Ghee
Butter
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CheeseCurds
Butter
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Milk
Milk
Chicken
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fish
Cheese
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Food NutrientsBody Constituents
Carbohydrates
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Proteins
Lipids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
LIPIDS
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CHEMISTRY AND FUNCTIONSSYNOPSIS/CONTENTS
WHAT ARE LIPIDS?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
DEFINITION OF LIPIDSCLASSIFICATION OF LIPIDS
BIOMEDICALLY IMPORTANT LIPIDS
STRUCTURE,FUNCTIONS,PROPERTIES
AND RELATED DISORDERS OF LIPIDS.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
INTRODUCTIONWHAT ARE LIPIDS?
Lipids are :
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Organic BiomoleculesOccurs in Plants and Animals
Hydrophobic
Heterogeneous
Esters
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Food NutrientSecondary Source of Energy
Structural Components
Heterogeneous Nature Of Lipids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Features Of Lipids
L
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Heterogeneous
I
P
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Structure
I
D
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Functions
S
Lipids are biomolecules
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
relatively :
Smaller in size
Less dense
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Unlike Carbohydrates and
Proteins Lipid structures
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
are not Bio-Polymers.(Lipid structure contains no repeatedly
linked Monomeric units)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Solubility Of LipidsSolubility Of Lipids
Lipids are relatively Insoluble in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Water/Polar Solvent Water/polar
solvents
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Since they are Non polar and HydrophobicSolubility of Lipids
Lipids are readily soluble in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
non polar Organic solvents /FatSolvents
Acetone
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Alcohol (Hot)Benzene
Chloroform
Ether
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Chemical Nature Of LipidsChemically Lipids are Esters :
Lipids are Esters of Fatty acids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
with Alcohol and attached withother groups.
Lipids are relatively or potentially
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
associated with Fatty acids.
DEFINITION OF LIPIDS
Lipids Bloor's Definition
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lipids are Organic, Heterogeneous
Hydrophobic Biomolecules
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Relatively insoluble in water andsoluble in organic solvents.
Chemically Esters of Fatty acids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
with Alcohol.
Utilized by body to produce ATP
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Classification Of LipidsWith Examples of
Biomedical y Important
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lipids
Lipids are Classified
Into
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Three Main Classes
Three Main Classes of Lipids are:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
i.Simple Lipids
ii. Compound /Complex Lipids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
iii. Derived Lipids1. Simple Lipids/Neutral Lipids
Chemically Simple Lipids are:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Esters of Fatty acids withan Alcohol
Sub Classes Of Simple Lipids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Depending upon the type of Alcohol :Simple Lipids are of two sub types:
Fats/Oils
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(Alcohol is Glycerol)Waxes
(Alcohol- Cholesterol/ Retinol)
Fats/Oils/TAG
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Chemical name of Fat /OilTriacylglycerol
Fats/Oils/TAG:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Chemically Esters of Fatty acids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
with Glycerol(Trihydric Alcohol)Three Fatty acids linked to a
Glycerol molecule.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Waxes :Waxes are Simple Lipids
Waxes are chemically Esters of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fatty acids with highercomplex, monohydric
,Alcohols, other than Glycerol.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Examples Of Human Body Waxes :
Cholesterol Ester
(Cholesterol Palmitate)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Retinol Ester
(Retinol Palmitate)
Compound/Complex Lipids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Compound Lipids is a classof Lipids
Chemically composed of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fatty acids Alcohol and
an Additional group.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Depending upon theType of Additional group
Types of Compound Lipids are:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Four Names Of Compound Lipids1. Phospholipids
2. Glycolipids
3. Lipoproteins
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
4. SulfolipidsPhospholipids
Glycerophospholipds
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Sphingophospholipids
Glycosphingolipids
Cerebrosides
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Gangliosides
Globosides
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
SulfatidesLipoproteins
Chylomicrons
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
VLDL
LDL
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
HDLDerived Lipids
Derived Lipids are Hydrolytic
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
products of Simple orCompound Lipids and their
derivatives.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Examples of Derived Lipids:
Fatty Acids
Alcohols:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glycerol
Sphingol
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CholesterolOther Examples Of Derived Lipids
Lipid like compounds Derived from
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fatty acids and Sterols:Steroidal Hormones: Derived from
Cholesterol
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fat Soluble Vitamins (A,D,E and K)
Eicosanoids (Prostaglandins ,
Leukotrienes ,Thromboxanes)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ketone Bodies (Partial Oxidized Products
of Fatty acids)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Bloor's Classification Of LipidsFour Classes of Lipids By Bloor
A. Simple Lipids
B. Complex/Compound
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lipids
C. Derived Lipids
D. Miscellaneous Lipids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
A. Simple Lipid
Simple Lipids are Ester of fatty acids with various
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
alcoholsFats and Oils
Triglycerides
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Waxes
Cetyl alcohol esters of fatty acids(Bees wax)
Cholesterol Esters
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Vitamin A EstersVitamin D Esters
B. Compound lipid
B. Compound Lipids are Esters of fatty acids with
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
alcohol with an additional groups
Phospholipids : contains phosphoric acid and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
often a nitrogenous baseGlycolipids:
contains aminoalcohol
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Spingosine, carbohydrate, N-base;
Lipoproteins : Lipids attached to plasma/other
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
proteinsSulfolipids : contains sulfate group
Lipopolysaccharides: lipids attached to
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
polysaccharidesC.Derived Lipids ?
Hydrolytic products of Simple &
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Compound Lipid
? Diacylglycerol
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Monoacylglycerol? Fatty acids
? Alcohols : Cholesterol
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
D.Miscellaneous LipidsSubstances with Lipid characters
Carotenoids: b-Carotenoid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Squalene :Vitamin E and K
Eicosanoids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Classification of LipidsSimple and complex lipids
Simple
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Complex
Glycerophospholipids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
GlycolipidsPhosphoglycerides Sphingolipids
FA
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
FA
FA
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
GLUCOSEne
ne
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
GALACTOSE
e
rol
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
e
rol
yc
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
FA
yc
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
FAngosi
ngosi
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Gl
Gl
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
FASphi
PO 3-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3-
Sphi
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
4ALCOHOL
PO4
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CHOLINE
FA
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Human body LipidsTypes of Lipids
Depending On
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Saponification PropertyLipid Classification
Lipids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Nonsaponifiable
Saponifiable
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
sid
Steroids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Prostaglandinsn
s
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
of
L
ip
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Simple
c
tio
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Complex
a
l
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
F
un
Sphingolipids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
l
o
g
ic
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Phosphoglycerides
1
7
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
.1
Bio
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
WaxesTriglycerides
Types of Lipids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Depending Upon PolarityNeutral Lipids: (Non Polar Lipids)
Triacylglycerol
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cholesterol Ester (Cholesterol
Palmitate)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Amphipathic/Amphiphillic Lipids:(Contain Polar and Non polar Groups)
Phospholipids
Cholesterol
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Types of Lipids
Depending Upon Functions
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Types Of Lipids
Based On Alcohol
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Types Of Lipids
Based Upon the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Main Components
Names Of Important
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Body Lipids
Biomedical y Important Lipids
1. Fatty Acids (FAs)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2. Triacylglycerol (TAG)3. Phospholipids (PL)
4. Lipoproteins (LP)
5. Glycolipids
6. Cholesterol (Free)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
7. Cholesterol-Ester (Esterified)Biological Functions
Of Lipids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lipids havedietary and
Calorific value
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lipids are chief
constituents of human
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
food.Dietary Lipids Ingested
(eaten) are digested,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
absorbed and assimilated
in human body.
Lipids are highly reduced
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
substances with CH2 bonds.
Oxidation of the CH2 bonds of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fatty acids, generate chemicalform of energy ATP.
Thus Lipids serve as a
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
secondary source of
energy (ATPs) to human
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
body.Lipids are Reservoir of Energy
In a Well Fed Condition
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lipid Triacyl Glycerol (TAG) subcutaneously isstored in Adiposecytes
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
In unlimited amount and in anhydrousconcentrated form.
It provide high potential source of energy for
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
cellular use.
Lipids
Superior Than
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Carbohydrates
Lipids are Superior Than Carbohydrates
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lipids have Higher Calorific value(9Kcal/gm)
High storage content , can be
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
stored in unlimited amount.
They provide energy source for
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
longer duration.(During Marathon Races)
Thus Lipids serve as
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
major reservoir ofenergy for long term
use in human beings.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Other Importance Aspect Of
Dietary Lipids
Fatty Foods are associated with
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fat soluble Vitamins
(Vit A,D,E and K)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Dietary Lipids (TAG and PL) aresources of essential Fatty acids to
human body.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Structural Role Of Lipids
Lipids are fundamental
structural components
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
of biomembranes
Biomembranes Lipids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1. Phospholipid bilayer2. Glycosphingolipids
3. Cholesterol
Study Of Various Classes Of Lipids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Study Of Derived LipidsStudy Of Fatty Acids
FATTY ACIDS( FAs)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Derived LipidsBASIC COMPONENT
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
OF LIPIDS
Fatty Acids (FA)
Fatty Acids (FA) are
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
relatively or potentially
related to various Lipid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
structures.Fatty Acids (FA)
Fatty acids are responsible to
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
form different forms of Lipids:
Simple Lipids
Compound Lipids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Miscellaneous LipidsFatty Acids Are Derived Lipids
Fatty acids are classified
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
under Derived Lipids:Since Fatty acids are
Hydrolytic products of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Simple and Compound
Lipids.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Definition of Fatty acidsFatty acids are chemically Organic
acids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
With Aliphatic Hydrocarbon chain(of varying length C2 to C24) with
Mono terminal Carboxylic acids.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Structure Of Fatty
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
AcidsDifferent Forms Of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fatty acids In BodyFree Fatty acid /Unesterified Fatty acid
Fatty acid has free
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Carboxylic groupFatty acid not linked to an
Alcohol by an Ester bond.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Esterified Fatty acid/Bound form of Fatty Acid
Fatty has no free
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Carboxylic groupFatty acid is linked to
an Alcohol with an Ester
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
bond.
In living beings Fatty acids are not
generally present in free form.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fatty acids are naturally and mostly present
in bound form in the plant and animals.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fatty acids are linked to Hydroxyl groupof an Organic Alcohol by an Ester linkage.
Thus Fatty acids are mostly
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
present as Esterified form in
natural living beings.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(Plant, Animal and Human Bodies)Classification of Fatty acids
With Different Modes:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Classification of FAs Based on:1. Total number of Carbon atoms in a
Fatty acid structure.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2. Hydrocarbon chain length of Fatty
acid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3. Bonds present in Fatty acid4. Nutritional requirement of Fatty acid
5. Chemical nature and structure of
Fatty acids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
6. Geometric Isomerism of UFAs
Fatty acids Based on
Total Number of Carbon atoms
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Even numbered Carbon
Atom Fatty acids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Odd numbered CarbonAtom Fatty acids
Most naturally occurring
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fatty acids are even carbonnumbered FAs.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Since biosynthesis of Fattyacids uses 2 Carbon units
Acetyl-CoA(C2).
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Examples of Even Carbon
Numbered Fatty acids:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Butyric Acid (C4)Palmitic Acid (C16) (Most Common)
Stearic Acid (C18)
Arachidic acid (C20)
Odd Carbon numbered Fatty acids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
are less related to human body
Examples of Odd carbon Fatty acid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Propionic Acid ( 3C)Valeric acid (5C)
Types Of Fatty acids Based on
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Hydrocarbon chain lengthShort Chain Fatty acids (2-6 Carbon
length)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Examples:Acetic acid (C2)
Propionic acid (C3)
Butyric acid (C4)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Valeric acid (C5)Caproic acid (C6)
Medium Chain Fatty acids (8-14 Carbon length)
Examples:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Caprylic acid (C8)
Capric acid (C10)
Lauric acid (C12)
Myristic acid (C14)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Long Chain Fatty acids ( 16-20 Carbon length)Examples:
Palmitic acid (C16)
Palmitoleic acid (C16)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Stearic acid (C18 )Arichidic acid (C20)
Arachidonic acid /ETA(C20)
Timnodonic acid/EPA (C20)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Very Long Chain Fatty Acids (C22 onwards )Examples:
Behenic acid/Docosanoic (C22)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cervonic acid/DocosaHexaEnoic (C22)
Clupanodonic (C22)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Erucic acid/Docosa 13 Enoic (C22)Lignoceric acid (C24)
Nervonic /Tetracosaenoic (C24)
Cerotic acid/Hexacosanoic (C26)
Fatty acids Based on the number of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Bonds present
Saturated Fatty acids(SFAs)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fatty acids having single bonds inhydrocarbon chain structure.
Examples:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Acetic acid (C2)
Butyric acid (C4)
Palmitic acid (C16)
Stearic acid (C18)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Arachidic acid(C20)Unsaturated Fatty acids(UFAs)
Fatty acids having double bonds in its
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
structure.Types of UFAs:
Monounsaturated Fatty acids (MUFAs)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Polyunsaturated Fatty acids (PUFAs)Monounsaturated Fatty Acids(MUFAs):
MUFAs have one double bond in a fatty
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
acid structure
Examples:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Palmitoleic acid (C16:1;9) (7)Oleic acid (C18:1;9)(9)
Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs):
UFAs with two or more double bonds in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
the structure are termed as PUFAs.Examples:
Linoleic(18:2;9,12) (6)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Linolenic(18:3;9,12,15) (3)Arachidonic(20:4;5,8,11,14) (6)
Timnodonic (20:5;5,8,11,14,17) (3)
Cervonic/Docosa Hexaenoic acid(DHA)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(22:6;4,7,10,13,16,19) (3)Remember
Double bonds are weaker
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
/unstable bonds.
They get easily
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
cleavable/metabolizedMore the degree of
Unsaturation in Fatty acids.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
More is the unstability ofFatty acids.
