Download VTU (Visvesvaraya Technological University) MBA 1st Semester (First Semester) 17MBA13 Accounting for Managers AM Unit 5 Important Lecture Notes (MBA Study Material Notes)
Emerging Issues in Accounting
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
Unit - 5
Emerging Issues in Accounting
Human Resource Accounting
? Process of identifying and measuring data about human resources
and communicating this information to interested parties
? Deals with investments in people and with economic results of
those investments.
Need for HRA
? Change in production pattern, employment pattern and changing
roles of governments, enterprises and individuals
? To improve human resource management
? To retain qualified human resource
? To focus on employee as an asset
? To create and improve the company image through presentation
of HRA
? To overcome the difficulties in traditional balance sheet
? To attract future employees
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
Unit - 5
Emerging Issues in Accounting
Human Resource Accounting
? Process of identifying and measuring data about human resources
and communicating this information to interested parties
? Deals with investments in people and with economic results of
those investments.
Need for HRA
? Change in production pattern, employment pattern and changing
roles of governments, enterprises and individuals
? To improve human resource management
? To retain qualified human resource
? To focus on employee as an asset
? To create and improve the company image through presentation
of HRA
? To overcome the difficulties in traditional balance sheet
? To attract future employees
Methods of valuation of Human Resource
? Historical cost method - valued at unexpired portion of the costs of
recruiting, training and development
? Replacement cost method - costs include the cost of recruitment,
training and development, the opportunity cost during the intervening
period till the new recruitment attains the efficiency level of the old
employee.
? Standard cost method - standard costs of recruiting, hiring, training
and developing the employees are developed and established and made
up to date every year.
? Present value - represent the discounted value of the estimated further
net contributions of personnel to the earnings of the company
? Current Purchase Power method - Historical cost of investment in
human resource is converted into current purchasing power of money
with the help of index numbers
? Opportunity cost method - value of an employee in his alternative use
is determined
? Economic value method - Present value of the firms future earnings
attributable to human resources will be the value of human resource.
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
Unit - 5
Emerging Issues in Accounting
Human Resource Accounting
? Process of identifying and measuring data about human resources
and communicating this information to interested parties
? Deals with investments in people and with economic results of
those investments.
Need for HRA
? Change in production pattern, employment pattern and changing
roles of governments, enterprises and individuals
? To improve human resource management
? To retain qualified human resource
? To focus on employee as an asset
? To create and improve the company image through presentation
of HRA
? To overcome the difficulties in traditional balance sheet
? To attract future employees
Methods of valuation of Human Resource
? Historical cost method - valued at unexpired portion of the costs of
recruiting, training and development
? Replacement cost method - costs include the cost of recruitment,
training and development, the opportunity cost during the intervening
period till the new recruitment attains the efficiency level of the old
employee.
? Standard cost method - standard costs of recruiting, hiring, training
and developing the employees are developed and established and made
up to date every year.
? Present value - represent the discounted value of the estimated further
net contributions of personnel to the earnings of the company
? Current Purchase Power method - Historical cost of investment in
human resource is converted into current purchasing power of money
with the help of index numbers
? Opportunity cost method - value of an employee in his alternative use
is determined
? Economic value method - Present value of the firms future earnings
attributable to human resources will be the value of human resource.
Forensic Accounting
? Concerned with detection and prevention of financial fraud and
white-collar criminal activities
? Integration of accounting, auditing and investigative skills
? According to AICPA ? Forensic accounting is the application of
accounting principles, theories and discipline to facts or
hypotheses at issues in a legal dispute and encompasses every
branch of accounting knowledge.?
Uses of Forensic Accounting
? Fraud detection where employees commit fraud
? Criminal investigation
? Cases relating to professional negligence
? Arbitration service
? Settlement of Insurance claims
? Dispute settlement
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
Unit - 5
Emerging Issues in Accounting
Human Resource Accounting
? Process of identifying and measuring data about human resources
and communicating this information to interested parties
? Deals with investments in people and with economic results of
those investments.
