Do's and Don'ts To Maintain
Clean and Green Environment
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Contents
? What is an Environment?
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? Significance of an Environment onHuman Health
? Environmental Pol ution and Pol utants :
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Types, Sources, Effects on human health
Control and Prevention
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What Is An Environment ?
Features Of An Environment
? Next to Nutrition, Environment is most important
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factor for human healthy life
? Environment is purely a natural entity where
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human being in his living is surrounded with it.? Environment of human being comprises of :
Atmosphere,air,water,soil,radiations,sound
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,Temperature etc.
? Environment is directly and indirectly connected to
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human body? Natural environment is balanced and healthy
Environmental Entities
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? Atmosphere
? Water
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General? physical structure
Oceans
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? chemical composition
? composition, desalination
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Outer Atmosphere? ozone - photochem,
Fresh water
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Troposphere
? Sulfur, acid rain
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? Oxygen, water treatment? CO
? NOx, smog
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? "Green Chemistry"
? CO2, H2O
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? ClimateHuman Beings Leaders Of Universe
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are Responsible For Maintaining StateOf An Environment
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Significance Of An Environment OnHuman Health
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Close Relationship OfEnvironment And Human Health
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Environmental Pol utants--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Environmental Pol utants DirectlyAffect Human Health
Toxicity Of Pol utants Depends Upon
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Amount,Duration,Potency
? Toxicity of pollutants is measured by dose and
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response? Dose: An amount that enters body of an exposed
organism
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? Response: An amount of damage caused by a
specific dose
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? LD50? Lethal dose to 50% of test organisms
? Smaller LD50 more lethal is the chemical
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? Determined for all new synthetic chemicalsToxicity
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? ED50? Effective dose to 50% of test organisms
? ED50 causes 50% of population to exhibit whatever
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effect is under study? Dose-Response Curve
? Illustrates an effect of different doses on a
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population
? Threshold Level
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? Maximum dose with no measurable effectsEnvironmental Pol utants and Disease
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? Often difficult tolink pollutants to
their effects on
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people
? Persistence
? Bioaccumulation
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? BiomagnificationPersistence
? A characteristic of certain chemicals that are
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extremely stable and may take many years to
be broken down into simpler forms by natural
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processes? Synthetic chemicals (those not found in nature)
? Ex: DDT
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? Natural decomposers (bacteria) have notevolved a way to break it down
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Bioaccumulation? Buildup of a persistent toxic substance in an
organism's body, often in fatty tissues
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? Synthetic chemical do not metabolize well
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? They remain in body for extended periods of timeBiomagnification
? An increased
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concentration of
toxic chemicals in
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tissues of organismsthat are at higher
levels in food webs
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? Diagram is example
of biomagnification
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of DDT--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Groupings of Chemical Pol utants:
Grouping
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Grouped According to:
EDC (Endocrine Disrupting Chemical)
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toxicological mode of action orCMR (Carcinogenic, Mutagenic, toxic to
endpoint
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Reproduction)
PBT (Persistent, Bioaccumulative Toxic)
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environmental propertiesvPvB (very Persistent, very Bioaccumulative)
POP (Persistent Organic Pollutant)
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PPCPstype of intended usage
priority pollutants and others
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legislation
"emerging" contaminants/pollutants
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novelty, fad, timeliness, or newconcern
PPCPs as Environmental Pol utants
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? PPCPs are a diverse group of chemicals comprising all human and
veterinary drugs (available by prescription or over-the-counter;
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including new genre of "biologics"? Diagnostic agents (X-ray contrast media)
? Nutraceuticals (bioactive food supplements such as huperzine A)
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? Fragrances,Perfumes,Deos Sprays (e.g., musks)
? Sun-screen agents (e.g., 4-methylbenzylidene camphor
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octocrylene)? Excipients (so called "inert" ingredients used in PPCP
manufacturing and formulation; e.g., parabens)
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Mechanism of
Environmental Pol utants
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? Environmental pol utant of physical, chemical or
biological origin
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? Interacts with various biomolecules of human bodyas per specific affinity
? Accumulate in cel s and tissues
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? Disturb biomolecule structural features
? Distract biomolecules from true function
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? Loads immune system, liver and kidneys? Alter normal health
? Leads to il -effects/disorders- Anemia,Cancers
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Endocrine Disrupters
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? A chemical that mimics or interferes with the actions ofthe endocrine system in humans and wildlife
? i.e. It effects the ability of the hormones in the organisms to
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function properly
? Examples include:
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? PCBs, Dioxins? Heavy metals ? lead and mercury
? DDT
? Animals exposed to these chemicals have altered
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reproductive development and are often sterile
Endocrine Disrupters and Humans
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? Infertility and hormonally related cancers areincreasing
? Breast cancer and testicular cancer
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? Phthalates have been implicated as potential
endocrine disrupters
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? Common ingredient in: cosmetics, fragrances, nailpolish, medication, toys, food packaging
? Cannot make a link between endocrine
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disrupters and human illness
? Too few studies have been performed
Determining Health Effects of Pol utants
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? Toxicants to human body
? Toxicant- chemical with adverse human health
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effects? Acute toxicity
? Adverse effects occur within a short period after
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exposure to toxin
? Chronic toxicity
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? Adverse effects occur some time after exposure,or after prolonged exposure to toxin
? Symptoms often mimic other diseases- hard to
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assess source
Children and Chemical Exposure
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? Children are more susceptible to chemicals? Weigh less than adults
? Bodies are stil developing
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? Play on floors and lawns
? Exposed to cleaning products and pesticides
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? Put things into their mouthsExposure Of Chemical Mixtures
? Generally humans body is exposed to chemical
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mixtures? Ex: automobile exhaust
? Chemical Mixtures interact by
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? Additivity
? Synergy
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? AntagonismRisk Assessment
? Risk- probability that a particular adverse effect wil
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result from some exposure or condition
? We assess risk daily with four steps:
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1. Hazard identification2. Dose response assessment
3. Exposure assessment
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4. Risk characterization
Environmental Hazards
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Composition of Atmosphere
? Composition of gases in
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an atmosphere is notuniform.