Fatty acids Based on the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Nutritional Requirement
Nutritionally Essential
Fatty acids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Nutritionally Essential Fatty
acids:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
The Fatty acids which are notbiosynthesized in the body and
are taken through nutrition/diet
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
essentially.
PUFAS are nutritionally essential
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fatty acids.Examples of Essential Fatty
Acids/PUFAs:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
LinoleicLinolenic
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Arachidonic acidsTimnodonic and
Cervonic
Human body have no Enzyme
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
system to introduce double bond
beyond Carbon atom 10 in the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
hydrocarbon chain.Hence PUFAs not biosynthesized
in human beings.
Nutritional y Non essential
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fatty acids
Nutritionally Non essential Fatty
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
acids:Fatty acids which are
biosynthesized in the body and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
are nutritionally non essential Fatty
acids.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Saturated Fatty acids and MUFAsare non essential Fatty acids.
Examples Of Non Essential
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fatty AcidsPalmitic
Stearic
Oleic acid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fatty acids Based on
Chemical nature and Structure
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Aliphatic Fatty acids:
Straight Hydrocarbon chain
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Examples:Palmitic acid (C16)
Stearic acid (C18)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Branched Chain Fatty acids:Possess Branched chains
Examples:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Isovaleric (C5)
Phytanic acid (Butter , dairy products)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cyclic Fatty acids :
Contains Ring structure
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Examples:Chaulmoogric acid
(Used for Leprosy treatment in olden days)
Hydnocarpic acid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Hydroxy Fatty acids:
Contain Hydroxyl Groups
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Examples:Cerebronic acid (C24)/
2-HydroxyTetracosanoic acid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ricinoleic acid(C18) (Castor oil)Based on Geometric Isomerism
of Unsaturated Fatty acids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cis Fatty Acids:The Groups around double bond of
Unsaturated FAs are on same side.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Examples:Cis Oleic acid (rich in Olive oil)
Palmitoleic acid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Trans Fatty Acids :
The groups around double bond of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
UFAs are on opposite sideExample :
Elaidic acid /Trans Oleic acid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(Hydrogenated Fats )
Structures Of Fatty Acids
The Hydrocarbon chain of each
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fatty acid is of varying chain
length (C2 - C24).
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fatty acid structure have two
ends:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Carboxylic group(-COOH) atone end (Delta end denoted as
)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Methyl group (-CH3) at another
end (Omega end denoted as )
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Saturated Fatty acids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
structures are Straight.Unsaturated Fatty acids
structures are bent(Kink).
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
More the degree of
unsaturation in FA/More
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
double bonds in FA
structure
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
More is the bent of Fattyacid structure.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Saturated FAs: with straightstructures are tightly
packed together.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Unsaturated FAs: with bent
structures are not compact
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
and has no tight packing.Fatty acid Composition
of Human Body
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fatty acidPercentage
Oleic acid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
50% (MUFA)
Palmitic acid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
35% (SFA)Lionleic acid
10% (PUFA)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Stearic acid
5% (SFA)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Thus the most abundantFatty acids present in
human Lipids are:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Oleic acid (50%)
Palmitic acid(35%)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Most abundant Fatty acid in ahealthy human body is Oleic acid
(Rich in MUFA).
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Oleic acid is richly associated withOlive oil.
Hence eating Olive oil is
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
advisable for proper body
development and good health.
Nomenclature Of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fatty acids
Naming And Numbering
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Of Fatty AcidsEvery Fatty acids has a:
Common Name
Systematic Name
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Most of the Fatty acids are
known by their common
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
names.(since easy to use)Systematic names of Fatty
acids are limited in use.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(Since not easy to use)
Long chain Fatty
acids are termed as
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Acyl chains.
vThe systematic names of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Saturated Fatty acids arenamed by adding suffix `anoic'.
v Example : Hexadecanoic
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
acid(Palmitic acid- C16)
The systematic names of
Unsaturated Fatty acids are
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
named by suffix `enoic'.
Example: Octadecaenoic
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
acid(Oleic acid- C18)S.N Common
Systematic Name
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Name
1
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Palmitic Acid Hexadecanoic Acid2
Stearic Acid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Octadecanoic Acid
3
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Oleic acidOctadecaenoic acid
4
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Linoleic Acid
Octadecadienoic acid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
5Linolenic Acid Octadecatrienoic acid
6
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Arachidonic
Eicosatetraenoic acid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
acidNumbering Of Fatty Acids
Numbering of Fatty acids is done
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
from :Both the ends of Fatty acids and
From Carboxyl Group end() :
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
the Carboxylic acid group of
Fatty acid is C1, C2 is next
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
adjacent ,C3 and so onn.The name of Carbon atom
next to the functional group
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?COOH of a Fatty acid is ,next Carbon is , , ,
and so onn.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Carbon atoms from
Methyl(?CH3) group at
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
non polar end() of afatty acid are numbered
as 1,2,3 and so onn.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fatty Acid Nomenclature
FA Nomenclature is Based On
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Chain lengthNumber of Carbon atoms in FA
Number and Position of Double
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
bonds
Position of double bond from
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Methyl/Omega or Carboxyl/Delta endShort Hand Representations
of Fatty acids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Short Hand Representations
of Fatty acids:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Palmitic Acid (16:0)
Palmitoleic acid (16:1;9)
First digit stands for total number of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
carbon atoms in the fatty acid.
Second digit designates number of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
double bonds.Third digit onwards indicates the
position of double bonds.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fatty-acid Nomenclature
Named according to chain length
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
C18--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fatty-acid NomenclatureNamed according to the number of
double bonds
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
C18:0
Common name:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Stearic acidFatty-acid Nomenclature
Named according to the number of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
double bonds
C18:1
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Common name:Oleic acid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fatty-acid Nomenclature
Named according to the number of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
double bonds
C18:2
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Common name:Linoleic acid
Fatty-acid Nomenclature
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Named according to the number of
double bonds
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
C18:3Common name:
Linolenic acid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Omega System Nomenclature
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Named according to the
location of the first double bond from the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
non-carboxyl Methyl end (count from theMethyl end /Omega end )
Omega Fatty-acid Nomenclature
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Omega 9 or n?9 fatty acid
Omega 6 or n?6 fatty acid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Omega 3 or n?3 fatty acidStearic acid (18:0)
Oleic acid (18:1;9)
Linoleic acid (18:2;9,12)
Linolenic acid (18:3;9,12,15)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Arachidonic acid(20:4;5,8,11,14)
A Fatty acid may also be designated
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
as :
Linoleic acid (18C;9,12)
Linolenic acid (18C;9,12,15)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
indicates from COOH end.9,12,15 are double bond
positions from delta end.
Short Hand Presentation of FA
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
14:0 Myristic acid
16:0 Palmitic acid
18:0 Stearic acid
18:1 cis D9 Oleic acid (9)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
18:2 cisD9,12 Linoleic acid(6)18:3 cisD9,12,15 a-Linolenic acid (3)
20:4 cisD5,8,11,14 Arachidonic acid(6)
20:5 cisD5,8,11,14,17 Eicosapentaenoic acid(3 )
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Omega Series Fatty AcidsOmega Fatty Acids
Omega Fatty acids are Unsaturated
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fatty acids (UFAs)In whom the position of double
bond is counted from Omega
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
end/Methyl end as() carbon atom
Terminal Methyl group is 1
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Classification/Types
Of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Omega Fatty AcidsTypes Of Omega Fatty acids
3 Fatty acids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
6 Fatty acids7 Fatty acids
9 Fatty acids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Omega Classification of
Fatty acids is used frequently
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
inNutrition and Clinical
practice.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Omega 3 Fatty AcidsOmega 3 Fatty Acids
Fatty acids having their
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
first double bond at
3 carbon atom are
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Omega 3 Fatty acids.Examples of 3 Fatty acids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Linolenic (18:3;9,12,15) (3)Timnodonic/EPA
(20:5;5,8,11,14,17)(3)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Clupanodonic acid/(DocosaPentaenoic Acid): (DPA)
(C22:5;7,10,13,16,19 )(3)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cervonic/Docosa Hexaenoic Acid
(DHA)(22:6;4,7,10,13,16,19)(3)
Omega 3 Fatty acids are
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
PUFAs
Not biosynthesized in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
human body.Nutritionally essential Fatty
acids.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
They have to be taken
essentially through diet .
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Dietary Sources OfOmega 3 Fatty Acids
Omega 3 Fatty acids are richly
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
present in:Green leaves
Algae
Fishes
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Animal MeatNatural Plant Oils
Dietary rich sources of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Omega-3 Fatty acidsAre Fish and Fish oils:
Docosahexaenoic acid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(DHA)/Cervonic acid
Eicosapentaenoic acid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(EPA)/Timnodonic acidFunctions Of Omega 3 FAs
Omega 3 Fatty acids are components
of cell biomembranes.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Omega 3 Fatty acids are moreassociated to Human brain.
Helpful in growth ,development
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
and functioning of brain.Thus Omega 3 fatty
acids plays good role in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Developing mental
well being of infants
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
and adults.Since Omega 3 Fatty Acids
are PUFAS
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
They are easilymetabolizable in human
body
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Omega 3 Fatty acids Reduces risk of
heart disease:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
By stimulating Prostaglandinsand Prostacyclin's that reduces
Platelet aggregation.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Which reduces blood clotting
and Thrombus formation.
Omega 3 Fatty acids have
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
pleiotropic effects(more than on
effect):
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cardio protective effectLowers Blood pressure
Anti-Inflammatory
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Anti-Atherogenic
Anti-Thrombotic
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Thus Fish Eaters has goodBrain development with
an efficient nervous
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
function.
Protected from Heart
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
attacks.Deficiency Of Omega 3 Fatty acids
Deficit of omega 3 fatty acids affect
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
the normal growth ,developmentand functioning of brain.
Persons may suffer from mental
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
illness like:
Depression
Attention deficit
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
DementiaDeficiency of Omega 3 Fatty
acids :
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Alters the cell membrane
structure.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Increases the risk of heartattack.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Omega 6 Fatty AcidsOmega 6 Fatty Acids: These fatty
acids has their first double bond at
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
6 carbon atom.
Examples of 6 Fatty acids:
Linoleic acid(18:2;9,12) (6)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Arachidonic acid(20:4;5,8,11,14) (6)Omega 7 Fatty Acids
Omega 7 Fatty Acids fatty acids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
has their first double bond at 7carbon atom.
Palmitoleic acid (C16:1;9) (7)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Omega 9 Fatty Acids
Omega 9 Fatty Acids: These fatty
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
acids has their first double bond at9 carbon atom.
Examples of 9 fatty acids:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Oleic acid (C18:1;9)(9)
Nervonic acid (C24:1;9)(9)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids(PUFAs)
Dietary Rich Sources Of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
PUFAsPUFAs are nutritionally
essential since they are not
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
biosynthesized by human beings
Hence Human beings should take
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
dietary Lipids to get essentialFatty acids.
Rich sources of dietary
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
essential PUFAs are:
Vegetable Oils
Fish and Fish oils
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Green Leaves, AlgaeArachidonic acid(PUFA)
can be synthesized from
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Linoleic acid(PUFA) inhuman body.
Proper Requirement
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Of Fatty Acids To Human Body
It is ideal to consume ratio of:
1 : 1 : 1
SFA MUFA PUFAs
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
respectively from the diet to
maintain good health.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Naturally there is no single oilwhich has all 3 types of fatty
acids in ideal proportion.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Hence it is always advisable to
mix a combination of oils
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
and consume.Oils Rich In
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Oils rich inOils rich in
SFAs
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
MUFAs
PUFAs
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Coconut OilOlive Oil (75%)
Flax seeds/
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Linseed Oil
Palm Oil
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Sunflower OilSoya /Safflower
(85%)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Oil
Butter
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ground nut /Almond Oil
Pea nut Oil
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Animal Fat
Almond Oil
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Rice BranSesame Oil
Walnuts Oil
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Beef Fat (Tallow
Corn Oil
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fat) 50%Lard (Pork Fat)
Marine Fish
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
40%
Fatty Acids
Carbons Double
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Abbreviation
Source
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
bondsAcetic
2
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
0
2:0
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
bacterial metabolismPropionic
3
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
0
3:0
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
bacterial metabolismButyric
4
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
0
4:0
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
butterfatCaproic
6
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
0
6:0
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
butterfatCaprylic
8
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
0
8:0
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
coconut oilCapric
10
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
0
10:0
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
coconut oilLauric
12
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
0
12:0
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
coconut oilMyristic
14
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
0
14:0
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
palm kernel oilPalmitic
16
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
0
16:0
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
palm oilPalmitoleic
16
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1
16:1
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
animal fatsStearic
18
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
0
18:0
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
animal fatsOleic
18
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1
18:1
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
olive oilLinoleic
18
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2
18:2
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
grape seed oilLinolenic
18
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3
18:3
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
flaxseed (linseed) oilArachidonic 20
4
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
20:4
peanut oil, fish oil
Functions/Role/Significance
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Of Fatty Acids/PUFAS
1.Secondary Source Of Energy
Fatty acids/PUFAs are essential
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
components of different forms of
simple and compound lipids.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fatty acids are highly reducedcompounds.
Oxidation of FAs in the body
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
provide secondary source of
energy (ATP).
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2.Components Of BiomembranesPUFAs are component of
Phospholipids.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Since the second Fatty acid inPhospholipid is mostly PUFA.
PUFAs are important
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
constituents of biomembranes
of every body cell and cell
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
organelles.PUFAs of membrane play
role in:(Less compact)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Membrane fluidity
Selective permeability
3.PUFAs Lower Blood Cholesterol
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
LevelsEssential Fatty acids lower
the serum levels of Cholesterol.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
By esterifying Cholesterol.
Cholesterol ester is later
degraded and excreted out
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
through feces via bile.
