear gloves, Cleanse site with approved disinfectant. Allow the disinfectant to air-dry to avoid hemolysis of the specimen.
    5. Re-apply tourniquet about 3-4 inches above puncture site, donot palpate the vein, insert needle, bevel-side up, at about a 30° angle, and collect specimens
    6. Once sufficient blood has been collected, release the tourniquet BEFORE withdrawing the needle. Some guidelines suggest removing the tourniquet as soon as blood flow is established, and always before it has been in place for two minutes or more.
    7. Withdraw the needle gently and apply gentle pressure to the site with a clean gauze or dry cotton-wool ball. Ask the patient to hold the gauze or cotton wool in place, with the arm extended and raised. Ask the patient NOT to bend the arm, because doing so causes a haematoma.
    8. Apply direct pressure to stop bleeding at puncture site. After about 2 minutes, check the puncture site to verify that bleeding has stopped. Apply bandage if appropriate. Thank the patient for his/her cooperation.
    9. Label specimen(s) in the presence of the patient including all the information that is required by your facility.
    4.HANDWASHING METHOD
    55
    SEROLOGY
    Anti Streptolysin O (ASO) Test:
    Aim:
    To determine the presence of anti streptolysin O antibodies in the given serum
    Principle:
    It is a rapid latex agglutination test for the qualitative and semi-quantitative determination of anti-streptolysin-O antibodies (ASO) in serum. When the latex reagent is mixed with a serum containing ASO antibody, agglutination occurs. Sera having titers more than 200 IU/ml will be considered as positive.
    Procedure:
    1. Using a disposable pipette place one drop of each undiluted sample into its identified circle of the slide. Deliver one drop of positive and negative control into its identified circle.
    2. Mix the ASO latex reagent by gently shaking. Add one drop of reagent to each control and sample.
    3. Thoroughly mix each sample with reagent within the full area of the circle.
    4. Slowly rock the slide for exactly two (2) minutes and observe for agglutination under a high intensity light.
    5. Record results.
    Result / Interpretation:
    A test sample is considered to contain ASO antibodies in excess of 200 IU/ml when agglutination (clumping) is observed when compared to the result of the negative control (uniform suspension)
    56
    Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) Test:
    Aim:
    To detect IgM and IgG antibodies to lipoidal material released from damaged host cells as well as to lipoprotein-like material, and possibly cardiolipin released from the treponemes.
    Principle
    The rapid plasma reagin (RPR) test is a macroscopic, nontreponemal flocculation card test used to screen for syphilis.RPR antigen is mixed with unheated or heated (to inactivate complement) serum or with unheated plasma on a plastic-coated card.
    If antibodies are present, they combine with the lipid particles of the antigen, causing them to agglutinate. The charcoal particles coagglutinate with the antibodies and show up as black clumps against the white card. If antibodies are not present in the test serum, the test mixture is uniformly gray.
    Procedure:
    1. Using disposable serum dispensers or droppers, dispense one drop (0.05 ml) of serum or plasma sample onto a circle on the test card. Also add one drop of positive control and Negative control in the respective circle.
    2. Spread the sample smoothly across the circle area.
    3. After mixing the antigen solution by swirling, add one drop of the antigen suspension to each sample / control testing area. Do not stir or spread the antigen.
    4. Place the card on an VDRL rotator and cover to maintain humidity. Rotate at 100 ± 5 rpm for 8 minutes
    5. Immediately read results macroscopically in the “•wet”– state under a high intensity light source.
    Interpretation of RPR Test
    1. Non-reactive (NR)- smooth suspension, no clumping or slight roughness
    2. Reactive (R)- any degree of clumping
    If the test is negative, but the physician still suspects syphilis infection is present, the more specific treponemal tests (FTA-ABS, TPHA, TPI) should be performed because false positives can occur in RPR. False positives can occur in RPR. RPR is sensitive and used as screening test.
    57
    RHEUMATOID FACTOR
    Aim:
    To detect rheumatoid factor in the given serum qualitatively.