Need for HRA
? Change in production pattern, employment pattern and changing
roles of governments, enterprises and individuals
? To improve human resource management
? To retain qualified human resource
? To focus on employee as an asset
? To create and improve the company image through presentation
of HRA
? To overcome the difficulties in traditional balance sheet
? To attract future employees
Methods of valuation of Human Resource
? Historical cost method - valued at unexpired portion of the costs of
recruiting, training and development
? Replacement cost method - costs include the cost of recruitment,
training and development, the opportunity cost during the intervening
period till the new recruitment attains the efficiency level of the old
employee.
? Standard cost method - standard costs of recruiting, hiring, training
and developing the employees are developed and established and made
up to date every year.
? Present value - represent the discounted value of the estimated further
net contributions of personnel to the earnings of the company
? Current Purchase Power method - Historical cost of investment in
human resource is converted into current purchasing power of money
with the help of index numbers
? Opportunity cost method - value of an employee in his alternative use
is determined
? Economic value method - Present value of the firms future earnings
attributable to human resources will be the value of human resource.
Forensic Accounting
? Concerned with detection and prevention of financial fraud and
white-collar criminal activities
? Integration of accounting, auditing and investigative skills
? According to AICPA ? Forensic accounting is the application of
accounting principles, theories and discipline to facts or
hypotheses at issues in a legal dispute and encompasses every
branch of accounting knowledge.?
Uses of Forensic Accounting
? Fraud detection where employees commit fraud
? Criminal investigation
? Cases relating to professional negligence
? Arbitration service
? Settlement of Insurance claims
? Dispute settlement
Sustainability Reporting
? Report about an organizations environmental and social performance
? Enables the organizations to be more transparent about the risks and
opportunities
Internal benefits of Sustainability Reporting
? Increased understanding of risks and opportunities
? Emphasizing the link between financial and non-financial performance
? Influencing long term management strategy and policy to business plans
? Streamlining processes, reducing costs and improving efficiency
? Benchmarking and assessing sustainability performance with respect to
laws, norms, codes, performance standards and voluntary initiatives
? Comparing performance internally and between organizations and
sectors
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
Unit - 5
Emerging Issues in Accounting
Human Resource Accounting
? Process of identifying and measuring data about human resources
and communicating this information to interested parties
? Deals with investments in people and with economic results of
those investments.
Need for HRA
? Change in production pattern, employment pattern and changing
roles of governments, enterprises and individuals
? To improve human resource management
? To retain qualified human resource
? To focus on employee as an asset
? To create and improve the company image through presentation
of HRA
? To overcome the difficulties in traditional balance sheet
? To attract future employees
Methods of valuation of Human Resource
? Historical cost method - valued at unexpired portion of the costs of
recruiting, training and development
? Replacement cost method - costs include the cost of recruitment,
training and development, the opportunity cost during the intervening
period till the new recruitment attains the efficiency level of the old
employee.
? Standard cost method - standard costs of recruiting, hiring, training
and developing the employees are developed and established and made
up to date every year.
? Present value - represent the discounted value of the estimated further
net contributions of personnel to the earnings of the company
? Current Purchase Power method - Historical cost of investment in
human resource is converted into current purchasing power of money
with the help of index numbers
? Opportunity cost method - value of an employee in his alternative use
is determined
? Economic value method - Present value of the firms future earnings
attributable to human resources will be the value of human resource.
Forensic Accounting
? Concerned with detection and prevention of financial fraud and
white-collar criminal activities
? Integration of accounting, auditing and investigative skills
? According to AICPA ? Forensic accounting is the application of
accounting principles, theories and discipline to facts or
hypotheses at issues in a legal dispute and encompasses every
branch of accounting knowledge.?
Uses of Forensic Accounting
? Fraud detection where employees commit fraud
? Criminal investigation
? Cases relating to professional negligence
? Arbitration service
? Settlement of Insurance claims
? Dispute settlement
Sustainability Reporting
? Report about an organizations environmental and social performance
? Enables the organizations to be more transparent about the risks and
opportunities
Internal benefits of Sustainability Reporting
? Increased understanding of risks and opportunities
? Emphasizing the link between financial and non-financial performance
? Influencing long term management strategy and policy to business plans
? Streamlining processes, reducing costs and improving efficiency
? Benchmarking and assessing sustainability performance with respect to
laws, norms, codes, performance standards and voluntary initiatives
? Comparing performance internally and between organizations and
sectors
External benefits of sustainability reporting
? Mitigating negative environmental, social and governance
impacts
? Improving reputation and brand loyalty
? Enabling external stakeholders to understand the organizations
true value and tangible and intangible assets
? Demonstrating how the organisation influences, and is influenced
by , expectations about sustainable development
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
Unit - 5
Emerging Issues in Accounting
Human Resource Accounting
? Process of identifying and measuring data about human resources
and communicating this information to interested parties
? Deals with investments in people and with economic results of
those investments.
