Download MBA Finance 4th Semester Security Market Operations

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SECURITY AND SECURITY MARKET OPERATIONS



INTRODUCTION

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Many companies were set up as joint-stock enterprises with liability limited by

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shares. A vast number of businessmen in major cities purchased these shares and trading

started in them early in the 19th century. In those days, although many of these

companies were financed by the issue of shares to the public, they mainly depended on

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the joint-stock British banks in India and borrowals from abroad. British enterprise and

the British Government have thus helped the emergence of the securities markets in

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India. The corporate securities have come to have a market first. So far as the

Government securities are concerned, the British India Government borrowed mostly in

London by issue of Sterling consols. Only later in the 19th century the Government issued

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treasury bills and Government securities in rupees. This led to the emergence of the

Government securities market also in India.

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WHAT IS SECURITIES MARKET?

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According to Dr. V A Avadhani, Securities markets are markets in financial

assets or instruments and these are represented as I.O.Us (I owe you) in financial form.

These are issued by business organizations, corporate units and the Governments, Central

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or State. Public sector undertakings also issue these securities. These securities are used

to finance their investment and current expenditure. These are thus sources of funds to

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the issuers. There are different types of business organizations in India, namely,

partnership firms, cooperative societies, private and public limited companies and joint

and public sector, organizations etc. the more frequently organized method is the

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company, registered under the Indian Companies Act 1956. Under this Act, there are

three types of companies: (a) companies limited by guarantee; (b) companies which are

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private limited companies ? limited by shares paid up; and (c) companies private limited

companies can have 50 members and their shares are not transferable freely. These

companies reserve the right to refuse any transfer of shares and as such trading in them is

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restricted. Due to these inhibitive features, private limited companies do not have easy

access to the securities markets. Only public limited companies are largely popular as

they can raise funds from the public through the issue of shares. The methods of raising

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funds used by the corporate sector are to issue securities, either ownership instruments or

debt instruments.

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WHAT ARE SECURITIES?

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Securities are claims on money and are like promissory notes or I.O.U. Securities

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are a source of funds for companies, Govt. etc. There are two types of sources of funds

namely internal and external and securities emerge when funds are raised from external

sources.

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The external sources of funds of the companies are as follows:

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(A) Long-term Funds



(i) Ownership capital ? equity and preference capital, and Non-voting Shares.

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(ii) Debt Capital ? debentures and long-term borrowings in the form of deposits

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from public or credit limits or advances from banks and financial institutions, etc.

(B) Short-term Funds

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(i) Borrowings from banks, and other corporates.

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(ii) Trade credits and suppliers` credits, etc.



Of the above sources, the most popular are those which are tradable and

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transferable. They have a market and their liquidity is ensured, as in the case of equity

shares, preference shares, debentures and bonds. Of these the ownership instruments,

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particularly the equity shares, are generally the most liquid as they are not only tradable

in the securities markets but also enjoy the prospects of capital appreciation, in addition

to dividends. The market for these has thus grown much faster than for others.

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CHARACTERISTICS OF SECURITIES


The major characteristics of securities are their transferability and marketability.

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These help the process of trading and investment in them. Under the Indian Companies

Act, Sections 82 and 111 deal with the transfer of shares. In the case of public limited
companies, the objective of the Companies Act as also of the Listing Agreement with the

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Stock Exchanges is to ensure free and unfettered transfer of shares. Under Section 82 of

the Companies Act, shares are treated as any movable property. As any right to property,

these are freely transferable. By one amendment in 1985, Section 22(A) of the Securities

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Contracts (Regulation) Act has denied the right to refuse to transfer shares by a public

limited company except on technical grounds. The other grounds on which the transfer

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can be refused are specifically laid down under the Act and the company has to specify

the reasons for such refusal to transfer and reference has to be made to the Company Law

Board whose decision to refuse or not to refuse the transfer of shares will be final. Thus

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the essential characteristic of transferability of shares is well preserved which gives them

the market which in turn extends liquidity to these shares. This has led to the emergence

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of securities markets in India.



PRIMARY ISSUES AND DERIVATIVE SECURITIES

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Primary issues are those issued to the public by the companies, Governments and

financial institutions. Derivative issues are those which are based on the original primary

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issues. There are a number of derivative instruments which are used to generate a market

for the primary issues. Thus in many developed markets abroad, these are warrants,

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options, futures, index linked instruments etc. which have well-established markets and

they are based on some primary instruments. In India, options are now permitted and

some form of futures trading exists in Group A securities on the stock exchanges as they

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are permitted to be carried forward from settlement to settlement without taking delivery

of shares. Since January 1995, options and futures have been permitted and futures

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market is now developing under strict control of SEBI.



More recently, new instruments have been developed in India, namely, warrants,

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Zero coupon bonds, conversion options, rights options etc. But in many cases these are

not well developed and secondary markets for these instruments do not exist and trading

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does not take place as in the case of listed shares and particularly those on the specified

group (Group A) of stock exchanges.

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Reference is made in the subsequent chapters to many new instruments, which are

introduced both in the capital market and the money market in India. Besides, the RBI

has also recently permitted the securitisation of book debts of banks and financial

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institutions in the sense that the debit balances on companies` accounts can be transferred

to other banks and financial institutions which are willing to discount them or purchase

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them at a price but the market in many new instruments is yet to be developed in India.



To understand the Security market operations fully it is always better to understand

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the relevant acts, and the guidelines of the SEBI, Institutional Investments, etc. so for the

purpose of the students of MBA, the relevant materials have been collected from the

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different books written by the eminent authors, web sites and other journals etc., and

presented and reproduced here as the study material. Students please note it is not book

but it is only study material and so they are advised to go through the prescribed text

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books. The Securities and Exchange Board of India Act 1992 with its relevant

Amendment Act 1995 is given in the Part I, The Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act,

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1956 in Part II, Companies Act 1956 in Part ? III, Foreign Institutional Investments In

India (FII) in Part IV and the Guidelines in Part V.

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Part I

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SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE BOARD OF INDIA ACT, 1992

[15 OF 1992]

[AS AMENDED BY SECURITIES LAWS (AMENDMENT) ACT, 1995]

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An Act to provide for the establishment of a Board to protect the interests of investors in

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securities and to promote the development of, and to regulate, the securities market and
for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.
BE it enacted by Parliament in the Forty-third Year of the Republic of India as follows:-

Preliminary

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Short title, extent and commencement.

1. (1) This Act may be called the Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992.
(2) It extends to the whole of India.
(3) It shall be deemed to have come into force on the 30th day of January, 1992.

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Definitions.

2. (1) In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires-
(a) Board means the Securities and Exchange Board of India established under

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section 3.
(b) Chairman means the Chairman of the Board.
(c) existing Securities and Exchange Board means the Securities and Exchange
Board of India constituted under the Resolution of the Government of India in the
Department of Economic Affairs No. 1(44)SE/86, dated the 12th day of April, 1988;

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(d) Fund means the Fund constituted under section 14.
(e) member means a member of the Board and includes the Chairman;
(f) notification means a notification published in the Official Gazette;
(g) prescribed means prescribed by rules made under this Act;
(h) regulations means the regulations made by the Board under this Act;

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(i)

securities has the meaning assigned to it in section 2 of the Securities
Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956 (42 of 1956).

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Establishment Of The Securities And Exchange Board Of India (SEBI)

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With effect from such date as the Central Government may, be notification,

appoint, there shall be established, for the purposes of this Act, a Board by the name of

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the Securities and Exchange Board of India. The Board shall be a body corporate by the

name aforesaid, having perpetual succession and a common seal, with power subject to

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the provisions of this Act, to acquire, hold and dispose of property, both movable and

immovable, and to contract, and shall, by the said name, sue or be sued. The head office

of the Board shall be at Bombay. The Board may establish offices at other places in

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India.

Management of the Board.

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The Board shall consist of the following members, namely:-



(a) a Chairman;

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(b) two members from amongst the officials of the Ministries of the Central

Government dealing with Finance and Law;

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(c) one member from amongst the officials of the Reserve Bank of India

constituted under section 3 of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 (2 of

1934);

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(d) two other members, to be appointed by the Central Government.

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The general superintendence, direction and management of the affairs of the Board shall

vest in a Board of members, which may exercise all powers and do all acts and things

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which may be exercised or done by the Board. Save as otherwise determined by

regulations, the Chairman shall also have powers of general superintendence and

direction of the affairs of the Board and may also exercise all powers and do all acts and

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things which may be exercised or done by that Board. The Chairman and members

referred to in clauses (a) and (d) of subsection (1) shall be appointed by the Central

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Government and the members referred to in clauses (b) and (c) of that sub-section shall

be nominated by the Central Government and the Reserve Bank of India respectively.

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The Chairman and the other members referred to in clauses (a) and (d) of sub-section (1)

shall be persons of ability, integrity and standing who have shown capacity in dealing

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with problems relating to securities market or have special knowledge or experience of

law, finance, economics, accountancy, administration or in any other discipline which, in

the opinion of the Central Government, shall be useful to the Board.

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Term of office and conditions of service of Chairman and members of the Board.

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The term of office and other conditions of service of the Chairman and the

members referred to in clause (d) of sub-section (1) of section 4 shall be such as may be

prescribed. Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), the Central

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Government shall have the right to terminate the services of the Chairman or a member

appointed under clause (d) of sub-section (1) of section 4, at any time before the expiry of

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the period prescribed under sub-section (1), by giving him notice of not less than three

months in writing or three months` salary and allowances in lieu thereof, and the

Chairman or a member, as the case may be, shall also have the right to relinquish his

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office, at any time before the expiry of the period prescribed under sub-section (1), by

giving to the Central Government notice of not less than three months in writing.

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Removal of member from office.

The Central Government shall remove a member from office if he-

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(a) is, or at any time has been, adjudicated as insolvent:-

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(b) is of unsound mind and stands so declared by a competent court;
(c) has been convicted of an offence which, in the opinion of the Central

Government, involves a moral turpitude;

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(d) has, in the opinion of the Central Government, so abused his position as to

render his continuation in office detrimental to the public interest; Provided
that no member shall be removed under this clause unless he has given a
reasonable opportunity of being heard in the matter.

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Meetings.

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The Board shall meet at such times and places, and shall observe such rules of

procedure in regard to the transaction of business at its meetings (including quorum at

such meetings) as may be provided by regulations. The Chairman or, if for any reason, he

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is unable to attend a meeting of the Board, any other member chosen by the members

present from amongst themselves at the meeting shall preside at the meeting. All

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questions which come up before any meeting of the Board shall be decided by a majority

votes of the members present and voting, and, in the event of an equality of votes, the

Chairman, or in his absence, the person presiding, shall have a second or casting vote.

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Vacancies, etc., not to invalidate proceedings of Board.

No act or proceeding of the Board shall be invalid merely by reason of --

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(a) any vacancy in, or any defect in the constitution of, the Board; or

(b) any defect in the appointment of a person acting as a member of the Board; or

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(c ) any irregularity in the procedure of the Board not affecting the merits of the case.


Officers and employees of the Board.

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The Board may appoint such other officers and employees as it considers

necessary for the efficient discharge of its functions under this Act. The term and other

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conditions of service of officers and employees of the Board appointed under sub-section

(1) shall be such as may be determined by regulations.

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POWERS AND FUNCTIONS

Functions of Board.

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Subject to the provisions of this Act, it shall be the duty of the Board to protect the

interests of investors in securities and to promote the development of, and to regulate the

securities market, by such measures as it thinks fit.

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(a) regulating the business in stock exchanges and any other securities markets;

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(b) registering and regulating the working of stock-brokers, sub-brokers, share transfer

agents, bankers to an issue, trustees of trust deeds, registrars to an issue, merchant

bankers, underwriters, portfolio managers, investment advisers and such other

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intermediaries who may be associated with securities markets.

(c) registering and regulating the working of venture capital funds and collective

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investment schemes including mutual funds;

(d) promoting and regulating self-regulatory organisations;

(t) prohibiting fraudulent and unfair trade practices relating to securities markets;

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(/) promoting investors` education and training of intermediaries of securities markets;

(g) prohibiting insider trading in securities;

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(h) regulating substantial acquisition of shares and take-over of companies;

(i) calling for information from, undertaking inspection, conducting inquiries and audits

of the stock exchanges, mutual funds, other persons associated with the securities market

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intermediaries and self-regulatory organisations in the securities market;

(j) performing such functions and exercising such powers under the provisions of the

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Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956 (42 of 1956), as may be delegated to it by the

Central Government;

(k) levying fees or other charges for carrying out the purposes of this section;

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(l) conducting research for the above purposes;
(m) performing such other functions as may be prescribed.

[Matters to be disclosed by the companies.

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Without prejudice to the provisions of the Companies Act, 1956 (1 of 1956), the Board

may, for the protection of investors, specify, by regulations,-

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(a) the matters relating to issue of capital, transfer of securities and other matters

incidental thereto; and
(b) the manner in which such matters, shall be disclosed by the companies.

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Power to issue directions.

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Save as otherwise provided in section 11, if after making or causing to be made an

enquiry, the Board is satisfied that it is necessary--

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(i) in the interest of investors, or orderly development of securities market; or

(ii) to prevent the affairs of any intermediary or other persons referred to in section 12

being conducted in a manner detrimental to the interests of investors or securities market;

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or

(iii) to secure the proper management of any such intermediary or person, it may issue

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such directions,--

(a) to any person or class of persons referred to in section 12, or associated with the

securities market; or

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(b) to any company in respect of matters specified in section 11 A, as may be appropriate

in the interests of investors in securities and the securities market. ]

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REGISTRATION CERTIFICATE

Registration of stock-brokers, sub-brokers, share transfer agents, etc.

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No stock-broker, sub-broker, share transfer agent, banker to an issue, trustee of trust

deed, registrar to an issue, merchant banker, underwriter, portfolio manager, investment

adviser and such other intermediary who may be associated with securities market shall

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buy, sell or deal in securities except under, and in accordance with the conditions of a

certificate of registration obtained from the Board in accordance with the regulations

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made under this Act:

Provided that a person buying or selling securities or otherwise dealing with the

securities market as a stock-broker, sub-broker, share transfer agent banker to an issue,

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trustee of trust deed, registrar to an issue, merchant banker underwriter, portfolio

manager, investment adviser and such other intermediary who may be associated with

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securities market immediately before the establishment of the Board for which no

registration certificate was necessary prior to such establishment, may continue to do so
for a period of three months from such establishment or, if he has made an application for

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such registration within the said period of three months, till the disposal of such

application:

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Provided that any person sponsoring or causing to be sponsored, carrying or causing to

be carried on any venture capital funds or collective investment scheme operating in the

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securities market immediately before the commencement of the Securities Laws

(Amendment) Act, 1995 for which no certificate of registration was required prior to such

commencement, may continue to operate till such time regulations are made under clause

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(d) of sub-section (2) of section 30.]. Every application for registration shall be in such

manner and on payment of such fees as may be determined by regulations. The Board

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may, by order, suspend or cancel a certificate of registration in such manner as may be

determined by regulations:

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Provided that no order under this sub-section shall be made unless the person concerned
has been given a reasonable opportunity of being heard.