    Principle:
    Rheumatoid factors (RF) are antibodies directed against the Fc fragment of human and animal IgG, which acts as antigen.. The RF reagent is a suspension of polystyrene latex particles sensitized with specially prepared human IgG. The reagent is based on an immunological reaction between human IgG bound to biologically inert latex particles and rheumatoid factors in the test specimen.
    When serum containing rheumatoid factors is mixed with the latex reagent, visible agglutination occurs. The RF latex reagent sensitivity has been adjusted to detect a minimum of 8 IU/mL of rheumatoid factors according to the WHO International Standard without previous sample dilution
    Procedure:
    1. .Place one drop RF Positive and Negative Control in field 1 & 2. Using pipettes, place one drop of the undiluted specimens on successive fields.
    2. Gently resuspend the RF Latex Reagent and add one drop to each test field. Use pipette/Stir Stick to spread reaction mixture over entire test field.
    3. Rotate the slide manually or with a mechanical rotator at 80-100 rpm for 2 minutes and read immediately under direct light.
    4. Presence of agglutination of the latex particle is a positive result (see figure 1). Agglutination indicates a RF concentration of equal or more than 8 IU/ml. Sera with positive agglutination should be run again with the Quantitative Test.
    Result / Interpretation:
    Negative Result: A negative reaction is indicated by a uniform milky suspension with no agglutination as observed with the RF Negative Control.
    Positive Result: A positive reaction is indicated by any observable agglutination in the reaction mixture. The specimen reaction should be compared to the RF Negative and Positive Controls
    Positive result Signifies Rheumatoid Arthritis
    Positive
    58
    Negative
    C- REACTIVE PROTEIN
    Aim:
    To detect the presence of C-Reactive protein in the given serum
    Principle:
    CRP is one of the Acute phase protein, which is considered to be a sensitive indicator of inflammation. The principle of this test is based on the immunological reaction between CRP as an antigen and the corresponding antibody coated on the surface of biologically inert latex particles. The use of the CRP test to measure the effectiveness of therapy is of great clinical significance in cases such as rheumatoid arthritis and also other inflammation, bacterial and viral infection.
    Procedure:
    1. Gently shake the CRP latex vial to disperse and suspend latex particles. Positive and negative controls should be tested with each series of test.
    2. Using the disposable pipette provided, place one drop of test serum onto a circle on the slide. Use a separate disposable pipette for each test serum.
    3. Deliver one drop of CRP Latex to each circle that contains specimens on the slide. Spread the resulting mixture by using the paddle end of the pipette.
    4. Gently tilt and rotate slide by hand for two (2) minutes. Observe for macroscopic clumping using the indirect oblique light source. Compare the reaction of the test serum to the CRP positive and negative control sera.
    Result / Interpretation:
    Positive Result: Agglutination
    Negative Result: Smooth milky suspension
    Since negative results may be caused by CRP antigen excess, the test should be repeated using a diluted serum sample in case prozone effect is suspected.
    Positive result signifies that CRP >10mg/L.
    It is used ininfection or inflammation. Increased levels observed in Acute rheumatic fever and in Rheumatoid arthritis.
    59
    Negative
    Positive Positive Negative
    HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGEN
    Aim:
    To detect the prescence of Hepatitis B Surface antigen in given serum or plasma.
    Principle:
    One step test for HBsAg utilizes the principle of Immunochromatography, a unique two site immunoassay on a membrane. As the test sample flows through the membrane assembly of the test device, the colored monoclonal anti-HBsAg-colloidal gold conjugate complexes with the HBsAg in the sample. This complex moves further on the membrane to the test region where it is immobilized by another monoclonal anti-HBsAg antiserum coated on the membrane leading to formation of a pink-purple colored band which confirms a positive test result. Absence of this colored band in the test region indicates a negative test result. The unreacted conjugate and unbound complex if any move further on the membrane and are subsequently immobilized by the anti-rabbit antiserum coated on the membrane at the control region, forming a pink-purple band. This control band serves to validate the test results.
    Procedure:
    1. Label the card with patient name or identification number.
    2. Use the disposable pipette, dispense about 2~3 drops sample in a vertical position into the sample well on the card.
    3. Wait for coloured bands to appear. Read within 15-20 minutes. Do not read results after 30 minutes.
    Result / Interpretation:
    Negative : Only one red line in the Control (C) area, with no coloured line in the Test (T) area indicates a negative result.