? Lighter gases tend to rise
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to top.
Gases are measured in ppm volume (?L/L), which is
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directly proportional to mole fraction.Outer Atmosphere
? Sun emits radiation
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across anelectromagnetic
o
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fp
h
o
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to
n
s
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spectrum.umber
? Light in an ultraviolet
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N
region has enough
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energy to breakchemical bonds.
Wavelength, m
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Energy
Ozone
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? Ozone absorbs much of radiation between 240 and 310nm.
? It forms from reaction of molecular oxygen with an oxygen
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atoms produced in upper atmosphere by
photodissociation (< 242 nm).
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O + O2 O3Ozone Depletion
In 1974 Rowland and Molina (Nobel Prize, 1995)
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discovered that chlorine from chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs) may be depleting the supply of ozone in the
upper atmosphere.
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Troposphere
Although Troposphere is made up almost entirely of
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nitrogen and oxygen, other gases present in relatively smallamounts still have a profound effect on troposphere.
Radiation
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AuroraFormed {Atmosphere is first
here
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line of defense against
radiation from Sun.
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ChlorofluorocarbonsCFCs were used for years as aerosol
propellants and refrigerants.
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Mostly = CFCl3, CF2Cl2.
They are not water soluble (so they do not
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get washed out of the atmosphere by rain)and are quite unreactive (so they are not
degraded naturally).
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Water Vapor and Carbon Dioxide? Gases in an atmosphere form an insulating blanket that
causes the Earth's thermal consistency.
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? Two of the most important such gases are carbon
dioxide and water vapor.
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Water Vapor and Carbon Dioxide? This blanketing effect is
known as the "greenhouse
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effect."
? Water vapor, with its high
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specific heat, is a majorfactor in this moderating
effect.
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? But increasing levels of CO2
in an atmosphere is causing
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an increase in globaltemperatures.
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Sulfur? Sulfur dioxide is a by-product of burning of coal or oil.
? It reacts with moisture in air to form sulfuric acid.
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? It is primarily responsible for acid rain.
Carbon Monoxide
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? Carbon monoxide bindspreferentially to the iron
in red blood cells.
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? Exposure to CO can
lower O2 levels to the
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point of causing loss ofconsciousness and death.
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Nitrogen Oxides? What we recognize as
smog, that brownish gas
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that hangs above large
cities like Los Angeles, is
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primarily nitrogendioxide, NO2.
? It forms from the
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oxidation of nitric oxide,
NO, a component of car
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exhaust.Photochemical Smog
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Smog also contains ozone, carbon monoxide,hydrocarbons, and particles.
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Effect of Photochemical Smog onHuman Health
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Effects Of Water Pol ution
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Shocking side effects of Earphones
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To Brain and Ears!? TINNITUS. [Noise in ear]. . .
? HYPERACUSIS. This is an increased sensitivity to
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normal environment sounds.
? SEVERE EAR INFECTION. It is usual y unavoidable
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that people share earphones. . .? LOSS OF HEARING. . .
? AFFECTS YOUR BRAIN. . .
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? EAR PAIN. . .
? LOSS OF CONNECTION WITH REALITY. . .
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? LEARNING DISABILITIES.Research findings
Sound's volume by 6 to 9 decibels
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? Loud music played on earphones causes hearing
loss by having a similar effect on nerves as
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multiple sclerosis,? Research shows noise levels above 110 decibels
strip insulation from nerve fibers carrying signals
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from the ear to the brain.
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Human Responsibilities To Maintain
Healthy Environment
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? Use Sense, time and Energy for Significance and
Health
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? Be Monitor,maintainer,Constructor? Never be Destructor
? Do sensible environmental friendly acts which
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control and prevent pollution
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Factors For Quality Of Health? Intentions and Actions= Behavior (Sleep Cycle)
? Nutrition (Food Cycle)
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? Environment