FINANCE, ACCOUNTS AND AUDIT

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Grants by the Central Government.

The- Central Government may, after due appropriation made by Parliament by law in this

behalf, make to the Board grants of such sums of money as that Government may think

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fit for being utilised for the purposes of this Act.

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Fund.
There shall be constituted a Fund to be called the Securities and Exchange Board of India

General Fund and there shall be credited thereto-- all grants, fees and charges received

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by the Board under this Act; all sums realised by way of penalties under this Act; and,

all sums received by the Board from such other sources as may be decided upon by the

Central Government. The Fund shall be applied for meeting-- (a) the salaries, allowances

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and other remuneration of the members, officers and other employees of the Board; the

expenses of the Board in the discharge of its functions under section 11; the expenses on

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objects and for purposes authorised by this Act.
Accounts and audit.


The Board shall maintain proper accounts and other relevant records and prepare

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an annual statement of accounts in such form as may be prescribed by the Central

Government in consultation with the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India. The

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accounts of the Board shall be audited by the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India

at such intervals as may be specified by him and any expenditure incurred in connection

with such audit shall be payable by the Board to the Comptroller and Auditor-General of

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India. The Comptroller and Auditor-General of India and any other person appointed by

him in connection with the audit of the accounts of the Board shall have the same rights

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and privileges and authority in connection with such audit as the Comptroller and

Auditor-General generally has in connection with the audit of the Government accounts

and, in particular, shall have the right to demand the production of books, accounts,

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connected vouchers and other documents and papers and to inspect any of the offices of

the Board. The accounts of the Board as certified by the Comptroller and Auditor-

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General of India or any other person appointed by him in this behalf together with the

audit report thereon shall be forwarded annually to the Central Government and that

Government shall cause the same to be laid before each House of Parliament.

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PENALTIES AND ADJUDICATION

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Penalty for failure to furnish information, return, etc.

If any person, who is required under this Act or any rules or regulations made

thereunder,--

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(a) to furnish any document, return or report to the Board, fails to furnish the same, he

shall be liable to a penalty not exceeding one lakh and fifty thousand rupees for each such

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failure;



(b) to file any return or furnish any information, books or other documents within the

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time specified therefore in the regulations, fails to file return or furnish the same within

the time specified therefore in the regulations, he shall be liable to a penalty not

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exceeding five thousand rupees for every day during which such failure continues ;


(c) to maintain books of account or records, fails to maintain the same, he shall be liable

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to a penalty not exceeding ten thousand rupees for every day during which the failure

continues.

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Penalty for failure by any person to enter into agreement with clients.

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If any person, who is registered as an intermediary and is required under this Act

or any rules or regulations made thereunder to enter into an agreement with his client,

fails to enter into such agreement, he shall be liable to a penalty not exceeding five lakh

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rupees for every such failure.

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Penalty for failure to redress investors' grievances.



If any person, who is registered as an intermediary, after having been called upon

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by the Board in writing to redress the grievances of investors, fails to redress such

grievances, he shall be liable to a penalty not exceeding ten thousand rupees for each

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such failure.



Penalty for certain defaults in case of mutual funds.

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If any person, who is--

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(a) required under this Act or any rules or regulations made thereunder to obtain a

certificate of registration from the Board for sponsoring or carrying on any collective

investment scheme, including mutual funds, sponsors or carries on any collective

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investment scheme, including mutual funds, without obtaining such certificate of regis-

tration, he shall be liable to a penalty not exceeding ten thousand rupees for each day

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during which he carries on any such collective investment scheme, including mutual

funds, or ten lakh rupees, whichever is higher;

(b) registered with the Board as a collective investment scheme, including mutual funds,

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for sponsoring or carrying on any investment scheme, fails to comply with the terms and
conditions of certificate of registration, he shall be liable to a penalty not exceeding ten

thousand rupees for each day during which such failure continues or ten lakh rupees,

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whichever is higher;

(c) registered with the Board as a collective investment scheme, including mutual funds,

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fails to make an application for listing of its schemes as provided for in the regulations

governing such listing, he shall be liable to a penalty not exceeding five thousand rupees

for each day during which such failure continues or five lakh rupees, whichever is higher;

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(d) registered as a collective investment scheme, including mutual funds, fails to despatch

unit certificates of any scheme in the manner provided in the regulation governing such

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despatch, he shall be liable to a penalty and exceeding one thousand rupees for each day

during which such failure continues;

(e) registered as a collective investment scheme, including mutual funds, fails to refund

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the application monies paid by the investors within the period specified in the regulations,

he shall be liable to a penalty and exceeding one thousand rupees for each day during

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which such failure continues;

(f) registered as a collective investment scheme, including mutual funds, fails to invest

money collected by such collective investment schemes in the manner or within the

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period specified in the regulations, he shall be liable to a penalty not exceeding five lakh

rupees for each such failure.

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Penalty for failure to observe rules and regulations by an asset management

company.

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Where any asset management company of a mutual fund registered under this Act

fails to comply with any of the regulations providing for restrictions on the activities of

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the asset management companies, such asset management company shall be liable to a

penalty not exceeding five lakh rupees for each such failure.

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Penalty for default in case of stock-brokers.

If any person, who is registered as a stock-broker under this Act,--
(a) fails to issue contract notes in the form and manner specified by the stock exchange of

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which such broker is a member, he shall be liable to a penalty not exceeding five times

the amount for which the contract note was required to be issued by that broker;

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(b) fails to deliver any security or fails to make payment of the amount due to the investor

in the manner within the period specified in the regulations, he shall be liable to a penalty

not exceeding five thousand rupees for each day during which such failure continues;

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(c) charges an amount of brokerage which is in excess of the brokerage specified in the

regulations, he shall be liable to a penalty not exceeding five thousand rupees or five

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times the amount of brokerage charged in excess of the specified brokerage, whichever is

higher.

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Penalty for Insider trading.

If any insider who,--

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(i)

either on his own behalf or on behalf of any other person, deals in securities of

a body corporate listed on any stock exchange on the basis of any unpublished

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price sensitive information; or

(ii)

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communicates any unpublished price sensitive information to any person, with

or without his request for such information except as required in the ordinary

course of business or under any law; or

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(iii)

counsels, or procures for any other person to deal in any securities of any

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body corporate on the basis of unpublished price sensitive information,

shall be liable to a penalty not exceeding five lakh rupees.

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Penalty for non-disclosure of acquisition of shares and take-overs.

If any person, who is required under this Act or any rules or regulations made thereunder,

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fails to--

(i) disclose the aggregate of a share holding in the body corporate before

he acquires any shares of that body corporate; or

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(ii) make a public announcement to acquire shares at a minimum price, he shall be liable

to a penalty not exceeding five lakh rupees.

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Power to adjudicate.

1. For the purpose of adjudging under sections 15A, 15B, 15C, 15D, 15E, 15F, 15G and

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15H, the Board shall appoint any officer not below the rank of a Division Chief to be an

adjudicating officer for holding an inquiry in the prescribed manner after giving any

person concerned a reasonable opportunity of being heard for the purpose of imposing

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any penalty.

2. While holding an inquiry the adjudicating officer shall have power to summon and

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enforce the attendance of any person acquainted with the facts and circumstances of the

case to give evidence or to produce any document which in the opinion of the

adjudicating officer, may be useful for or relevant to the subject matter of the inquiry and

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if, on such inquiry, he is satisfied that the person has failed to comply with the provisions

of any of the sections specified in sub-section (1), he may impose such penalty as he

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thinks fit in accordance with the provisions of any of those sections.



Factors to be taken into account by the adjudicating officer.

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While adjudging the quantum of penalty under section 15-1, the adjudicating officer

shall have due regard to the following factors, namely :--

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(a) the amount of disproportionate gain or unfair advantage, wherever quantifiable, made

as a result of the default;

(b) the amount of loss caused to an investor or group of investors as a result of the

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default;

(c) the repetitive nature of the default.

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Establishment of Securities Appellate Tribunals.

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The Central Government shall by notification, establish one or more Appellate

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Tribunals to be known as the Securities Appellate Tribunal to exercise the jurisdiction,

powers and authority conferred on such Tribunal by or under this Act.. The Central

Government shall also specify in the notification referred to in sub-section (1) the matters

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and places in relation to which the Securities Appellate Tribunal may exercise

jurisdiction.

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Composition of Securities Appellate Tribunal.

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A Securities Appellate Tribunal shall consist of one person only (hereinafter referred to

as the Presiding Officer of the Securities Appellate Tribunal) to be appointed, by

notification, by the Central Government.

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Qualifications for appointment as Presiding Officer of the Securities Appellate

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Tribunal.

A person shall not be qualified for appointment as the Presiding Officer of a

Securities Appellate Tribunal unless he--

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(a) is, or has been, or is qualified to be, a Judge of a High Court; or

(b) has been a member of the Indian Legal Service and has held a post in Grade I of that

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Service for at least three years; or

(c) has held off ice as the Presiding Officer of a Tribunal for at least three years:

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Term of office.

The Presiding Officer of a Securities Appellate Tribunal shall hold off ice for a

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term of five years from the date on which he enters upon his off ice or until he attains the

age of sixty-five years, whichever is earlier.

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Salary and allowances and other terms and conditions of service of Presiding

Officers.

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The salary and allowances payable to and the other terms and conditions of

service including pension, gratuity and other retirement benefits of, the Presiding Officer

of a Securities Appellate Tribunal shall be such as may be prescribed:

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Provided that neither the salary and allowances nor the other terms and conditions of

service of the said Presiding. Officers shall be varied to their disadvantage after

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appointment.

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Filling up of vacancies.

If, for reason other than temporary absence, any vacancy occurs in the office of the

Presiding Officer of a Securities Appellate Tribunal, then the Central Government shall

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appoint another person in accordance with the provisions of this Act to fill the vacancy

and the proceedings may be continued before the Securities Appellate Tribunal from the

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stage at which the vacancy is filled.



Resignation and removal.

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(1) The Presiding Officer of a Securities Appellate Tribunal may, by notice in writing

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under his hand addressed to the Central Government, resign his office:

Provided that the said Presiding Officer shall, unless he is permitted by the Central

Government to relinquish his office sooner, continue to hold office until the expiry of

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three months from the date of receipt of such notice or until a person duly appointed as

his successor enters upon his office or until the expiry of his term of office, whichever is

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the earliest.

(2) The Presiding Officer of a Securities Appellate Tribunal shall not be removed from

his office except by an order by the Central Government on the ground of proved

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misbehaviour or incapacity after an inquiry made by a Judge of the Supreme Court, in

which the Presiding Officer concerned has been informed of the charges against him and

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given a reasonable opportunity of being heard in respect of these charges.



(3) The Central Government may, by rules, regulate the procedure for the investigation of

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misbehaviour or incapacity of the aforesaid Presiding Officer.

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Orders constituting Appellate Tribunal to be final and not to invalidate its

proceedings.
No order of the Central Government appointing any person as the Presiding

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Officer of a Securities Appellate Tribunal shall be called in question in any manner, and

no act or proceeding before a Securities Appellate Tribunal shall be called in question in

any manner on the ground merely of any defect in the constitution of a Securities

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Appellate Tribunal

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Staff of the Securities Appellate Tribunal.



The Central Government shall provide the Securities Appellate Tribunal with

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such officers and employees as that Government may think fit. The officers and

employees of the Securities Appellate Tribunal shall discharge their functions under

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general superintendence of the Presiding Officer. The salaries and allowances and other

conditions of service of the officers and employees of the Securities Appellate Tribunal

shall be such as may be prescribed.

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Appeal to the Securities Appellate Tribunal.

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Any person aggrieved by an order made by an Adjudicating Officer under this Act, may

prefer an appeal to a Securities Appellate Tribunal having jurisdiction in the matter.

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No appeal shall lie to the Securities Appellate Tribunal from an order made by an

Adjudicating Officer with the consent of the parties. Every appeal under sub-section

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(1)shall be filed within a period of forty-five days from the date on which a copy of the

order made, by the Adjudicating Officer is received by him and it shall be in such form

and be accompanied by such fee as may be prescribed:

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Provided that the Securities Appellate Tribunal may entertain an appeal after the expiry

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of the said period of forty-five days if it is satisfied that there was sufficient cause for not

filing it within that period.

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On receipt of an appeal under sub-section (I), the Securities Appellate Tribunal may,

after giving the parties to the appeal, an opportunity of being heard, pass such orders
thereon as it thinks fit, confirming, modifying or setting aside the order appealed against.

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The Securities Appellate Tribunal shall send a copy of every order made by it to the

parties to the appeal and to the concerned Adjudicating Officer. The appeal filed before

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the Securities Appellate Tribunal under sub-section (1) shall be dealt with by it as

expeditiously as possible and endeavour shall be made by it to dispose of the appeal

finally within six months from the date of receipt of the appeal

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Procedure and powers of the Securities Appellate Tribunal.

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The Securities Appellate Tribunal shall not be bound by the procedure laid down

by the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (5 of 1908), but shall be guided by the principles of

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natural justice and, subject to the other provisions of this Act and of any rules, the

Securities Appellate Tribunal shall have powers to regulate their own procedure

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including the places at which they shall have their sittings. The Securities Appellate

Tribunal shall have, for the purposes of discharging their functions under this Act, the

same powers as are vested in a civil court under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (5 of

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1908), while trying a suit, in respect of the following matters, namely:--

(a) summoning and enforcing the attendance of any person and examining him on oath;

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(b) requiring the discovery and production of documents;

(c) receiving evidence on affidavits;

(d) issuing commissions for the examination of witnesses or documents;

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(e) reviewing its decisions;

(f) dismissing an application for default or deciding it ex pane;

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(g) setting aside any order of dismissal of any application for default orany order passed

by it ex parte;

(h) any other matter which may be prescribed.

