gorillas
bonobos
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chimps
orangutans
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orangutansbonobos
chimps
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gorillas
gibbons
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humansCampbell and Loy, Humankind Emerging, 8th ed, p. 138f
Is Bipedalism is bad for your health?
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Pulled muscles, slipped discs & rheumatism
Varicose veins
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Calluses/flat feetHaemorrhoids !!!!
Bipedal Locomotion
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Why bipedalism?Apes
The ability to assume a fairly
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erect posture produced
important changes
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Chimpanzee
The Primates, Time-Life (1974) p. 71
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BipedalismBipedalism is related to tool
use
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BipedalismBipedalism also makes hunting
more energy efficient
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Bipedalism
Seed and nut gathering
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andFeeding from bushes
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BipedalismBipedalism and vision
(visual surveillance)
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Bipedalism
body temperature
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Organization of the Lower Limb
Segments of the Lower Limb
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? Limb Girdle
? pelvic girdle (gluteal)
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? Free limb- thigh
- leg
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- foot
Parts and regions of the lower limb
? Gluteal region:between iliac
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crest superiorly and gluteal
fold inferiorly
? Thigh:between hip and knee
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? Knee:joint between leg and
thigh
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? Leg:between knee and foot? Ankle
? Foot
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Composition of Lower Limb
? Skeleton (homologous with upper limb)
? Muscles--anterior, posterior compartments
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? Nerves--sciatic, femoral, Obturator? Surface anatomy
Bones of the Lower Limb
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? Function:
? Locomotion
? Carry weight of entire erect body
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? Support? Points for muscular attachments
? Components:
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? Thigh? Femur
? Knee
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? Patella
? Leg
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? Tibia (medial)? Fibula (lateral)
? Foot
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? Tarsals (7)? Metatarsals (5)
? Phalanges (14)
Thigh
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? Femur
? Largest, longest,
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strongest bone in thebody!!
? Receives a lot of stress
? Courses medially
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? Articulates withacetabulum proximally
? Articulates with tibia and
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patella distally
Knee
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? Patella
? Triangular sesamoid
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bone? Protects knee joint
? Improves leverage of
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thigh muscles acting
across the knee
? Contained within
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patellar ligament
Leg
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? Tibia? Receives the weight of body from
femur and transmits to foot
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? Second to femur in size and weight
? Articulates with fibula proximally
and distally
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? Interosseous membrane
? Fibula
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? Does NOT bear weight? Muscle attachment
? Not part of knee joint
? Stabilize ankle joint
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Foot? Function:
? Supports the weight of the
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body
? Act as a lever to propel the
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body forward? Parts:
? Tarsals
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? Talus = ankle
? Calcaneus = heel
? Navicular
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? Cuboid? Medial, lateral and
intermediate cuneiforms
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? Metatarsals? Phalanges
Fascia of the Lower Limb
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Gluteal Fascia Fascia LataCrural Fascia
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Fascial Compartments of the Thigh
anterior compartment
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Fascia Lata
medial compartment
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posterior compartmentAnterior compartment
Medial (adductor) compartment
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Posterior compartment
Deep fascia ? fascia lata
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Iliotibial tractSaphenous hiatus
falciform margin
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cribriform fascia
Anterior/Posterior compartments
ANTERIOR
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POSTERIOR
COMPARTMENT COMPARTMENT
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MOVEMENTExtension
Flexion
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MUSCLES
Quads
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HamstringsShin
Gastrocs
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NERVES
Femoral n.
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Sciatic n.(lumbar plexus)
(sacral plexus)
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Muscles of Hip and Thigh
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? Gluteals
? Posterior pelvis
? Extend thigh
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? Rotate thigh? Abducts thigh
? Anterior Compartment Thigh
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? Flexes thigh at hip? Extends leg at knee
? Medial/Adductor Compartment
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? Adducts thigh? Medially rotates thigh
? Posterior Compartment Thigh
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? Extends thigh? Flexes leg
Gluteals
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? Gluteus maximus? Action - Extends thigh, some lateral rotation
and abduction
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? Gluteus medius
? Gluteus minimus
? Action - Abduction, medial rotation
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? Lesser Gluteals help stabilize hip to
allow fluent bipedal walking
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Posterior Pelvis
? Tensor fasciae latae
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? Action - Flex thigh, abductthigh, medial rotation of thigh
Anterior Compartment Thigh
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? Quadriceps femoris
? Rectus femoris
? Vastus lateralis
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? Vastus medialis? Vastus intermedius
? Action ? extends knee
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? SartoriusAll above innervated by the femoral nerve!!!
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Anterior Compartment Thigh? Iliopsoas
?
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Medial compartment (obturator n.)