Need for HRA
? Change in production pattern, employment pattern and changing
roles of governments, enterprises and individuals
? To improve human resource management
? To retain qualified human resource
? To focus on employee as an asset
? To create and improve the company image through presentation
of HRA
? To overcome the difficulties in traditional balance sheet
? To attract future employees
Methods of valuation of Human Resource
? Historical cost method - valued at unexpired portion of the costs of
recruiting, training and development
? Replacement cost method - costs include the cost of recruitment,
training and development, the opportunity cost during the intervening
period till the new recruitment attains the efficiency level of the old
employee.
? Standard cost method - standard costs of recruiting, hiring, training
and developing the employees are developed and established and made
up to date every year.
? Present value - represent the discounted value of the estimated further
net contributions of personnel to the earnings of the company
? Current Purchase Power method - Historical cost of investment in
human resource is converted into current purchasing power of money
with the help of index numbers
? Opportunity cost method - value of an employee in his alternative use
is determined
? Economic value method - Present value of the firms future earnings
attributable to human resources will be the value of human resource.
Forensic Accounting
? Concerned with detection and prevention of financial fraud and
white-collar criminal activities
? Integration of accounting, auditing and investigative skills
? According to AICPA ? Forensic accounting is the application of
accounting principles, theories and discipline to facts or
hypotheses at issues in a legal dispute and encompasses every
branch of accounting knowledge.?
Uses of Forensic Accounting
? Fraud detection where employees commit fraud
? Criminal investigation
? Cases relating to professional negligence
? Arbitration service
? Settlement of Insurance claims
? Dispute settlement
Sustainability Reporting
? Report about an organizations environmental and social performance
? Enables the organizations to be more transparent about the risks and
opportunities
Internal benefits of Sustainability Reporting
? Increased understanding of risks and opportunities
? Emphasizing the link between financial and non-financial performance
? Influencing long term management strategy and policy to business plans
? Streamlining processes, reducing costs and improving efficiency
? Benchmarking and assessing sustainability performance with respect to
laws, norms, codes, performance standards and voluntary initiatives
? Comparing performance internally and between organizations and
sectors
External benefits of sustainability reporting
? Mitigating negative environmental, social and governance
impacts
? Improving reputation and brand loyalty
? Enabling external stakeholders to understand the organizations
true value and tangible and intangible assets
? Demonstrating how the organisation influences, and is influenced
by , expectations about sustainable development
Accounting Standards
Written documents issued by the regulatory bodies covering various
aspects of guidelines, treatment and disclosure of accounting
transactions.
International Accounting Standards Board defines ? to formulate and
publish, in the public interest, basic standards to be observed in the
presentation of audited accounts and financial statements and to promote
their worldwide acceptance and observance.?
Objectives of Accounting Standards
? To harmonise the diverse accounting policies
? To eliminate variations in the treatment of several accounting aspects
? To provide inference and guidelines on accounting standards
? To bring uniformity in the presentation of accounting aspects
? To facilitate inter-firm and intra-firm comparison
? To make credibility, reliability and acceptability of accounting
? Useful in the preparation of financial statements
? To improve the transparency in financial statements
? To help in determining corporate accountability and managerial
effectiveness
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
Unit - 5
Emerging Issues in Accounting
Human Resource Accounting
? Process of identifying and measuring data about human resources
and communicating this information to interested parties
? Deals with investments in people and with economic results of
those investments.
Need for HRA
? Change in production pattern, employment pattern and changing
roles of governments, enterprises and individuals
? To improve human resource management
? To retain qualified human resource
? To focus on employee as an asset
? To create and improve the company image through presentation
of HRA
? To overcome the difficulties in traditional balance sheet
? To attract future employees
Methods of valuation of Human Resource
? Historical cost method - valued at unexpired portion of the costs of
recruiting, training and development
? Replacement cost method - costs include the cost of recruitment,
training and development, the opportunity cost during the intervening
period till the new recruitment attains the efficiency level of the old
employee.