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Every proceedings before the Securities Appellate Tribunal shall be deemed to be a

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judicial proceeding within the meaning of sections 193 and 228, and for the purposes of

section 196 of the Indian Penal Code (45 of 1860), and the Securities Appellate Tribunal
shall be deemed to be a civil court for all the purposes of section 195 and Chapter XXVI

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of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974).



MISCELLANEOUS

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Power of Central Government to issue directions.

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Without prejudice to the foregoing provisions of this Act, the Board shall, in

exercise of its powers or the performance of its functions under this Act, be bound by

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such directions on questions of policy as the Central Government may give in writing to

it from time to time:

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Provided that the Board shall, as far as practicable, be given an opportunity to express its

views before any direction is given under this sub-section. (2) The decision of the Central

Government whether a question is one of polio or not shall be final.

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Power of Central Government to supersede the Board.

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If at any time the Central Government is of opinion--

(a) that on account of grave emergency, the Board is unable to discharge the functions

and duties imposed on it by or under the provisions of this Act; or

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(b) that the Board has persistently made default in complying with any direction issued

by the Central Government under this Act or in the discharge of the functions and duties

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imposed on it by or under the provisions of this Act and as a result of provisions of this

Act and as a result of such default the financial position of the Board or the

administration of the Board has deteriorated; or

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(c) that circumstances exist which render it necessary in the public interest so to do,

the Central Government may, by notification, supersede the Board for such period, not

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exceeding six months, as may be specified in the notification.

(2) Upon the publication of a notification under sub-section (1) superseding the Board,--

(a) all the members shall, as from the date of supersession, vacate their offices as such;

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(b) all the powers, functions and duties which may, by or under the provisions of this Act,

be exercised or discharged by or on behalf of the Board, shall until the Board is
reconstituted under sub-section (3), be exercised and discharged by such person or

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persons as the Central Government may direct; and

(c) all property owned or controlled by the Board shall, until the Board is reconstituted

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under sub-section (3), vest in the Central Government.

(3) On the expiration of the period of supersession specified in the notification issued

under sub-section (1), the Central Government may reconstitute the Board by a fresh

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appointment and in such case any person or persons who vacated their offices under

clause (a) of sub-section (2), shall not be deemed disqualified for appointment:

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Provided that the Central Government may, at any time, before the expiration of the

period of supersession, take action under this sub-section.

(4) The Central Government shall cause a notification issued under subsection (1) and a

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full report of any action taken under this section and the circumstances leading to such

action to be laid before each House of Parliament at the earliest.

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Returns and reports.

The Board shall furnish to the Central Government at such time and in such form and

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manner as may be prescribed or as the Central Government may direct, such returns and

statements and such particulars in regard to any proposed or existing programme for the

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promotion and development of the securities market, as the Central Government may,

from time to time, require.

(2) Without prejudice to the provisions of sub-section (1), the Board shall, within [ninety]

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days after the end of each financial year, submit to the Central Government a report in

such form, as may be prescribed, giving a true and full account of its activities, policy

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and programmes during the previous financial year.

(3) A copy of the report received under sub-section (2) shall be laid, as soon as may be

after it is received, before each House of Parliament.

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POWERS OF RECOGNISED STOCK EXCHANGE

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A recognised stock exchange may make rules or amend any rules made by it to provide

for all or any of the following matters, namely:--
(1) the restriction of voting right of members only in respect of any matter placed before

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the stock exchange at any meeting;

(2) the regulation of voting right in respect of any matter placed before the stock

exchange at any meeting so that each member may be entitled to have one vote only,

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irrespective of his share of the paid-up equity capital of the stock exchange;

(3) the restriction on the right of a member to appoint another person as his proxy to

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attend and vote at a meeting of the stock exchange;

(4) such incidental, consequential and supplementary matters as may be necessary to give

effect to any of the matters specified above in clauses (1), (2), and (3).

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Notice that, the rules so made or amended must be approved by the Central Government.

The Central Government must then publish them in its Official Gazette.

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(B) Power to make Bye-laws

Any recognised stock exchange may, subject to the previous approval of the

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Central Government, make bye-Jaws for the regulation and control of contracts.

In particular, and without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing power, such

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bye-laws may provide for--

(a) the opening and closing of markets and the regulation of the hours of trade;

(b) a clearing house for -the periodical settlement of contracts and differences thereunder,

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the delivery of and payment for securities, the passing on of delivery orders and the

regulation and main tenance of such clearing house;

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(c) the number and classes of contracts in respect of which settlements shall be made or

differences paid through the clearing house;

(d) the regulation or prohibition of blank transfers;

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(e) the regulation or prohibition of budlas or carry-over facilities;

(f) the method and procedure for the settlement of claims or disputes, including

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settlement by arbitration;

(g) the levy and recovery of fee, fines and penalties;

(h) the fixing of a scale of brokerage and other charges;

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(i) the regulation of dealings by members for their own account;
(j) the limitations on the volume of trade done by any individual member in exceptional

circumstances;

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(k) the making, comparing, settling and closing of bargains;

(l) the obligation of members to supply such information or explanation and to produce

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such documents relating to the business as the governing body may require.

(m) the bye-laws, the contravention of which shall make a contract entered into otherwise

than in accordance with the bye-laws void under sub-section (1) of Section 14.

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OPTIONS IN SECURITIES

The Act prohibits options in securities. Section 20 declares Notwithstanding

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anything contained in this Act or in any other law for the time being in force, all options

in securities entered into after the commencement of this Act shall be illegal."

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LISTING OF SECURITIES BY PUBLIC COMPANIES

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Listing of securities` means the inclusion of the securities in the official list of

stock exchange for the purpose of trading. A stock exchange does not deal in the

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securities of all-companies. It has to, therefore, select the companies - whose securities

may be allowed to be bought and sold. The companies selected for this purpose are

included in the official trade list of the stock exchange. In technical terms, it means that

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securities of these companies have been listed by the exchange concerned.

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Right of Appeal Against Refusal to List Securities. Where a recognised stock

exchange refuses to list the securities of any public company, the company shall be

entitled to demand the reasons for such refusal. On receipt of the reasons for refusal, the

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company may, within 15 days, appeal to the Central Government against such refusal.

The Central Government may thereupon (after giving the stock exchange an opportunity

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of being heard) vary or set aside, the decision of the stock exchange. On decision being

varied or set aside, the recognised stock exchange shall act in conformity with the order

of the Central Government.

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Procedure for Listing of Securities. As per the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Rules,

1957, a public company desirous of getting its securities listed on a recognised stock

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exchange has to apply for the purpose to the stock exchange and forward with its

application the following documents and particulars : --

(a) memorandum and articles of association and in the case of a debenture issue, a copy

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of the trust-deed ;

(b) copies of all prospectuses or statements in lieu of prospce-tuses issued by the

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company at any time ;

(c) copies of offers for sale and circulars or advertisement offering any securities for

subscription or sale during the last 5 years ;

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(d) copies of balance-sheets and audited accounts for the last 5 years, or in the case of

new companies, for such shorter period, for which accounts have been made up,

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(e) a statement showing :--

(i) dividends and cash bonuses, if any paid during the last 10 years (or such

shorter period as the company has been in existence, whether as a private or public

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company),

(ii) dividends or interest in arrears, if any ;

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(f) certified copies of agreements or other documents relating to arrangements with or

between : --

(i) vendors and/or promoter,

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(ii) underwriters and sub-underwriter,

iii) brokers and sub-brokers ;

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(g) certified copies of agreements with :--

(i) selling agents,

(ii) managing and technical directors,

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(iii) manager, general manager, sales manager or secretary ;

(h) certified copy of every letter, report, balance-sheet, valuation, contract, court order or

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other document, part of which is reproduced or referred to in any prospectus, offer for

sale, circular or advertisement offering securities for subscription or sale, during the last 5

years ;

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(i) a statement containing particulars of the dates of, and parties to all material contracts,

concessions and similar other documents together with a brief description of the terms,

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subject-matter and general nature of the documents;
(j) a brief history of the company since its incorporation, giving details of its activities

including any reorganisation, reconstruction or amalgamation, change in its capital struc-

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ture (authorised, issued and subscribed) and debenture borrowings, if any ;

(k) particulars of share and debentures issued (i) for consideration other than cash,

whether in whole or part, (ii) at a premium or discount or (iii) in pursuance of an option ;

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(l) a statement containing particulars of any commission, brokerage, discount or other

terms including an option for issue of any kind of the securities granted to any person ;

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(m) certified copies of--

(i) letter of consent of the Controller of Capital Issue,

(ii) agreements, if any, with the Industrial Finance Corporation, Industrial Credit and

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Investment Corporation and similar bodies ;

(n) particulars of shares forfeited ;

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(o) a list of highest ten holders of each class or kind of securities of the company as on

the date of application along with particulars as to the number of shares or debenture held

by and the address of each such holder ;

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(p) particulars of shares or debentures for which permission to deal is applied for.

However, a recognised stock exchange may either generally by its bye-laws or in any

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particular case call for such further particulars or documents as it deems proper. The

stock exchange shall be bound to carry out such order of the Central Government.

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Waiver or Relaxation of Listing Rules.. The Central Government may, at its own

discretion or on the recommendation of a recognised stock exchange, waive or relax the

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strict enforcement of any or all of the requirements with respect to listing prescribed

under Securities Contracts (Regulation) Rules.

***********

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PART II

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THE SECURITIES CONTRACTS (REGULATION) ACT, 1956

(ACT NO.42 OF 1956)

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The main purpose of the Act is to prevent the undesirable transactions in securities by
regulating the business of dealing in securities. This is discussed in 6 sub heads.

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1. Preliminary
2. Recognised Stock Exchanges
3. Contracts And Options In Securities
4. Listing Of Securities Of Public Companies
5. Penalties And Procedures

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6. Miscellaneous

PRELIMINARY

This Act may be called the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956. It extends to the

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whole of India. It shall come into force on such date as the Central Government may, by
notification in the Official Gazette appoint.


Definitions

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In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires,-
(a) "contract" means a contract for or relating to the purchase or sale of securities;

(aa) "derivative" includes -

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A. a security derived from a debt instrument, share, loan whether secured or

unsecured, risk instrument or contract for differences or any other form of

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security;

B. a contract which derives its value from the prices, or index or prices, of

underlying securities;

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(b) "Government security" means a security created and issued, whether before or after
the commencement of this Act, by the Central Government or a State Government for the
purpose of raising a public loan and having one of the forms specified in clause (2) of
section 2 of the Public Debt Act, 1944 (18 of 1944);

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(c) "member" means a member of a recognised stock exchange;

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(d) "option in securities" means a contract for the purchase or sale of a right to buy or
sell, or a right to buy and sell, securities in future, and includes a teji, a mandi, a teji
mandi, a galli, a put, a call or a put and call in securities;

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(e) "prescribed" means prescribed by rules made under this Act;

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(f) "recognised stock exchange" means a stock exchange which is for the time being
recognised by the Central Government under section 4;

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(g) "rules", with reference to the rules relating in general to the constitution and
management of a stock exchange, includes, in the case of a stock exchange which is an
incorporated association, its memorandum and articles of association;

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(ga) "Securities Appellate Tribunal" means a Securities Appellate Tribunal established
under sub-section (1) of section 15K of the Securities and Exchange Board of India Act,
1992.4

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(h) "Securities" include-

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(i ) shares, scrips, stocks, bonds, debentures, debenture stock or other
marketable securities of a like nature in or of any incorporated company or
other body corporate;

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(ia)derivative;

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(ib) units or any other instrument issued by any collective investment
scheme to the investors in such schemes

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(ii) Government securities;

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(iia) such other instruments as may be declared by the Central
Government to be securities; and

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(iii) rights or interests in securities;


[(i) spot delivery contract means a contract which provides for,-

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(a) actual delivery of securities and the payment of a price therefore either
on the same day as the date of the contract or on the next day, the actual
period taken for the dispatch of the securities or the remittance of money

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therefore through the post being excluded from the computation of the
period aforesaid if the parties to the contract do not reside in the same
town or locality;

(b) transfer of the securities by the depository from the account of a

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beneficial owner to the account of another beneficial owner when such
securities are dealt with by a depository;]7

(j) "stock exchange" means any body of individuals, whether incorporated or not,
constituted for the purpose of assisting, regulating or controlling the business of

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buying, selling or dealing in securities.

2A. Words and expressions used herein and not defined in this Act but defined in the
Companies Act, 1956 or the Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992 or the
Depositories Act, 1996 shall have the same meanings respectively assigned to them in

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those Acts.

CONTRACTS AND OPTIONS IN SECURITIES
Contracts in notified areas illegal in certain circumstances

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If the Central Government is satisfied, having regard to the nature or the volume

of transactions in securities in any State or area, that it is necessary so to do, it may, by

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notification in the Official Gazette, declare this section to apply to such State or area, and

thereupon every contract in such State or area which is entered into after date of the

notification otherwise than between members of a recognised stock exchange in such

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State or area or through or with such member shall be illegal. [Additional trading floor

13A. A stock exchange may establish additional trading floor with the prior approval of

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the Securities and Exchange Board of India in accordance with the terms and conditions

stipulated by the said Board.

Explanation: For the purposes of this section additional trading floor' means a trading

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ring or trading facility offered by a recognised stock exchange outside its area of

operation to enable the investors to buy and sell securities through such trading floor

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under the regulatory framework of the stock exchange.

Contracts in notified areas to be void in certain circumstances .

(1) Any contract entered into in any State or area specified in the notification under

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section 13 which is in contravention of any of the bye- laws specified in that behalf under

clause (a) of sub-section (3) of section 9 shall be void:

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(i) as respects the rights of any member of the recognised stock exchange who has

entered into such contract in contravention of any such bye-laws, and also

(ii) as respects the rights of any other person who has knowingly participated in

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the transaction entailing such contravention.

(2) Nothing in sub-section (1) shall be construed to affect the right of any person other

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than a member of the recognised stock exchange to enforce any such contract or to

recover any sum under or in respect of such contract if such person had no knowledge
that the transaction was in contravention of any of the bye-laws specified in clause (a) of

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sub-section (3) of section 9.