? Adductor muscles
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? Gracilis? Adductor
? Magnus
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? Longus? brevis
Posterior Compartment - Hamstring
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? Biceps femoris (2 heads)
? Action - thigh extension, knee
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flexion, lateral rotation? Semitendinosus
? Semimembranosus
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? Action - thigh extension, knee
flexion, medial rotation
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Sciatic nerve innervates all of the above muscles!!!Muscles of the Leg
? Anterior Compartment
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? Dorsiflex ankle, invert foot,
extend toes
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? Innervation: Deep fibularnerve
? Lateral Compartment
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? Plantarflex, evert foot
? Innervation: Superficial
Fibular nerve
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? Posterior Compartment
? Superficial and deep layers
? Plantarflex foot, flex toes
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? Innervation: Tibial nerveAnterior Compartment
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? Tibialis anterior? Action - dorsiflexion, foot inversion
? Extensor digitorum longus
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? Action ? toe extension
? Extensor hallucis longus
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? Action - extend big toe, dorsiflex footAll innervated by deep fibular nerve
Lateral Compartment
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? Fibularis (peroneus) longus
? Action - plantarflex, evert foot
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? Fibularis (peroneus) brevis? Action ? same as above!!
All innervated by the superficial fibular nerve
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Superficial Posterior Compartment
? Triceps surae
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? Gastrocnemius (2 heads)
? Origin - medial and lateral condyles of femur
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? Insertion - posterior calcaneus via Achillestendon
? Soleus
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? Origin ? tibia and fibula
? Insertion ? same as above
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? Action of both ? plantarflex foot? Plantaris (variable)
? Origin ? posterior femur
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? Insertion ? same as above!? Action ? plantarflex foot, week knee flexion
All innervated by the tibial nerve
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Deep Posterior Compartment?
Popliteus
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? Origin - lateral condyle femur
and lateral meniscus
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? Insertion ? proximal tibia? Action ? flex and medially rotate leg
?
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Flexor digitorum longus? Origin - tibia
? Insertion - distal phalanges of toe 2-5
? Action ? plantarflex and invert foot, flex toe
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?
Flexor hallucis longus
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? Origin - fibula? Insertion - distal phalanx of hallux
? Action - plantarflex and invert foot, flex toe
?
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Tibialis posterior
? Origin ? tibia, fibula, and interosseous
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membrane? Insertion - tarsals and metatarsals
? Action - plantarflex and invert foot
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All innervated by the tibial nerve--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Leg movements by compartment (inleg all nare branches of sciatic)
Intrinsics of foot
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Frolich, Human Anatomy,
Lower LImb
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InnervationPlexuses of the Lower Limb
? "Lumbosacral plexus"
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? Lumbar Plexus
? Arises from L1-L4
? Lies within the psoas major
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muscle
? Mostly anterior structures
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? Sacral Plexus? Arises from spinal nerve L4-S4
? Lies caudal to the lumbar
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plexus? Mostly posterior structures
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Lumbar Plexus?
Femoral nerve
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? Cutaneous branches
? Thigh, leg, foot (e.g. saphenous nerve)
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? Motor branches? Anterior thigh muscles (e.g. quadriceps, sartorius,
iliopsoas)
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?
Obturator nerve
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? Sensory? Skin medial thigh; hip, knee joints
? Motor
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? Adductor muscles
?
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Lateral femoral cutaneous? Sensory
? Skin lateral thigh
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?
Genitofemoral
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? Sensory? Skin scrotum, labia major, anterior thigh
? Motor
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? Cremaster muscle
Sacral Plexus
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? Sciatic? Motor:
? Hamstring
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? Branches into:
? Tibial nerve
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? Cutaneous? Posterior leg and sole of foot
? Motor
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? Posterior leg, foot
? Common fibular (peroneal) nerve
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Cutaneous? Anterior and lateral leg, dorsum foot
? Motor
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? Lateral compartment, tibialis anterior, toe
extensors
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? Superior gluteal nerve? Motor
? Gluteus medius and minimus, tensor fasciae
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latae
Sacral Plexus (continued)
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? Inferior gluteal nerve
? Motor
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? Gluteus maximus? Posterior femoral cutaneous
nerve
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? Sensory
? Inferior buttocks, posterior
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thigh, popliteal fossa? Pudendal nerve
? Sensory
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? External genitalia, anus
? Motor
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? Muscles of perineumVasculature
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Arteries? Common iliac (from aorta)
branches into:
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? Internal iliac
? Supplies pelvic organs
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? External iliac? Supplies lower limb
Arteries
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Internal iliac branches into:
? Cranial and Caudal Gluteals
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(Superior and Inferior)? Gluteals
? Internal Pudendal
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? Perineum, external genitalia
? Obturator
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? Adductor muscles? Other branches supply rectum,
bladder, uterus, vagina, male
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reproductive glandsArteries
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? External iliac becomes.......? Femoral
? Once passes the inguinal ligament
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? Lower limb? Branches into Deep femoral
? Adductors, hamstrings, quadriceps
? Branches into Medial/lateral femoral circumflex
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? Head and neck of femur
? Femoral becomes......
