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QUESTION BANK IN PHYSICS (B.TECH FIRST YEAR)

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QUESTION BANK IN PHYSICS

(UP TO JUN 2015)

(EM WAVES AND DIELECTRICS)

1. Write Maxwell’s equations in differential form. (2) {JUN 15 [GNE]}
2. Derive Maxwell’s electromagnetic wave equation for a non-conducting medium. (4) {JUN 15 [GNE]}

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3. Show that electrostatic field is equal to the negative of potential gradient, hence show that electrostatic field is conservative. (4) {JUN 15 [GNE]}
4. What is the physical significance of divergence of of a vector field? (2) {JUN 15 [PTU]}
5. Show that divergence of curl of a vector always vanishes. (2) {JUN 15 [PTU]}
6. What is Poynting vector and give its significance? State and prove Poynting vector theorem. (6) {JUN 15 [PTU]}
7. Write differential form of Maxwell’s equations applicable to free space. (2) {JUN 15 [PTU]}

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8. What do you mean by displacement current? (2) {DEC 14{GNE]}
9. Show that velocity of plane electromagnetic waves in free space is given by c= 1/√(μ₀ε₀). (4) {DEC 14 [GNE]]}
10. Using Maxwell’s equations prove that ∇.B = 0. (4) {DEC 14 [GNE]}
11. What is the physical significance of gradient of a scalar field? (2) {DEC 14 [PTU]}
12. What information does the quantity Poynting vector furnish? (2) {DEC 14 [PTU]}

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13. State and prove Poynting vector theorem. Give significance of each term. (4) Give a brief account of BCS, theory of superconductivity. (3) {JUN 15 [PTU]}
14. Discuss various polarizations induced in the dielectric when it is placed in external electric field. (4) {JUN 15 [PTU]}
15. Derive differential of ampere’s circuital law for (i) steady currents and (ii) varying currents. (4) {JUN 14 [GNE]}
16. Derive Maxwell’s electromagnetic wave equation for linear, isotropic and homogeneous medium. Hence prove that these waves can travel in vacuum. (4) {JUN 14 [GNE]}
17. Define Poynting vector. Give its significance. (2) {JUN 14 [GNE]}

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18. What is the origin of displacement current density? (2) {JUN 14 [GNE]}
19. State and explain Ampere’s law and express it in differential form. Further explain how Maxwell modified this law to accept this as one of the Maxwell’s equations. (6) {JUN 14 [PTU]}
20. Give one example for each of a solenoidal and irrotational vector field. (2) {JUN 14 [PTU]}
21. Differentiate between steady current and static current. (2) {Dec 2013 [PTU]}
22. What do you mean by optical wave function? (2) {Dec 2013 [PTU]}

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23. Define skin depth. (2) {Dec 2013 [PTU]}
24. List various types of polarization. (2) {Dec 2013 [PTU]}
25. What is meant by stationary current? Prove that for stationary current ∇.J = 0. (4) {Dec 2013 [PTU]}
26. Solve Maxwell’s equations in free space to show that (i) E, B & direction of propagation form a set of orthogonal vectors. (ii) Energy flows with the velocity of light. (4) {Dec 2013 [PTU]}
27. State Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction. (2) {Dec 2013 [PTU]}

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28. State and prove Gauss’s law of electrostatics. (4) {Dec 2013 [PTU]}
29. (i) Write down Maxwell’s equations in free space. (ii) Explain introduction of displacement current by Maxwell. (iii) Show that the velocity of electromagnetic waves in free space is given by c= 1/√(μ₀ε₀). (4) {Dec 2013 [PTU]}
30. What is dielectric polarization? (2) {Dec 2013 [GNE]}
31. Derive Maxwell’s electromagnetic wave equation and hence find the velocity of light in vacuum. (4) {Dec 2013 [GNE]}
32. The surface charge density of a charging capacitor is increasing with time as σ = 3t² Cm⁻². What will be the value of displacement current at t = 2.5s. Given that the area of each plate is 2cm². (4) {Dec 2013 [GNE]}

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33. What do you understand by electromagnetic spectrum? (2) {Jun 2013 [PTU]}
34. Define Poynting vector. (2) {Jun 2013 [PTU]}
35. Differentiate between conduction and displacement current by taking suitable example(s). (2) {Jun 2013 [PTU]}
36. Show that the equation of continuity ∇.J + ∂ρ/∂t = 0 is contained in the Maxwell’s equations. (4) {Jun 2013 [PTU]}
37. Give an example of irrotational and solenoidal vector fields. (2) {Jun 2013 [GNE]}

