? Define Fascia.
? Differentiate between Superficial and Deep
Fascia.
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? Applied Anatomy
Tissues of the body
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The tissue: is a group of cells whichperform a specific function
There are four basic tissues:
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1.Epithelium
2.Connective tissue
3.Muscular tissue
4.Nervous tissue
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SkinIMPORTANCE OF SKIN
qNormalskinisaverycomplexorgan
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Theskinisoneofthelargestorgansofthe
body:76oosqcm
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FUNCTIONS OF THE SKIN
1-Protection
continuousandcoversthebodyaswellas
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protectsthedeeptissues
abrasion, invasion, water loss, UV protection
2-Vitamin D synthesis
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epidermal keratinocytes when exposed to UVlight
helps maintain health of skeleton by increasing
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absorption of Ca2+
3-Sensation
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receptors for heat, cold, touch,pressure, vibration and pain
4- Thermoregulation
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thermo receptors and sweat glandshypothalamus controls cutaneous
arteries and sweat glands to retain or
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dissipate heat5- Excretion
through the secretion of sweat.
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6- Psychological and social functionsappearance and social acceptance
facial expression and nonverbal
communication
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q Keratinized stratified squamous
epithelium devoid of blood vessels
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Connective tissue
containing (bl. v.
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lymph v., sensorynerve endings,
smooth m, hair
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follicles, sweat and
sebaceous glands)
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In its deep part thecollagen bundles
are arranged in
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parallel rows
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? Keratinocytes (90%)- waterproofs & protects skin,
nails, hair, stratum corneum
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? Melanocytes (8%)- produce melanin? Merkel Cells- slow mechanoreceptors
? Langerhans' Cells- immunological defense
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?Stratum Corneum
?
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Stratum Lucidum
?
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Stratum Granulosum?
Stratum Spinosum
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?
Stratum Basale-
(Germinativum)
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Epidermis
Thickness is increased:
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The epidermis is generally thin except in :? The palms of the hand.
? The soles of the feet.
Why?
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To protect these parts and withstand friction,wear and tear that occurs in these regions.
Dermis
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papillary dermis
reticular dermis
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a. CellularFibroblasts (synthesize collagen, elastin, and reticulin),
histiocytes, endothelial cells, perivascular macrophages and
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dendritic cells, mast cells, smooth muscle, and cells of peripheralnerves
b. Fibrous
Collagen & reticulin - provide tensile strength
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Elastic fibers- provide for restoration of shape after a deformationc. Ground substance
glycosaminoglycans: hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, and
dermatan sulfate.
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Hypodermis
This layer contains adipose tissue and serves to attach the dermis to its underlying tissues.
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Lines of cleavage
? The collagen fibers, arranged in parallel rows,
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called:Lines of cleavage (langer's lines):
? The direction of the rows of collagen fibers in the
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dermis:
It runs
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?Longitudinally in the limbs.?Circumferentially in the neck and the trunk.
Lines of cleavage
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These lines are importantto determine the direction
for an incision (cut) during
a surgery to avoid obvious
scars.
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? A surgical incision along or between these lines
causes the minimum disruption of collagen so that the
wound heals with a small scar.
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? Conversely, an incision made across the rows ofcollagen makes a disruption resulting in the massive
production of fresh collagen and the formation of a
broad scar.
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Skin creases
Folded skin over the
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joints.Skin is thin and is
firmly adherent to
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underlying structures.Some variations in human skin color
Sub-Saharan African, Indian, Southern European, Northwest European
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Skin Color? Due to Melanin, a pigment in the
epidermis and Carotene,
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? Melanin is synthesized in cells called
Melanocytes (found in basal layer).
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? Number of Melanocytes is essentially thesame in all races.
? The differences in skin color is due to the
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amount of pigment the melanocytes
produce.
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? Cyanotic? Jaundice
? Erythema
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? Pallor
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? Pigmentation levels usually increase with age.
- exception: premature graying
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? Normal pigmentation may be altered bygenetic defects or by acquired diseases.
-Hyperpigmentation- age spots
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-Hypopigmentation- vitiligo,
albinism
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External agents can also alter skin color.? lightening agents
? carotene
? dyes
? Some internal compounds--such as the byproducts
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of hemoglobin metabolism--may color the skin.