4.PUFA Precursor for Eicosanoid
Biosynthesis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Arachidonic acid (20
Carbon PUFA) is a
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
precursor forbiosynthesis of various
Eicosanoids.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
5.Structural Component Of OrgansPUFAs has role in Brain
development and its
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
functions.
Maintains the viability of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
islet cells of Pancreas.Essential fatty acids are
structural components of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
gonads.Lionlenic acid increases
vision.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Essential fatty acids prevents
Fatty Liver.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
By helping in formation ofLipoproteins and mobilizing
out the Lipids from Liver.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
PUFAs prevents early ageing.EFAs Prolongs Clotting time.
6.PUFAs Protect Heart
Dietary PUFAs are easily
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
metabolized in the body.
Since the double bonds are unstable
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
and easily cleavable.PUFAs do not get accumulated in
the blood arteries and capillaries.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Thus PUFAs have low risk of
Atherosclerosis and Cardio
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
vascular disorders.Deficiency Of PUFAs
Deficiency Of PUFAs is Rare.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
May be Suffered by:Infants :Not fed with natural milk
and natural food items.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
But fed with formula diets which
have low fat content.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Adults : Eating poor diet notcontaining PUFAs for long periods.
Phrynoderma /Toad Skin is due
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
to PUFA deficiency.
Phrynoderma /Toad Skin Symptoms
The skin becomes dry with lesions
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(Scaly Dermatitis).Presence of horny erruptions on the
posterior and lateral parts of limbs,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
back and Buttock.Loss of hair
Poor wound healing
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Deficiency of Essential Fatty acids :Affects every cell ,organ and
system
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Growth retardation
Problems with reproduction
Skin lesions
Kidney and Liver disorders
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Brain disorders/Behavioraldisorders.
Transportation Of Fatty Acids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Through Blood CirculationFatty acids Transportation In body
More than 90% of the fatty acids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
found in plasma are in the form of
Fatty acid esters.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fatty acids are in bound form as:Triacylglycerol
Cholesteryl esters
Phospholipids
Bound form of Fatty acids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
are Transported
through various
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lipoproteins.Unesterified/Free Fatty acids
are very less amount in body.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
FFA are transported in the
blood circulation in association
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
with Albumin.Properties Of Fatty Acids
Solubility Of Fatty acids:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Solubility of Fatty acids depends upon :The hydrocarbon chain length
Fatty acids with small chain length
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
are more soluble.
Solubility of Fatty
acids decreases
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
With increase in Fatty
acid hydrocarbon
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
chain length.Acetic acid most simplest fatty
acid is soluble in water.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Palmitic acid ,Stearic acid are
insoluble in water.
Melting Point Of Fatty acids:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Melting point of a Fatty acid
depends upon:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Chain length of FANature of bonds in hydro
carbon chain of FA.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Short and unsaturatedFatty acids has low
melting point.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Long and Saturated Fatty
acids are has high melting
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
point.Thus melting point of
Fatty acids(FAs):
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Increases with increasein chain length of FAs.
Decreases with decrease
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
in chain length of FAs.
Melting Points
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Affected by chain lengthLonger chain = higher melting temp
Fatty acid: C12:0
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
C14:0
C16:0
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
C18:0C20:0
Melting point: 44?C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
58?C
63?C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
72?C77?C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Structures and Melting Points of Saturated Fatty AcidsMelting Points
Affected by number of double bonds
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
More saturated = higher melting tempFatty acid:
C18:0
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
C18:1
C18:2
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
C18:3Melting point:
72?C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
16?C
?5?C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?11?CStructures and Melting Points of Unsaturated Fatty Acids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Melting Point and Fatty Acid Composition of SomeFats and Oils
Saturated Fatty acids has
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
straight and extendedconformation which can be
packed into compact structure.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
More heat energy is required to
remove the compact structures
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
of Saturated Fats.Unsaturated fatty acids has
rigid bends in its structure hence
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
not packed compactly.
Less heat energy is required to
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
separate these less compactUnsaturated fatty acids.
Membrane Lipids are fluid by
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
consistency as they are morecomposed of unsaturated
fatty acids.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Storage Lipids which are
anhydrous has Long saturated
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fatty acids.Significance Of -COOH group
Of Fatty Acids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Saponification /Salt FormationThe Carboxyl groups of Fatty acids
reacts with strong Alkalies
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
KOH/NaOH
To form their Salts which are
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Soaps.This property is used for
commercial manufacture of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Soaps.
Ester Formation
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
The Carboxyl group of Fattyacids reacts with Hydroxyl
groups of Alcohols
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glycerol/Sphingosine)
To form Esters bonds, of Simple
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
and Compound Lipids.Fatty acids get esterified with Alcohols
to form various simple and compound
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lipids:Triacylglycerol
Waxes: Cholesterol ester
Phospholipids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
GlycolipidsLipoproteins
Hydrogenation Of Fatty Acids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Hydrogenation of Fattyacids is a conversion of
Double bonds of a
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
unsaturated fatty acid to
single saturated bonds.
Thus process of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Hydrogenation transforms
Unsaturated Fatty acids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
to Saturated Fatty acids.The process of
Hydrogenation also
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
transforms naturally
occurring Cis Fatty acids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
to Trans Fatty acids.Halogenation Of Fatty acids
Adding Halogens like
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cl, Br or I at doublebonds of UFAs and
making saturated.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
The number of Halogen
atom taken up are
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
dependent on thenumber of double
bonds in the structure
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
of Fatty Acid.
Significance Of Halogenation
Halogenation of fatty
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
acids is an index of
assessing the degree
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
of unsaturationIodine Number is a process of
Halogenation which checks the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
content of SFA and PUFAs of
Fats and Oils.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
SFA has zero Iodine number.PUFAs has high Iodine number.
Geometric Isomerism Of
Unsaturated Fatty acids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Depending on orientation of
atoms or groups around the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
axis of double bonds.Cis form of Fatty acids
Trans form of Fatty acids
Cis Form Fatty acids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Most naturally occurring
UFAs are of cis form.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
The groups around doublebond are on same side.
All Cis FA has an angle of 120
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
degree at the double bond.
Cis forms are L shaped
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
structures(due to bend /kink in structure).
Phospholipids of biological
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
membranes contain Cis formof fatty acids which has
kinks/bents .
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
This prevent compact packing
of fatty acid chains and are
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
responsible for the fluidity ofmembranes.
Al -Cis Fatty acids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Good for Health
Human body contain Enzyme system to
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
metabolize Cis form of Fatty acids.Cis forms when ingested through food are
easily metabolized and does not retain in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
the body.
Hence good for health and no risk of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Atherosclerosis and CVD.All Cis form of fatty acids are unstable
and easily metabolizable.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Trans Form Of Fatty acidsTrans fatty acid structures are
straight and has no bend.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
The groups around the double
bonds are on opposite sides.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Trans form of fatty acids arestable and less metabolizable.
Named According to Location of H's
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cis or trans fatty acids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cis-9-octadecenoic acid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Trans-9-octadecenoic acid
(Oleic acid)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(Elaidic acid)--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cis and Trans Fatty AcidsH C
H 2C C H2
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
H 2C C H2
H 2C C H2
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
H 3C C H 2Cis Fatty Acids
Trans form of Fatty acids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Less occur in naturalfoods.
Obtained as byproducts of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Hydrogenation of oils.
More content of Trans Fatty acids are
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
found in processed foods viz:Hydrogenated Oils (Vanaspati Dalda)
Ghee
Margarine
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Bakery products /Fast foodsDeeply Fried recipes in Oils which
are prepared in repeatedly heated
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
oils.Trans Fatty Acids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Detrimental to Health
Trans Fatty Acids
Not Metabolized Easily
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Human body has no Enzyme system to
metabolize the Trans Fatty acids.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Foods ingested with rich concentration ofTrans fatty acids do not get metabolized.
Trans fatty acids get retained in body
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
tissues, blood vessels(harden the blood
vessels).
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
They increases risk of Atherosclerosis.Block or reduce the blood supply to
tissues.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Trans fatty acids increasesrisk of :
Atherosclerosis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cardio Vascular disorders:Ischemia
Myocardial Infarction
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Stroke(Brain attack)
Study Of Derived Lipids
Alcohols
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Alcohols Involved In
Lipid Structures
3 Alcohols Involved In Lipids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1. Glycerol
(C3-Trihydric Alcohol)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2. Sphingol/Sphingosine(C18-Dihydric Alcohol)
3. Cholesterol
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(C27-Monohydric Alcohol)
Alcohols Of Lipids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
AreClassified
As
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Derived Lipids
Glycerol/ Glycerin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glycerol [C3 ]is a POLYOL
Glycerol is chemically Trihydric
Alcohol (3 ?OH groups)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
In human body Glyceraldehyde
on reduction gives Glycerol.
vGlycerol is a backbone of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glycerol based Lipids viz:
v Triacylglycerol
v Glycerophospholipids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glycerol is a
Derived Lipid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Obtained fromHydrolysis of Simple
and Compound Lipids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
SPHINGOSINE/SPHINGOLSphingosine is a C18, complex
Dihydric, Amino alcohol.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Serine provides NH2 group of
Sphingosine.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
What Is a Ceramide?
A Fatty acid linked to an
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
amino group of SphingosineWith an amide linkage form
a Ceramide.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ceramide if linked to Phosphate
and Nitrogenous groups forms
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Sphingophospholipids.Ceramide linked to Carbohydrate
moieties form Glycolipids.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Sphingosine forms
Sphingolipids /Compound
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lipids with Alcohol SphingolExamples of Sphingolipids:
Sphingophospholipids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glycolipids
Sphingosine is a derived
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lipid.
Obtained from Hydrolysis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
of SphingolipidsSterols
Sterols are chemically
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
complex, cyclic ringstructures.
Sterols are complex
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
organic monohydric
Alcohols.
Examples Of Sterols
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cholesterol (Animal Sterol)
7 Dehydrocholesterol( Provitamin D)
Ergosterol (Plant Sterol)
Sitosterol (Plant Sterol)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Coprosterol (Excretory form ofCholesterol)
Sterols have a parent ring
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cyclo Pentano PerhydroPhenantherene (CPPP)
nucleus.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Common Sterol CompoundsVitamin D3
(cholecalciferol)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cholesterol
(a sterol)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Testosterone
Stigmasterol
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(a steroid hormone)(a phytosterol)
Cholesterol A Derived Lipid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cholesterol is classified asDerived Lipid.
It is derived from
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cholesterol Ester (Wax).
Cholesterol
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cholesterol is an Animal Sterol .Cholesterol means Solid Alcohol as
it was first obtained from gall stones
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
of bile.
Cholesterol is richly composed in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Gall stones.Structure Of Cholesterol
Cholesterol is complex cyclic
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
unsaturated, monohydricAlcohol.
Its molecular formula is
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
C27H45 OH.
Cholesterol has parent nucleus
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
as Cyclo Pentano Per hydroPhenantherene ring
system(CPPP).
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
The structure of CPPP has four
fused cyclic rings (A,B,C and D)
Hexane ring A,B,C is a
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Phenatrene nucleus.
D ring is Cyclopentane
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ring.Pentahydrophenantrene (sterane)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
The Structure of Cholesterol Possess:1. Hydroxyl group (-OH) at C3.
2. Double bond between C5 and C6.
3. 5 Methyl (-CH3) groups.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
4. A 8 Carbon side chain linked to C17of the structure.
Cholesterol is the Most abundant Sterol
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
of Human bodyForms Of Cholesterol
Cholesterol exists in two forms:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Free Cholesterol - 30%
(Amphipathic form)
Cholesterol Ester - 70%
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(Non polar form)--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Properties Of Cholesterol
Cholesterol is white or pale
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
yellowish, crystalline ,odorless
compound.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Insoluble in water and soluble inorganic solvents like Ether and
Chloroform.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
It forms crystal of rhombic plates
with notched edges.
Qualitative Tests Of Cholesterol
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
detection are:
Liebermann Burchard Reaction
Salkowski Reaction
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Zak's ReactionSources Of Cholesterol
To Human Body
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Exogenous Sources of Cholesterol:Animal Origin Food Items
Endogenous Source Of Cholesterol:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Obtained In well fed condition from
Excess Glucose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Dietary Sources Of CholesterolCholesterol is
exclusively present in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
animal body hence it is
an animal sterol.
The dietary rich sources of Cholesterol
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
are animal origin foods like:
Egg Yolk
Meat
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
MilkButter
Cream
Remember
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cholesterol is absent
in plant origin food
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
items.Occurrence and Distribution Of
Cholesterol in the Body
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cholesterol is richly present in Nervoustissue Brain.
Other organs containing Cholesterol are:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Intestinal Mucosal cells
Skin
Liver
Adrenal Cortex
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Gonads70 % of Cholesterol
associated with cellular
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
components30 % of Cholesterol is in the
plasma.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Transportation Of Cholesterol
Cholesterol in blood is
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
transported by :HDL and LDL
Functions Of Cholesterol
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cholesterol is theconstituent of
biomembranes of the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
cell and has structural
importance.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cholesterol richlypresent in nervous
tissue and covers
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Myelin sheaths.
Cholesterol helps in nerve
impulse transmission since:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
It has high dielectric
constant.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
It is a poor conductor ofheat and electricity.
Cholesterol Serve Precursor for
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Biosynthesis Of Many Steroids
Steroids
Steroids are derivatives of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Sterols.
Chemical Compounds
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
obtained from Cholesterolare termed as Steroidal
compounds.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Examples of Steroidal Compounds
Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol)
Bile acids (Cholic and Chenodeoxycholic
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
acid)Bile Salts are obtained from Bile acids.