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38. Define divergence of a vector field. Write its expression in terms of Cartesian coordinates and discuss its physical significance. (4) {Jun 2013 [GNE]}
39. Use Maxwell’s equations to deduce wave equations in terms of E&H field vectors for free space. (4) {Jun 2013 [GNE]}
40. What is the significance of divergence and curl of a vector? (2) {Dec 2012 [GNE]}
41. What is dielectric polarization? Explain. (2) {Dec 2012 [GNE]}
42. Write Maxwell’s equations and discuss their significance. (4) {Dec 2012 [GNE]}

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43. In an electric field, the potential is given as V(x,y,z) = 4x² + 3y² + 9z² Volt. Calculate electric field at the point (1,2,3). (4) {Dec 2012 [GNE]}
44. Write the physical significance of gradient of a scalar function. (2) {Dec 2012}
45. A parallel plate capacitor is filled with insulating material of dielectric constant K. What effect does this have on the capacitance? (3) {Dec 2012}
46. “Maxwell’s equations are reformulation of existing laws.” Comment and justify your answer. (5) {Dec 2012}
47. What is the utility of Maxwell’s equations in reference to electromagnetic waves? (2) {June 2012}

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48. What do you mean by displacement current? (2) {June 2012}
49. Deduce Maxwell’s equation from Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction. (4) {June 2012}
50. In free space, the electric field variation due to electromagnetic waves is given by: E(x,t) = 50cos[(ωt - βx)aᵧ] Vm⁻¹. Find the average power crossing a circular area of radius 5mm in the plane x = constant. (4) {June 2012}
51. Write Maxwell’s equations for free space. (2) {Dec 2011}
52. What do you mean by electromagnetic spectrum? (2) {Dec 2011}

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53. What is modified Ampere’s law? Discuss its significance in terms of displacement current theory and obtain an expression for displacement current density. (5) {Dec 2011}
54. Curl of a vector field represents whirling/rotational features of the field. Justify. (3) {Dec 2011}
55. Write Maxwell’s equations in differential form. (2) {June 2011}
56. Write down Maxwell’s equations and explain their significance. (4) {June 2011}
57. A solenoid is 1m long and 3cm in diameter. It has five layers of windings of 850 turns each and carries a current of 5A. What is B at its centre? (4) {June 2011}

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58. What is the differential form of Gauss’s Law? (2) {Dec 2010}
59. Write down Maxwell’s equations and explain their physical significance. (4) {Dec 2010}
60. Show that the velocity of plane electromagnetic wave in free space is given by c= 1/√(μ₀ε₀). (4) {Dec 2010}
61. What does permittivity of a medium signify? Write its value for free space. (2) {June 2010}
62. State and explain Ampere’s circuital law and express it in differential form. Further explain how Maxwell modified this law to accept this as one of the Maxwell’s equations. (5) {June 2010}

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63. The electrostatic potential in a certain region is given as V(x,y,z) = 3x + 4y - 6z. Obtain the corresponding electric field strength. (3) {June 2010}
64. Explain the term current density and calculate the expression for it. (4) {Dec 2009}
65. Explain emf (electromotive force) and electric field. (2) {June 2009}
66. Derive the relations for Maxwell’s equations. (8) {June 2009}
67. Give the physical significance of Maxwell’s equations. (4) {Dec 2008}

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68. Calculate the expression for the magnetic field inside a toroidal solenoid. (4) {Dec 2008}
69. What is the cause of producing displacement current? (2) {Dec 2008}
70. What is the significance of gradient of a scalar? (2) {May 2008}
71. Is displacement current like conduction current a source of magnetic field? (2) {May 2008}
72. What is dielectric polarization? Explain it for a parallel plate capacitor having a dielectric in between. (5) {May 2008}

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73. State and explain Ampere’s circuital law. (3) {May 2008}
74. Find the electric field strength for a uniform charge distribution. (2) {Dec 2007}
75. What is polarization? (2) {Dec 2007}
76. Prove Gauss’s Law in integral form ∮ E .ds= Q/ε₀ = (1/ε₀) ∫ ρdV. What do you mean by Gaussian surface? Derive Coulomb’s law from Gauss’s Law. (4) {Dec 2007}
77. Deduce Maxwell’s electromagnetic wave equation for free space and prove that the electromagnetic waves are transverse in nature. (4) {Dec 2007}