    Positive : Two red lines, one in the Test (T) area and one in the Control (C) area indicate a positive result.
    The test should be considered invalid if neither the test band nor the control band appear. Repeat
    the test with a new device.
    60
    Negative Positive
    Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
    Aim:
    To detect the presence of antibody against the specifeic antigen is present in the given serum.
    Principle:
    This testing method is a type of immunoassay. It is based on the principle that antibodies will bind to very specific antigens to form antigen-antibody complexes, and enzyme-linked antigens or antibodies can be used to detect and measure these complexes.
    Procedure:
    To detect or measure an antibody in a person’s blood, a known antigen is attached to a solid surface. A solution containing the patient sample is added. If the patient’s sample contains antibody, it will bind to the antigen. A second antibody (against human antibodies) that is labeled with an enzyme is then added. If the enzyme-linked antibody binds to human antibodies, the enzyme will create a detectable change that indicates the presence and amount of the antibody in the patient sample.
    Result / Interpretation:
    Color should develop in positive wells on addition of substrate within 30 minutes (yellow or orange, for pNPP or OPD, respectively). Absorbance may be read directly in a microplate reader (at 405 nm or 450 nm, for pNPP or OPD, respectively) or the reaction may be stopped with 50 μl per well of the appropriate stopping reagent and absorbance read later (at 405 nm or 492 nm, for pNPP or OPD, respectively).
    61
    62
    63
    64
    SPOTTERS
    NUTRIENT AGAR
     It is a simple medium.
     It is prepared by adding 2% agar to nutrient broth.
     It is sterilized by autoclaving.
    BLOOD AGAR
     It is an enriched medium.
     It is also a differential medium since the degree of hemolysis caused by hemolysin is assessed to differentiate among Gram positive colonies.
     It is used for growing fastidious organisms like Streptococci, Pneumococci, Hemophilus influenzae.
     It is prepared by adding sterile sheep blood to sterile nutrient agar that has been melted and cooled to 50 degree cent
    CHOCOLATE AGAR
    65
     It is an enriched medium.
     It is prepared by adding 10% sterile sheep blood to sterile molten nutrient agar at 75 degree centigrade.
     It is opaque and chocolate in colour.
     It is useful for the isolation of fastidious organisms like Hemophilus influenza, Neisseria meningitidis.
    TCBS MEDIUM
     It is a selective medium.
     It contains thiosulphate, citrate, bile salts, sucrose with bromothymol blue as an indicator.
     It is useful for isolation of vibrio cholerae which produces yellow coloured colonies due to fermentation of sucrose.
    MAC CONKEY AGAR
     It is a differential medium.
     It consists of peptone, lactose, agar, neutral red and sodium taurocholate.
     It is used to differentiate lactose fermenting colonies (pink) and non lactose fermenting colonies (colourless or pale).
     It is sterilized by autoclaving.
    66
    ROBERTSONS COOKED MEAT MEDIUM
     It is an anaerobic medium.
     It contains glucose broth with minced meat pieces with 1 cm layer of sterile liquid paraffin at the top.
     It is used for growing anaerobic organisms like Clostridium tetani.
    BACTERIOLOGICAL LOOP
     It is usually made of nichrome.
     It is used to transfer and streak clinical specimens onto culture medium.
     It is sterilized by heating red hot in flame.
    67
    MC INTOSH AND FILDES JAR
     It is used for anaerobic culture.
     It is made up of glass or stainless steel jar with a lid.
     The lid has an inlet and outlet.
     On the underside of the lid is the catalyst, consisting of alumina pellets coated with palladium.
     Reduced methylene blue is used as an indicator.
    PETRI DISH
     It is a shallow flat bottomed circular clear glass container with lid.
     It is usually 90mm in diameter.
    68
     Melted agar medium solidified in a petri dish provides a large surface area for the culture of bacteria.
     It is sterilized by hot air oven.
    DREYERS TUBE
     It is a narrow tube with a conical bottom.
     It is used for H antigen agglutination in Widal test.