Steroidal Hormones
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ACTHMineralocorticoids
Glucocorticoids
Sex Hormones: Androgens, Progesterone,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Estrogen and TestosteroneBile Acids and Bile Salts
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Steroids HormonesDisorders Related To Cholesterol
Serum Total
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cholesterol of aHealthy human body
is 150-200 mg%
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
HypercholesterolemiaCauses for Hypercholesterolemia
High intake of dietary cholesterol(animal origin)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
is a exogenous source of Cholesterol.
Elevated endogenous Cholesterol biosynthesis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
when a very rich Carbohydrates is ingested.Defect in Cholesterol transport by Lipoproteins
in blood retains Cholesterol in blood.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Hypercholesterolemia leads to :
Deposits of excess of Cholesterol in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
blood vessels.Atherosclerosis and atheroma
/plaque formation.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Increased risk of ischemia and
Myocardial infarction and Stroke.
Cholesterol Summary
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cholesterol is exclusively found only in
animals.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Exogeneous Cholesterol comes from dietEndogeneous Cholesterol is
biosynthesized by the Liver from
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glucose product Acetyl-CoA.Cholesterol is an important component
of biomembranes, steroidal
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
hormones, bile acids and Vitamin D
Study Of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Simple Lipids/Neutral LipidsFats/Oils
Fats and Oils are simple
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
/Neutral lipidsFats/Oils are chemically
esters of Fatty acids with
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Alcohol Glycerol
(Trihydric Alcohol).
Chemically Fat/Oil
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
is Triacylglycerol
(TAG).
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fatty acids are Storedas components of Triacylglycerols
Fatty acids are not stored in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
free form in living beings.Fatty acids are stored in
bound form as TAG.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Thus TAG is a storage form
of Fatty acids .
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fatty acids are linkedto an Alcohol Glycerol
by ester bonds to form
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Triacylglycerol (TAG).
Three Fatty acids same or
different (Acyl Chains) are
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
esterified
With three hydroxyl groups of a
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glycerol to form Triacylglycerol(TAG)/Triglycerides(TG).
Hydrolytic Products Of TAG
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Monoacylglycerol (MAG)
/(Monoglycerides): A Glycerol
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
esterified with one fatty acid.Diacylglycerol (DAG)
(Diglycerides):
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
A Glycerol esterified with two fatty
acids.
MAG and DAG are derived
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lipids.
Monoacylglycerol and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Diacylglycerol are hydrolyticproducts of Triacylglycerol.
These are produced during TAG
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
metabolism in the body.
Most Common Fatty Acids in Triacylglycerol
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fatty acidCarbon:Double bonds
Double bonds
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Myristic
14:0
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Palmitic16:0
Palmitoleic
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
16:1
Cis-9
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Stearic18:0
Oleic
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
18:1
Cis-9
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Linoleic18:2
Cis-9,12
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Linolenic
18:3
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cis-9,12,15Arachidonic
20:4
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cis-5,8,11,14
Eicosapentaenoic
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
20:5Cis-5,8,11,14,17
Docosahexaenoic
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
22:6
Cis-4,7,10,13,16,19
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CH3(CH2)n COOHDifferences In Fat and Oil
Fat and Oils are different in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Physical CharacteristicsFat is solid at room temperature.
Oil is liquid at room
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
temperature.Chemical Name of Both Fats and Oils is
Triacylglycerols:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
TAG of Fat is solid since chemically
composed of long and saturated fatty
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
acids.Source of Fat is Animal foods.
TAG of Oil is liquid as composed of short
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
and unsaturated fatty acids.
Source of Oil is plant.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Chain Length Of Fatty acids
IN TAG affects Melting Point
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
The chain length of the majority of Fatty acidswill determine the "hardness" of the Fat/TAG.
<10 carbons in FA = liquid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
>20 carbons in FA = solidAcetic Acid (2 C)
Vinegar
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Liquid
Stearic Acid (18 C)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Beef Tal owSolid
Arachidic Acid (20 C) Butter
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Solid
Chemical Structures Of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Triacylglycerol (TAG)
Triacylglycerol is formed by linking of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Three same or different fatty acidsto a Glycerol molecule by ester
bonds.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
The Carboxyl group of each fatty
acid interacts with hydroxyl group
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
of Glycerol(Trihydric Alcohol) toform Ester bond of TAG.
Types Of Triacylglycerol
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Simple TAGMixed TAG
Simple TAG: Three same Fatty
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
acids are esterified to Glycerol toform simple TAG.
Examples of Simple TAG:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
TriPalmitin
TriStearin
TriOlein
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Olive Oil Rich In Simple TAG
Olive oil contains mostly TAG as Triolein, which
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
has three Oleic acids.Mixed TAG:
The 3 different Fatty acids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
esterified to Glycerol to form a
mixed TAG.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Mixed TAG's are morepredominant in nature.
In a Mixed TAG
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
First Carbon C1 -has Saturated Fattyacid
Second position C2-has Unsaturated
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fatty acid-PUFA
The 3 rd position C3 Fatty acid in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
TAG has- eitherSaturated/Unsaturated fatty acid
TAG is Neutral or Non
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
polar lipid.
Since TAG structure
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
has no charged/polargroup in its structure.
Sources OF Triacylglycerol
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ToHuman Body
Exogenesis source of TAG :
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Dietary Fat/Oil
Endogenous source of TAG :
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Liver Lipogenesis in well fedcondition
Using Glucose product
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Acetyl-CoA.
Dietary Sources Of TAG
Animal Fat (Solid)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Plant Oils (Liquid)Fats (solid Triacylglycerol)
Oil (a liquid Triacylglycerol)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Occurrence/Distribution Of TAGqTAG is a most widely
distributed abundant
natural lipid.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
The predominant Lipidform in Human diet is
TAG 98%.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
95 % of human body
Lipid is TAG.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Storage form of Lipid inhuman body is TAG.
Because of insolubility of TAG
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
in aqueous phase:Body TAG are mostly found in
isolated compartments as
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
droplets.
TAG in anhydrous form is
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
packed in Adipocytes(Depot Fat)
Transportation Of TAG in blood
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
is By Lipoproteins
Chylomicrons :
Transports exogenous dietary TAG
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
VLDL:Transports endogenous TAG
Biomedical Importance Of TAG
Triacylglycerol is the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
predominant form
of dietary Lipid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(99%).1.TAG Serves As Source Of Energy
TAG serve as secondary
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
source of energy whenbody Glucose get lowered.
TAG has high calorific value
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(9Kcal/gram) more thanCarbohydrates (4 Kcal/gram ).
2.TAG Reservoir Of Energy
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
TAG When excess servesas an energy reservoir
stored in Adipocytes as :
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Unlimited amount
Concentrated
Anhydrous form
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Stores of TAG areutilized in between
meals and starvation
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
phase.
A good storage of depot
Fat can suffice for 2-3
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
months in starvation
condition.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
TAG is highly reducedand anhydrous form.
Hence chosen as energy
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
reserve of the body.
3.Store House Of TAG
is High
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
In Comparison To
Glycogen Stores
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
TAG is stored in anhydrousform .
More content of energy can be
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
stored by TAG in comparison to
Glycogen stores.
1 gm of anhydrous TAG
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
stores more than 6
times as much as energy
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
as 1 gm of hydratedGlycogen.
Hydrated molecules requires more space.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
TAG stored in anhydrous form
requires less space.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
In contrast Glycogen being hydratedrequires more space.
(1 gm of Glycogen binds with 2gm of water)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
The stored TAG is used as long
term energy source for body
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
activities.
In long marathon race energy
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
for muscle activity is provided bythe hydrolysis of depot TAG.
4. TAG Regulates Body
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Temperature
The subcutaneous Fat layer is a
TAG
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
TAG is a bad conductor of heat
and electricity and serves as a
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
thermal and electrical insulator.Which prevents loss of heat from
the body and plays important role
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
in regulating body temperature.
5.TAG Protects Internal Visceral
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Organ and SystemsA presence of Fatty (TAG)
pad around the soft
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
delicate internal visceralorgans
Protects from mechanical
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
trauma or injury by acting
as a shock absorber.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
TAG provides shapeto body and keep the
skin smooth and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
supple.
Remember TAG is
not associated to
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
biomembranes.
Tests To Check Purity
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
OfFat and Oil
Several laboratory tests are
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
employed to:Check the purity
Degree of adulteration
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
of fats and oils.These tests also
determine the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
biological value of Fat.
Iodine Number
Iodine number is
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Grams/Number of Iodine
absorbed by 100 gram of Fat
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
/Oil .Iodine Number is calculated by
method of Iodometry.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Use Of Iodine Number
Iodine number is useful to
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
knowThe index of unsaturation
and content of unsaturated
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
fatty acids present in the
Fat/Oil.
Iodine number is directly
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
proportional to the
unsaturated bonds of PUFAs in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a Fat/Oil.High value of Iodine number
of oil indicates more content of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Unsaturated Fatty acids in it.
Name Of Oils
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Iodine NumberCoconut Oil
7-10 (Least)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Butter
25-28
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ground Nut Oil85-100
Sunflower Oil
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
125-145
Soya bean Oil
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
135-150Linseed Oil /Flax seed 175-200 (Highest)
Oil
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Determination of Iodine number helpsin knowing the degree of
adulteration of tested oil sample.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
If Linseed oil is adulterated with an
oil whose content is high in saturated
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
fatty acids will give lower Iodinenumber than the reference values.
Saponification Number
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Saponification number is
milligram/number of KOH
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
molecules required to hydrolyzeand saponify one gram of Fat/Oil.
The saponification number
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
gives the idea of molecularsize/chain length of Fatty
acids present in 1 gram of Fat.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1 gram Fat/Oil with long
chain fatty acids has low
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
saponification number.Since in 1 gram of Fat has few
-COOH groups of fatty acids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
to react with KOH.
1 gram Oil with short chain
fatty acids has higher
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
saponification number.
Since it has more COOH groups
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
for KOH reaction.1 gram of Fat/oil with long
chain fatty acids has lower
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
saponification number.
As compared to an 1 gram of oil
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
containing short chain fattyacids.
Oils
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
SaponificationNumber
Coconut Oil
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
250-260
Butter
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
230-250Jojoba Oil
69- 80
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Olive Oil
135-142
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Acid NumberAcid number is milligram of
KOH required for complete
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
neutralization of free fatty
acids present in one gram of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fat/Oil.Acid number checks the purity of
Refined oils.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Refined oils are free from freefatty acids and has zero Acid
number.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Increased Acid number of refined
oil suggests bacterial/chemical
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
contamination and unsafe forhuman consumption.
Reichert Meissl (RM)Number
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
RM number is 0.1 N KOH
required for complete
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
neutralization of solublevolatile fatty acids
distilled from 5 gram of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fat .
R.M Number of
Butter is 25-30.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
The R.M number of
other edible oils is
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
less than 1.R.M number is useful in
testing the purity of butter
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Since it contains good
concentration of free volatile
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
fatty acids viz: Butyric,Caproic and Caprylic acid.
Adulteration of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
butter reduces itsR.M number.
Chain Length Of Fatty acids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Of TAG affects Melting Point
The chain length of the majority of fatty acids
will determine the "hardness" of the Fat/TAG.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
< 10 carbons in FA = liquid
>20 carbons in FA = solid
Acetic Acid (2 C)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Vinegar
Liquid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Stearic Acid (18 C)Beef Tallow
Solid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Arachidic Acid (20 C)
Butter
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
SolidHydrogenation Of Fat/Oil
Treatment of Oils(TAG) rich in PUFAs
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
with Hydrogen gas, (H2).
Catalyst required (Nickel).
Adding Hydrogen at double bonds of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
PUFAs.
It is also called "Hardening of Oils"
Hydrogenation also converts PUFAs with
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
cis form to trans form.
Margarine
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Vanaspati Dalda Crisco, Spry, etc.Advantages and Disadvantages Of
Hydrogenation Of Fat /Fatty acids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Advantage Of HydrogenationCommercially Oils with
Unsaturated Fatty acids are
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Hydrogenated to
Saturated Fatty acids.
Hydrogenation makes the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
unstable ,unsaturated , liquid
TAGs:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
To stable , saturated, solid TAGsIncreases shelf life
Reduces risk of Rancidity
Example : Vanaspati Dalda
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
,Margarine.Double bond containing
/Unsaturated Fatty acids are
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
unstable and ready for
peroxidation and rancidity.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Single bond containing/SaturatedFatty acids are stable and less
peroxidized and made rancid.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Disadvantage Of HydrogenationOf Fat/Fatty acids
During Hydrogenation
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
some of the Cis form
Fatty acids are
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
transformed to TransFatty acids.
Trans Fats increases the risk of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Atherosclerosis and CVD.Hydrogenated trans Fatty
acids are more stable.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Body has no enzyme system
to oxidize and metabolize
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
trans fatty acids.Thus trans Fats containing trans
Fatty acids are:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Less metabolized in body.More retained in the body.
Leading to Atherosclerosis and
CVD.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Remember
Hydrogenated
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fats are Bad forHealth.
Note
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Try eat natural Fats.Avoid Processed Fats.
Summary Of Hydrogenation:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Hydrogen atoms are added to unsaturatedFatty acids
Make liquid oils more solid and more
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
saturated.
Create trans fatty acids.
Reduce oxidation of Fatty acids.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Resist rancidity.Increase risk of cardiovascular disease.
Rancidity Of Fats/Oils
Rancidity
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Rancidity is a physico
chemical phenomenon
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Which deteriorates Fats andOils
Resulting in unpleasant taste
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
,odor and color of Fat/Oil
(Rancid Fat/oil)
Rancid Fat is inedible
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Factors Causing Rancidity
Causes Of Rancidity
Fats and Oils get Rancid on Ageing.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Various Factors aggravates rancidity ofOils and Fats:
Improper handling by exposure to:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Light
Air
Moisture
Microbes
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Oxygen is favorable for Rancidity
PUFAs are more prone to
Rancidity
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Types and Mechanism
Of Rancidity
Types Of Rancidity
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Oxidative Rancidity
Hydrolytic Rancidity
Ketonic Rancidity
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Oxidative Rancidity:PUFAs having double bonds are
easily oxidized to form its
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
peroxides.