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78. State Ampere’s circuital law and discuss why it was modified to include the displacement current? (2) {May 2007}
79. What is meant by polarization in dielectric materials? (2) {May 2007}
80. State and prove Gauss’s Law. Find electric field due to infinitely long charged cylinder at an external point. Also show the variation of electric field intensity with distance. (8) {May 2007}
81. Show that isolated magnetic poles do not exist. (2) {Dec 2006}
82. A thin metallic spherical shell of radius a carries a charge q₁. Concentric with it is another thin metallic shell of radius b (b > a) carrying a charge q₂. Use Gauss’s Law to find the electric field strength at radial distance r where (i) r < a (ii) a < r < b (iii) r > b. (5) {Dec 2006}

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83. State Ampere’s law and hence use it to calculate the magnetic flux density within a long solenoid carrying current. (5) {Dec 2006}
84. Write Maxwell’s equations and give their significance. (3) {Dec 2006}
85. State Ampere’s Circuital Law. (2) {Dec 2006}
86. What do you understand by electric displacement, susceptibility and permittivity? Obtain an expression for the potential at a point due to an electric dipole. (4) {May 2006}
87. Using Gauss’s Law, find electric field due to uniformly charged solid sphere at a point outside it, inside it. (4) {May 2006}

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88. What is dielectric polarization? (2) {Dec 2005}
89. Write Maxwell’s equations and explain the significance of each equation. (5) {Dec 2005}
90. Using Gauss’s Law, find the electric field due to a uniformly charged solid sphere at a point inside the sphere. (3) {Dec 2005}
91. State Ampere’s circuital law in electromagnetism. (2) {May 2005}
92. What is meant by the term dielectric polarization? Define the terms Electric intensity | E |, Polarization vector | P |, and electric displacement vector | D | and establish the relation D = ε₀E + P, where ε₀ is absolute permittivity of vacuum. (2,3,3) {May 2005}

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93. State Faraday’s Laws of electromagnetic induction. (2) {Dec 2004}
94. What is Dielectric Polarization? (2) {Dec 2004}
95. State and prove Gauss’s law of electrostatics and express it in differential form ∇.E = ρ/ε₀ where symbols have their usual meanings. (5,3) {Dec 2004}
96. Why are electric field lines normal to an equipotential surface at all the points? (2) {May 2004}
97. Explain how a dielectric inserted between the plates of a capacitor increases its capacitance? (2) {May 2004}

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98. Write down the Maxwell’s equations. (2) {May 2004}
99. State and explain Gauss’s law of electrostatics. Use it to find the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor. (6) {May 2004}
100. The electric potential in a certain region is given by: V(x) = 10x² + 20y + 5z³ in SI units. Calculate the electric field at point P(2,3,1) in SI units. Is this field uniform? (2) {May 2004}
101. Explain the meaning of gradient of a scalar field. (2) {Dec 2003}
102. Will the Gauss’s law hold if the electrostatic force between the two charges varied inversely the cube of the distance between them? (2) {Dec 2003}

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103. If a charged particle moving through a region of space goes undeflected, what can you conclude about the presence of electric and magnetic fields in the region? (2) {Dec 2003}
104. Describe the behaviour of a dielectric in a static electric field. Explain the meaning of Polarization vector and electric displacement vector. Also find the relation between these. (5) {Dec 2003}
105. The atomic weight and the density of sulfur are 32 and 2.08gcm⁻³ respectively. The electronic polarizability of the atom is 3.28x10⁻⁴⁰ Fm². If the solid sulfur has cubical symmetry, what will be its relative permittivity? (3) {Dec 2003}
106. State and explain Ampere’s Law. Use it to find the magnetic induction due to long solenoid. (5) {Dec 2003}
107. Write Maxwell’s equations and state the laws of electrodynamics to which these correspond. Deduce the wave equation for electromagnetic waves in free space. (5) {Dec 2003}

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MAGNETIC MATERIALS

1. Write some applications of Ferrites. (2) {JUN 15 [GNE]}
2. Write a short note on magnetostriction and magnetic anisotropy. (4) {JUN 15 [GNE]}
3. Discuss the origin of dia-, para- and ferromagnetism on atomic basis. (5) {JUN 15 [PTU]}
4. Define magnetic susceptibility and give its unit. (2) {DEC 14 [GNE]}