     Loose fluffy cotton wool clumps seen in positive agglutination test.
    FELIX TUBE
     It is a short round bottom tube.
     It is used for O antigen agglutination in Widal test.
    69
     Disc like pattern with granular deposits seen at the bottom of the tube in positive agglutination test.
    STERILE SYRINGE
     It is used to collect specimens like blood, body fluids and pus.
     It should be used only once and to be disposed.
     It is sterilized by gamma radiation or ethylene oxide gas.
    UNIVERSAL CONTAINER
    70
     It is a screw capped glass bottle used to collect specimens like urine, blood etc.
     It has a capacity of 30 ml.
     It is sterilized by hot air oven.
    PASTEUR PIPETTE
     It is used to deliver solutions or reagents in various diagnostic procedures.
     It is sterilized by hot air oven
    71
    DURHAMS TUBE
     It is a small tube to detect gas formation in sugar fermentation reactions.
     Formation of air bubbles inside the tube indicates gas production.
    STERILE TEST TUBE
     It is used to collect specimens like blood, urine, body fluids.
     It is also used for keeping sterile swab.
     It is sterilized by hot air oven.
    STERILE SWAB
    72
     It is made up of absorbent cotton.
     It is used to collect specimens from throat, wounds and ear.
     It is used for making lawn culture for antibiotic sensitivity test.
     It is sterilized by hot air oven.
    MICROTITRE PLATE
     It is a polystyrene plate.
     It contains 96 wells (8 rows and 12 columns).
     Wells are coated with antigen or antibody.
     It is used for ELISA test.
    CONICAL FLASK
    73
     It is made up of borosilicate glass.
     It is of different capacities (eg., 250ml, 500ml, 1000ml).
     It is used as container for media.
     It is sterilized by hot air oven.
    VDRL ROTATOR
     It is used in VDRL test.
     It is used for uniform mixing of antigen and antibody.
     It rotates at 180 rotations per minute.
    74
    ANTIBIOGRAM
     Mueller Hinton agar is commonly used.
     Antibiotic discs are placed on Mueller Hinton agar and incubated at 37 º C for 18-24 hrs.
     Diameter of zone of inhibition is measured and it is interpreted as sensitive or resistant by comparing the zone size using the zone size interpretative chart.
    UREASE MEDIUM WITHOUT REACTION
     Christensens urease medium is used to determine the ability of an organism to produce urease.
     Phenol red is used as an indicator.
     Yellow colour indicates negative test, eg. Escherichia coli.
    75
    UREASE MEDIUM WITH REACTION
     Christensens urease medium is used to determine the ability of an organism to produce urease.
     Phenol red is used as an indicator.
     Pink colour indicates positive test. eg. Kelbsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris.
    CITRATE MEDIUM WITH REACTION
     Simmons citrate medium is used to determine the ability of an organism to utilise citrate as the sole source of carbon for its growth.
     Bromothymol blue is used as an indicator.
     Blue colour indicates positive test. eg., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Citrobacter.
    76
    CITRATE MEDIUM WITHOUT REACTION
     Simmons citrate medium is used to determine the ability of an organism to utilise citrate as sole source of carbon for its growth.
     Bromothymol blue is used as an indicator.
     Green colour indicates negative test. eg. Escherichia coli.
    TSI MEDIUM
     It is a triple sugar iron medium.
     It is a differential medium.
     It is in the form of slant and butt which is of equal size in the test tube.
     It contains three carbohydrates- 10% glucose, 1% sucrose, 1% lactose.
     It contains ferric salts to detect Hydrogen sulphide production.
     It is sterilized by autoclave.
    77
    INDOLE TEST – POSITIVE
     It is used to determine the ability of an organism to produce indole from tryptophan
     Formation of red coloured ring on adding kovacs reagent indicates positive test. eg. Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris.
    INDOLE TEST- NEGATIVE
     It is used to determine the ability of an organism to produce indole from tryptophan
     Absence of red coloured ring on adding kovacs reagent indicates negative test. eg. Klebsiella pneumoniae.
