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1. In order to align very distantly related protein sequences, one should use
2. Which of the following file formats can be used to store genome annotations (e.g. gene coordinates)?
3. Which of the following techniques can be used to identify DNA sequences where a particular transcription factor binds?

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4. Which of the following is NOT a genome editing technique?
5. 'R-Avr interactions' are important in determining resistance of plants against
6. M. Chalfie, S. Osamu and R.Y. Tsien received Noble Prize for the discovery of one of the following:
7. A genomic library is:
   a collection of clones with different DNA fragments representing genomic DNA of an organism.

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8. The role of restriction endonucleases in bacteria is to degrade the invading phage DNA
9. Poly A tail is added to the transcript by poly A polymerase post-transcriptionally
10. Retrotransposons require the following for retrotransposition reverse transcription
11. Transcriptional elongation involves phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II
12. Proto-oncogenes are normal cellular genes

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13. Mutagenesis by ethidium bromide is brought about by translesion synthesis during replication
14. Which step of translation does not require ribosome subunits at stop codon
15. A polymer, which is deposited as an early response to pathogen attack in plants is one of the following: callose
16. Which of the following is NOT a Pathogenesis-Related (PR) protein? Polyubiquitin
17. Which of the following is an intermediate for the biosynthesis of terpenes? Mevalonic acid

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18. Which of the following class of compounds is a natural feeding deterrent against herbivores in plants? Pyrethroids
19. Which of the following is a plant antimicrobial protein? Thaumatin
20. Which of the following is an example of a plant disease resistance gene? Xa21
21. Which of the following is an important component of the signaling pathway during Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR)? Salicylic acid
22. Which of the following pairs is haploid in nature? Antipodal cells and egg cell

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23. Endosperm is formed during double fertilization by two polar nuclei and one male gamete
24. Lateral roots originate from the pericycle cells
25. Long filamentous threads protruding at the end of a young cob of maize are styles
26. Which of the following photoreceptors has homology with DNA photolyases? Cryptochromes
27. 'Florigen', the mobile signal involved in transition to flowering in plants is a protein

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28. Which of the following plant hormones employs a two-component sensor-regulator system to regulate gene expression? Cytokinin
29. The receptor of which of the following hormones is a component of E3 ligase involved in ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation? Auxin
30. The production of which of the following hormones is triggered during invasion of plants by necrotrophs? Jasmonic acid
31. The receptor for brassinosteroid, the steroid hormone present in plants, is localized in the plasma membrane
32. Which of the following proteins is NOT in the same superfamily having seven closely packed transmembrane helices as the other three? Aquaporin

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33. Which of the following is NOT a common second messenger in cell signaling? Tyrosine
34. Which of the following events normally activates a GTP-binding protein? Activation of an upstream guanine nucleotide exchange factor
35. Consider visual transduction in rod photoreceptor cells of the retina. Which Cation-channel closure due to cGMP depletion normally amplify the signal in this pathway?
36. Gibberellic acid (GA) signaling initiates by binding of GA to its receptor GID1
37. What would you need to know to determine quantum yield of photosynthesis accurately? Amount of CO2 fixed and light absorbed

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38. The statistical test to determine 'goodness of fit' is: Chi-square test
39. Expression levels of a gene can be monitored using following two techniques: Quantitative RT-PCR, nuclear run-on assay
40. Neoisoschizomers are the restriction endonucleases that have same recognition and different cleavage sites
41. Homopolymer tailing of cDNA can be achieved with one of the following: Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase
42. Which of the following factors does not influence electrophoretic mobility? Stereochemistry of molecule

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43. Function of Beta-mercaptoethanol in SDS-page is for reduction of disulfide bonds in the proteins
44. Mass spectrometer separates ions on the basis of which of the following? Mass to charge ratio
45. Which of the following sequencing technologies is capable of delivering read-lengths of more than 10 kb? Pac-bio
46. Which of the following approach is utilized by sequence alignment tool 'BLAST' to search sequence databases? Pair-wise sequence alignment
47. In biochemical reactions, which of the following proteins can be used as a chaperone? heat shock proteins

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48. The selectable marker gene nptil encodes phosphotransferase
49. In a biochemical reaction, which one can cleave proteins? RecA
50. Which of the following plants is commonly used for production of bioethanol? Sugarcane

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