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Download MBBS Anatomy PPT 60 Respiratory System Histology Notes

Download MBBS (Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery) Human Anatomy ppt lectures Topic 60 Respiratory System Histology Notes. - anatomy ppt free download human anatomy ppt lectures, medicine notes ppt, anatomy handwritten notes pdf, mbbs 1st year anatomy notes pdf download, best anatomy notes pdf, human anatomy notes pdf, anatomy easy notes pdf, anatomy notes online, anatomy short notes, Anatomy ppt, Powerpoint Presentations and lecture notes.

This post was last modified on 05 April 2022


Learning Objectives

? Introduction
? Gross features

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? Bronchial Tree
? Microscopic features of different part
? Functional correlations
? Clinical correlates

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Introduction

? Provide molecular oxygen for cellular oxidation
? Remove carbon dioxide generated
? Vascular or circulatory transport AND Air/Gas transport

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Gross Anatomy

Bronchopulmonary Segments

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Continued.....

Continued.....

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Functional Requirements

? The Respiratory System has tubular components for air/gas

conduction

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? Plus respiratory components for gas exchange.
? Inspiratory pressure tends to collapse the conducting tubes. They

must be held open.

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? Other essential functions include: warming; moistening; cleansing by

removal of particulate matter; detoxification by absorption of harmful

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gases; and entrapment of harmful bacteria and viruses.

Conduction

? The nasal cavity is held open by bone and cartilage.

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? Most of the additional functions are carried out by

pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelial cells and goblet

cells (mucous secretors).

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? The cilia beat rhythmically in one direction only
? Move debris and pathogen-laden mucous to the oropharynx

and mouth where it is expectorated or swallowed.

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Continued.....

? Air temperature control is by the profuse capillary beds that

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are beneath the epithelium

? Which warm or cool inspired air.
? Extensive venous plexus, largely replace capillaries in the

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nasal cavities to modify air temperature

Trachea

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Bronchus and Bronchial Tree

? The trachea typifies the

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conducting system.

? The cilia are paralyzed by

cigarette smoke.

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? At rest, smooth muscle

contraction decreases

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tracheal (and bronchial)

diameter to decrease

respiratory dead space.

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Continued......

? Bronchioles - lumen of 1mm or less in diameter.
? The epithelium ciliated columnar.

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? Cartilage and glands disappear
? Bronchiole is held open by the surrounding lung tissue.
? The smooth muscle in the wall may excessively narrow the

lumen in asthma.

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Bronchiole

? Bronchioles with a lumen of 1

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mm or less in diameter.

? Epithelium becomes ciliated

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columnar.

? Cartilage and glands disappear

? The bronchiole is held open by

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the surrounding lung tissue.

? The smooth muscle may

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excessively narrow the lumen in

asthma.

Bronchiole

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? Bronchioles continue to

divide and decrease in size

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? Terminal Bronchioles
? Respiratory Bronchioles ,

which give the alveolar

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ducts, alveolar sacs and

alveoli.


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Terminal and Respiratory Bronchioles

? Epithelium - non-ciliated

cuboidal and goblet cells

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disappear.

? Gas exchange - in the

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respiratory alveoli

? That bud from the

respiratory bronchioles.

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Alveoli

? The alveoli - functional unit
? Out-pocketings of respiratory

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bronchioles, alveolar ducts and

alveolar sacs.

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? The most conspicuous feature of

the alveolar wall -Presence of

many small capillaries in the

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septae between them.

? Opposite the septae the alveoli

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are open to allow air entry.


Epithelium

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? Type I are the flattened epithelial cel s

(squamous pneumocytes) that have

cytoplasmic extensions about 0.1 - 0.3

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um thick and have no microvil i.

? In some areas the basal lamina of the

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type I cel is fused to the capil ary

? Endothelium - possible areas of gas

exchange.

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? Type I , the large alveolar cel s (granular

pneumocytes) are cuboidal without

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broad cytoplasmic extensions and

occupy about 5% of the alveolar surface.
Epithelium

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? Type II Cells produce Surfactant, a stabilizing, surface-active material

consisting mainly of the phospholipid lecithin.

? Surfactant is crucial to lung function

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? Its high viscosity and low surface tension, stabilizes the diameter of

alveoli preventing collapse after expiration, while retaining residual

air in the alveoli after each breath;

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? Because alveoli are already partially open, energy expenditure in

subsequent inspirations is much less.

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Continued....

? Acting as a detergent surfactant facilitates the removal of amniotic

fluid from the lungs at birth, before the first breath.

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? Dust cells (macrophages) usually lie free in the alveoli and air

passageways.

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? Their role is to clear the lungs of invading bacteria and inspired

particulate material (e.g. dust and carbon particles).


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Summary

? Massive surface area for gas exchange (75 square metres)
? As lumen decreases so do cartilage, cilia, epithelial height and mucous
? Smooth muscle controls diameter, but excessively narrowing in

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asthma

? Surfactant is thick in polycystic fibrosis

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Emphysema


Bronchiectasis

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MCQs

Question :- Which of the following is correct regarding Clara cell?
a. Ciliated secretory cuboidal cells
b. Present in larger terminal bronchiole

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c. Present in smaller terminal bronchiole
d. Number decreases in small bronchiole