? Standard cost method - standard costs of recruiting, hiring, training
and developing the employees are developed and established and made
up to date every year.
? Present value - represent the discounted value of the estimated further
net contributions of personnel to the earnings of the company
? Current Purchase Power method - Historical cost of investment in
human resource is converted into current purchasing power of money
with the help of index numbers
? Opportunity cost method - value of an employee in his alternative use
is determined
? Economic value method - Present value of the firms future earnings
attributable to human resources will be the value of human resource.
Forensic Accounting
? Concerned with detection and prevention of financial fraud and
white-collar criminal activities
? Integration of accounting, auditing and investigative skills
? According to AICPA ? Forensic accounting is the application of
accounting principles, theories and discipline to facts or
hypotheses at issues in a legal dispute and encompasses every
branch of accounting knowledge.?
Uses of Forensic Accounting
? Fraud detection where employees commit fraud
? Criminal investigation
? Cases relating to professional negligence
? Arbitration service
? Settlement of Insurance claims
? Dispute settlement
Sustainability Reporting
? Report about an organizations environmental and social performance
? Enables the organizations to be more transparent about the risks and
opportunities
Internal benefits of Sustainability Reporting
? Increased understanding of risks and opportunities
? Emphasizing the link between financial and non-financial performance
? Influencing long term management strategy and policy to business plans
? Streamlining processes, reducing costs and improving efficiency
? Benchmarking and assessing sustainability performance with respect to
laws, norms, codes, performance standards and voluntary initiatives
? Comparing performance internally and between organizations and
sectors
External benefits of sustainability reporting
? Mitigating negative environmental, social and governance
impacts
? Improving reputation and brand loyalty
? Enabling external stakeholders to understand the organizations
true value and tangible and intangible assets
? Demonstrating how the organisation influences, and is influenced
by , expectations about sustainable development
Accounting Standards
Written documents issued by the regulatory bodies covering various
aspects of guidelines, treatment and disclosure of accounting
transactions.
International Accounting Standards Board defines ? to formulate and
publish, in the public interest, basic standards to be observed in the
presentation of audited accounts and financial statements and to promote
their worldwide acceptance and observance.?
Objectives of Accounting Standards
? To harmonise the diverse accounting policies
? To eliminate variations in the treatment of several accounting aspects
? To provide inference and guidelines on accounting standards
? To bring uniformity in the presentation of accounting aspects
? To facilitate inter-firm and intra-firm comparison
? To make credibility, reliability and acceptability of accounting
? Useful in the preparation of financial statements
? To improve the transparency in financial statements
? To help in determining corporate accountability and managerial
effectiveness
International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS)
? Original name International Accounting Standards (IAS)
? Common global language for business affairs so that company
accounts are understandable and comparable across international
boarders
? Growing international share holding and trade and inter company
dealings with several countries have led to the growth of IFRS
? IFRS are a set of international accounting standards stating how
particular type of transactions and other events should be reported
in financial statements.
? IFRS are issued by the International Accounting Standards
? The goal is to make international comparisons as easy as possible
? Syncronising accounting standards across the globe is an ongoing
process in the international accounting community
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
Unit - 5
Emerging Issues in Accounting
Human Resource Accounting
? Process of identifying and measuring data about human resources
and communicating this information to interested parties
? Deals with investments in people and with economic results of
those investments.
Need for HRA
? Change in production pattern, employment pattern and changing
roles of governments, enterprises and individuals
? To improve human resource management
? To retain qualified human resource
? To focus on employee as an asset
? To create and improve the company image through presentation
of HRA
? To overcome the difficulties in traditional balance sheet
? To attract future employees
Methods of valuation of Human Resource
? Historical cost method - valued at unexpired portion of the costs of
recruiting, training and development
? Replacement cost method - costs include the cost of recruitment,
training and development, the opportunity cost during the intervening
period till the new recruitment attains the efficiency level of the old
employee.