By the action of Oxygen
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Derived Free radicals (ODFR).The cellular Lipids are also
likely to get peroxidized by
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Free radical action causingdamage to biomembranes.
Hydrolytic Rancidity:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Long Chain Saturated fatty acids
are hydrolyzed by bacterial
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Enzymes .To produce Dicarboxylic
acids, Aldehydes, Ketones etc
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
which make the Fat rancid.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ketonic Rancidity
It is due to the contamination with
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
certain Fungi such as AsperigillusNiger on Oils such as Coconut oil.
Ketones, Fatty aldehydes, short
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
chain fatty acids and fatty alcohols
are formed.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Moisture accelerates Ketonicrancidity.
Rancidity gives bad odor and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
taste to rancid Fats/oils.
Due to Dicarboxylic acids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
,Ketones , AldehydesProduced during the process of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Prevention Of Rancidity
Rancidity can be
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
prevented by proper
handling of oils
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
By keeping fats or oils inwell closed containers in
cold, dark and dry place.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Prevention Of Rancidity
Avoid exposure to direct
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
sunlight, moisture and air.Avoid over and repeated
heating of oils and fats.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Removal of catalysts such asLead and Copper from Fat/Oils
that catalyzes rancidity
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
prevents rancidity.
Antioxidants Prevent Rancidity
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Antioxidants arechemical agents which
prevent the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
peroxidation and
Hydrolysis of Fats/Oils.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Examples Of Antioxidants:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Tocopherol(Vitamin E)
Vitamin C
Propyl Gallate
Alpha Napthol
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
PhenolsTannins
Hydroquinone's.
Butylated Hydroxy Anisole(BHA)
Butylated Hydroxy Toluene (BHT)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
The most common natural
antioxidant is vitamin E
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
that is important in vitroand in vivo.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Vegetable oils are associated with
high content of natural
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
antioxidants (Vitamin E),
Hence oils do not undergo
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
rancid rapidlyAs compared to animal fats which
are poor in naturally associated
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
antioxidants .
Addition of Anti-oxidants
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
prevents peroxidation infat (i.e., rancidity).
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Rancidity of Fats and Oils isprevented by adding
Antioxidants.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Thus addition of
Antioxidants increases shelf
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
life of commerciallysynthesized Fats and Oils.
Avoidance of Rancidity of Fat/Oil By :
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
q Good storage conditions
q Less Exposure to light
q Low Oxygen, moisture
q No very High temperatures
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
q No Bacteria or fungal contaminationq Addition of Antioxidants
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Hazards of Rancid Fats:
1. Rancidity destroys the content of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
polyunsaturated essential fatty acids.2. Rancidity causes economical loss because
rancid fat is inedible.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3. The products of rancidity are toxic, i.e.,
causes food poisoning and cancer.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
4. Rancidity destroys the fat-solublevitamins (vitamins A, D, K and E).
Lipid Peroxidation
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Is a source of Free RadicalsLipids undergo
peroxidation(autoxidation) when
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
exposed to Oxygen.
The oxygen derived free radicals
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(RO.,OH.,ROO.) with unpairedelectrons leads to chain reactions of
lipid peroxidation.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Steps of Lipid peroxidation
reaction:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
InitiationPropagation
Termination
Lipid peroxidation
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Provide continuous Freeradicals.
Thus has potentially
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
devastating effects in the
body.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
In vitro peroxidation of Lipidsdeteriorates the quality of
Fats and Oils
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Makes the Fat/Oil rancid and in
edible.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fat/oil has bad taste and odorDecreases the shelf life of Fats and
Oils.
In vivo peroxidation of membrane
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lipids damages the tissues.
Lipid peroxidation has devastating
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
effects on body Lipids.Increases risk of Inflammatory
diseases
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ageing
Cancer
Antioxidants control and reduces
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
In vivo and In vitro Lipid peroxidation.Naturally occurring antioxidants are :
Vitamin E
Vitamin C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Beta CaroteneIn Vivo Enzymes as Antioxidants:
Catalase
Glutathione Peroxidase
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Superoxide DismutaseIn vivo other Substances as Antioxidants:
Urate
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
BilirubinFood Additives as Antioxidants:
Alpha Naphtol
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Gallic AcidBHA
BHT
Preventive Antioxidants:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Reduces the rate of Chaininitiation of Lipid peroxidation
Catalase
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
PeroxidaseEDTA
DTPA
Chain Breaking Antioxidants:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Interferes the chain
propagation of Lipid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
peroxidation.Vitamin E
Urate
Differentiation Between
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fats And Oils
Fats
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
OilsFats are TAGs composed of Long Oils are TAGs composed of short
and Saturated Fatty acid.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
and Unsaturated Fatty acids.
Fats solid at room temperature
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Oils liquid at room temperatureFat has high melting point
Oils have low melting point
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fats -animal In Origin
Oils -Plant in Origin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Example: Lard (pork Fat)Example: Safflower Oil
Fats has low antioxidant
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Oils have high antioxidant
content and get easily Rancid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
content and do not get easilyRancid
Fats are more stable
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Oils are less stable
Fats are less metabolizable in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Oils are readily metabolizablebody.
in the body.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
High content of dietary Fats has Oils have low risk for
high risk for Atherosclerosis.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Atherosclerosis.Study Of
Compound Lipids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Compound LipidsCompound lipids are class of
Lipids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Which are chemically Esters
of Fatty acids with Alcohols
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
attached with Additionalgroups.
Additional Groups in Compound Lipids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
may be either of these:Phosphoric acid
Nitrogenous Base
Carbohydrate moieties
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ProteinsSulfate groups
3 Main Compound Lipids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
PhospholipidsGlycolipids
Lipoproteins
Phospholipids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Phospholipids (PL)Phospholipids (PL) are
compound lipids.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Phospholipids ChemicallyPossess:
Fatty acids esterified to Alcohol
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
and
Phosphoric acid attached with
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Nitrogenous /non nitrogenousbase.
Types Of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Phospholipds
Based upon the Alcohol present in
Phospholipid structure
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Two Types of Phospholipids are :
Glycerophospholipids:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glycerol containing PhospholipidsSphingophospholipids:
Sphingosine/ Sphingol containing
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Phospholipids.
Glycerophospholipids/
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
GlycerophosphatidesSimplest Glycerophospholipid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDDepending upon the Nitrogenous
and Non nitrogenous moiety
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
attached.
Examples of 7 Glycerophospholipids are:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1. Phosphatidic Acid (Simplest PL)2. Phosphatidyl Choline (Lecithin)
3. Phosphatidyl Ethanolamine (Cephalin)
4. Phosphatidyl Serine
5. Phosphatidyl Inositol/ Lipositol
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
6. Phospatidal Ethanolamine/ Plasmalogen7. DiPhosphatidyl Glycerol /Cardiolipin
Structures
OF
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glycerophospholipids
Phosphatidic Acid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Phosphatidic acid is a simplestGlyceroPhospholipids.
Phosphatidic acid has Glycerol
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
esterified with two Fatty acids at C1
and C2 .
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
C3 is esterified with Phosphoric acid.PHOSPHATIDIC ACID
Phosphatidic acid serve as
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a precursor for the
synthesis of all other
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
GlycerophospholipidsEither by linking of
Nitrogenous or a Non
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
nitrogenous base.
Phosphatidyl Choline/Lecithin
Phosphatidyl Choline
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(Lecithin) is the most
commonest and abundant
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glycerophospholipid in body.Phosphatidyl Choline is commonly
called as Lecithin.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Derived from word `Lecithos'
meaning Egg Yolk.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Phosphatidic acid is linked to aNitrogenous base Choline to form
Phosphatidyl Choline.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Phosphatidyl Ethanolamine/
Cephalin
Phosphatidyl Serine
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
An Amino acid Serine
linked to Phosphatidic
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
acid forms PhosphatidylSerine.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CephalinsType of Glycerophospholipids
Nitrogen base is Ethanolamine
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
or Serine.Phosphatidylethanolamine and
Phosphatidylserine are
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cephalins.
Phosphatidyl Inositol/Lipositol
Inositol a Polyol derived from
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glucose
It is a Non Nitrogenous ,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Carbohydrate Derivative.Inositol linked to Phosphatidic
acid forms
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Phosphatidylinositol.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Phospahatidyl Inositol 3,4,5Tri Phosphate (PIP3) in
presence of enzyme
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Phospholipase C
Generates Diacyl Glycerol and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Inositol Tri Phosphate.Phosphatidalethanolamine/
Plasmalogen
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Plasmalogen possess an Ether
linkage at C1.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fatty acid is linked to C1 of
Glycerol, by an Vinyl(CH=CH2)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ether (C-O-C)linkage instead ofusual Ester bond.
Nitrogen base linked are
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ethanolamine/Choline.
Diphosphatidylglycerol/
Cardiolipin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cardiolipin was first isolated from
Cardiac Muscles of Calf and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
hence the name derived.--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Diphosphatidylglycerol/Cardiolipinis chemically composed of
Two molecules of Phosphatidic
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
acid linked to one Glycerol .
SphingoPhospholipids/
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
SphingophosphatidesSphingophospholipid is a
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
type of Phospholipid.Sphingophospholipid is
Sphingosine based Lipid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Which has an C18 Dihydric
Amino Alcohol?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Sphingosine.Sphingomyelin is an
example of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Sphingophospholipid.Sphingosine is linked with a
Fatty acid by an amide linkage
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
to form Ceramide.
Ceramide is then linked to
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Phosphoric acid and Cholineto form Sphingomyelin.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Properties Of Phospholipids
Amphipathic Nature Of PL
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Phospholipds are
Amphipathic/ Amphiphillic in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
nature.Since the structure of PL possess
both polar and nonpolar
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
groups.
Hydrophilic/Polar groups
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
of Phospholipids:
Phosphoric acid
Nitrogenous groups
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Hydrophobic/non polar
groups of Phospholipids :
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fatty acid/Acyl chainsFunctions Of Phospholipids(PL)
1. Biomembrane Components
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2. Lung Surfactant Role3. Lipid Digestion and Absorption
4. LCAT activity for Cholesterol Esterification and
Excretion
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
5. Lipotropic Factor
6. Clotting Mechanism
7. Cardiolipin role
8. Coenzyme Role
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
9. Choline from Lecithin Methyl Donor10. Detoxification role of Lecithin
11. Eicosanoids biosynthesis
12. Nerve Impulse Conduction
13. Second Messenger of Hormone Regulation
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glycerophospholipid Functions1. Phospholipids Components Of
Biomembranes
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Role Of LecithinThe Glycerophospholipid
Lecithin is the major structural
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
components of biomembranes.
The Amphipathic phospholipid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
bilayer has polar head groups of PLdirected outwards.
Lipid bilayer of plasma membrane
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Membrane Phospholipid bilayer,constituent of cell membranes
imparts:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Membrane Structural Integrity
Membrane Fluidity
Membrane Flexibility
Selective Permeability
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Phospholipids may have
fatty acids which are
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
saturated or unsaturated.This affects the properties of
the resulting bilayer/cell
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
membrane:
Most membranes have
phospholipids derived from
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
unsaturated fatty acids.
Unsaturated fatty acids add
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
fluidity to a bilayer since`kinked' tails do not pack
tightly together.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Phospholipids (PL) derived from
unsaturated phospholipids al ow faster
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
transport of nonpolar substances acrossthe bilayer.
Polar substances are restricted to cross
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
the membrane .
PL bilayer in membranes protect the cel
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
from an entry of polar reactive andinterfering substances and serve as
security guards of cel s.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Membranes of nerve cells,
which are stiffer contain a much
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
higher percentage of
phospholipids derived from
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
saturated fatty acids.They also contain high levels of
cholesterol which stiffens
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
membrane structure.
Cholesterol intercalates among the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Phospholipids.Cholesterol fills in the spaces left by the kinks of
PUFAs .
Cholesterol stiffens the bilayer and makes
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
membrane less fluid and less permeable.
Diagram of a section of a bilayer membrane.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2.Phospholipid As Lung Surfactant
DiPalmitoyl Phosphatidyl
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Choline serve as an Lungsurfactant.
It lowers the surface tension and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
keeps the alveoli of lungs blown.
(prevent adherence of alveoli)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
This enables effective exchangeof gases (Oxygen) in Lungs.
After expiration of air the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
alveoli gets deflated.
The lung surfactant
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
reduces the surface tensionand allow the alveolar
walls to reinflate.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
The Phospholipid asLung surfactant
prevent the body to
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
suffer from Respiratory
Distress Syndrome.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3.PhospholipidsHelp In Digestion And Absorption
Of Dietary Lipids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Phospholipids beingamphipathic in nature act as
good emulsifying agents.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Along with Bile Salts they help
in digestion and absorption of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
non polar dietary Lipids.4.Phospholipids Helps In
Cholesterol Excretion
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lecithin helps in CholesterolEsterification by LCAT
activity.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cholesterol Ester is later
dissolved in Bile and further
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
excreted it out.Lecithin serve as a storage
depot of Choline.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Choline is a store of labile
Methyl groups
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Hence Choline participate inTransmethylation reactions .
Choline is used for generation of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
neurotransmitter `Acetyl Choline"which helps in nerve impulse
transmission.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Choline serve as Lipotropic factor
hence helps in Lipoprotein formation
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
in Liver to mobilize out Lipids andprevent from Fatty Liver.
6. Phospholipids Releases
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Arachidonic Acid For Eicosanoid
Biosynthesis
Lecithin at 2nd carbon has
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Arachidonic acid(PUFA).
It donates Arachidonic acid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
which is a precursor forEicosanoid biosynthesis.
Phosphatidyl Inositol also
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
provides Arachidonic acid
for Eicosanoids biosynthesis.