    78
    TSI MEDIUM- K/NO CHANGE
     It contains alkaline slant and alkaline butt ( Pink / Pink in colour).
     It indicates glucose, lactose and sucrose are not fermented .
     Eg., Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
    TSI MEDIUM- A/A
     It contains acid slant and acid butt (yellow / yellow in colour).
     It indicates fermentation of glucose, lactose and sucrose.
     Eg. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae.
    79
    TSI MEDIUM-K/A
     It contains alkaline slant and acid butt ( pink / yellow in colour).
     It indicates that glucose is only fermented.
     Eg. Shigella, Salmonella.
    TSI MEDIUM- K/A WITH H2S
     It contains alkaline slant and acid butt (pink/yellow in colour) with abundant hydrogen sulphide production.
     Hydrogen sulphide production is detected by blackening of the medium.
     Eg. Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella typhi para B.
    80
    LACTOSE FERMENTING COLONIES ON MAC CONKEY AGAR
     Lactose fermenting colonies are seen as pink coloured colonies in Mac Conkey agar.
     Eg. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae.
    NON LACTOSE FERMENTING COLONIES ON MAC CONKEY AGAR
     Colourless colonies are seen in Mac Conkey agar.
     Eg.Salmonella, Shigella, Proteus, Vibrio, Pseudomonas.
    81
    PSEUDOMONAS IN NUTRIENT AGAR
     Bluish green pigment produced in nutrient agar.
     Pigment diffuses into the medium.
     Pigments produced by Pseudomonas are pyocyanin( bluish green), pyoverdin (greenish yellow), pyorubin (red), and pyomelanin (brown).
    STAPHYLOCOCCUS IN NUTRIENT AGAR.
     Golden yellow pigmented colonies produced in nutrient agar.
     Pigment does not diffuse into the medium.
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     The pigment is enhanced by incorporation of `1% glycerol monoacetate or milk in the medium
     The pigment is considered to be carotenoid.
    CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI
     Slender Gram positive bacilli with spherical terminal spore having characteristic drum stick appearance.
     It is an anaerobe which causes tetanus.
    ACID FAST BACILLI
     Slender and pink coloured rod shaped bacilli seen against blue back ground.
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     Eg. Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
    SUGAR MEDIA WITHOUT REACTION
     It is a liquid medium used for sugar fermentation reactions.
     This medium contains peptone, sodium chloride, water, bromothymol blue and any one sugar (glucose, lactose, sucrose, maltose etc) and durhams tube.
     Due to non fermentation of sugars pH is not altered and colour remains blue.
    SUGAR MEDIA WITH ACID
     It is a liquid medium used for sugar fermentation reactions.
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     This medium contains peptone, sodium chloride, water, bromothymol blue and any one sugar (glucose, lactose, sucrose, maltose etc) and durhams tube.
     Due to fermentation of sugars pH is altered to acidic side and colour has changed from blue to yellow
    SUGAR MEDIA WITH ACID AND GAS
     It is a liquid biochemical medium used for sugar fermentation reactions.
     This medium contains peptone, sodium chloride, water, bromothymol blue and any one sugar (glucose, lactose, sucrose, maltose etc) and durhams tube.
     Due to fermentation of sugars pH is altered to acidic side and colour has changed from blue to yellow.
     Gas production is seen as air bubbles in durhams tube.
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    GRAM POSITIVE COCCI IN CLUSTERS
     Spherical in shape and violet in colour.
     Cocci are found in grape like clusters.
     Eg. Staphylococcus aureus.
    GRAM NEGATIVE BACILLI
     Pink in colour and rod shaped.
     Scattered in arrangement.
     Eg. Escherichia coli.
    CANDIDA ALBICANS
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     Gram positive budding yeast cells.
     Germ tube test is positive.
     It is an opportunistic fungi causing oral thrush.
    MUCOR
     It has non septate hyphae.
     Sphorangiophores are sympodially branched.
     Sporangia are globose and brown to grey in colour and columella are ovoid and contain sporangiospores.
     Rhizoids are absent.
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    RHIZOPUS
     Rhizoids with four to eight radial branches are seen.
     Sporangiophores are seen singly and are unbranched and may be yellowish brown to dark brown in colour.