? Standard cost method - standard costs of recruiting, hiring, training
and developing the employees are developed and established and made
up to date every year.
? Present value - represent the discounted value of the estimated further
net contributions of personnel to the earnings of the company
? Current Purchase Power method - Historical cost of investment in
human resource is converted into current purchasing power of money
with the help of index numbers
? Opportunity cost method - value of an employee in his alternative use
is determined
? Economic value method - Present value of the firms future earnings
attributable to human resources will be the value of human resource.
Forensic Accounting
? Concerned with detection and prevention of financial fraud and
white-collar criminal activities
? Integration of accounting, auditing and investigative skills
? According to AICPA ? Forensic accounting is the application of
accounting principles, theories and discipline to facts or
hypotheses at issues in a legal dispute and encompasses every
branch of accounting knowledge.?
Uses of Forensic Accounting
? Fraud detection where employees commit fraud
? Criminal investigation
? Cases relating to professional negligence
? Arbitration service
? Settlement of Insurance claims
? Dispute settlement
Sustainability Reporting
? Report about an organizations environmental and social performance
? Enables the organizations to be more transparent about the risks and
opportunities
Internal benefits of Sustainability Reporting
? Increased understanding of risks and opportunities
? Emphasizing the link between financial and non-financial performance
? Influencing long term management strategy and policy to business plans
? Streamlining processes, reducing costs and improving efficiency
? Benchmarking and assessing sustainability performance with respect to
laws, norms, codes, performance standards and voluntary initiatives
? Comparing performance internally and between organizations and
sectors
External benefits of sustainability reporting
? Mitigating negative environmental, social and governance
impacts
? Improving reputation and brand loyalty
? Enabling external stakeholders to understand the organizations
true value and tangible and intangible assets
? Demonstrating how the organisation influences, and is influenced
by , expectations about sustainable development
Accounting Standards
Written documents issued by the regulatory bodies covering various
aspects of guidelines, treatment and disclosure of accounting
transactions.
International Accounting Standards Board defines ? to formulate and
publish, in the public interest, basic standards to be observed in the
presentation of audited accounts and financial statements and to promote
their worldwide acceptance and observance.?
Objectives of Accounting Standards
? To harmonise the diverse accounting policies
? To eliminate variations in the treatment of several accounting aspects
? To provide inference and guidelines on accounting standards
? To bring uniformity in the presentation of accounting aspects
? To facilitate inter-firm and intra-firm comparison
? To make credibility, reliability and acceptability of accounting
? Useful in the preparation of financial statements
? To improve the transparency in financial statements
? To help in determining corporate accountability and managerial
effectiveness
International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS)
? Original name International Accounting Standards (IAS)
? Common global language for business affairs so that company
accounts are understandable and comparable across international
boarders
? Growing international share holding and trade and inter company
dealings with several countries have led to the growth of IFRS
? IFRS are a set of international accounting standards stating how
particular type of transactions and other events should be reported
in financial statements.
? IFRS are issued by the International Accounting Standards
? The goal is to make international comparisons as easy as possible
? Syncronising accounting standards across the globe is an ongoing
process in the international accounting community
Need for IFRS
? For the world wide acceptance of the accounting standards they
must be universally accepted
? A single system of financial reporting would benefit many parties
? With quality standards, consistently applied, investor
understanding and confidence rises
? That translates to strong, stable, liquid markets
? Convergence of accounting standards has played a major role in
the growing acceptance of IFRS
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
Unit - 5
Emerging Issues in Accounting
Human Resource Accounting
? Process of identifying and measuring data about human resources
and communicating this information to interested parties
? Deals with investments in people and with economic results of
those investments.
Need for HRA
? Change in production pattern, employment pattern and changing
roles of governments, enterprises and individuals
? To improve human resource management
? To retain qualified human resource
? To focus on employee as an asset
? To create and improve the company image through presentation
of HRA
? To overcome the difficulties in traditional balance sheet
? To attract future employees
Methods of valuation of Human Resource
? Historical cost method - valued at unexpired portion of the costs of
recruiting, training and development
? Replacement cost method - costs include the cost of recruitment,
training and development, the opportunity cost during the intervening
period till the new recruitment attains the efficiency level of the old
employee.