Lecithin helps CYT450
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
system for drug
detoxification.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
8. Phospholipids Has RoleIn Blood Coagulation
Role Of Cephalin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
PhosphatidylEthanolamine has role in
blood coagulation.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
It converts clotting factor
Prothrombin to
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Thrombin by factor X.Phosphatidyl Serine has
role in Apoptosis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(Programmed Cell death).
10.Role Of Phospholipids In
Hormonal Action
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Role Of Phosphatidylinositol
Phosphatidyl Inositol
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Triphosphate (PIP3) is aconstituent of cell membrane
and mediate hormone action
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
and maintain intracellular
Calcium.
Inositol tri phosphate and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Diacylglcerol are released from PIP3
by membrane bound Phospholipase C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
The Inositol triphosphate and DAGserve as second messenger to
hormones Oxytocin and Vasopressin.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Plasmalogen
associated to brain
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
and muscles helps inNeural functions.
Role Of Cardiolipin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cardiolipin is rich in innermitochondrial membrane
and supports Electron
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Transport Chain and
cellular respiration.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cardiolipin exhibitsantigenic properties and
used in VDRL
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
serological tests for
diagnosis Syphilis.
Phospholipid serve as
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Coenzyme for certain
Enzymes :
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lipoprotein LipaseCytochrome Oxidase
Functions OF
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
SphingophospholipidsSphingomyelins are rich in
Myelin sheaths which
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
surrounds and insulate theaxons of neurons.
Sphingomyelin helps in nerve
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
impulse transmission.
Disorders Related To Phospholipids
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(RDS)
Suffered by premature born infants.
Caused due to deficiency of Lung
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
surfactant DiPalmitoyl Phosphatidyl
Choline.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Since Lung is the last organ tomature.
Premature babies has insufficient
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
lung surfactant lining in the alveoli
walls.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Which supports no normalrespiration.
Has respiration difficulties due to
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
alveolar collapse.
Sign And Symptoms Of
RDS
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Low ATP production
Weakness ,Lethargy
Low Cellular Functions
Poor Coordination
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
L/S ratio of Amniotic Fluid
Diagnostic Criteria For RDS
Lecithin /Sphingomyelin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(L/S) ratio of amniotic
fluid is a good indicator
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
to evaluate fetal lungmaturity.
Prior to 34 weeks of gestation the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
concentration of Lecithin and
Sphingomyelin in amniotic fluid is
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
equal.In Later weeks of gestation the
Lecithin levels are markedly
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
increased.
At full term L/S ratio is 5.
In pre term infants L/S
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ratio is 1 or < 1 resulting
to suffer from RDS.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Old age persons and Adults withLung damage
(Due to Smoking/ Infections)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Who unable to biosynthesize
the lung surfactant may also
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
exhibit RDS.Membrane Related Disorders
Due To Defective Phospholipds
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Deranged CellularEnvironment
Cell membrane Damage
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Tissue NecrosisCell Death
Mitochondrial ETC Defects due to
Phospholipid Deficits
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Defect In Sphingomyelins affect
Nerve Impulse Conduction
Fatty Liver due to Phospholipid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Defects.
Glycolipids
Glycolipids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glycolipids are type of
compound Lipids.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Chemically Esters of Fattyacids with Alcohol and
additional group as
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Carbohydrate moieties
Types OF Glycolipids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Based on Alcohol1. Glycoglycerolipids
Glycerol as Alcohol
( Less in Animals and Human)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2. GlycosphingolipidsSphingosine as Alcohol
(Predominant in Animals and Human)
Glycosphingolipids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Predominant Animal GlycolipidsTypes of Glycolipids
chemically composed of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ceramide linked with one
or more sugar residues
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
/there derivativesTypes Of Glycosphingolipids
1. Based on Number and Type
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
of Carbohydrate moiety
and there derivatives
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
linked to a Ceramide2. Based on Fatty acid in
Ceramide
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Types Of GlycosphingolipidsAl has Ceramide in Their Str
1) Cerebrosides
2) Gangliosides
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3) Globosides4) Sulfatides
Cerebrosides
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Simplest GlycoSphingolipidsMonoglycosylceramide
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CerebrosidesCerebrosides are type of
Glycosphingolipids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ceramide linked with one
sugar residue
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Types of CerebrosidesDepending upon the Carbohydrate
moiety Types of Cerebrosides are:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glucocerebrosides
(In Extra neural/Other tissues)
Galactocerebrosides
(In Neural)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Structures Of Cerebrosides
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
GalactocerebrosideDepending upon the Fatty acids
Types of Cerebrosides are:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Kerasin-Has Lignoceric acid
Cerebron-Has Cerebronic acid
Nervon-Has Nervonic acid
Oxynervon - Has Oxynervonic acid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Gangliosides
Complex Glycosphingolipids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
GangliosidesGangliosides are Type of
Glycosphingolipids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
In comparison to
Cerebrosides, Gangliosides
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
are more complex.NANA in Gangliosides
Characteristic feature of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Gangliosides is
Its structure contains one or
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
more N-AcetylNeuraminic Acid
(NANA)/Sialic acid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
residues
NANA/Sialic acid is
derived from N-Acetyl
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Mannose and Pyruvate.
Gangliosides structure has
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Carbohydrate moieties asGlucose
Galactose
N-Acetyl Galactosamine
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
N-Acetyl Neuraminic Acid(NANA)/Sialic acid.
Types Of Gangliosides
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Based on Number andPosition of NANAs in
Ganglioside structure
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Various types and subtypes
of Gangliosides are existing
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
in human bodyTypes of Gangliosides
Gangliosides with one NANA residue
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
GM1
GM2
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
GM3Gangliosides with two NANA residues
GD
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Gangliosides with three NANA residues
GT
Types Of Gangliosides
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Depending upon the Chemical structure
and Chromatographic separations
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
More than 30 Types of Gangliosides areisolated:
Structure Of Gangliosides
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
GM3 is more commonand simplest
Ganglioside.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
GM3 has single Sialic acid.
GM1 is a more complex
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ganglioside.GM1 is obtained from GM3.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Occurrence Of Glycolipids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glycosphingolipids are widelydistributed
In every cell and tissue of human
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
body
They are richly present in nervous
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
cells.Occur particularly in outer leaflet of
Cell membrane.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glycolipids occur on
the outer surface of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
every cell membrane ascomponent of
Glycocalyx /(Cell raft).
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cerebrosides: Richly present inWhite matter of brain
Myelin sheath
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Gangliosides: Predominantly
present in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Grey matter of brainGanglions and Dendrites
Functions Of Glycolipids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glycolipids are richlypresent in nervous tissue,
they help in:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Development and
function of brain.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Nerve impulse conductionGlycolipids present in cell
membranes Serve as :
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Antigens viz Blood group
Antigens, Embryonic Antigen.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Receptor sites for Hormones.Glycolipids of cell membrane serve
as:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Markers for cellular recognitionwhich helps in:
Cell Functioning
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cell Growth and DifferentiationCell-Cell interaction
Cell Signaling/Signal Transduction
Anchoring sites for Antigens,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Toxin and PathogensGM1 serve as receptor
/anchoring site to :
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cholera toxin
Tetanus toxin
Influenza viruses
The Cholera toxin on
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
binding to intestinal cells
Stimulates secretion of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Chloride ions into gutlumen.
Resulting in copious
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
diarrhea of Cholera.
In various malignancies
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
dramatic changes inmembrane Glycolipid
composition are noted.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lipid Storage DisordersRelated To Glycosphingolipids
Disorders Of Glycolipids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Gaucher's Disease
Tay Sach's Disease
Gaucher's Disease:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Defect: Due to deficiency of Cerebrosidedegrading enzyme Glucocerebrosidase.
Biochemical Alteration: Abnormal
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
accumulation of Cerebrosides in the
tissues.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Consequences: Affect normal function oftissues where it is accumulated.
Tay Sach's Disease:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Defect: Due to deficiency of Ganglioside
degrading enzyme: Hexoseaminidase-A.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Biochemical Alteration: Abnormalaccumulation of Gangliosides in the
tissues.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Consequences: Affect normal function
of tissues.
Similarities and Dissimilarities
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Of Cerebrosides and Gangliosides
Similarities Of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cerebrosides and GangliosidesBoth are Glycolipids containing
Carbohydrate moieties.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Both contain
Sphingosine/Ceramide in their
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
structures.Both are richly present in Nervous
tissue.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Dissimilarities OfCerebroside and Gangliosides.
S.No
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cerebrosides
Gangliosides
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1Structurally Simple
Structurally complex
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ceramide linked with
Ceramide linked to Glucose,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glucose or Galactose.Galactose , NAGalactosamine
,and NANA
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2
Occur in White matter Occur in Grey matter of brain
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
of brain and Myelinand Ganglions.
Sheaths.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3
Types :
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Types :Glucocerebrosides
GM1,GM2, GM3,GM4
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Galactocerebrosides
4
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Function : ConductsTransfer Biogenic Amines
nerve impulse
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
5
Related Disorder:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Related Disorder:Gauchers Disease
Tay Sachs Disease
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Globosides
Globosides are type of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glycolipids.
Structurally Ceramide
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
linked withOligosaccharide is
Globosides.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Sulfatides/Sulfolipids
Sulfolipids are compound
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lipids.
Sulfolipids are Ceramide
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
linked to Sulfated sugarunits/ Oligosaccharides.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Structurally Sulfolipids may alsohas Glycerolipids containing
Sulfate groups.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Sulfolipids are component of
nervous tissue.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lipoproteins
Lipoproteins
Lipoproteins are types of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Compound Lipids
/Conjugated Proteins.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lipoproteins aremacromolecules formed by
aggregation of :
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lipids (polar and nonpolar )
Proteins( Apoprotein) in
the human body.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lipoproteins acquire polarity(Hydrophilic Property)
Lipoprotein serve as
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
vehicles for transportation
of non polar and polar
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lipids through aqueousmedia blood and lymph.
Lipoproteins are
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
biosynthesized withinthe cells of tissues.
By aggregation of various
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
forms of Lipids and
Apoproteins.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Structure Of LipoproteinsStructure of Lipoproteins
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
The non polar /hydrophobic Lipids TAG
and Cholesterol Ester are gathered
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
centrally to form the core of LipoProteinparticle.
At the periphery of Lipoprotein are
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Apoprotein and Amphipathic Lipids
viz Phospholipids and Cholesterol.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
The Apoprotein and polar groupsof Amphipathic Lipids impart
hydrophilic property to
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lipoprotein molecules
This helps in transportation of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
LipidsFrom site of origin to site of
utilization through blood.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cholesterol Transported as
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lipoprotein Complex (LDL)Functions Of Lipoproteins
Lipoproteins serve as a vehicle in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
transportation of non polar Lipids
From the site of its biosynthesis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
to the site of utilization through
aqueous media of blood or lymph.
Types Of Lipoproteins
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Depending upon the composition and
other properties following are the types
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
of Lipoproteins:Chylomicrons (CM)
Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL)
Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
High Density Lipoproteins (HDL)Free Fatty acid -Albumin
Lipoproteins
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lipoproteins
CHYLOMICRON (CM)
Site Of Synthesis of Chylomicron:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Small IntestinePercentage of Lipids in CM:
99 % (CM is least dense due to high Lipids)
High concentration of associated Lipid in CM:
Triacylglycerol (Exogenous Origin)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Percentage of Protein in CM:1%
Associated Apoproteins in CM:
Apo B48, Apo CII and Apo E.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Source Of Lipids in CM :Exogenous /Dietary origin
Role of Chylomicron (CM) :
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CM Transports dietaryexogenous Lipids from Intestine
to Liver through lymph and blood.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
VLDLSite Of Synthesis of VLDL:
Liver (80%) and Small Intestine (20%).
Percentage of Lipids in VLDL : 92%
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
High concentration of associated Lipidin VLDL is: Endogenous
Triacylglycerol
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Percentage of Protein in VLDL: 8%
Associated Apoproteins in VLDL:
Apo B100, Apo CI, Apo CII and Apo E.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Source Of Lipids to VLDL :Endogenously
biosynthesized Lipids in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Liver and Intestine.
Role Of VLDL:
VLDL Transports
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Endogenous lipids from Liver
to Extra Hepatic tissues.
LDL
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Site Of LDL Synthesis:
In Blood circulation from VLDL
Percentage of associated Lipids in LDL:
80%
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
High concentration of associated Lipid in LDLis: Cholesterol
Percentage of associated Protein in LDL:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
20%Associated Apoproteins of LDL:
Apo B100, Apo CI, Apo CII and ApoE
Source Of Lipids in LDL:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Endogenously biosynthesized
Lipids in Liver
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Role Of LDL:LDL transports Endogenous
Cholesterol from Liver to extra
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
hepatic tissues.HDL
Site of nascent(new) HDL Synthesis:
In Liver
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Percentage of associated Lipids inHDL: 50%
High concentration of associated Lipid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
in HDL: Phospholipids
Percentage of associated Protein in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
HDL: 50% (HDL is more dense due to highcontent of Proteins)
HDL Associated Apoproteins:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Apo A I, Apo A II
Apo C I, Apo C II
Apo D and Apo E
HDL Is Associated
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
With Enzyme LCAT
Responsible For
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CholesterolEsterification And Its
Excretion
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Role Of HDL :
Transports extra ,non functional
Cholesterol present in blood
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
circulation to Liver for its
excretion.
HDL has scavenging role with
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
protective mechanism.
HDL Transports Cholesterol
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
fromExtrahepatic tissues back to
Liver for its excretion.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
HDL Has Role as
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Reverse Transport ofCholesterol
HDL reduces risk of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Atherosclerosis.HDL clears the body Lipids
and do not allow accumulation
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
of Lipids in blood.