     Sporangia may be gray beige to black in colour.
     Sporangia contains sporangiospores.
    TEANIA- SCOLEX
     Commonly called head.
     It is globular or quadrate in outline.
     It has four circular suckers.
     May or may not provided with rostellum and double row of hooklets.
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    TEANIA- PROGLOTTIDS
     It is an individual segment comprising the complete unit of tapeworm.
     According to its sexual maturity, a segment may be immature (reproductive organs are not differentiated) , mature ( reproductive organs appeared) and gravid (uterus filled with eggs).
     The common genital pore is situated marginally near the posterior end.
     The testes are numerous and the number of ovary is two.
    FASCIOLA HEPATICA.
     It is commonly known a liver fluke.
     It is large leaf shaped fluke.
     It contains two suckers- oral and ventral.
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    ENTEROBIUS VERMICULARIS.
     It is commonly known as pin worm, thread worm or seat worm.
     It is more or less spindle shaped and resembles a short piece of thread.
     In both male and female, a pair of cervical alae is present.
     Double- bulb oesophagus is a characteristic feature.
    HYDATID CYST
     It is the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus.
     It contains many brood capsules and small protoscolices.
     Each protoscolex contains a scolex which represents the future head of the adult worm.
     The cyst wall of hydatid cyst consist of two layers- outer cuticular layer, which is a hyaline laminated membrane and inner germinal layer.
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     Hydatid cyst contains hydatid fluid which is secreted by germinal layer.
    ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES
     Common name- Round worm.
     It is the largest intestinal nematode.
     Adult worms live in the lumen of small intestine.
     It is light brown or pink in colour.
     In shape it is rounded and tapers at both ends, the anterior end being thinner than posterior.
     Infection in man is known as ascariasis.
    TAPEWORM
     They are long , segmented and tape like hence known as tapeworm.
     They are flattened dorsoventrally.
     Sexes are not separate, that is hermaphrodite (monoecious).
     Adult worm contains head or scolex, neck and strobili consisting of proglottids.
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     Head end contains suckers, often with hooks.
     Alimentary canal and body cavity are absent.
    ENTEROBIUS VERMICULARIS
     It is commonly known as pinworm, thread worm, seat worm.
     Adult worms (gravid females) live in the caecum and vermiform appendix.
     It is small, more or less spindle-shaped and white in colour.
     In both male and female a pair of cervical alae is present at the anterior end.
     Double-bulb oesophagus is a characteristic feature of this nematode.
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    CERCARIA
     It is the final stage of larval development of trematodes in the mollusc. It possess a body and tail.
     According to the nature of tail different names are given. Eg Fork tailed (as in Schistosomes).
    TUBERCULIN SYRINGE
     Tuberculin Syringe is a small syringe with fine needle that hold upto one half to one cubic centimeter of fluid.
     It is used to administer antigen under the skin and perform tuberculin test.
     It is sterilized by gamma radiation.
    DEPRESSION SLIDE
     It is used for hanging drop preparation.
     It is used to demonstrate motility of the organism.
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    VDRL SLIDE
     It has 12 concavities.
     It is used to perform VDRL test to diagnose syphilis.
     It is a slide flocculation test.
    ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS
     It has hyaline septate hyphae.
     Conidiophores are thick walled, hyaline and coarsely roughened.
     Vesicles are large and globose.
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     They are produced over most of the vesicle.
     Conidia are unicellular and typically globose.
    ASPERGILLUS NIGER
     It has hyaline septate hyphae.
     Phialides are biseriate covering entire vesicle, form radial head.
     Conidiophores are wide hyaline changes into brown tint .
     Vesicles are spherical.
     Conidia are black in colour.
    ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS
     It has hyaline septate hyphae.
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     Phialides are single( uniseriate), usually cover upper half of the vesicle, parallel to the axis of stalk.
     Conidiophores are smooth walled, they may be light green or brown.
     Vesicle is flask shaped.
     Conidia are green in colour.
    PENCILLIUM
     It has hyaline septate hyphae.
     Conidiophores are branched with two rows of sterigmata bearing chains of spores, the appearance is like brush.

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