ABO and Rh systems and their clinical significance.
Incompatibilities in Rh systems
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Blood transfusions - basis of blood typing, Cross matching
Complications of Blood transfusions (transfusion reactions)
ABO blood group system
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First ever blood transfusion was made dog to dog by British physician
Richard Lower in 1665.
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Austrian immunologist Karl Landsteiner discovered the ABO blood groupSystem in 1901. In 1910 he won Nobel prize for medicine for this discovery.
In 1940- Karl Landsteiner and Alexander S Wiener reported another Rh blood
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group.
Importance of knowing about blood group system
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1. Safe blood transfusion that may be life saving.2. To prevent hemolytic disease of new born (Rh compatibility in newborn)
3. To solve the legal disputes related to parenting claimant.
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4. To study the Mendelian laws of genetics.
ABO blood group system
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The ABO blood group antigens are complex
oligosaccharide chains that differ in their terminal sugar
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and project above the RBC surface.fol owing types of abs may develop-
type A: anti-B abs, type B: anti-A abs, type O : both & type AB:
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neither.
Landsteiner's Law
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1. If a certain agglutinogen is present on the surface of RBCs, thecorresponding agglutinin must be absent in the plasma.
2. If a certain agglutinogen is absent on the surface of RBCs, then
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corresponding agglutinin must be present in the plasma.
ABO blood group system- Relative frequency
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ABO blood types Relative frequency of different blood types:
? O 47% ? A 41% ? B 09% ? AB 3% (World)
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Inheritance of ABO blood group systemThe ABO locus has three main al ele forms: A, B, & O.
The A and B genes found on chromosome 9 and are
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inherited one gene (al ele) from father and one from
mother.
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1.Homozygous A 2. Heterozygous AGenotype A/A Genotype A/0
Phenotype A Phenotype A
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Inheritance of ABO blood group system
Basic Precursor Substance
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L-Fucosyl Transferase
Presence of H H / Hh gene
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H substance/AgA gene N-acetyl-
B gene D-galactosyl
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None of A & B genes
galactosaminyl
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TransferaseTransferase
H ? Ag
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A & H ? Ag
B & H ? Ag
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Blood Group OBlood Group A
Blood Group B
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Universal Donor and Recipient / ABO blood group
Universal Donor : O-ve and
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Universal Recipient AB+veRh blood group system
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The Rh factor, named for the rhesus monkey because it was first studied using the blood of this animal.85% of whites are D-positive & 15% are D-negative; over 99% of Asians are D-positive.
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Unlike the ABO antigens, the system has not been detected in tissues other than red cells.Hemolytic disease of the newborn (Erythroblastosis Fetalis)
1. Hydrops fetalis-baby
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may die in utero.
2. Erythroblastosis fetalis
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3. If mother has receivedanti D abs injection at time
of Ist delivery, this causes
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neutralization of baby's
Rh+ve RBCs, and immune
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system does not activateto produce abs.
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Hemolytic disease of the newborn ?Indirect Coomb's Test
Self Assessment
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Austrian immunologist Karl Landsteiner discovered the ................... System in 1901.In 1940- Karl Landsteiner and Alexander S Wiener reported ....................................
The ABO blood group antigens are attached to .....................chains that differ in their
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terminal sugar
If a certain agglutinogen is ......on the surface of RBCs, then corresponding agglutinin must
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be ... in plasma.The ......and its allele h are inherited independently of the allels A, B and O genes.
If mother has received anti D abs injection at time of Ist delivery, this causes neutralization of
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baby's .......... and immune system does not activate to produce abs.
Thank you
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