Thus when the levels of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
HDL are within normalrange
Cholesterol associated
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
with HDL is termed as
Good Cholesterol
Based on Electrophoretic
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
pattern the Lipoproteins are
termed as:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
LDL: Beta LipoproteinsVLDL: Pre Beta Lipoproteins
HDL: Alpha Lipoproteins
Classification of plasma Lipoproteins
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
according to their electrophoretic
mobility
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(CM)a-lipoprotein (HDL)
Pre-b-Lipoprotein (VLDL)
b-lipoprotein (LDL)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CMTypes of Lipoprotein
(al contain characteristic amounts TAG, cholesterol, cholesterol esters,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
phospholipids and Apoproteins ? NMR Spectroscopy)Diameter
Major
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Class
(nm)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Source and FunctionApoliproteins
Chylomicrons
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
500
Intestine. Transport of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
A, B48,(CM)
Largest
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
dietary TAG
C(I,II,III) E
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
tyVery low density
43
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Liver. Transport of
B100,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
silipoproteins
endogenously
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
C(I,II,III) , E
(VLDL)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
synthesised TAGn
g
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
den
Low density
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
22Formed in circulation by
B100
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
lipoproteins
partial breakdown of IDL.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(LDL)Delivers cholesterol to
I
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ncreasi
peripheral tissues
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
High density8
Liver. Removes "used"
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
A, C(I,II,III),
lipoproteins
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Smal estcholesterol from tissues
D, E
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(HDL)
and takes it to liver.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Donates apolipoproteins toCM and VLDL
Lipoprotein
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Density Diameter
Protein % Phospholi Triacyl-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
class(g/mL)
(nm)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
of dry wt
pids %
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
glycerols %of dry wt
HDL
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1.063-
5 ? 15
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
5029
8
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1.21
LDL
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1.019 ? 18 ? 2825
21
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
4
1.063
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
IDL1.006-
25 - 50
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
18
22
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
311.019
VLDL
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
0.95 ?
30 - 80
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1018
50
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1.006
Chylomicrons
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
< 0.95100 - 500
1 - 2
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
7
84
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
99Physical properties and lipid compositions of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lipoproteins
CM
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
VLDLLDL
HDL
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Density (g/ml) < 0.94 0.94-1.006 1.006-1.063 1.063-1.210
6000-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Diameter (?)2000
600
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
250
70-120
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Total lipid(wt%) *
99
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
91
80
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
50Triacylglycerol 85
55
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
10
6
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cholesterolesters
3
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
18
50
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
40Cholesterol
2
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
7
11
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
7Phospholipid
8
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
20
29
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
46Apoprotein % 1 9 20 50
Fatty acid compositions (wt% of the total) in the main lipids of human
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lipoprotein
TriacylglycerolsCholesterol
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
EstersPhospholipids
Fatty acid VLDL LDL HDL VLDL LDL HDL VLDL LDL HDL
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
16:0 27
23
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2312
11
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
11
34
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3632
18:0 3
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3
4
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
11
1
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
15
14
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1418:1 45
47 44
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
26
22
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2212
12
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
12
18:2 16
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1616
52
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
60 55
20
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1921
20:4
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(n-6) 2
5
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
86
7
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
6
14
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1316
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
The main properties of the Apoproteins.*Apoprotein
Molecular weight
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lipoprotein
Function
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lecithin:cholesterolApo A1
28,100
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
HDL
acyltransferase (LCAT)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
activation. Mainstructural protein.
Apo A2
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
17,400
HDL
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Enhances hepatic lipaseactivity
Apo A4
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
46,000
CHYLOMICRON(CM)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Apo AV(5)39,000
HDL
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Enhances triacylglycerol
uptake
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Apo B48241,000
CHYLOMICRON
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Derived from Apo B100 ?
lacks the LDL receptor
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Apo B100512,000
LDL, VLDL
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Binds to LDL receptor
Apo C1
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
7,600VLDL, CM
Activates LCAT
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Apo C2
8,900
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
VLDL, CMActivates lipoprotein
lipase
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Apo C3
8,700
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
VLDL, CMInhibits lipoprotein
lipase
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Apo D
33,000
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
HDLAssociated with LCAT,
progesterone binding
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Apo E
34,000
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
HDLAt least 3 forms. Binds to
LDL receptor
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Linked by disulfide bondApo(a)
300,000-800,000
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
LDL, Lp(a)
to apo B100 and similar
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
to plasminogenApo H, J, L
Poorly defined functions
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Apo M
HDL
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Transports sphingosine-1-phosphate
* Roman numerals are sometimes used to designate apoproteins (e.g. Apo AI, AII, AIII, etc)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Disorders Of Lipoproteins
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Defect in Lipoproteinmetabolism leads to
Lipoprotein disorders:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Hyperlipoproteinemias
Hypolipoproteinemias
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lipoproteins Atherogenic Particles
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
MEASUREMENTS:Apolipoprotein B
Non-HDL-C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
VLDL
VLDL
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
IDLR
LDL
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Small,
dense
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
TG-rich lipoproteinsLDL
Defect in the receptors
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
of Lipoproteins onspecific tissues leads to
retention of specific
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lipoproteins in the blood
circulation.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Abnormal high levels ofLDL in blood is due to LDL
receptor defect on
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
extrahepatocytes bad to
body.
The Cholesterol associated
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
to high LDL levels is said to
be bad Cholesterol.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
This increases the risk ofAtherosclerosis ,Ischemia,
MI and Stroke.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Recently evidenced high
levels of blood HDL are
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
also bad to body.This increases the risk of
Atherosclerosis ,Ischemia,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
MI and Stroke.
Proteolipids/ Lipophilin
Proteolipids/ Lipophilin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Proteolipids are compound
lipids which have more content
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
of Proteins than Lipids.Proteolipid is a
transmembrane domain
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
protein bound with Lipids.
Occurrence Of Proteolipids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Proteolipids are structural
Lipids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Present on the extracellularside of the membrane.
Proteolipids are also present
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
in Myelin Sheath.
Miscellaneous Lipids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Miscel aneous LipidEicosanoids
Eicosanoids are
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Classified under
Miscellaneous Lipids.
Eicosanoids is a
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
generic term
collectively used for
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Biologically active 20carbon(Eicosa) Lipid
like compounds
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Name Of Eicosanoids
Eicosanoids is a Generic term for the
20 Carbon related compounds like:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
I.
Prostaglandins (PGs)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
II. Prostacyclins (PGI2)III. Thromboxanes (TX)
IV. Leukotrienes (LT)
V.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lipoxins (LX)VI. Resolvins
VII. Eoxins
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Biosynthesis Of EicosanoidsEicosanoids are
derivatives of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Nutritional EssentialFatty acid/PUFAs.
Eicosanoids are biosynthesized in the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
body from PUFAs:
1.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Mostly from Arachidonicacid/Eicosatetraenoic acid
(PUFA)/Omega 6 Fatty acid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2.
Minorly from Timnodonic
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
acid/Eicosapentaenoic /Omega 3Fatty acid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
During EicosanoidBiosynthesis Mostly
Arachidonic acid is released
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
by Phospholipids Viz:
Lecithin/PIP3
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
By Phospholipase A2 activityEicosanoids has very
short half life
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
From seconds to fewminutes
Classification Of Eicosanoids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Prostanoids : Obtained byCycloxygenase System :
Prostaglandin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Prostacyclins
Thromboxanes
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Leukotrienes and Lipoxins areobtained by Lipoxygenase System
Prostaglandins are Derivative of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Arachidonic acid1. Prostaglandins (PGs)
Prostaglandins are type of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Eicosanoids.PGs also termed as
Prostanoids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Since they are obtained from
parent compound Prostanoic
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
acidBiosynthesis Of Prostaglandins
Per day 1 mg of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Prostaglandins arebiosynthesized in human
body.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Prostaglandins arederived from
Arachidonic acid by
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cycloxygenase system.
Phospholipid Lecithin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
releases Arachidonic acidArachidonic acid is used for
Prostanoic acid synthesis.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Prostanoic acid then
biosynthesizes Prostaglandin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
in human body.Structure and Types Of PGs
The Prostaglandin structure is
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
complex and possess:Cyclopentane ring
Double bond
Carboxylic and Hydroxyl
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
groups
Prostaglandins
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
contains a
Cyclopentane ring
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
with Hydroxylgroups at C11 and C15
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Prostaglandins (PG) are offollowing Types:
PG A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
PG BPG C
PG D
PG E
PG F
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
PG GPG H
Occurrence/Distribution Of PGs
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Occurrence Of PGsProstaglandin was first seen in
Prostatic secretion and Semen.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Later it was found that
Prostaglandins are ubiquitous
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Present all over in the humanbody tissues.
Functions OF Prostaglandins
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Prostaglandins serve as CellSignaling Agents/Local
Hormones with.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Paracrine in action (act on
sites closely where they are
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
produced/ neighboring cells).Autocrine in action that the
sites where they are produced.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Prostaglandins have
diverse functions on
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
many tissuesAction of one PG is
different in different
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
tissues.Sometimes PGs bring
out opposing action in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
same tissue.
PGs exert their function
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
through G-Protein linkedmembrane receptors.
1.Role Of PGs In Blood Vessels
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
PGs Regulate Blood PressurePG A and PG E are Vasodilators.
PGs lowers the blood pressure
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
by:Increasing blood flow and
Decreasing vascular resistance
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
in blood vessels.PGs are used
Therapeutically in treating
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Hypertension.Prostaglandin occur at
Platelets
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Inhibits Platelet
Aggregation
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
andThrombus formation
2. PGs Has Role in Uterus At The
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Time Of ParturitionPG naturally increases
uterine contraction of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
smooth muscles which
induces the delivery of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
baby.PGs can be therapeutically
used as Abortificients during
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Medical Termination ofPregnancies (MTPs).
PGs also arrests postpartum
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
hemorrhage.
3. Role Of Prostaglandins In Lungs
PGs in Lungs serve as
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Bronchodilators and
Bronchoconstrictor of Lungs.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
PG E-BronchodilatorPG F- Bronchoconstrictor
PG E is used in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
treatment ofBronchial Asthma.
4. Role Of Prostaglandin In GIT
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Prostaglandin in stomachincreases its motility and
inhibits gastric secretion of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
HCL.
PG is used in treatment of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
gastric ulcers.5. Role Of Prostaglandins in Kidneys
PGs in Kidneys increases
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
GFR and promotes urineformation and urine out put.
Thus helps in removing
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
waste out of the body.
PGs Regulate Sleep and Wake
Process
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Use of PG D2 promotes
Sleep
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
6.Effect Of PGs on MetabolismPGs Decreases Lipolysis (breakdown
of TAG).
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
PGs increases Glycogenesis.PGs promotes Steroidogenesis
(Biosynthesis of Steroid hormones)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
PGs promotes mobilization of ionicCalcium from bones.
Role Of PGs
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
In Immunity And Inflammation
Prostaglandins are produced in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
more amounts at the time of :Fever
Pain
Nausea and Vomiting
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
InflammationTo provide immunity to body
Production of PGs
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
PromoteFever , Pain , Nausea
Vomiting and Inflammation
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
PGs are more produced
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
in inflammatorydisorders like
Rheumatoid Arthritis.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Drugs like NSAIDs Aspirin used
in treating inflammatory
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
disorders.
Inhibits the Enzyme of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cycloxygenase systemWhich in turn inhibits the
biosynthesis of Prostaglandins.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1.
4.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Regulate BloodInhibits Gastic secretion
Pressure
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2.
5.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
FUNCTIONS OFPromotes Kidney
Help in Parturition
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Prostaglandins
Function
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3.6.
Produces pain,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Bronchodilation
inflammation and Fever
2. Prostacyclins (PGI2)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Prostacyclins (PGI2)
Prostacyclins are type of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Eicosanoids/ Prostanoids.Principally formed in vascular
endothelium
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
They are Platelet Aggregation
Inhibition Factors
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Biosynthesized by enzymeProstacyclin Synthetase.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Roles of ProstacyclinsProstacyclins are Vasodilators.
Prostacyclins like Prostaglandins
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
inhibit platelet aggregation.
Prostacyclins prevent
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Thrombus/clot formation.3. Thromboxanes (TX)
Thromboxanes (TX)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Thromboxanes are also termed asPlatelet Aggregating Factor
(PAF).
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Thromboxanes areProstanoids produced by
Thrombocytes (platelets)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
By Enzyme Thromboxy
Synthase.
Structure Of Thromboxanes
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Thromboxanes possess
a cyclic Ether in their
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
structures.--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Types Of ThromboxanesTX A and TX B are types
of Thromboxanes.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
TXA2 is more prominent
in human body.
Functions Of Thromboxanes
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Thromboxanes are vasoconstrictors.
Thromboxanes enhances platelet
aggregation.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Thromboxanes favors blood clot
formation during blood coagulation.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Thromboxanes andProstacyclins are antagonistic
to each other balancing their
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
activities.
Increased Thromboxane
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
activity results in Thrombosis.4. Leukotrienes
Leukotrienes
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Leukotrienes are type ofEicosanoids
Biosynthesized through
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lipoxygenase system in
Leukocytes.
Leukotrienes are a family
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
of Eicosanoid
Inflammatory
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
mediators producedin leukocytes.
Occurrence Of Leukotrienes
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Early discovery ofLeukotrienes was in
Leukocytes.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Leukotrienes are also
produced and present in.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Mast cellsLung
Heart
Spleen
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Leukotrienes Structure and Types
Leukotrines are Hydroxy
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
derivatives possessing conjugatedTrienes .
Types of Leukotrienes:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
LTB4, LTC4, LTD4 and LTE4
Effect Of Leukotrienes
Leukotrienes are the component
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
of Slow Reacting Substances
(SRS-A).
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
SRS-A are released duringAllergic reactions/Anaphylaxis.
Leukotrienes are
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
100-1000 times more
potent than
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Histamine duringallergic reactions.