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SKIN IN ANAEMIA
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CHICKEN POX
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SKIN ERUPTIONS
ACNE
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Skin infections
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Pathogenic organisms canenter to the tissue through :
? Nail Folds
? Hair Follicles
? Sebaceous Glands
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Staphylococcus:
A type of bacteria that causes
skin infections.
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Ring wormMalignant melanoma
?
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2% of all cancers
Risks:
1.
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Skin type
2. Sun exposure
3.
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Family history
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4. AgeNormal mole Melanoma
5. Immunological status
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?
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A= asymmetry?
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B= border
?
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C= color?
D= diameter
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Skin Cancers
The appendages of the skin
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? Nails
? Hairs
? Sebaceous glands
? Sweat glands
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Nails
A nail is a flat horny plate on
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the dorsal surface of tips ofthe fingers and toes
It has:
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Root: proximal edge (part
embedded in skin)
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body: exposed part & has afree distal edge
Nail fold: folds of skin
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? Nail bed is very vascular causing
surround and overlap the
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pink color of the nail? The germinative zone lies beneath
nail
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the root& is responsible for growthof nail
Hair
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Cover whole surface of
the body except some
areas as lips, palms, soles,
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some genital areasHair
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Hair follicles: invaginations of the
epidermis into the dermis, the
hair grows out of these follicles
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(hair shaft).Hair bulb: the expanded extremity
of the follicle, concaved at the
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end (located deep in the dermis).Hair papilla: a vascular connective
tissue that occupies the
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concavity of the bulb.Arrector Pilli muscle
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? A band of smooth muscleconnects the undersurface of the
follicle to the superficial part of
the dermis.
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? It is innervated by sympatheticnerve fibers.
? It is involuntary.
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Arrector Pilli muscleFunctions:
?Its contraction causes the
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hair to move into a morevertical position.
? It compresses the
sebaceous gland and
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causes it to extrude sebum.--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Sebaceous glandsFunction
It secrets sebum to oil
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(lubricate) hair and
skin.
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SebumAn oily material that
keeps the flexibility of
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the hair and oils the
epidermis around the
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mouth of the follicle.Sebaceous cyst
It occurs because of the
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obstruction (blocking) of thesebaceous duct.
Sweat glands
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? long tubular glands with deep
coiled part.
? All over the body except red
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margins of lips, nail beds, glanspenis and clitoris.
? The most deeply penetrated
structure.
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Skin burns
Superficial
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DeepHeals rapidly from the edges,.
Heals slowly from the edges.
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Heals quickly.
Usually needs skin grafting.
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Clinical notesGraft is transferring tissue from one site to another.
Skin graft is needed when the skin is damaged ( usually by deep
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burning )Clinical notes
Skin Graft
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Split thickness graftingFull thickness grafting
Transferring epidermis only
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Transferring both
epidermis and dermis.
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FasciaFascia
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Collection of connective tissueSuperficial fascia
Deep fascia
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Superficial fascia
Deep Fascia
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Superficial fascia
Superficial fascia:
?
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Loose, mixture of adipose and loose areolar tissues.
?
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It unites the skin to the underlying structures.?
It is dense in some places as scalp, palm of hand and sole of foot
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and contains collagen bundles
?
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It is thin in the eyelids, auricle, scrotum (devoid of adiposetissue).
Functions:
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?Facilitates movement of skin over underlying structures.
?
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Passage for cutaneous vessels, nerves.
?
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Protects the body against heat loss.Superficial fascia
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Deep fasciaIt is more dense than superficial fascia
Collagenous bundles are more compact and
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more regularly arranged
It is usually present in the form of membranes
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Examples of deep fascia
A. Intermuscularsepta
liebetweenmusclesdividing
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thelimbintocompartmentsExamples of deep fascia
B. Investing fascia
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? Covers the surfaces of muscles
? In the neck: it forms well-defined layers,
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bounds fascial spaces so limits spread ofinfection or determine the path of infection
? In the abdomen: it is thin
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? In the limbs: forms a definite sheath around themuscles
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Examples of deep fasciaC. Retinacula
Localized thickening of deep fascia around joints, hold the tendons
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in place, prevent bowstringing of tendons