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5. What are ferrites? How these are different from ferromagnetic materials? Write some applications of ferrites. (4) {DEC 14 [GNE]}
6. What is the atomic origin of diamagnetism exhibited by certain materials? (2) {DEC 14 [PTU]}
7. Describe how ultrasonic waves are generated using the method of magnetostriction. (5) {JUN 14 [GNE]}
8. What do you mean by magnetic anisotropy? (2) {JUN 14 [GNE]}
9. Write short note on Magnetic Anisotropy. (4) {JUN 14 [PTU]}

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10. What are ferromagnetic domains? Explain their existence in terms of atomic dipole moments. (4) {JUN 14 [PTU]}
11. What do you mean by Magnetostriction? (2) {JUN 14 [PTU]}
12. What does permeability of a medium signifies? State its value for free space. (2) {JUN 14 [PTU]}
13. Write the expression for magnetic susceptibility of a magnetic material. (2) {JUN 14 [PTU]}
14. A magnetizing field of 1200A/m produces a magnetic flux of 2.4x10⁻⁵ Wb in an iron bar of cross sectional area 0.2cm². Calculate permeability and susceptibility of the bar. (4) {Dec 2013 [PTU]}

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15. Define magnetic susceptibility. Give its dimensions. (2) {Dec 2013 [PTU]}
16. Explain magnetic flux density B, magnetic flux intensity, H and magnetization M. How are these related to each other? (4) {Dec 2013 [PTU]}
17. Discuss the domain theory of ferromagnetic materials. Explain why strong ferromagnetic property found in iron, nickel and cobalt. (4) {Dec 2013 [PTU]}
18. A magnetic circuit is made of a ferromagnetic material of μ=7.3x10⁻⁵ Hm⁻¹. The average length of the circuit is 90cm and the area of cross section is 90cm². The magnetic binding has 90 turns. Calculate the magnetizing current in order to produce a magnetic flux density of 0.4T. (4) {Jun 2013 [PTU]}
19. Define magnetic permeability and magnetic susceptibility and develop a relation between them. (4) {Jun 2013 [PTU]}

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20. How ultrasonic waves are produced using the phenomenon of magnetostriction? (4) {Jun 2013 [GNE]}
21. What do you mean by magnetic anisotropy? (2) {Dec 2012 [GNE]}
22. What do you understand by Magnetostriction Effect? (2) {Dec 2012}
23. Define remanence and coercivity. (2) {Dec 2012}
24. Discuss domain structures in ferromagnetic materials. (4) {Dec 2012}

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25. What do you understand by Magnetic anisotropy? (2) {June 2012}
26. Explain the following terms: (i) magnetic anisotropy (ii) magnetostriction and (iii) magnetic domains. (6) {June 2011}
27. What are ferrites? Give some of its useful applications. (2) {June 2011}
28. What do you mean by Ferromagnetic Domain? (2) {Dec 2010}
29. What are ferrites? How are they superior to ferromagnetic materials? (3) {Dec 2010}

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30. Write a short note on magnetostriction. (2) {Dec 2010}
31. Define magnetic susceptibility and relative magnetic permeability and establish the relation between them. (3) {Dec 2010}
32. Which type of magnetic materials have permanent magnetic dipole associated with them? (2) {June 2010}
33. What is Bohr’s magneton? (2) {June 2010}
34. What are ferromagnetic domains? Explain their existence in terms of atomic dipole moments. (3) {June 2010}

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35. How do you distinguish between hard and soft magnetic materials? (3) {June 2010}
36. What do you mean by magnetostriction? (2) {June 2010}
37. Differentiate between Hard and Soft magnetic materials. (5) {Dec 2009}
38. Mention some applications of Ferrite Materials. (3) {Dec 2009}
39. Explain what are Ferrites? Mention some applications of Ferrite materials. (8) {June 2009}

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40. Define the term Hysteresis. Draw the Hysteresis curve for soft iron and steel. (2) {Dec 2008}
41. Explain the term magnetostriction effect, hard magnetic materials, hysteresis loss. (4) {Dec 2008}
42. Explain the term permeability and susceptibility and derive the relation between them. (4) {Dec 2008}
43. Why ferromagnetism is lost on heating? (2) {May 2008}
44. Discuss Domain theory of ferromagnetism. (4) {May 2008}

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45. What are ferrites? Give their applications. (4) {May 2008}
46. Define coercive force and hysteresis. (2) {Dec 2007}
47. Prove that the area of B-H curve is equal to the energy loss per unit volume of the metal during each magnetic cycle. (4) {Dec 2007}
48. Find out the expression for magnetic dipole moment due to orbital and spin motion of the electron. (4) {Dec 2007}
49. What are ferrites materials? (2) {May 2007}