? Standard cost method - standard costs of recruiting, hiring, training
and developing the employees are developed and established and made
up to date every year.
? Present value - represent the discounted value of the estimated further
net contributions of personnel to the earnings of the company
? Current Purchase Power method - Historical cost of investment in
human resource is converted into current purchasing power of money
with the help of index numbers
? Opportunity cost method - value of an employee in his alternative use
is determined
? Economic value method - Present value of the firms future earnings
attributable to human resources will be the value of human resource.
Forensic Accounting
? Concerned with detection and prevention of financial fraud and
white-collar criminal activities
? Integration of accounting, auditing and investigative skills
? According to AICPA ? Forensic accounting is the application of
accounting principles, theories and discipline to facts or
hypotheses at issues in a legal dispute and encompasses every
branch of accounting knowledge.?
Uses of Forensic Accounting
? Fraud detection where employees commit fraud
? Criminal investigation
? Cases relating to professional negligence
? Arbitration service
? Settlement of Insurance claims
? Dispute settlement
Sustainability Reporting
? Report about an organizations environmental and social performance
? Enables the organizations to be more transparent about the risks and
opportunities
Internal benefits of Sustainability Reporting
? Increased understanding of risks and opportunities
? Emphasizing the link between financial and non-financial performance
? Influencing long term management strategy and policy to business plans
? Streamlining processes, reducing costs and improving efficiency
? Benchmarking and assessing sustainability performance with respect to
laws, norms, codes, performance standards and voluntary initiatives
? Comparing performance internally and between organizations and
sectors
External benefits of sustainability reporting
? Mitigating negative environmental, social and governance
impacts
? Improving reputation and brand loyalty
? Enabling external stakeholders to understand the organizations
true value and tangible and intangible assets
? Demonstrating how the organisation influences, and is influenced
by , expectations about sustainable development
Accounting Standards
Written documents issued by the regulatory bodies covering various
aspects of guidelines, treatment and disclosure of accounting
transactions.
International Accounting Standards Board defines ? to formulate and
publish, in the public interest, basic standards to be observed in the
presentation of audited accounts and financial statements and to promote
their worldwide acceptance and observance.?
Objectives of Accounting Standards
? To harmonise the diverse accounting policies
? To eliminate variations in the treatment of several accounting aspects
? To provide inference and guidelines on accounting standards
? To bring uniformity in the presentation of accounting aspects
? To facilitate inter-firm and intra-firm comparison
? To make credibility, reliability and acceptability of accounting
? Useful in the preparation of financial statements
? To improve the transparency in financial statements
? To help in determining corporate accountability and managerial
effectiveness
International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS)
? Original name International Accounting Standards (IAS)
? Common global language for business affairs so that company
accounts are understandable and comparable across international
boarders
? Growing international share holding and trade and inter company
dealings with several countries have led to the growth of IFRS
? IFRS are a set of international accounting standards stating how
particular type of transactions and other events should be reported
in financial statements.
? IFRS are issued by the International Accounting Standards
? The goal is to make international comparisons as easy as possible
? Syncronising accounting standards across the globe is an ongoing
process in the international accounting community
Need for IFRS
? For the world wide acceptance of the accounting standards they
must be universally accepted
? A single system of financial reporting would benefit many parties
? With quality standards, consistently applied, investor
understanding and confidence rises
? That translates to strong, stable, liquid markets
? Convergence of accounting standards has played a major role in
the growing acceptance of IFRS
Objectives of IFRS
? To develop in the public interest, a single set of high quality,
understandable, enforceable and globally accepted financial reporting
standards based upon clearly articulated principles
? To ensure high quality, transparent and comparable information in
financial statements to help investors, and other users of financial
information to make economic decisions
? To promote the use and rigorous application of those standards
? To promote and facilitate adoption of IFRS being the standards and
interpretations issued by the IASB
? To make common platform for better understanding of accounting,
internationally
? Synchronisation of accounting standards across the globe
? To create, comparable, reliable, and transparent financial statements
? To facilitate greater cross-boarder capital raising and trade
? To have company wide one accounting language which has subsidiaries
in different countries
? Link for you tube video on financial and accounting fraud
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YZcfq2pa5pQ
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
This post was last modified on 18 February 2020