Download MBBS (Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery) Ophthalmology PPT 53 Secondary Glaucoma 1 Lecture Notes
Secondary Glaucoma
Learning Objectives
? At the end of this class the students shal be able
to :
? Define secondary glaucoma.
? Classify secondary glaucoma.
? Understand the aetiopathogenesis and clinical
features of secondary glaucoma's.
? Understand the fundamentals of managing
secondary glaucoma's.
2
Question
? A 12 year old boy is diagnosed as having an
angle recession glaucoma. It is a type of
? primary open angle glaucoma
? secondary open angle glaucoma
? primary angle closure glaucoma
? secondary angle closure glaucoma
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Definition
? Secondary Glaucoma
A group of disorders in which rise in
intraocular pressure(leading to glaucoma) is
associated with some primary ocular or
systemic disease.
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Classification of secondary glaucoma's
? Based on mechanism of IOP rise
Secondary open angle glaucoma
Secondary angle closure glaucoma
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Classification of secondary glaucoma's
? Depending on causative primary disease
? Phacogenic (Lens induced) glaucoma
? Pigmentary glaucoma
? Neovascular glaucoma
? Inflammatory glaucoma (Uveitic)
? Traumatic glaucoma
? Steroid induced glaucoma
? Pseudoexfoliative glaucoma
? Glaucomas associated with intraocular tumours
(Malignant melanoma, retinoblastoma)
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Lens induced glaucoma
? Raised IOP secondary to a disorder of crystalline lens
? Secondary angle closure Secondary open angle
Phacomorphic glaucoma Phacolytic glaucoma
Phacotopic glaucoma Lens particle glaucoma
Phacoanaphylactic
glaucoma
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Phacomorphic glaucoma
? Causes -
? Intumescent lens
? Anterior subluxation or dislocation of the lens
and spherophakia (Phacotopic variant)
? Pathogenesis ? Swollen lens pushes iris
forwards, obliterating the angle
? Presentation ? Acute congestive glaucoma
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Phacomorphic glaucoma
? Treatment ?
? Medical treatment ?
Control of IOP by
iv mannitol, systemic
acetazolamide and
topical beta blockers
? Surgical
Cataract extraction
with implantation of
PCIOL
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Phacolytic glaucoma
? Trabecular meshwork is clogged
by lens proteins and
macrophages which
phagocytose the lens
proteins and inflammatory
debris
? Treatment
? Medical therapy to lower IOP
fol owed by extraction of
cataractous lens with PCIOL
implantation.
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Lens particle glaucoma
? Trabecular meshwork is
blocked by lens
particles floating in
aqueous humour.
? Management
? Medical therapy to lower
IOP and
irrigation ? aspiration of
lens particles from
anterior chamber
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Phacoanaphylactic glaucoma
? Fulminating acute inflammatory
reaction due to antigen ? antibody
reaction
? Granulomatous inflammation in
involved eye
? Preceding disruption of lens capsule
and leakage of proteins from capsule
? IOP is raised due to inflammatory
reaction of uveal tissue excited by lens
matter.
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Phacoanaphylactic glaucoma
? Management includes
medical therapy to
lower IOP.
Treatment of iridocyclitis
with steroids and
cycloplegics .
Irrigation ? aspiration
of lens matter from
anterior chamber ( if
required).
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Pigmentary glaucoma
? Clogging up of trabecular
meshwork by pigment particles
in patients with Pigment
Dispersion Syndrome(PDS)
? Pigment released by mechanical
rubbing of posterior pigment
layer of iris with zonular fibrils
? Clinical features ?
Pigment deposition on lens zonules and
equatorial region. The deposits are clearly
? Young myopic males
visible in full mydriasis.
? Features similar to POAG
? Deposition of pigment granules
in anterior segment
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REVERSE PUPILLARY BLOCK IN
PIGMENTARY GLAUCOMA
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CLASSIC DIAGNOSTIC TRIAD
? Krukenberg spindle (Pigment deposition on
the endothelium, in a vertical spindle-shaped
distribution).
? Midperipheral iris transillumination defects
? Dense trabecular meshwork pigmentation
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Pigmentary glaucoma
? Gonioscopy ? pigment
accumulation along
the Schwalbe's line
especial y inferiorly
(Sampaolesi's line)
? Iris transil umination ?
radial slit ? like
defects in the periphery
? Treatment is similar to
that of POAG
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Neovascular glaucoma
? Intractable glaucoma due to neovascularisation
of iris and angle of anterior chamber.
? Due to retinal ischaemia
Diabetic retinopathy
CRVO
Sickle cell retinopathy
Eales' disease
Chronic intraocular inflammation
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PATHOGENESIS
? CHRONIC RETINAL ISCHAEMIA
? ANGIOGENIC FACTORS RELEASED
? NEOVASCULARISATION ON IRIS AND ANGLE
? NEOVASCULAR GLAUCOMA
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Stages of neovascular glaucoma
? Pre-glaucomatous stage
? Open angle glaucoma
stage
? Secondary angle closure
glaucoma
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TREATMENT
? Panretinal photocoagulation
? Intra- vitreal Anti -VEGF
? Mydriatics and Corticosteroids
? Filtering surgeries
? Glaucoma drainage devices
? Cyclodestructive procedures
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INFLAMMATORY GLAUCOMA
? Non specific inflammatory glaucoma
? Open angle
? Angle closure
? Specific hypertensive uveitis syndromes
? Fuchs' uveitis syndrome
? Glaucomatocyclitic crisis (Posner Schlossman
syndrome)
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Open angle inflammatory glaucoma
Acute open ? angle
Chronic open ? angle
inflammatory glaucoma inflammatory glaucoma
Mechanism of rise in
Trabecular clogging ,
Chronic trabeculitis and
IOP
trabecular oedema and
trabecular scarring
prostaglandin ? induced
rise in IOP
Clinical features
Features of acute
Raised IOP, open angle, no
iridocyclitis associated with active inflammation but
raised IOP with open-angle signs of previous episode
of anterior chamber
of uveitis present
Management
Treatment of iridocyclitis
Medical therapy
Medical therapy to
Trabeculectomy
lower IOP by use of
Cyclodestructive
hyperosmotic agents,
procedures
acetazolamide and beta ?