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50. Classify the magnetism and write their properties. Also explain hard and soft magnetic materials. (8) {May 2007}
51. An 80cm long wire carries a current of 10A and lies perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field. The magnetic force acting on the wire is 0.2N. Calculate the magnitude of the magnetic induction B. (2) {Dec 2006}
52. State Ampere’s circuital law and hence use it to calculate the magnetic flux density within a long solenoid carrying current I. (6) {Dec 2006}
53. Write Maxwell’s equations. (2) {Dec 2006}
54. Explain Magnetic Anisotropy. (2) {May 2006}

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55. What are magnetic materials? Distinguish between hard and soft magnetic materials? Name the factors, on which the shape of B-H curve depends. (6) {May 2006}
56. Write a short note on ferrites. (2) {May 2006}
57. What are ferrites? (2) {Dec 2005}
58. Explain the following terms (i) Magnetic domain (ii) Magnetic Anisotropy (iii) Magnetostriction (6) {Dec 2005}
59. What is the difference between soft and hard magnetic materials? (2) {Dec 2005}

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60. Define magnetic induction and magnetization. (2) {May 2005}
61. Give some applications of ferrites. (2) {May 2005}
62. Discuss the complete classification of magnetic materials. What are the differences between soft and hard magnetic materials? (5,3) {May 2005}
63. Define magnetic intensity and magnetization. (2) {Dec 2004}
64. Give the classification of magnetic materials. What are the differences between hard and soft magnetic materials? (5,3) {Dec 2004}

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SUPERCONDUCTIVITY

1. Explain Meissner effect, type-I and type-II superconductors. (4) {JUN/15 [GNE]}
2. What is isotope effect? (2) {JUN 15 [PTU]}
3. Give a brief account of BCS theory of superconductivity. (3) {JUN 15 [PTU]}
4. Give a brief account of occurrence of superconductivity using BCS theory. (3) {JUN 15 [PTU]}

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5. What is the wavelength of an electromagnetic photon, which can break a Cooper pair in a material having critical temperature of 4K? (4) {Dec 14 [GNE]}
6. Derive London’s equations and give their significance. (4) {Dec 14 [GNE]}
7. Give a brief account of occurrence of superconductivity using BCS theory. (3) {Dec 14 [PTU]}
8. Derive London’s equations and show that these equations can account for perfect diamagnetism property of an ideal superconductor. (4) {JUN 14 [GNE]}
9. What is the effect of magnetic field on superconductivity? Given a type-I superconductor, what will happen when the applied magnetic field is greater than critical magnetic field? (4) {JUN 14 [GNE]}

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10. What do you mean by Meissner effect? (2) {JUN 14 [PTU]}
11. A superconducting state behaves according to which type of magnetic material in presence of applied magnetic field? (2) {JUN 14 [PTU]}
12. What do you understand by critical field? (2) {JUN 14 [PTU]}
13. Why are type I superconductors poor current carrying conductors? (2) {Dec 2013 [PTU]}
14. What is Meissner effect? (2) {Dec 2013 [PTU]}

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15. The penetration depth of mercury at 3.5K is about 750 Å. What will be the penetration depth at 0K, if the critical temperature for mercury is 4.2K? (4) {Dec 2013 [PTU]}
16. Enumerate the factors affecting superconductivity. (2) {Dec 2013 [GNE]}
17. The critical magnetic field for a superconductor at absolute zero is 9x10⁴ Am⁻¹ and at 6K is 5x10⁴ Am⁻¹. Find the critical temperature and energy required to break Cooper pair at absolute zero. (4) {Dec 2013 [GNE]}
18. Derive London’s equations and hence explain Meissner’s effect and flux penetration. (4) {Dec 2013 [GNE]}
19. What is Cooper pair? (2) {Jun 2013 [GNE]}

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20. Deduce London equations and define London penetration depth. (4) {Jun 2013 [GNE]}
21. What is Meissner Effect? Explain type-I and type-II superconductors. (4) {Dec 2012 [GNE]}
22. For a specimen of V₃Ga, the critical fields are 1.4x10⁵ A/m & 4.2x10⁵ A/m at 14K and 13K respectively. Calculate the transition temperature and critical fields at 0K and 4.2K. (2) {Dec 2012 [GNE]}
23. Outline some experimental facts about superconductivity. (4) {Dec 2012}
24. What are type-II superconductors? (2) {June 2012}