Members may not act as principals in certain circumstances

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No member of a recognised stock exchange shall in respect of any securities enter into

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any contract as a principal with any person other than a member of a recognised stock

exchange, unless he has secured the consent or authority of such person and discloses in

the note, memorandum or agreement of sale or purchase that he is acting as a principal:

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Provided that where the member has secured the consent or authority of such person

otherwise than in writing he shall secure written confirmation by such person of such

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consent or authority within three days from the date of the contract:

Provided further that no such written consent or authority of such person shall be

necessary for closing out any outstanding contract entered into by such person in

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accordance with the bye-laws, if the member discloses in the note, memorandum or

agreement of sale or purchase in respect of such closing out that he is acting as a

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principal.

Power to prohibit contracts in certain cases

(1) If the Central Government is of opinion that it is necessary to prevent undesirable

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speculation in specified securities in any State or area, it may, by notification in the

Official Gazette, declare that no person in the State or area specified in the notification

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shall, save with the permission of the Central Government, enter into any contract for the

sale or purchase of any security specified in the notification except to the extent and in

the manner, if any, specified therein.

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(2) All contracts in contravention of the provisions of sub-section (1) entered into after

the date of the notification issued thereunder shall be illegal.

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Licensing of dealers in securities in certain cases
(1) Subject to the provision of sub-section (3) and to the other provisions contained in

this Act, no person shall carry on or purport to carry on, whether on his own behalf or on

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behalf of any other person, the business of dealing in securities in any State or area to

which section 13 has not been declared to apply and to which the Central Government

may, by notification in the Official Gazette declare this section to apply, except under the

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authority of a licence granted by the [Securities and Exchange Board of India]30 in this

behalf.

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(2) No notification under sub- section (1) shall be issued with respect to any State or area

unless the Central Government is satisfied, having regard to the manner in which

securities are being dealt with in such State or area, that it is desirable or expedient in the

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interest of the trade or in the public interest that such dealings should be regulated by a

system of licensing.

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(3) The restrictions imposed by sub-section (1) in relation to dealings in securities shall

not apply to the doing of anything by or on behalf of a member of any recognised stock

exchange.

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Exclusion of spot delivery contracts

If the Central Government is of opinion that in the interest of the trade or in the public

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interest it is expedient to regulate and control the business of dealing in spot delivery

contracts also in any State or are (whether section 13 has been declared to apply to that

State or area or not), it may, by notification in the Official Gazette, declare that the

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provisions of section 17 shall also apply to such State or area in respect of spot delivery

contracts generally or in respect of spot delivery contract for the sale or purchase of such

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securities as may be specified in the notification, and may also specify the manner in

which, and the extent to which, the provision of that section shall so apply.

18A. Notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force,

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contracts are -

a. traded on a recognised stock exchange;
b. settled on the clearing house of the recognised stock exchange in accordance with

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the rules and bye-laws of such stock exchange.

Stock exchanges other than recognised stock exchanges prohibited

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(1) No person shall, except with the permission of the Central Government, organise or

assist in organising or be a member of any stock exchange (other than a recognised stock

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exchange) for the purpose of assisting in, entering into or performing any contracts in

securities.

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(2) This section shall come into force in any State or area on such date, as the Central

Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, appoint.

LISTING OF SECURITIES

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Conditions for listing

Where securities are listed on the application of any person in any recognised stock

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exchange, such person shall comply with the conditions of the listing agreement with that

stock exchange.]

Right of appeal against refusal of stock exchanges to list securities of public

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companies

Where a recognised stock exchange acting in pursuance of any power given to it by its

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bye- laws, refuses to list the securities of any public company or collective investment

scheme the company or scheme shall be entitled to be furnished with reasons for such

refusal, any may,-

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(a) within fifteen days from the date on which the reasons for such refusal are

furnished to it, or

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(b) where the stock exchange has omitted or failed to dispose of, within the time

specified in sub-section (1) of section 73 of the Companies Act, 1956 (1 of 1956)
(hereafter in this section referred to as the "specified time"), the application for

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permission for the shares or debentures to be dealt with on the stock exchange,

within fifteen days from the date of expiry of the specified time or within such

further period, not exceeding one month, as the Central Government may, on

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sufficient cause being shown, allow,

appeal to the Central Government against such refusal, omission or failure, as the

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case may be, and thereupon the Central Government may, after giving the Stock

Exchange an opportunity of being heard,-

(i) vary or set aside the decision of the stock exchange; or

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(ii) where the stock exchange has omitted or failed to dispose of the

application within the specified time, grant or refuse the permission and

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where the Central Government sets aside the decision of the recognised

stock exchange or grants the permission, the stock exchange shall act in

conformity with the orders of the Central Government.

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Provided that no appeal shall be preferred against refusal, omission or

failure, as the case may be, under this section on and after the

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commencement of the Securities Laws (Second Amendment) Act, 1999.

Right of Appeal to Securities Appellate Tribunal against refusal of stock exchange

to list securities of public companies

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(1) Where a recognised stock exchange, acting in pursuance of any power given to it by

its bye-laws, refuses to list the securities of any public company, the company shall be

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entitled to be furnished with reasons for such refusal, and may, -

a. within fifteen days from the date on which the reasons for such refusal are

furnished to it, or

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b. where the stock exchange has omitted or failed to dispose of, within the time

specified in sub-section (1A) of section 73 of the Companies Act, 1956 (hereafter
in this section referred to as the "specified time"), the application for permission

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for the shares or debentures to be dealt with on the stock exchange, within fifteen

days from the date of expiry of the specified time or within such further period,

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not exceeding one month, as the Securities Appellate Tribunal may, on sufficient

cause being shown, allow,appeal to the Securities Appellate Tribunal having

jurisdiction in the matter against such refusal, omission or failure, as the case may

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be, and thereupon the Securities Appellate Tribunal may, after giving the stock

exchange, an opportunity of being heard,-

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i.

vary or set aside the decision of the stock exchange; or

ii.

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where the stock exchange has omitted or failed to dispose of the

application within the specified time, grant or refuse the permission,

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and where the Securities Appellate Tribunal sets aside the decision of the

recognised stock exchange or grants the permission, the stock exchange shall act

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in conformity with the orders of the Securities Appellate Tribunal.

(2) Every appeal under sub-section (1) shall be in such form and be accompanied by

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such fee as may be prescribed.

(3) The Securities Appellate Tribunal shall send a copy of every order made by it to the

Board and parties to the appeal.

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(4) The appeal filed before the Securities Appellate Tribunal under sub-section (1) shall

be dealt with by it as expeditiously as possible and endeavour shall be made by it to

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dispose of the appeal finally within six months from the date of receipt of the appeal.

Procedure and powers of Securities Appellate Tribunal

(1) The Securities Appellate Tribunal shall not be guided by the principles of natural

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justice and, subject to the other provisions of this Act and of any rules, the Securities
Appellate Tribunal shall have powers to regulate their own procedure including the

places at which they shall have their sittings.

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(2) The Securities Appellate Tribunal shall have for the purpose of discharging their

functions under this Act, the same powers as are vested in a civil court under the Code of

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Civil Procedure, 1908, while trying a suit, in respect of the following matters, namely:-

a. summoning and enforcing the attendance of any person and examining him on

oath;

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b. requiring the discovery and production of documents;

c. receiving evidence on affidavits;

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d. issuing commissions for the examination of witnesses or documents;

e. reviewing its decisions;

f. dismissing an application for default or deciding it ex-parte;

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g. setting aside any order of dismissal of any application for default or any order

passed by it ex-parte; and

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h. any other matter which may be prescribed.

(3) Every proceeding before Securities Appellate Tribunal shall be deemed to be a

judicial proceeding, within the meaning of sections 193 and 228, and for the purposes of

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section 196 of the Indian Penal Code and the Securities Appellate Tribunal shall b

deemed to be a civil court for all the purposes of section 195 and Chapter XXVI of the

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Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973.

Right to legal representations

The appellant may either appear in person or authorise one or more chartered accountants

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or company secretaries or cost accountants or legal practitioners or any of its officers or

present his or its case before the Securities Appellate Tribunal.

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Explanation. - For the purposes of this section, -
a. "chartered accountant" means a chartered accountant as defined in clause (b) of

sub-section (1) of section 2 of the Chartered Accountants Act, 1949 and who has

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obtained a certificate of practice under sub-section (1) of section 6 of that Act;

b. "company secretary" means a company secretary as defined in clause (c) of sub-

section (1) of section 2 of the Company Secretaries Act, 1980 and who has

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obtained a certificate of practice under sub-section (1) of section 6 of that Act;

c. "cost accountant" means a cost accountant as defined in clause (b) of sub-section

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(1) of section 2 of the Cost and Works Accountants Act, 1959 and who has

obtained a certificate of practice under sub-section (1) of section 6 of that Act;

d. "legal practitioner" means an advocate, vakil or an attorney of any High Court,

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and includes a pleader in practice.

Limitation

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The provisions of the Limitation Act, 1963 shall as far as may be apply to an appeal made

to a Securities Appellate Tribunal.

Civil court not to have jurisdiction

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No civil court shall have jurisdiction to entertain any suit or proceeding in respect of any

matter which a Securities Appellate Tribunal is empowered by or under this Act to

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determine and no injunction shall be granted by any court or other authority in respect of

any action taken or to be taken in pursuance of any power conferred by or under this Act.

Appeal to High Court

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Any person aggrieved by any decision or order of the Securities Appellate Tribunal may

file an appeal to the High Court within sixty days from the date of communication of the

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decision or order of the Securities Appellate Tribunal on any question of fact or law

arising out of such order;
Provided that the High Court may, if it is satisfied that the appellant was prevented by

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sufficient cause from filing the appeal within the said period, allow it to be filed within a

further period not exceeding sixty days..

PENALTIES AND PROCEDURES

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Penalties

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(1) Any person who-

(a) without reasonable excuse (the burden of proving which shall be on him) fails

to comply with any requisition made under sub- section (4) of section 6; or

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(b) enters into any contract in contravention of any of the provisions contained in

section 13 or section 16; or

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(c) contravenes the provisions contained in section 17 or section 19; or

(d) enters into any contract in derivative in contravention of section 18 A or the

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rules made under section 30.

(e) owns or keeps a place other than that of a recognised stock exchange which is

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used for the purpose of entering into or performing any contracts in contravention

of any of the provisions of this Act and knowingly permits such place to be used

for such purposes; or

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(f) manages, controls, or assists in keeping any place other than that of a

recognised stock exchange which is used for the purpose of entering into or

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performing any contracts in contravention of any of the provisions of this Act or

at which contracts are recorded or adjusted or rights or liabilities arising out of

contracts are adjusted, regulated or enforced in any manner whatsoever; or

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(g) not being a member of a recognised stock exchange or his agent authorised as

such under the rules or bye- laws of such stock exchange or not being a dealer in

securities licensed under section 17

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(h) not being a member of a recognised stock exchange or his agent authorised as

such under the rules or bye- laws of such stock exchange or not being a dealer in

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securities licensed under section 17, canvasses, advertises or touts in any manner

either for himself or on behalf of any other person for any business connected

with contracts in contravention of any of the provisions of this Act; or

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(i) joins, gathers or assists in gathering at any place other than the place of

business specified in the bye-laws of a recognised stock exchange any person or

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persons for making bids or offers or for entering into or performing any contracts

in contravention of any of the provisions of this Act; shall, on conviction, be

punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year, or with

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fine, or with both.

(2) Any person who enters into any contract in contravention of the provisions

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contained in section 15 [or who fails to comply with the provisions of section 21 or with

the orders of] the Central Government under section 22 or with the orders of the

Securities Appellate Tribunal shall, on conviction, be punishable with fine which may

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extend to one thousand rupees.

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Offences by companies



(1) Where an offence has been committed by a company, every person who, at the time

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when the offence was committed, was in charge of, and was responsible to, the company

for the conduct of the business of the company, as well as the company, shall be deemed

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to be guilty of the offence, and shall be liable to be proceeded against and punished

accordingly:
Provided that nothing contained in this sub-section shall render any such person liable to

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any punishment provided in this Act, if he proves that the offence was committed without

his knowledge or that he exercised all due diligence to prevent the commission of such

offence.

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(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), where an offence under this

Act has been committed by a company and it is proved that the offence has been

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committed with the consent or connivance of, or is attributable to any gross negligence

on the part of any director, manager, secretary or other officer of the company, such

director, manager, secretary or other officer of the company, shall also be deemed to be

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guilty of that offence and shall be liable to be proceeded against and punished

accordingly.

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Certain offences to be cognizable



Notwithstanding anything contained in the [Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898 (5 of

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1898)], any offence punishable under sub-section (1) of section 23, shall be deemed to be

a cognizable offence within the meaning of that Code. Jurisdiction to try offences under

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this Act 26. No court inferior to that of a presidency magistrate or a magistrate of the first

class shall take cognizance of or try any offence punishable under this Act.

MISCELLANEOUS

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Title to dividends

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(1) It shall be lawful for the holder of any security whose name appears on the books of

the company issuing the said security to receive and retain any dividend declared by the

company in respect thereof for any year, notwithstanding that the said security has

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already been transferred by him for consideration, unless the transferee who claims the

dividend from the transferor has lodged the security and all other documents relating to

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the transfer which may be required by the company with the company for being

registered in his name within fifteen days of the date on which the dividend became due.

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(2) Nothing contained in sub- section (1) shall affect -

a. the right of a company to pay any dividend which has become due to any person

whose name is for the time being registered in the books of the company as the

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holder of the security in respect of which the dividend has become due; or

b. the right of the transferee of any security to enforce against the transferor or any

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other person his rights, if any, in relation to the transfer in any case where the

company has refused to register the transfer of the security in the name of the

transferee.

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Right to receive income from collective investment scheme. ?

(1) It shall be lawful for the holder of any securities, being units or other instruments

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issued by collective investment scheme, whose name appears on the books of the

collective investment scheme issuing the said security to receive and retain any income in

respect of units or other instruments issued by the collective investment scheme declared

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by the collective investment scheme in respect thereof for any year notwithstanding that

the said security, being units or other instruments issued by collective investment scheme,

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has already been transferred by him for consideration, unless the transferee who claims

the income in respect of units or other instruments issued by collective investment

scheme from the transfer or has lodged the security and all other documents relating to

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the transfer which may be required by the collective investment scheme with the

collective investment scheme for being registered in his name within fifteen days of the

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date on which the income in respect of units or other instruments issued by the collective

investment scheme became due.

