Download MBBS Physiology Presentations 48 Hematology Blood Lecture Notes

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Blood Groups and Blood transfusion Physiology

Learning Objectives

ABO and Rh systems and their clinical significance.

Incompatibilities in Rh systems

Blood transfusions - basis of blood typing, Cross matching

Complications of Blood transfusions (transfusion reactions)
ABO blood group system

First ever blood transfusion was made dog to dog by British physician

Richard Lower in 1665.

Austrian immunologist Karl Landsteiner discovered the ABO blood group

System in 1901. In 1910 he won Nobel prize for medicine for this discovery.

In 1940- Karl Landsteiner and Alexander S Wiener reported another Rh blood

group.

Importance of knowing about blood group system

1. Safe blood transfusion that may be life saving.

2. To prevent hemolytic disease of new born (Rh compatibility in newborn)

3. To solve the legal disputes related to parenting claimant.

4. To study the Mendelian laws of genetics.


ABO blood group system

The ABO blood group antigens are complex

oligosaccharide chains that differ in their terminal sugar

and project above the RBC surface.

fol owing types of abs may develop-

type A: anti-B abs, type B: anti-A abs, type O : both & type AB:

neither.

Landsteiner's Law

1. If a certain agglutinogen is present on the surface of RBCs, the

corresponding agglutinin must be absent in the plasma.

2. If a certain agglutinogen is absent on the surface of RBCs, then

corresponding agglutinin must be present in the plasma.


ABO blood group system- Relative frequency

ABO blood types Relative frequency of different blood types:

? O 47% ? A 41% ? B 09% ? AB 3% (World)

Inheritance of ABO blood group system

The ABO locus has three main al ele forms: A, B, & O.

The A and B genes found on chromosome 9 and are

inherited one gene (al ele) from father and one from

mother.

1.Homozygous A 2. Heterozygous A

Genotype A/A Genotype A/0

Phenotype A Phenotype A


Inheritance of ABO blood group system

Basic Precursor Substance

L-Fucosyl Transferase

Presence of H H / Hh gene

H substance/Ag

A gene N-acetyl-

B gene D-galactosyl

None of A & B genes

galactosaminyl

Transferase

Transferase

H ? Ag

A & H ? Ag

B & H ? Ag

Blood Group O

Blood Group A

Blood Group B

Universal Donor and Recipient / ABO blood group

Universal Donor : O-ve and

Universal Recipient AB+ve


Rh blood group system

The Rh factor, named for the rhesus monkey because it was first studied using the blood of this animal.


85% of whites are D-positive & 15% are D-negative; over 99% of Asians are D-positive.

Unlike the ABO antigens, the system has not been detected in tissues other than red cells.

Hemolytic disease of the newborn (Erythroblastosis Fetalis)

1. Hydrops fetalis-baby

may die in utero.

2. Erythroblastosis fetalis

3. If mother has received

anti D abs injection at time

of Ist delivery, this causes

neutralization of baby's

Rh+ve RBCs, and immune

system does not activate

to produce abs.




Hemolytic disease of the newborn ?Indirect Coomb's Test

Self Assessment
Austrian immunologist Karl Landsteiner discovered the ................... System in 1901.

In 1940- Karl Landsteiner and Alexander S Wiener reported ....................................

The ABO blood group antigens are attached to .....................chains that differ in their

terminal sugar

If a certain agglutinogen is ......on the surface of RBCs, then corresponding agglutinin must

be ... in plasma.

The ......and its allele h are inherited independently of the allels A, B and O genes.

If mother has received anti D abs injection at time of Ist delivery, this causes neutralization of

baby's .......... and immune system does not activate to produce abs.

Thank you

This post was last modified on 08 April 2022