LTB4 is a potent
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
chemotactic agent.(chemical substance
which mediates
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
movement of cells).
Leukotrienes by action
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
are:Bronchoconstrictors
Vasoconstrictors
LTC4, LTD4 and LTE4 are Slow
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
- Releasing Substance of
anaphylaxis ( SRS - A ) ,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
SRS-A causes fluid leakagefrom blood vessels to an
inflamed area.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Overproduction of
Leukotrienes causes
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Asthmatic attacks/Anaphylactic shocks.
An Antiasthmatic
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
drug Prednisoneinhibits
Leukotriene
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
biosynthesis.
5.Lipoxins
Lipoxins
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lipoxins are Eicosanoids produced
in Leukocytes of human body.
Lipoxins are:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Vasoactive/VasodilatorsAnti-inflammatory
Immunoregulatory
Chemotactic substances
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Omega 6 and Omega 3 DerivedEicosanoids
Are Opposite in Body Action
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Omega 6 Derived EicosanoidsProstaglandins:
Promotes Inflammation
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Omega 3 Derived EicosanoidsResolvins and Eoxins are:
Anti Inflammatory
Anti Allergy
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Anti HypertensiveAnti Cancer
Anti Atherosclerotic
Adverse effects of Eicosanoids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Local pain and irritationBronchospasm
Gastrointestinal disturbances:
nausea, vomiting, cramping,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
and diarrhea.
Biological Actions of Selected
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Eicosanoid Molecules--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Generation of arachidonic acid metabolites and their roles in inflammation.
The molecular targets of some anti-inflammatory drugs are indicated by a red X.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
COX, cyclooxygenase; HETE, hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid;
HPETE, hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Amphipathic LipidsAmphipathic Lipids
Lipids structure
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
possessing both polarand non polar groups in
their structure are
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
amphipathic Lipids.
Amphipathic
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
/Amphiphillic Lipids arepartially soluble in
water due to their polar
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
hydrophilic groups
Amphipathic Lipids become
oriented at oil?water
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
interfaces:
With the polar group
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
directed in the water phaseThe non polar group directed
in oil phase/away from water.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Examples Of
Amphipathic Body Lipids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
PhospholipidsGlycolipids
Free Fatty acids
Free Cholesterol
Role Of Amphipathic Lipids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Amphipathic Lipids have following biological
Significances in forming:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Biomembranes:(Phospholipid bilayer, Glycolipids and
Cholesterol)
Emulsions: (In intestine PL help in Lipids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Digestion)
Micelles:(In intestine help in Lipids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Absorption)Lipoproteins: for transport of nonpolar Lipids
Liposomes: (Agents for Drug /Gene carrier)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
EmulsionsEmulsions are small droplets
of oils miscible in aqueous
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
phase.
Emulsions are usually formed
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
by Nonpolar and AmphipathicLipids along with Bile Salts in
aqueous phase.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
In Human GIT
Emulsions are formed as
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
small, miscible dietaryLipid droplets in aqueous
phase of intestinal juice in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
intestinal lumen.
Emulsions are
formed during the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
process of
Emulsification in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
GIT.Requirements For Emulsification
Emulsifying agents :
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Bile salts (Major)
Amphipathic Lipids (Minor)
Mechanical force aids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
emulsification.
Emulsifying agents reduces
the surface tension.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Emulsifying agents form a
surface layer of separating
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
the main bulk of nonpolarLipids from aqueous phase.
Emulsions are
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
stabilized by the
detergent action of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
emulsifying agents.Emulsification Process
Emulsification process takes place in an
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
aqueous phase of intestinal juice inintestinal lumen and forms Emulsions.
During Emulsification Hydrophobic or
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
nonpolar dietary Lipids(TAG) are mixed
with an emulsifying agents:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Bile saltsLecithin( Amphipathic Lipids)
Mechanical force(provided
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
by intestinal peristalticmovement) facilitates the
process of Emulsification.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Types Of Emulsions
I. Oil In Water
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
II. Water In OilSignificance Of Emulsions
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Emulsions formed in the intestinallumen help in the digestion of
dietary Lipids.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
The dietary large droplets of
Fat/Oil are transformed to small
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
,miscible droplets as Emulsions.Emulsions bring the dietary
Lipids in contact with Lipid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
digesting Enzymes presentin aqueous phase of
intestinal juice.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Micelles
Micelles have a disc like shape .
Critical concentration of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Amphipathic Lipids in aqueous
medium form Micelles(~200 nm).
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Bile salts help in forming MixedMicelles.
Mixed Micelles are
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
formed afterdigestion of various
forms of dietary Lipids.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Aggregation of various
digestive end products of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
dietary Lipids covered with aperipheral layer of Bile salts
form mixed Micelles in the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
intestinal lumen.
Mixed Micelles contain
the non polar Lipids in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
the interior portions and
polar Bile salts on the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
exterior.Significance Of Mixed Micelles
Mixed Micelles helps in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
absorption of dietary
Lipids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
From intestinal lumen intointestinal mucosal cells.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
LiposomesAmphipathic Lipids when exposed
to high frequency sound waves
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(Ultra Sonication) in aqueous
medium to agitate particles and form
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Liposomes.Liposomes can be prepared by
disrupting biological membranes by
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ultra sonication(>20 KHz )
Structures Of Liposomes
Liposomes are composite structures made of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
largely phospholipids and small amounts of
other molecules
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Liposomes has spheres of one/ many Lipidbilayers.
Liposomes contain aqueous regions(polar
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
phase) and intermittently lipid bilayer (non
polar phase).
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Types Of LiposomesUnilamellar Liposome
Multilamellar Liposome
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Structures Of
Liposomes
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Role Of Liposomes
Liposomes are vehicles for
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
administration of drug through
blood, targeted to specific organs.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Topical transdermal delivery ofdrugs.
Transfer of Gene into vascular
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
cells
Water insoluble drugs are
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
carried in Hydrophobic regionof Liposome.
Water soluble drugs are
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
carried in Hydrophilic region
of Liposomes.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Biomedical Importance
Of Body Lipids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
The Role of various Body Lipids:
Triacylglycerol
Free Fatty acids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
PhospholipidsGlycolipids
Lipoproteins
Cholesterol and Cholesterol Ester
Eicosanoids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1.
4.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Builds MembranesSources Of Energy, PUFAs
Signal Transmission
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
,Fat soluble Vitamins
2.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
5.Restores Abundant
FUNCTIONS OF
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
LUBRICATE
Energy
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
LIPIDSCushioning Effect
3.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
6.
Nervous Function
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Electrical and ThermalLung Surfactant,
Insulators
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Emulsifiers
Body Lipids Based On Functions
Energy Storage Lipids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Structural LipidsTransport Lipids
Metabolic Regulatory Lipids
Thermal and Electrical Insulators
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1.Lipids are chiefconstituents of food they
serve as a secondary
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
source of energy (Free
Fatty acid oxidation= 9
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Kcal/gm ).Fatty acids of TAG is a
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Source of EnergyEnergy-Containing Nutrients (C and H)
H+
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ATP Electron
Transport
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ChainCO2
O2
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
H2O
2.The TAG serve as reserve stores of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lipid as depot fat in Adiposecytes.TAG is stored in concentrated,
anhydrous and unlimited form
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
which supplies energy to muscles for
long term in between meals and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
fasting /starvation condition.3. Dietary Oils and Fat improve the
taste of recipe, increases palatability
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
and satiety value of foods.4.TAG protect the internal soft
visceral organs ,give mechanical
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
support by cushioning effect andshock absorber.
5.The Lipids (TAG) give shape and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
contour to body.6.Phospholipids, Cholesterol and
Glycolipids are structural
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
components of various
biomembranes.
7.The Lipids of plasma membranes
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
imparts integrity, fluidity ,
flexibility and selective
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
permeability.8.Dietary Lipids are sources of
essential fatty acids (PUFAs)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
which are very essential to bodiesfunction.
9. Fat soluble Vitamins (A,D,E
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
and K) are associated with Fattyfoods hence become available from
fatty diet.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
10.Amphipathic Lipids serve as
surfactants, detergents and emulsifying
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
agents.Dipalmitoyl Phosphatidyl Choline serve as
Lung surfactant and supports good
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
respiration process.
Phospholipids in GIT helps in forming
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Emulsions and Micelles helping indigestion and absorption of dietary
Lipids.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
11.Lipids are poor conductorof heat and electricity and
serve as Thermal insulators
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(Subcutaneous Fat/TAG) to
regulate body temperature.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
12.Cholesterol,Glycolipidsand Sphingophospholipids
components of nerve fibers
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
serve as Electrical
insulators and help in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
conduction of nerveimpulse.
12.Lipids Serve as Metabolic Regulators.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Steroidal hormones derived fromCholesterol.
Prostaglandins serve as Local hormones
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
regulate various biochemical andphysiological processes of body.
13.Cholesterol ester
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(Human body wax)
keep skin lubricated
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
and water proof.Good About Body Lipids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Liberate 9 kcal perRegulates cell
gram of TAG.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
function
Major fuel at rest
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Maintainsmembrane structure
Endurance Exercise Improve nerve
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Stores Energy
function
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Source of :Provides flavors and
textures of foods
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Essential fatty acids
Helps us feel
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fat-soluble vitaminssatiated
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Bad About : Fats and OilsExcess Fat makes Us Obese
Increases risk for Diabetes Mellitus
Leads to Coronary Artery disease
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
MI, StrokeSusceptible to Cancer
855
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Disorders OF LipidsLipid Storage Disorders
Obesity
Atherosclerosis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Respiratory Distress SyndromeFatty Liver
Hyperlipoproteinemias
Hypolipoproteinemias
Necrosis ,Oxidative damage of biomembranes
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
due to Lipid peroxidation
Lipid Storage Disorders
Inborn Errors Of Lipid Metabolism
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Congenital Defects where
deficient of Enzymes
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Affects an Abnormalaccumulation of Lipid forms
In cells and tissues affecting
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
there functionality.
S.No Lipid Storage
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Enzyme Defect andDisorder
Abnormal Accumulation
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
of
1
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Niemann PicksSphingomyelinase
Disease
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Sphingomyelins
2
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Gaucher's DiseaseBeta Glucocerebrosidase
Glucocerebrosides
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3
Krabbe's Disease
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Beta GalactosidaseGalactocerebrosides
4
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Tay Sach's Disease
Hexoseaminidase-A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Gangliosides5
Ferber's Disease
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ceramidase
Ceramides
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Common
Lipids Associated Disorders
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ObesityAtherosclerosis
Coronary Heart Disease
Hypertension
Diabetes Mellitus
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Disorders Related To TAGObesity
TAG is stored as reservoir of energy in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
concentrated and anhydrous form.
Adipose tissue is most predominant
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
in a subcutaneous layer and inabdominal cavity.
Normal Fat content of adult:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Men 21%Women 26%
If the Fat content of an adult
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
body goes above the normalcontent the condition is
termed as Obesity.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Obesity has excess fat
depots.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Truncal/central obesityis a risk factor for heart
attack.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Obesity has abnormal Lipidmetabolism.
Increased Blood Cholesterol and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lipoproteins.
Obese persons has high
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
risk of Diabetes mellitus,Atherosclerosis and CVD.
Questions
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Long Answer QuestionsDefine Lipids (Bloor's
Definition). Classify Lipids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
with suitable examples.
Define Fatty acids. Classify
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
them with different modesand suitable examples.
What are Compound
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
lipids? Describe chemistry &functions of Phospholipids.
What are Sterols? Describe
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
the structure, dietary
sources, properties &
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
functions of Cholesterol.Write Short Notes.
Biomedical importance of body
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lipids
Essential fatty acids (PUFAs) &
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
their role in the body.Triacylglycerol/Neutral Fats-
Structure & Function.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Rancidity- Causes & Prevention.Gycolipids/Cerebrosides/Gangliosi
des
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lipoproteins- Chemistry, types &functions
Eicosanoids/Prostaglandins
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Therapeutic uses of Prostaglandins
Distinguish between Fats & Waxes
Nomenclature & Isomerism of fatty acids
Omega 3 fatty acids and their importance
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Amphipathic nature of lipids and theirroles
Distinguish between Fats & Oils
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Enumerate biomedical important lipidswith their classes
Properties of Fatty acids.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Simple Lipids with their examplesEnumerate Compound Lipids & one
function of each
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Name the Derived lipids & theirfunctions
Trans Fats
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Tests to check the purity of fats &oils/Characteristic number of Fats
Revision Questions
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Define LipidsNumber and Names of Lipid Classes
Define Derived Lipids
Examples of Derived Lipids
Define Fatty acids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
What is Delta and Omega endWhat is Beta Carbon of a Fatty acid
6 Modes of Classification of Fatty
acids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fatty acids with one double bond is:-----------
---
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Name most predominant Fatty acid ofhuman body-----
Most easily metabolized fatty acids are :-------
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
-----,____________- and _____________
Fatty acid with odd and even number carbon
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
atoms are:PUFAs are Fatty acids with---------------------
Name PUFAs
Are Nutritionally Essential Fatty acids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
and PUFAs same
Name branched Chain and Odd
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Number Fatty acidsName Cyclic and Hydroxy Fatty acids
What are Cis and Trans Fatty acids
Name Omega 3 Fatty acids and 3 Main
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Roles
Criteria for Sub classification of Simple
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
LipidsDefine Simple lipids
Examples/Subtypes of Simple Lipids
What is a Class of Fat/Oil and its
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
chemical name
Define Waxes
Name body Wax
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Differences of Fats and OilsOccurrence and Role of TAG
Definition Compound Lipids
Types of Compound lipids
Sphingophospholipid Examples
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Number and Names Of
Glycerophospholipids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Hormonal role of PhospholipdsChemical name of Lung
Surfactant
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Which Compound Lipid is a Lipidand Protein?
Biochemistry Department
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---