(2) Nothing contained in sub-section (1) shall affect -

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a. the right of a collective investment scheme to pay any income from units or other

instruments issued by collective investment scheme which has become due to any

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person whose name is for the time being registered in the books of the collective

investment scheme as the holder of the security being units or other instruments
issued by collective investment scheme in respect of which the income in respect

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of units or other instruments issued by collective scheme has become due; or

b. the right of transferee of any security, being units or other instruments issued by

collective investment scheme, to enforce against the transferor or any other person

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his rights, if any, in relation to the transfer in any case where the company has

refused to register the transfer of the security being units or other instruments

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issued by collective investment scheme in the name of the transferee.

Act not to apply in certain cases

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(1) The provisions of this Act shall not apply to-

(a) the Government, the Reserve Bank of India, any local authority or any

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corporation set up by a special law or any person who has effected any transaction

with or through the agency of any such authority as is referred to in this clause;

(b) any convertible bond or share warrant or any option or right in relation

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thereto, in so far as it entitles the person in whose favour any of the foregoing has

been issued to obtain at his option from the company or other body corporate,

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issuing the same or from any of its shareholders or duly appointed agents, shares

of the company or other body corporate, whether by conversion of the bond or

warrant or otherwise, on the basis of the price agreed upon when the same was

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issued.

(2) Without prejudice to the provisions contained in sub-section (1), if the Central

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Government is satisfied that in the interests of trade and commerce or the economic

development of the country it is necessary or expedient so to do, it may, by notification in

the Official Gazette, specify any class of contracts as contracts to which this Act or any

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provision contained therein shall not apply, and also the conditions, limitations or

restrictions, if any, subject to which it shall not so apply.

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Protection of action taken in good faith

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No suit, prosecution or other legal proceeding whatsoever shall lie in any court against

the governing body or any member, office bearer or servant of any recognised stock

exchange or against any person or persons appointed under sub-section (1) of section 11

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for anything which is in good faith done or intended to be done in pursuance of this Act

or of any rules or bye-laws made thereunder.

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Power to delegate

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The Central Government may, by order published in the Official Gazette, direct that the

powers (except the power under section 30) exercisable by such conditions, if any, as

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may be specified in the order, be exercisable also by the Securities and Exchange Board

of India or the Reserve Bank of India constituted under section 3 of the Reserve Bank of

India Act, 1934.

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Power to make rules

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(1) The Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, make rules for

the purpose of carrying into effect the objects of this Act.

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(2) In particular, and without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing power, such

rules may provide for,

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(a) the manner in which applications may be made, the particulars which they should

contain and the levy of a fee in respect of such applications;

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(b) the manner in which any inquiry for the purpose of recognizing any stock

exchange may be made, the conditions which may be imposed for the grant of

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such recognition, including conditions as to the admission of members if the stock

exchange concerned is to be the only recognised stock exchange in the area; and

the form in which such recognition shall be granted;

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(c) the particulars which should be contained in the periodical returns and annual

reports to be furnished to the Central Government;

(d) the documents which should be maintained and preserved under section 6 and

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the periods for which they should be preserved;

(e) the manner in which any inquiry by the governing body of a stock exchange

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shall be made under section 6;

(f) the manner in which the bye-laws to be made or amended under this Act shall

before being so made or amended be published for criticism;

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(g) the manner in which applications may be made by dealers in securities for

licences under section 17, the fee payable in respect thereof and the period of such

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licences, the conditions subject to which licences may be granted, including

conditions relating to the forms which may be used in making contracts, the

documents to be maintained by licensed dealers and the furnishing of periodical

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information to such authority as may be specified and the revocation of licences

for breach of conditions;

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(h) the requirements which shall be complied with -



(A) by public companies for the purpose of getting their securities listed

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on any stock exchange;

(B) by collective investment scheme for the purpose of getting their units

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listed on any stock exchange.



(ha) the form in which an appeal may be filed before the Securities Appellate

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Tribunal under section 22A and the fees payable in respect of such appeal.

(i) any other matter which is to be or may be prescribed.
(3) Any rules made under this section shall, as soon as may be, after their publication in

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the Official Gazette, be laid before both Houses of Parliament. Repeal 31. Repealed by

the Repealing and Amending Act, 1960 (58 of 1960), section 2 and Schedule 1.

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Part - III

Companies Act 1956

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The Companies Act which regulates the activities of the companies from birth to

death has provided for the sources of finance for companies and the methods of

marketing the public issues which are marketable. These are in the form of ownership

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category, namely, Equities and Preference shares and Debt capital in the form of

convertible and non-convertible debentures, fixed deposits etc. Under the Companies

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Act, Sections 55 to 68 provided for issue of prospectus, its contents, Registration of

Prospectus, civil and criminal liabilities of the Directors for any mis-statements in

prospectus etc.

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The Act has laid down the methods of raising new issues, namely, through

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prospectus, letter of offer or statement in lieu of prospectus, Rights and Bonus. Section

58 A and B deal with the conditions for acceptance of deposits, repayments of deposits,

etc. while companies (acceptance of deposits) Rules of 1975 laid down the period of

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maturity, interest rates and other conditions. As company deposits are an avenue of

investment, the details regarding them are dealt with briefly later.

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Sections 69 to 73 deal with the allotment of new issues of applicants, delivery of

certificates and their listing on Stock Exchanges. The allotment is also governed by the

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guidelines given by the Stock Exchanges as per the listing agreement in the case of listed

companies.

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The basic framework for trading is provided by the Companies Act in the form of


(1) Marketing the shares as movable property under Section 82.

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(2) Ensuring transferability of shares in respect of public limited companies under

sections 108-112.
(3) The transfer deed through which share certificates are to be transferred is

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provided for under Section 108 which was amended to legalise the demat form of

transfer since 1999.

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(4) The validity of the transfer deed under Section 111 is 12 months in the case of

listed companies and 24 months in the case of non-listed companies.

(5) Section 114 provides for issue of share warrants.

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So far as investors are concerned, it is desirable that they know the main provisions of

the Companies Act, because the issue of prospectus, the contents of it, allotment of

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new issues, dispatch of certificates, transferability etc., are all laid down in it. The

rights of shareholders and debenture holders, and different categories of creditors and

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debtors of companies are set out. The book closure for accounts, presentation of

Balance Sheet and Income-Expenditure accounts, payments of dividends etc., are all

provided for in this Act. In Particular, Section 82 provides for transferability of shares

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and Section 73 lays down the conditions for listing of Public Limited Companies.

While these sections ensure the marketability of shares of listed public limited

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companies, trading in them is made possible by the Securities Contracts Regulation

Act and the Rules made thereunder.

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In view of the fact at purchase and sale of shares through recognized Stock

Exchanges and through licensed Stock Brokers are only legal, and those are governed

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by the SC (R) Act, the investors have to be familiar with this Act and the Rules made

thereunder. The relation between the Brokers and Investors and in particular, the

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disputes if any, between them are governed by the Rules and Bye-laws of the Stock

Exchanges which are formulated under this Act.

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Acceptance of Fixed Deposits


A company cannot accept deposits in excess of 35% of the paid up capital and free

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reserves. Of this, 25 % deposits can be accepted from the public and the rest 10% from

shareholders of the company. The minimum period of acceptance of deposits is one year

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and the maximum period is limited to 3 years. The company is under an obligation to

maintain an amount not less than 15% of the company`s deposit liability maturing during
the course of the year, in liquid investments such as Government securities, units,

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deposits with banks etc. The maximum rate of interest that can be offered on deposits is

fixed at 16% (1999). A ceiling on brokerage payable on deposits has been fixed at 1%.

The interest earned on fixed deposits of companies does not enjoy any exemption from

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income tax. Neither does the amount of deposit qualify for any exemption under wealth

tax. Under the existing provisions of the Income Tax Act, tax on interest paid/payable is

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deducted at source if the interest payment exceeds Rs. 2,500 in a financial year unless

suitable declaration is furnished by the depositor in regard to the total income of the

depositor not exceeding the minimum liable to tax in a financial year (form 15 H under

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I.T. Act)

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The acceptance of deposits by non-bank non-financial companies is governed by the

Companies (acceptance of deposits) Rules 1975 as amended from time to time. Along

with the prescribed application form the terms and conditions of acceptance of deposits

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are required to be furnished by companies, to the RBI in the case of non-bank finance

companies and a copy in case of non-bank non-finance companies.

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A careful study of either the financial data in the advertisement or the prescribed

particulars as available within the application form would generally reveal the working

results and the financial position of the company.

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Compulsory Repayment of Deposits which have Matured for Repayment

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The Companies Act, 1956 has been amended by the Companies (Amendment)

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Act, 1988 with effect from 1.9.1989 so as to provide for compulsory repayment of

deposits which have matured for repayment (Section 58(9)]. Under the amended

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provisions, the Company Law Board has been empowered to take cognizance of non-

repayment of any deposit on maturity and to direct repayment of such deposits on

such conditions as may be specified by the Company Law Board in its Order. This

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will help and ensure repayment of public deposits and will create confidence amongst

the public.

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Procedure for Making Application to Company Law Board

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The person holding a matured fixed deposit which he has not renewed and which

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the company has failed to repay, has to make an application in triplicate in Form No.

11. The application has to be accompanied by a fee payable by way of bank draft in

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favour of the Pay & Accounts Officer, Dept. of Company Affairs, New

Delhi/Mumbai/Calcutta/Chennai.

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The Company Law Board has four Regional Benches. The aggrieved depositors may

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make an application to the Bench of the Company Law Board having jurisdiction

according to the Registered Office of the company. The Company Law Board would,

after giving a reasonable opportunity of hearing to the company and other persons

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interested in the matter, make suitable orders for repayment of such deposits. Non-

compliance of the order of the Company Law Board is a punishable offence attracting

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penalty by way of imprisonment upto 3 years and fine of not less than Rs. 50 for

every day till such non-compliance continues.

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Where the deposit which has fallen due for payment remains unpaid the depositor

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can seek remedy in a civil court, or can file an application for winding up of the

company to the court after serving on the company written demand requiring the

company to repay the deposit (Section 433, 434 and 439 of the Companies Act may

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be referred to for the purpose). The SEBI is not permitting such companies to make

public issues.

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Cases in Respect of which applications to the

Company Law Board will not lie

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It is essential to know that under Section 58A of the Companies Act, the power to

order repayment of matured deposits can be exercised by the CLB only in respect of

deposits accepted Under the Companies (Acceptance of Deposit) Rules 1975 as

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amended from time to time. In other words, an application to the Company Law

Board of repayment of matured deposits shall not lie in the following cases:

(i)

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Deposits made for booking purchases of scooter, car etc.

(ii)

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Deposits accepted by financial companies like, hire-purchase finance

company, a housing finance company, an investment company, a loan/mutual

benefit financial company, a chit fund company, which are governed by the

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rules made by the RBI.

(iii)

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Deposits accepted by companies which have been notified as relief

undertakings` under special laws enacted by various State Governments.

Court rulings point to the fact that the monetary liabilities of relief

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undertakings during the notified period stand suspended and any proceedings

including the proceedings for compulsory repayment of deposits under

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Section 58A (9) shall accordingly remain stayed.

(iv)

Deposits accepted by a sick industrial company covered by the Sick Industrial

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Companies (Special Provisions) Act, 1985 in respect of which, the Board for

Industrial and Financial Reconstruction has specifically, by order suspended

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the operations of any contract, agreement, settlement, etc. under Section 22(3)

of the Act.

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Facts about Company Deposits

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The deposits accepted by a company are not repayable before the date of maturity.

It is left to the discretion of a company to allow premature repayment of a deposit. If and

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when the deposits are prematurely repaid the depositors are entitled to a lower rate of

interest than the contracted rate. Most importantly, the company deposits are unsecured

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and rank pari passu with other unsecured liabilities. Hence, the investor has no recourse

to any asset of the company in case of default by a company to repay the deposit on

maturity.

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Care to be exercised while investing in Fixed Deposits

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Invitation to deposits from public for various schemes of deposits is invariably

published in newspapers in the form of a statutory advertisement giving the following

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details:

(i)

Terms of acceptance of deposits, rate of interest on different maturities,

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minimum amount of deposits, cumulative or non-cumulative nature of the

deposit, etc.

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(ii)

Brief details of the name of the company, date of its incorporation, business

carried on by it, places where the company has offices and names and address

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of directors.

(iii)

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Details of profits and dividends for the last three years.

(iv)

Summarized financial position to the company (i.e., assets and liabilities) as

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appearing in the two latest audited balance sheets, alongwith details of

contingent liabilities not provided for.

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(v)

Details regarding maximum amount of deposits which a company can accept.

(vi)

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A specific declaration that deposits accepted are unsecured and would rank

pari passu with other unsecured liabilities.

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(vii) A statement of deposits remaining unpaid.


PROBLEMS IN SECURITIES MARKETS

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Securities markets are highly sensitive to any socio-economic and political

factors. A large element of speculation is rampant in these markets and a right dose of

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regulation is a necessary evil. The sensitivity of external factors has increased after 1992

economic and financial reforms. When liberalization and globalization trends began to be

perceptible.

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Lack of professionalisation and broker-banks nexus has led to a number of scams.

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Even big banks got involved in Scams, in 1991-92 and 2000-01. Corruption and

malpractices including mismanagement led to many bank failures, involving the U.T.I. as

we. The trust and confidence reposed in the markets by investors were rudely shaken by

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the failure of u.s. 64 Scheme of UTI, urban corporative banks` failures and non-refund of

deposits by many financial and non-financial companies. The laxity in regulation and in
supervision by C.L.B., SEBI and RBI is one obvious reason for increased malpractices in

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the financial system, shaking the confidence of savers and investors.

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Part - IV

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FOREIGN INSTITUTIONAL INVESTMENTS IN INDIA (FII)

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Several economic forces, operating on both demand as well as supply side, have

made markets totally global. Taken literally, it means that borrowers and investors go

shopping around the world, picking up funds wherever they find them convenient and

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cheap. A pressure has come from growing number of institutionally managed funds

(pension funds, insurance companies, mutual funds), which have actively pursued a

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policy of diversifying their portfolios internationally. These institutions have been

investing abroad, particularly in 1980s to take advantage of higher returns available on

the foreign securities. British pension fund holdings of foreign securities raised from 5

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per cent of their total assets at end-1978 to 12 per cent at end-1985 an increase of $16

billion. Since 1980, Japanese insurance companies and pension funds have been allowed

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to hold upto 10 per cent of their portfolios in foreign assets and are estimated to have

invested about $ 20 billion abroad.

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RATIONAL OF FOREIGN INSTITUTIONAL INVESTMENT(FII) IN INDIA

Why are FIIs so optimistic about investing in India?

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1.

Macro-economic fundamentals are much stronger today.

2.