blockers eye drops
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Angle closure inflammatory glaucoma
? Mechanism of rise in IOP ?
? Secondary angle ? closure with pupillary block
? Secondary angle ? closure without pupillary block
? Clinical features ? Raised IOP, seclusio papillae,
shallow anterior chamber
? Management ?
? Prophylaxis ? Local steroids and atropine to
prevent formation of synechiae
? Curative treatment ? Medical therapy, surgical or
laser iridotomy and filtration surgery
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Specific hypertensive uveitis
syndromes
? Glaucomatocyclitic crisis
? Fuchs' uveitis syndrome
(Posner Schlossman
syndrome)
? Chronic low grade anterior
? Recurrent attacks of
uveitis.
unilateral, acute mild
? Occurs unilateral y in middle
uveitis with secondary
aged persons
open angle glaucoma.
? Glaucoma is out of
? Heterochromia of iris
proportion to
? No posterior synechia.
inflammation.
? Associated with cataract
? Due to accompanying
acute trabeculitis.
and secondary glaucoma
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Blunt Trauma
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Causes of glaucoma after trauma
? Inflammatory glaucoma
? Glaucoma due to hyphema
? Lens induced glaucoma
? Angle recession glaucoma
? Epithelial or fibrous ingrowth
? Angle closure due to PAS
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Angle recession glaucoma
? Rupture in ciliary body
face
? Bimodal onset at 1 year
and 10 year post
trauma
Gonioscopic view of angle recession,
demonstrated by a widened ciliary body band.
? 270 degree recession-
risk of glaucoma- 5%
? 360 degree recession-
risk of glaucoma- 24%
There is a disruption in the ciliary body
between the external longitudinal muscle
fibers and the internal oblique and circular
muscle fibers.
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Traumatic glaucoma
? Management
? Medical therapy with topical 0.5% timolol and
oral acetazolamide
? Surgical intervention needs to be
individualized according to nature and site of
trauma
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Steroid induced glaucoma
? Secondary open angle glaucoma following steroid therapy
? In the general population:
? High steroid responders ? 5%
? Moderate steroid responders ? 35%
? Non steroid responders ? 60%
(IOP rise after six weeks of steroid therapy)
Precise mechanism of IOP rise not known
Prevented by judicious use of steroids and regular IOP
monitoring
Treated by stopping steroids gradually and anti glaucoma
medications
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Pseudoexfoliative glaucoma
? Pseudo exfoliation
syndrome(PES)/Glaucoma
capsulare is associated
with Secondary OAG in
50% of the cases.
? Deposition of an
amorphous grey dandruff
? like material on the
pupil ary border,
posterior surface of iris
and ciliary processes
? Trabecular blockage by
exfoliative material
? Managed on the same
lines as POAG
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Causes of elevated IOP post cataract surgery
? Early phase
? Inflammation
? Haemorrhage
? Retained viscoelastic/lens matter
? Late phase
? Tight suture
? Excessive cautery
? Pupil ary block(IOL/Vitreous)
? Aqueous misdirection
? Epithelial/Fibrous down growth
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Glaucoma associated with iridocorneal endothelial
syndromes
? Three clinical entities:
? Progressive iris atrophy
? Chandler's syndrome
? Cogan-Reese syndrome/Iris
nevus syndrome
? Pathogenesis: Abnormal
corneal endothelial cells
proliferate to form a
membrane in angle of AC.
Contraction of membrane
leads to secondary angle
closure
? Treatment: Difficult and
usually surgical
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Other causes of secondary glaucoma
? Glaucoma in aphakia/pseudophakia
? Ciliary block glaucoma
? Glaucoma associated with intraocular
haemorrhage
Red cell glaucoma
Haemolytic glaucoma
Ghost cell glaucoma
Hemosiderotic glaucoma
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Question
? A 50 year old lady with uncontrol ed diabetes
presented with painful red eye and decreased
visual acuity in her right eye. On examination
there was raised Intraocular Pressure and new
blood vessels on the iris. The treatment includes
al except?
? atropine
? beta blockers
? steroids
? pilocarpine
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Question
? The laser procedure, most often used for
treating neovascular glaucoma:
a) Goniophotocoagulation
b) Laser trabeculoplasty
c) Panretinal photocoagulation (PRP)
d) Laser iridoplasty
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Question
? What is the most likely type of glaucoma in
this patient ?
a) Phacolytic glaucoma
b) Phacoanaphylactic glaucoma
c) Phacotopic glaucoma
d) Lens particle glaucoma
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This post was last modified on 07 April 2022