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Popliteal (continuation of femoral)? Branches into:
? Geniculars
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? Knee
? Splits into:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Anterior Tibial? Anterior leg muscles, further branches to feet
? Posterior Tibial
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? Flexor muscles, plantar arch, branches to toes
Veins
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Deep Veins: Mostly share names ofarteries
? Ultimately empty into Inferior Vena Cava
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? Plantar
? Tibial
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? Fibular? Popliteal
? Femoral
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? External/internal iliac
? Common iliac
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? Superficial Veins? Dorsal venous arch (foot)
? Great saphenous (empties into femoral)
? Small saphenous (empties into popliteal)
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SURFACE ANATOMY
All of the following structures
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are palpable in the inguinalregion:
Symphysis pubis.
Body of pubis.
Pubic tubercle.
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Anterior Superior IliacSpine.
The inguinal ligament extends
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
between:pubic tubercle and
ASIS.
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In the mid-inguinal point you can
feel the pulsations of the femoral
artery.
The femoral vein lies on the
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medial side of the artery.While the femoral nerve lies lateral
to the artery.
54
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? Midinguinal point:
? It is a point on the inguinal
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ligament midway between thesymphysis pubis and the ASIS.
? The femoral artery is an important
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site for vascular access as a largenumber of arteriographic
procedures are undertaken
through its percutaneous
puncture, (coronary angiography).
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55
Anterior Compartment of Thigh
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Superficial structures
Cutaneous nerves:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Femoral branch of jenitofemoraln.
ilioinguinal n.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lateral cutaneous n. of thighAnterior cutaneous n. of thigh
medial cutaneous n. of thigh
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
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Key dermatomes* of
the Lower Limb
umbilicus - T10
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hip crease - L1
great toe - L4
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5th toe - S1*area of skin supplied by a
dorsal nerve root
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cutaneous NerveInnervation
of the Lower Limb
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Superficial arteries:
superficial epigastric
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a.superficial iliac
circumflex a.
external pudendal a.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Superficial veinsSuperficial epigastric v.
Superficial circumflex iliac v.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Superficial External
pudendal v.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Superficial lateral femoral v.Great saphenous v.
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Superficial inguinal
lymph nodes:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Horizontal groupVertical group
Superficial inguinal
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lymph nodes
Superior group:
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Lies just distal to theinguinal ligament
Receive lymph from
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
anterior abdominal wall
below umbilicus, gluteal
region, perineal region,
external genital organs
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Superficial inguinal lymph nodes
Inferior group:
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Lies vertical along the
terminal great
saphenous v.
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Receives all superficial
lymphatics of lower limb,
except for those from
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the posterolateral partof calf
Efferent vessels drain into
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the deep inguinal ln. orexternal iliac ln.
THE FEMORAL TRIANGLE
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SIGNIFICANCE
? The femoral triangle is a hollow in
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the anterior thigh region.? Many large neurovascular structures
pass through this area, and can be
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accessed relatively easily.? Thus, it is an area of both anatomical
and clinical importance.
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Surface anatomy of the femoral
triangle
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BOUNDARIES
? Superior border ? Formed by
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the inguinal ligament.? Lateral border ? Formed by
the medial border of the
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sartorius muscle.? Medial border ? Formed by
the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
medial
border
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ofthe adductor longus muscle.
The rest of this muscle forms
part of the floor of the
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triangle.THE FEMORAL TRIANGLE
? It also has a floor and a
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roof:
? Anteriorly, the roof of the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
femoral triangle is formedby the fascia lata.
? Posteriorly, the base of the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
femoral triangle is formedby the pectineus, iliopsoas
and adductor longus
muscles.
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Inguinal Ligament
? The inguinal ligament
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acts as a flexorretinaculum, supporting
the contents of the
femoral triangle during
flexion at the hip
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The contents of the femoral triangle
? Contents
? The femoral triangle
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
contains some of the
major neurovascular
structures of the lower
limb. Its contents (lateral
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to medial) are:? Femoral nerve ?
Innervates the anterior
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compartment of thethigh, and provides
sensory branches for the
leg and foot.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
The contents of the femoral triangle
? Femoral artery ?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Responsible for themajority of the arterial
supply to the lower limb.
? Femoral vein ? The great
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
saphenous vein drains
into the femoral vein
within the triangle.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Femoral canal ? Astructure which contains
deep lymph nodes and
vessels
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