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Fiscal reforms have succeeded in a large measure in curtailing inflation.

3.

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The Forex position is fine.

4.

Liberalisation of trade has been accompanied by convertibility of the

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rupee for trade transactions.

5.

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Exchange rate is stable.

6.

Domestic Private investment is being encouraged.

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7.

Government`s attitude is conductive for healthy competition and industrial

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growth.
8.

Economic activity is beginning to rely more on price and market

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mechanisms.



India is waking up to the possible leveraging impact of FPI, in spurring its

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development efforts. As of now, FIIs control, globally, a $7.5 trillion, or Rs.2,

250.000 crore investment portfolio and this is expected to go up to an incredible $

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20 trillion by the turn of the century. Since September 1992, when the

government allowed FIIs to invest in the Indian capital market, 70 FIIs registered

with SEBI and the number is increasing everyday. These 70 FIIs alone hold

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enormous financial power. If even one per cent of their portfolio were to come to

India it would be about $3 billion. So far, they are believed to have brought in

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only about $ 150 million. According to some estimates $ 1 billion has already

come into the Indian market through three major routes, i.e., direct portfolio

investment, country funds and equity and quasi equity issues in the world markets

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placed by Indian firms.


KEY FACTORS AFFECTING FIIs

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1.

Progressive management with good credentials.

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2.

Sound technological base, quite possibly with foreign

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collaborations.

3.

International competitiveness and good export potential.

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4.

A widely dispersed share holding, that rules out the possibility of

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family funds destabilising the management and performance.

5.

Market capitalisation greater than Rs.100 crore or so, and

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6.

Participation by other financial institutions.

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SEBI GUIDELINES

As the regulatory authority of the Indian Capital Market, the SEBI has issued a list of

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guidelines for FIIs. Some of the important guidelines are listed below:

1.

FIIs would be required to obtain an initial registration with

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Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), nodal regulatory
agency for securities markets, before any investment is made by

them in the securities of companies listed on the stock exchanges

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in India, in accordance with these guidelines. Nominee companies,

affiliates and subsidiary companies of a FII will be treated as

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separate FIIs for registration and may seek separate registration

with SEBI.

2.

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Since there are foreign exchange controls also in force, for various

permissions under exchange control, along with their application

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for initial registration, FIIs shall also file with SEBI another

application addressed to RBI for seeking various permissions

under FERA, in a format that would be specified by RBI for this

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purpose. RBIs general permission would be obtained by SEBI

before granting initial registration and RBI`s FERA permission

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together by SEBI, under a single window approach.

3.

For granting registration to the FII, SEBI shall take into account,

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the track record of the FII, its professional competence, financial

soundness, experience and such other criteria that may be

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considered by SEBI to be relevant. Besides, FIIs seeking initial

registration with SEBI shall be required to hold a registration from

the securities commission, or the country of domicile/incorporation

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of the FII.

4.

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SEBI`s initial registration would be valid for five years. RBI`s general

permission under FERA to the FII will also hold good for five years. Both will be

renewable for similar five years period later on.

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5.

RBI`s general permission under FERA would enable the registered FII to buy, sell

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and realise capital gains on investment made through initial corpus remitted to

India, subscribe/renounce right offering of shares, invest on all recognised stock

exchanges through a designated bank branch, and to appoint a domestic custodian

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for custody of investments held.

6.

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There would be no restriction on the volume of investment-minimum or

maximum for the purpose of entry of FIIs, in the primary/secondary market.
Also, there would be no lock-in period prescribed for the purposes of such

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investments made by FIIs. It is expected that the differential in the rates of

taxation of the long-term capital gains and short-term capital gains would

automatically induce the FIIs to retain their investments as long-term investments.

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7.

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Portfolio investments in primary or secondary markets will be subject to a ceiling

of 24 per cent of issued share capital for the total holding of all registered FIIs, in

any one company. The ceiling would apply to all holdings taking into account the

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conversions out of the fully and partly convertible debentures issued by the

company. The holding of a single FII in any company would also be subject to a

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ceiling of 5 per cent of total issued capital. For this purpose, the holdings of a FII

group will be counted as holding of a single FII.

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The RBI has now restricted the foreign institutional investors quota in primary

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issues. This decision has been taken after complaints that companies are reducing the

quota for NRI`s in public issue while allotting the full 24% to the FIIs.

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8.

The maximum holding of 24 per cent for all non-resident portfolio investments,

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including those of the registered FIIs, will also include NRI corporate and non-

corporate investments, but will not include the following:

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(a) Foreign investments under financial collaborations (direct foreign

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investments), which are permitted upto 51 per cent in all priority areas.

(b) Investments by FIIs through the following alternative routes:

(c) Offshore single/Regional funds:

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(i) Offshore single/Regional funds;

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(ii) Global Depository Receipts; and

(iii) Euro convertibles.

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9.

Disinvestments will be allowed only through stock exchange in India, including

the OTC Exchange. In exceptional cases, SEBI may permit sales other than through

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stock exchanges, provided the sale price is not significantly different from the stock

market quotations, where available.

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10.

All secondary market operations would be only through the recognised

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intermediaries on the Indian Stock Exchange, including OTC Exchange of India. A

registered FII would be expected not to engage in any short selling in securities and to

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take delivery of purchased and give delivery of sold securities.



11.

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A registered FII can appoint as custodian an agency approved by SEBI to act as a

custodian of securities and for confirmation of transactions in securities, settlement of

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purchase and sale and for information reporting. Such custodian shall establish separate

accounts for detailing on a daily basis the investment capital utilisation and securities

held by each FII for which it is acting as custodian. The custodian will report to the RBI

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and SEBI semi-annually as part of its disclosure and reporting guidelines.

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12.

The RBI shall make available to the designated bank branches a list of companies

where no investment will be allowed on the basis of the upper prescribed ceiling of 24

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per cent having been reached under the portfolio investment scheme.

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13.

RBI may at any time request by an order, a registered FII to submit information

regarding the records of utilisation of the inward remittances of investment capital and

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the statement of securities transactions. RBI and or SEBI may at any time conduct a

direct inspection of the record and accounting books of a registered FII.

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14.

FIIs investing under this scheme will benefit from a concessional tax regime of a

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flat tax of 20 per cent on dividend and interest income and a tax rate of 10 per cent on

long-term (one year or more) capital gains.

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PROBLEM AREAS IN FIIs IN INDIA

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Following are some major problems faced by FII`s hindering investment in India:

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(a)

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The cumbersome rules that govern foreign institutional investment in

India and the archaic system of its stock exchange have forced the FIIs to

divert a substantial portion of their investments into the offshore

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instruments floated by Indian Companies, instead of directly investing in

the Indian Capital market.

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(b)

Another factor that has limited grater investment in the stock market is the

fact that most money managers find greater value and growth potential in

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the second tier of Indian Companies as the economy opens upto a greater

competition.

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(c)

The settlement systems are complicated and fraught with risks which few

of them have any experience of counterpart, risks, default, and

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unreasonable delays.

(d)

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The brokerage system is not transparent.

(e)

The Indian brokers are under-capitalized.

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(f)

There is lack of adequate custodial services.

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(g)

Registration of shares can be an agonising process.

(h)

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There are frequent interruptions in the working of the bourses.

(i)

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Trading volumes are very low and less than 20 per cent of the total volume

is for delivery.

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Foreign Institutional Investors- Recent Trends

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With a view to facilitating the entry of Foreign Institutional Investors (FIIs) into

the country SEBI has simplified the common application forms. The entry of FIIs is also

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to be facilitated by increasing the role of foreign brokers in the transactions of FIIs.

Foreign brokers will be allowed to assist FIIs and operate on their behalf by transmitting

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orders to buy or sell securities to members of the Indian Stock Exchanges. These foreign
brokers have been permitted to open bank and custodial accounts for this purpose.

Government have also allowed some foreign firms to set up joint ventures in the financial

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sector.



There has been a continuous increase in the number of FIIs registered with SEBI

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and in the volume of investments effected by them in India. Till the middle of January

1994, SEBI and registered 134 FIIs who have 175 broad-based institutional funds under

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them which have also been approved for investment in the market. About US $ 1 billion

have already been invested by these FIIs. The size of the inflow of investment funds and

the increase in t he number of FIIs registered in India are indicative of the growing

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confidence of the international investing community in Indian markets and their

regulatory mechanism. The short-term capital gains of FIIs will be taxed at the rater of

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30 per cent while long-term capital gains are taxed at 10 per cent. The will guard against

volatility in fund flow. Dividend payments will be subject to a tax rate of 20 per cent.

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PART V
GUIDELINES TO INVESTORS


1. Deal with a registered member of the stock exchange. If you are dealing with a

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sub-broker, make sure that all bills and contracts are made in the name of a registered

broker.

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2. Insist that all your deals are done in the trading ring, or electronically recorded.

3. Give specific orders to buy or sell within the fixed price limits and/or time

periods within which orders have to be executed.

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4. Insist on contract notes to be passed on to you on the dates, when the orders are

executed.

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5. Make sure that your deal is registered with the stock exchange in a souda Block

Book or recorded electronically. In the case of a dispute, this will help trace the details of

the deal easily.

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6. Collect a settlement table from the stock exchange mentioning the pay-in and

pay-out days. Each stock exchange has its own trading periods which are called

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settlements. All transactions done within this period are settled at the end of it. All
payments for shares bought and their deliveries take place on the pay-in day. An

awareness of pay-in and pay-out days is useful when a broker tries to make excuses.

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7. Keep separate records of dealings in specified shares (Group A) and non-

specified shares (Group B1, and B2). The settlement for each is on different days.

8. Execute periodic settlements of dues and delivery of shares to avoid

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accumulation of transactions,

9. Insist on delivery. If the company returns your papers and shares with

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objections, contact your broker immediately.

10. Ensure that shares bought are transferred in your name before the company's

book closure date. This is necessary to make sure that you receive benefits like dividend,

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interest and bonus shares. All companies have a book closure date on which the list of

shareholders in the company is finalised.

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11. Complain if the broker does not deliver the shares bought in your name.

Proceed to contact another broker with the bill/contract given to you by the earlier broker,

and the Exchange authorities and the latter will purchase the shares on your behalf. In

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such an event, the first broker will have to pay the difference in price.

12. Do not sell shares that are not transferred in your name after the book closure

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as these are not valid in the market.

13. Do not sell/deal in shares where any one of the holders has passed away. In

cases where the holder has died, a succession certificate is necessary. In cases where one

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of the joint shareholders passes away, the surviving holder should send the shares along

with the death certificate to the company. Only after the name of the deceased has been

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deleted from the shares, can they be transferred.

14. Do not expect the money for shares to come immediately. It will take at least a

fortnight at present from the date of transaction.

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15. Unless you have a special arrangement with the broker, do not expect the

adjustment of purchases and sales against one another. One pays first and receives later

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16. Do not take delays or harassment lying down. You have to complain to the

Grievance Cell of the stock exchange or the Securities and Exchange Board of India

(SEBI) in case of delay or harassment.

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SECURITY MARKET

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Security market or capital market may be defined as a market for borrowing and lending

long-term capital funds required by business enterprises. Capital market is the market for

financial assets that have long or indefinite maturity. Capital market offers an ideal

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source of external finance. Capital market forms an important core of a country`s

financial systems too.

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It refers to all the facilities and the institutional arrangements for borrowing and

lending medium-term and long ? term funds. Like any market, the capital market is also

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composed of those who demand funds (borrowers) and those who supply funds (lenders).

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CHARACTERISTICS

Following are the characteristic features of a security market:

Securities Market

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The dealings in a capital market are done through the securities like shares, debentures,

etc. The capital market is thus called securities market.

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Security Prices

The price of securities that are dealt with in the capital market is determined through the

general laws of demand and supply. The equilibrium in demand and supply of securities

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is brought about by the prices. The price depends upon a large number of factors such as

the following.

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1. Yield on securities

2. Extent of funds available from public savings

3. Level of demand for funds

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4. Flow of funds from the banking system

5. Price situation in general

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6. Attitude towards liquidity on the part of investors

Participants
There are many players in the capital market. The participants constitute a plethora of

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institutions, which provide a wide variety of services of access to capital. The capital is

either directly supplied or arranged through financial intermediaries. These intermediaries

form the basic edifice of a capital market. The participants in the capital market include:

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1. Financial intermediaries like insurance companies, investment companies,

pension funds, etc

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2. Non-financial business enterprises

3. Ultimate economic units like households and Governments

Location

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It is interesting to note that the capital market is not confined to certain specific locations,

although it is true that parts of the market are concentrated in certain well-known centers

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known as Stock Exchanges. It exists all over the economy, wherever suppliers and users

of capital get together and do business.

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FUNCTIONS

The functions that are performed by the security market are detailed below:

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Allocation Function

Capital market allows for the channelisation of the savings of innumerable investors into

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various productive avenues of investments. Accordingly, the current savings for a period

are allocated amongst the various users and uses. The market attracts new investors who

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are willing to make new funds available to business. It also allocates and rations funds by

a system of incentives and penalties.

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Liquidity Function

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Capital market provides a means whereby buyers and sellers can exchange securities at

mutually satisfactory prices. This allows better liquidity for the securities that are traded.

Other Functions

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In addition to the functions of funds allocation and liquidity, capital market also renders

the following functions:
Indicative function A capital market acts as a barometer showing not only the progress

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of a company, but also of the economy as a whole through share price movements.

Savings and Investment function Capital market provides a means of quickly converting

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long-term investment into liquid funds, thereby generating confidence among investors

and speeding up the process of saving and investment.

Transfer function Capital market facilitates the transfer of existing assets ? tangible and

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intangible ? among individual economic units or groups.

Merger function Capital market encourages voluntary or coercive take-over mechanism

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to put the management of inefficient companies into more competent hands.

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CONSTITUENTS OF INDIAN CAPITAL MARKET

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The Indian capital market is composed of the following:



1. The gilt-edged market

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2. The industrial securities market

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Gilt-edged Market

Gilt-edged Market` also known as Government Securities market, is the market for

Government and semi-Government securities. An important feature of the securities

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traded in this market is that they are stable in value and are much sought after by banks.

Some of the special features of the gilt-edged market are as follows:

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1. Guaranteed return on investments

2. No speculation in securities

3. Institutional based investors which are compelled by law to invest a portion of

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their funds in these securities

4. Predominated by such institutions as LIC, GIC, the provident funds and the

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commercial banks.