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25. What is the physical phenomenon behind superconductivity? How successful is this in today’s context? (4) {June 2012}
26. Elaborate the main features of BCS theory. (4) {June 2012}
27. What are important features of BCS theory? (2) {Dec 2011}
28. What is the physical mechanism behind Meissner Effect? (3) {Dec 2011}
29. Explain the difference between type-I and type-II superconductor. (4) {June 2011}

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30. What is Meissner Effect? (2) {Dec 2010}
31. Explain the difference between type-I and type-II superconductors. (3) {Dec 2010}
32. Give the salient features of BCS theory of superconductors. (3) {Dec 2010}
33. Superconductors are perfectly diamagnetic. Explain. (2) {Dec 2010}
34. What is Cooper pair? (2) {June 2010}

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35. Discuss the important differences between type-I and type-II superconductors with the help of example and plots of magnetization (M) Vs magnetic field (H). (3) {June 2010}
36. What is Meissner Effect? Further explain the effect of magnetic field on the superconductor. (3) {June 2010}
37. Define London Penetration depth and write its expression. (2) {June 2010}
38. Draw graphs for hard and soft superconductors. (2) {Dec 2009}
39. Explain BCS theory of superconductivity. (5) {Dec 2009}

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40. Calculate the expression for penetration depth in superconductors. (3) {Dec 2009}
41. Write down the relation between critical field and critical temperature in superconductors. (2) {June 2009}
42. Draw graphs for type-I and type-II superconductors. (2) {June 2009}
43. Define & explain the London equations and calculate the expression for the Penetration Depth. (8) {June 2009}
44. What do you mean by field penetration in the superconductors? (2) {Dec 2008}

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45. What do you mean by coherence length? Write down the expression for it. (2) {Dec 2008}
46. Define Levitation effect and explain the various factors that can destroy the superconductivity. (4) {Dec 2008}
47. Explain the BCS theory of superconductivity. (4) {Dec 2008}
48. Why superconductors are perfectly diamagnetic in nature? (2) {May 2008}
49. What is critical field? Write down the expression for Hc and differentiate between type-I and type-II superconductors. (4) {May 2008}

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50. Derive first London’s equation and give its physical significance. (4) {May 2008}
51. State Meissner effect of superconductivity. (2) {Dec 2007}
52. What is London’s penetration depth? How does it vary with temperature? (4) {Dec 2007}
53. Define Cooper Pair. Calculate the wavelength of a photon, which will be required to break a Cooper Pair in a superconductor (Zr) for which Tc = 0.56K. (4) {Dec 2007}
54. Write the formula for variation of magnetic field intensity with temperature. (2) {May 2007}

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55. What is superconductivity? What are the differences between type-I and type-II superconductors? A type-I superconductor with Tc = 7K has slope dHc/dT = -25mTK⁻¹ at Tc. Estimate its critical field at 6K. (8) {May 2007}
56. What are Cooper Pairs? (2) {Dec 2006}
57. Derive London’s equations for A.C. & D.C. fields. (5) {Dec 2006}
58. What are type I and type II superconductors? Explain. (3) {Dec 2006}
59. For Hg (mercury), the critical temperature at which the superconductivity ensues with zero applied magnetic fields is 4.15K. The critical applied magnetic field at which superconductivity will not take place at any temperature is 0.0417 T. Find the applied magnetic field that can allow superconductivity to persist at 2K. (3) {Dec 2006}

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60. What is Meissner Effect? (2) {May 2006}
61. What do you understand by type-I and type-II superconductors? (6) {May 2006}
62. Discuss London’s theory of superconductivity. (2) {May 2006}
63. What are Cooper pairs? (2) {Dec 2005}
64. What do you understand by type-I and type-II superconductors? Give BCS theory of superconductivity. (6) {Dec 2005}

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65. What is the effect of magnetic field on superconductivity? (2) {May 2005}
66. What is Meissner Effect? Show how London equations lead to this effect. (1,4) {May 2005}
67. What is Meissner effect? (2) {Dec 2004}
68. What is superconductivity? What are the differences between type-I and type-II superconductors? A type-I superconductor with Tc = 7K has slope dHc/dT = -25mTK⁻¹ at Tc. Estimate its critical field at 6K. Also calculate the jump in the specific heat at Tc. (2,3,3) {Dec 2004}
69. Metals, which are very good conductors at normal temperatures do not show superconducting behaviour. Why? (2) {May 2004}

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70. Distinguish between type-I and type-II superconductors. Briefly discuss the BCS theory of superconductivity. (5) {May 2004}
71. State and explain Meissner Effect. How do London equations account for this effect? (3) {May
    

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