5. Heavy volume of transactions necessitating negotiation of each transaction.

Industrial Securities Market

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The market for industrial securities is known as Industrial Securities Market`. It offers an

ideal market for corporate securities such as bonds and equities. Industrial securities

market comprises of the following segments:

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1. Primary market

2. Secondary market

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Primary Market

Meaning

Primary market also known as New Issues Market (NIM) is a market for raising fresh

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capital in the form of shares and debentures. Corporate enterprises, which are desirous of

raising capital funds through the issue of securities, approach the primary market. Issues

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exchange financial securities for long-term funds. The primary market allows for the

formation of capital in the country and the accelerated industrial and economic

development.

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Modes of Raising Capital

Following are the popular ways by which capital funds are raised in the primary market:

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Public issue where the securities are issued to the members of the general public, it takes

the form of public issue`. It is the most popular method of raising long-term funds.

Rights issue where the issue of equity shares of a body corporate is made to the existing

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shareholders as a pre-emptive right, it takes the form of rights issue`. Under this method,

additional securities are offered fro subscription to the existing shareholders.

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Private placement where the shares of a body corporate are sold to a group of small

investors, it takes the form of private placement`.

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The Secondary Market

Meaning

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A market which deals in securities that have been already issued by companies is known

as the secondary market`. It is also called the stock exchange or the share market.

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Importance

The importance of the secondary market springs from the fact that it is the base upon

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which rests the edifice of the primary market. In other words, for the efficient growth of
the primary market, a sound secondary market is an essential requirement. This is

because the secondary market offers an important facility of transfer of securities.

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METHODS OF MARKETING SECURITIES

Following are the various methods being adopted by corporate entities for marketing

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the securities in the New Issue Market:

Pure Prospectus Method

The method whereby a corporate enterprise mops up capital funds from the general

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public by means of an issue of a prospectus, is called Pure Prospectus Method`. It is the

most popular method of making public issue of securities by corporate enterprises.

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Features

Exclusive subscription Under this method, the new issues of a company are offered for

exclusive subscription of the general public. According to the SEBI norms, a minimum of

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49 percent of the total issue at a time is to be offered to publice.

Issue price Direct offer is made by the issuing company to the general public to subscribe

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to the securities at a stated price. The securities may be issued either at par, of at a

discount or at a premium.

Underwriting Public issue through the pure prospectus method` is usually underwritten.

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This is to safeguard the interest of the issuer in the event of an unsatisfactory response

from the public.

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Prospectus A document that contains information relating to the various aspects of the

issuing company, besides other details of the issue is called a Prospectus`. The document

is circulated to the public. The general details include the company`s name and address of

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its registered office, the names and addresses of the company`s promoters, manager,

managing director, directors, company secretary, legal adviser, auditors, bankers, brokers,

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etc the data of opening and closing of subscription list, contents of Articles, the names

and addresses of underwriters, the amount underwritten and the underwriting
commission, material details regarding the project, i.e. location, plant and machinery,

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technology, collaboration, performance guarantee, infrastructure facilities, etc nature of

products, marketing set-up, export potentials and obligations, past performance and

future prospects, management`s perception regarding risk factor, credit rating obtained

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from any other recognized rating agency, a statement regarding the fact that the company

will make an application to specified stock exchange(s) for listing its securities and so on.

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Advantages

The pure prospectus method offers the following advantages to the issuer and the

investors alike:

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Benefits to investors The pure prospectus method of marketing the securities serves as an

excellent mode of disclosure of all the information pertaining to the issue. Besides, it also

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facilitates satisfactory compliance with the legal requirements of transparency, etc. It also

allows for good publicity for the issue. The method promotes confidence of investors

through transparency and non discriminatory basis of allotment. It prevents artificial

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jacking up of prices as the issue is made public.

Benefits to issuers The pure prospectus method is the most popular method among the

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large issuers. In addition it provides for wide diffusion of ownership of securities

contributing to reduction in the concentration of economic and social power.

Drawbacks

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The raising of capital through the pure prospectus method is fraught with a number of

drawbacks as specified below:

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High issue costs A major drawback of this method is that it is an expensive mode of

raising funds from the capital market. Costs of various hues are incurred in mobilizing

capital. Such costs as underwriting expenses, brokerage, administrative costs, publici9ty

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costs, legal costs and other costs are incurred for raising funds. Due to the high cost

structure, this type of marketing of securities is followed only for large issues.

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Time consuming The issue of securities through prospectus takes more time, as it

requires the due compliance with various formalities before an issue could take place. For
instance, a lot of work such as underwriting, etc should be formalized before the printing

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and the issue of a prospectus.

Offer for Sale Method

Meaning

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Where the marketing of securities takes place through intermediaries, such as issue

houses, stockbrokers and others, it is a case of Offer for Sale Method`.

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Features

Under this method, the sale of securities takes place in two stages. Accordingly, in

the first stage, the issuer company makes an en-block sale of securities to intermediaries

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such as the issue houses and share brokers at an agreed price. Under the second stage, the

securities are re-sold to ultimate investors at a market-related price. The difference

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between the purchase price and the issue price constitutes profit` for the intermediaries.

The intermediaries are responsible for meeting various expenses such as underwriting

commission, prospectus cost, advertisement expenses, etc.

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The issue is also underwritten to ensure total subscription of the issue. The biggest

advantage of this method is that it saves the issuing company the hassles involved in

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selling the shares to the public directly through prospectus. This method is, however,

expensive for the investor as it involves the offer of securities by issue houses at very

high prices.

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Private Placement Method

Meaning

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A method of marketing of securities whereby the issuer makes the offer of sale to

individuals and institutions privately without the issue of a prospectus is known as

Private Placement Method`. This is the most popular method gaining momentum in

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recent times among the corporate enterprises.
Features

Under this method, securities are offered directly to large buyers with the help of

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share brokers. This method works in a manner similar to the Offer for Sale Method`

whereby securities are first sold to intermediaries such as issues houses, etc. They are in

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turn placed at higher prices to individuals and institutions. Institutional investors play a

significant role in the realm of private placing. The expenses relating to placement are

borne by such investors.

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Advantages

Private placement of securities offers the following advantages:

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1. Less expensive as various types of costs associated with the issue are borne by the

issue houses and other intermediaries

2. Less troublesome for the issuer as there is not much of stock exchange requirements

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concerning contents of prospectus and its publicity, etc to be complied with

3. Placement of securities suits the requirements of small companies

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4. The method is also resorted to when the stock market is dull and the public response

to the issue is doubtful

Disadvantages

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The major weaknesses of the private placement of securities are as follows:

1. Concentration of securities in a few hands

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2. Creating artificial scarcity for the securities thus jacking up the prices temporarily

and misleading general public

3. Depriving the common investors of an opportunity to subscribe to the issue, thus

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affecting their confidence levels

Initial Public Offer (IPO) Method

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The public issue made by a corporate entity for the first time in its life is called

Initial Public Offer` (IPO). Under this method of marketing, securities are issued to

successful applicants on the basis of the orders placed by them, through their brokers.

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When a company whose stock is not publicly traded wants to offer that stock to the

general public, it takes the form of Initial Public Offer`. The job of selling the stock is

entrusted to a popular intermediary, the underwriter. An underwriter is invariably an

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investment banking company. He agrees to pay the issuer a certain price for a minimum

number of shares, and then resells those shares to buyers, who are often the clients of the

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underwriting firm. The underwriters charge a fee for their services.

Stocks are issued to the underwriter after the issue of prospectus which provides

details of financial and business information as regards the issuer. Stocks are then

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released to the underwriter and the underwriter releases the stock to the public.

The issuer and the underwriting syndicate jointly determine the price of a new issue.

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The approximate price listed in the red herring (the preliminary prospectus?often with

words in red letters which say this is preliminary and the price is not yet set) many or

may not be close to the final issue price. IPO stock at the release price is usually not

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available to most of the public. Good relationship between the broker and the investor is a

pre requisite for the stock being acquired.

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Full disclosure of all material information in connection with the offering of new

securities must be made as part of the new offerings. A statement and preliminary

prospectus (also known as a red herring) containing the following information is to be

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filed with the Registrar of Companies:

1. A description of the issuer`s business

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2. The names and addresses of the key company officers, with salary and a 5 year

business history on each

3. The amount of ownership of the key officers

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4. The company`s capitalization and description of how the proceeds from the offering

will be used and

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5. Any legal proceedings that the company is involved in

Applications are made by the investors on the advice of their brokers who are

intimated of the share allocation by the issuer. The amount becomes payable to the issuer

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through the broker only on final allocation. The allotment is credited and share

certificates delivered to the depository account of the successful investor.

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The essential steps involved in this method of marketing of securities are as follows:
1. Order Broker receives order from the client and places orders on behalf of the client

with the issuer.

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2. Share allocation The issuer finalizes share allocation and informs the broker

regarding then same.

3. The client The broker advises the successful clients of the share allocation. Clients

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then submit the application forms for shares and make payment to the issuer through

the broker.

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4. Primary issue account The issuer opens a separate escrow account (primary issue

account) for the primary market issue. The clearing house of the exchange debits the

primary issue account of the broker and credits the issuer`s account.

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5. Certificates Certificates are then delivered to investors. Otherwise depository

account may be credited.

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The biggest advantage of this method of marketing of securities is that there is no

need for the investors to part with the money even before the shares are allotted in his

favor. Further, the method allows for elimination of unnecessary hassles involved in

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making a public issue. Under the regulations of the SEBI, IPOs can be carried out

through the secondary market and the existing infrastructure of stock exchanges can be

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used for this purpose.

Rights Issue Method

Where the shares of an existing company are offered to its existing shareholders, it

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takes the form of rights issue`. Under this method, the existing company issues shares to

its existing shareholders in proportion to the number of shares already held by them.

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The relevant guidelines issued by the SEBI in this regard are as follows:

1. Shall be issued only by listed companies

2. Announcement regarding rights issue once made, shall not be withdrawn and where

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withdrawn, no security shall be eligible for listing up to 12 months

3. Underwriting as to rights issue is optional and appointment of Registrar is

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compulsory

4. Appointment of category I Merchant Bankers holding a certificate of registration

issued by SEBI shall be compulsory

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5. Rights shares shall be issued only in respect of fully paid shares

6. Letter of Offer shall contain disclosures as per SEBI requirements

7. Agreement shall be entered into with the depository for materialization of securities

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to be issued

8. Issue shall be kept open for a minimum period of 30 days and for a maximum period

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of 60 days

9. A minimum subscription of 90 percent of the issue shall be received

10. No reservation is allowed for rights issue as regards FCDs and PCDs

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11. A No Complaints Certificate` is to be filed by the Lead Merchant Banker` with the

SEBI after 21 days from the date of issue of offer document

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12. Obligatory for a company where increase in subscribed capital is necessary after two

years of its formation or after one year of its first issue of shares, whichever is earlier

(this requirement may be dispensed with by a special resolution)

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Advantages

Rights issue offers the following advantages:

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Economy The issue management procedures connected with the rights issue

are easier as only a limited number of applications are to be handled.

Advantage shareholders Issue of rights shares does not involve any dilution of

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ownership of existing shareholders. Further, it offers freedom to shareholders to

subscribe or not to subscribe the issue.

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Drawbacks

The method suffers from the following limitations:

Restrictive The facility of rights issue is available only to existing companies and not

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to new companies.

Against society The issue of rights shares runs counter to the overall societal

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considerations of diffusion of share ownership for promoting dispersal of wealth and

economic power.

Bonus Issues Method

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Where the accumulated reserves and surplus of profits of a company are converted

into paid up capital, it takes the form of issue of bonus shares`. It merely implies

capitalization of existing reserves and surplus of a company. The issue of bonus shares is

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subject to certain rules and regulations. The issue does not in any way affect the resources

base of the enterprise. It saves the company enormously of the hassles of capital issue.

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Issued under Section 205 (3) of the Companies Act, such shares are governed by the

guidelines issued by the SEBI (applicable to listed companies only) as follows:

SEBI Guidelines

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Following are the guidelines pertaining to the issue of bonus shares by a listed

corporate enterprise:

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1. Reservation In respect of FCDs and PCDs, bonus shares must be reserved in

proportion to such convertible part of FCDs and PCDs. The shares so reserved may

be issued at the time of conversion(s) of such debentures on the same terms on which

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the bonus issues were made.

2. Reserves The bonus issue shall be made out of free reserves built out of the genuine

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profits or share premium collected in cash only. Reserves created by revaluation of

fixed assets are not capitalized.

3. Dividend mode The declaration of bonus issue, in lieu of dividend, is not made.

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4. Fully paid The bonus issue is not made unless the partly paid shares, if any are made

fully paid-up.

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5. No default The Company has not defaulted in payment of interest or principal in

respect of fixed deposits and interest on existing debentures of principal on

redemption thereof and has sufficient reason to believe that it has not defaulted in

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respect of the payment of statutory dues of the employees such as contribution to

provident fund, gratuity, bonus, etc.

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6. Implementation A company that announces its bonus issue after the approval of the

Board of Directors must implement the proposal within a period of 6 months from

the date of such approval and shall not have the option of changing the decision.

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7. The articles The Articles of Association of the company shall contain a provision for

capitalization of reserves, etc. If there is no such provision in the Articles, the
company shall pass a resolution at its general body meeting making provisions in the

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Articles of Associations for capitalization.

8. Resolution Consequent to the issue of bonus shares if the subscribed and paid-up

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capital exceeds the authorized share capital, the company at its general body meeting

for increasing the authorized capital shall pass a resolution.

Rights Issue vs. Bonus Issue

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Bonus issue is different from rights issue in the following respects:

Sl No.

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Feature

Rights Issue

Bonus Issue

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1.

Payment

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The issue is to be paid for The issue is free

2.

Privilege

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Confers a privilege on the

Not a privilege issue

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existing members

3.

Paid-up shares

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Shares may be partly paid-

Shares are necessarily to

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up also

be fully-paid

4.

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Minimum Subscription Minimum subscription is

Minimum subscription is

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required

not required

5.

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Separate Account

Money is to be kept in a

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No such requirement

separate bank account

6.

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Right to Renounce

Rights

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issue

may

be

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No such

facility

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is

renounced by a member available

in favor of a nominee

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7.

Regulation

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Regulated by the provisions

Regulated

by

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the

of the Companies Act provisions

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of

the

and SEBI guidelines

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company`s

Articles

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and SEBI guidelines

Book-building Method

A method of marketing the shares of a company whereby the quantum and the price

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of the securities to be issued will be decided on the basis of the bids` received from the

prospective shareholders by the lead merchant bankers is known as book-building

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method`. Under the book-building method, share prices are determined on the basis of
real demand for the shares at various price levels in the market. For discovering the price

at which issue should be made, bids are invited from prospective investors from which

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the demand at various price levels is noted. The merchant bankers undertake full

responsibility for the issue.

The option of book-building is available to all body corporate, which are otherwise

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eligible to make an issue of capital to the public. The initial minimum size of issue

through book-building route was fixed at Rs. 100 crores. However, beginning from

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December 9, 1996 issues of any size will be allowed through the book-building route.

Book-building facility is available as an alternative to firm allotment. Accordingly, a

company can opt for book-building route for the sale of shares to the extent of the

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percentage of the issue that can be reserved for firm allotment as per the prevailing SEBI

guidelines. It is therefore possible either to reserve securities for firm allotment or issue

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them through the book-building process.

The book-building process involves the following steps:

1. Appointment of book-runners The first step in the book-building process is the

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appointment by the issuer company, of the book-runner, chosen from one of the lead

merchant bankers. The book-runner in turn forms a syndicate for the book building.

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A syndicate member should be a member of National Stock Exchange (NSE) or

Over-The-Counter Exchange of India (OTCEI). Offers of bids` are to be made by

investors to the syndicate members, who register the demands of investors. The bid

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indicates the number of shares demanded and the prices offered. This information,

which is stored in the computer, is accessible to the company management or to the

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book-runner. The name of the book-runner is to be mentioned in the draft prospectus

submitted to SEBI.

2. Drafting prospectus The draft prospectus containing all the information except the

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information regarding the price at which the securities are offered is to be filed with

SEBI as per the prevailing SEBI guidelines. The offer of securities through this

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process must separately be disclosed in the prospectus, under the caption placement

portion category`. Similarly, the extent of shares offered to the public shall be

separately shown under the caption net offer to the public`. According to the latest

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SEBI guidelines issued in October 1999, the stipulation that at least 25 percent of the
securities were to be issued to the public has been done away with. This is aimed at

enabling companies to offer the entire public issue through the book-building route.

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3. Circulating draft prospectus A copy of the draft prospectus filed with SEBI is to be

circulated by the book-runner to the prospective institutional buyers who are eligible

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for firm allotment and also to the intermediaries who are eligible to act as

underwriters. The objective is to invite offers for subscribing to the securities. The

draft prospectus to be circulated must indicate the price-bank within which the

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securities are being offered for subscription.

4. Maintaining offer records The book-runner maintains a record of the offers received.

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Details such as the name and the number of securities ordered together with the price

at which each institutional buyer or underwriter is willing to subscribe to securities

under the placement portion must find place in the record. SEBI has the right to

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inspect such records.

5. Intimation about aggregate orders The underwriters and the institutional investors

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shall give intimation on the aggregate of the offers received to the book-runner.

6. Bid analysis The bid analysis is carried out by the book-runner immediately after the

closure of the bid offer date. An appropriate final price is arrived at after a careful

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evaluation of demands at various prices and the quantity. The final price is generally

fixed reasonably lower than the possible offer price. This way, the success of the

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issue is ensured. The issuer company announces the pay-in-date at the expiry of

which shares are allotted.

7. Mandatory underwriting Where it has been decided to make offer of shares to public

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under the category of Net Offer to the Public`, it is incumbent that the entire portion

offered to the public is fully underwritten. In case an issue is made through book-

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building route, it is mandatory that the portion of the issue offered to the public be

underwritten. For this purpose, an agreement has to be entered into with the

underwriter by the issuer. The agreement shall specify the number of securities as

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well as the price at which the underwriter would subscribe to the securities. The

book-runner may require the underwriter of the net offer to the public to pay in

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advance all moneys required to be paid in respect of their underwriting commitment.
8. Filing with ROC A copy of the prospectus as certified by the SEBI shall be filed

with the Registrar of Companies within two days of the receipt of the

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acknowledgement care from the SEBI.

9. Bank accounts The issuer company has to open two separate accounts for collection

of application money, one for the private placement portion and the other for the

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public subscription.

10. Collection of completed applications The book-runner collects from the institutional

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buyers and the underwriters the application forms along with the application money

to the securities proposed to be allotted to them or subscribed by them. This is to be

done one day before the opening of the issue to the public.

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11. Allotment of securities Allotment for the private placement portion may be made on

the second day from the closure of the issue. The issuer company, however, has the

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option to choose one date for both the placement portion and the public portion. The

said date shall be considered to be the date of allotment for the issue of securities

through the book-building process. The issuer company is permitted to pay interest

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on the application moneys till the date of allotment or the deemed date of allotment

provided that payment of interest is uniformly given to all the applicants.

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12. Payment schedule and listing The book-runner may require the underwriters to the

net offer to the public` to pay in advance all moneys required to be paid in respect of

their underwriting commitment by the eleventh day of the closure of the issue. In that

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case, the shares allotted as per the private placement category will become eligible

for being listed. Allotment of securities under the public category is to be made as

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per the prevailing statutory requirements.

13. Under-subscription In the case of under-subscription in the net offer to the public`

category, any spillover to the extent of under-subscription is to be permitted from the

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placement portion` category subject to the condition that preference is given to the

individual investors. In the case of under-subscription in the placement portion,

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spillover is to be permitted from the net offer to the public to the placement portion.

Advantages of Book-building

Book-building process is of immense use in the following ways:

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1. Reduction in the duration between allotment and listing

2. Reliable allotment procedure

3. Quick listing in stock exchanges possible

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4. No price manipulation as the price is determined on the basis of the bids received

Stock Option or Employees Stock Option Scheme (ESOP)

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A method of marketing the securities of a company whereby its employees are

encouraged to take up shares and subscribe to it is known as stock option`. It is a

voluntary scheme on the part of the company to encourage employees` participation in

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the company. The scheme also offers an incentive to the employees to stay in the

company. The scheme is particularly useful in the case of companies whose business

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activity is dominantly based on the talent of the employees, as in the case of software

industry. The scheme helps retain their most productive employees in an industry, which

is known for its constant churning of personnel.

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SEBI Guidelines

Company whose securities are listed on any stock exchange can introduce the

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scheme of employees` stock option. The offer can be made subject to the conditions

specified below:

1. Issue at discount Issue of stock options at a discount to the market price would be

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regarded as another form of employee compensation and would be treated as such in

the financial statement of the company regardless the quantum of discount on the

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exercise price of the options.

2. Approval The issue of ESOPs is subject to the approval by the shareholders through

a special resolution.

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3. Maximum limit There would be no restriction on the maximum number of shares to

be issued to a single employee. However, in cases of employees being offered more

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than 1 percent shares, a specific disclosure and approval would be necessary in the

AGM.
4. Minimum period A minimum period of one year between grant of options and its

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vesting has been prescribed. After one year, the company would de4termine the

period during which the option can be exercised.

5. Superintendence The operation of the ESOP Scheme would have to be under the

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superintendence and direction of a Compensation Committee of the Board of

Directors in which there would be a majority of independent directors.

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6. Eligibility ESOP scheme is open to all permanent employees and to the directors of

the company but not to promoters and large shareholders. The scheme would be

applicable to the employees of the subsidiary or a holding company with the express

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approval of the shareholders.

7. Director`s report The Director`s report shall make a disclosure of the following:

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a. Total number of shares as approved by the shareholders

b. The pricing formula adopted

c. Details as to options granted, options vested, options exercised and options

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forfeited, extinguishments or modification of options, money realized by exercise

of options, total number of options in force, employee-wise details of options

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granted to senior managerial personnel and to any other employee who receive a

grant in any one year of options amounting to 5 percent or more of options

granted during that year

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d. Fully diluted EPS computed in accordance with the IAS

IPO SEBI`s stipulations prohibiting initial public offerings by companies having

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outstanding options should not apply to ESOP. If any ESOPs are outstanding at the time

of an IPO issue by an unlisted company, the promoters` contribution shall be calculated

with reference to the enlarged that would arise if all vested options were exercised

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Capital Market Instruments

The changes that are sweeping across the Indian capital market especially in the recent

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past are something phenomenal. It has been experiencing metamorphic changes in the

last decade, thanks to a host of measures of liberalization, globalization, and privatization

that have been initiated by the Government. Pronounced changes have occurred in the

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realm of industrial policy, licensing policy, financial services industry, interest rates, etc.

The competition has become very intense and real in both industrial sector and financial

services industry.

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As a result of these changes, the financial services industry has come to introduce a

number of instruments with a view to facilitate borrowing and lending of money in the

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capital market by the participants.

Meaning

Financial instruments that are used for raising capital resources in the capital market are

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known as Capital Market Instruments`.

Types

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The various market instruments used by corporate entities for raising resources are as

follows:

1. Preference shares

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2. Equity shares

3. Nonvoting equity shares

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4. Cumulative convertible preference shares

5. Company fixed deposits

6. Warrants

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7. Debentures and Bonds

PREFERENCE SHARES

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Meaning

Shares that carry preferential rights in comparison with ordinary shares are called

Preference Shares`. The preferential rights are the rights regarding payment of dividend

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and the distribution of the assets of the company in the event of its winding up, in

preference to equity shares.
Types

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1. Cumulative preference shares Shares where the arrears of dividends in times of no

and/so lean profits can be accumulated and paid in the year in which the company

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earns good profits.

2. Noncumulative preference shares Shares where the carry forward of the arrears of

dividends is not possible.

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3. Participating preference shares Shares that enjoy the right to participate in surplus

profits or surplus assets on the liquidation of a company or in both, if the Articles of

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Association provides for it.

4. Redeemable preference shares Shares that are to be repaid at the end of the term of

issue, the maximum period of a redemption being 20 years with effect from 1.3.1997

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under the Companies Amendment Act, 1996. Since they are repayable, they are

similar to debentures. Only fully paid shares are redeemed. Where redemption is

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made out of profits, a Capital Redemption Reserve Account is opened to which a

sum equal to the nominal value of the shares redeemed is transferred. It is treated as

paid-up share capital of the company.

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5. Fully convertible cumulative preference shares Shares comprise two parts, viz. Part

A and B. Part A is convertible into equity shares automatically and compulsorily on

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the date of allotment. Part B will be redeemed at par/converted into equity shares

after a lock-in period at the option of the investor, conversion into equity shares

taking place after the lock-in period, at a price, which would be 30 percent lower

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than the average market price. The average market price shall be the average of the

monthly high and low price of the shares in a stock exchange over a period of 6

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months including the month in which the conversion takes place.

6. Preference shares with warrants attached The attached warrants entitle the holder to

apply for equity shares for cash, at a premium`, at any time, in or more stages

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between the third and fifth year from the date of allotment. If the warrant holder fails

to exercise his option, the unsubscribed portion will lapse. The holders of warrants

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would be entitled to all rights/bonus shares that may be issued by the company. The

preference shares with warrants would be entitled attached would not be

transferred/sold for a period of 3 years from the date of allotment.

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EQUTIY SHARES

Meaning

Equity shares, also known as ordinary shares` are the shares held by the owners of a

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corporate entity.

Features

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Since equity shareholders face greater risks and have no specific preferential rights, they

are given larger share in profits through higher dividends than those given to preference

shareholders, provided the company`s performance is excellent. Directors declare no

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dividends in case there are no profits or the profits do not justify dividend. For pervious

years even when the company makes substantial profits are subsequent years. Equity

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shareholders also enjoy the benefit of ploughing back of undistributed profits kept as

reserves and surplus for the purposes of business expansion. Often, part of these is

distributed to them as bonus shares. Such bonus shares are entitled to a proportionate or

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full dividend in the succeeding year.

A strikingly noteworthy, namely feature of equity shares is that holders of these

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shares enjoy substantial rights in the corporate democracy, namely the rights to approve

the company`s annual accounts, declaration of dividend, enhancement of managerial

remuneration in excess of specified limits and fixing the terms of appointment and

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election of directors, appointment of auditors and fixing of their remuneration,

amendments to the Articles and Memorandum of Association, increase of share capital

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and issue of further shares of debentures, proposals for mergers and reconstruction, and

any other important proposal on which member`s approval is required under the

Companies Act.

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Equity shares in the hands of shareholders are mainly reckoned for determining in

the management`s control over the company. Where shareholders are widely disbursed, it

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is possible for the management to retain the control, as it is not possible for all the

shareholders to attend the company`s meeting in full strength. Furthermore, the

management group can bolster its controlling power by acquiring further shares in the

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open market or otherwise. Equity share may also be offered to financial institutions as
part of the private placement exercise. Such a method, however, if fraught with the

danger of takeover attempt by financial institutions.

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Equity shareholders represent proportionate ownership in a company. They have

residual claims on the assets and profits of the company. They have unlimited potential

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for dividend payments and price appreciation in comparison to the owners of debentures

and preference share who enjoy just a fixed assured return in the form of interest and

dividend. Higher the risk, higher the return and vice versa.

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Share certificates either in physical form or in the demat (with the introduction of

depository system in 1996) form are issued as a proof of ownership of the share in a

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company. Demat facilitates electronic trading. Fully paid equity shares with detachable

warrants entitle the warrant holder to apply for a specified number of shares at a

determined price. Detachable warrants are separately registered with stock exchanges and

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traded separately. The company would determine the terms and conditions relating to the

issue of equity against warrants.

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Voting rights are granted under the Companies Act (Sections 87 to 89) where in each

shareholder is eligible for votes proportionate to the number of shares held or the amount

of stock owned. A company cannot issue shares carrying disproportionate voting rights.

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Similarly, voting right cannot be exercised in respect of shares on which the shareholder

owes some money to the company.

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Capital

Equity shares are of different types. The maximum value of shares as specified in the

Memorandum of Association of the company is called the authorized or registered or

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nominal capital. Issued capital is the nominal value of share offered for public

subscription. In case shares offered for public subscription are not taken up, the portion of

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capital subscribed is called subscribed capital. This is less than the issued capital. Paid-up

capital is the share capital paid-up by shareholders which is credited as paid-up on the

shares.

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Par Value and Book Value

The face value of a share is called its Par value. Although shares can be sold below the

par value, it is possible that shares can be issued below the par value. The financial

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institutions that convert their unpaid principal and interest into equity in sick companies

are compelled to do it at a minimum of Rs. 10 because of the par value concept even

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though the market price might be much less than Rs. 10 Par value can also lead to

unhealthy practices like price rigging by promoters of sick companies to take market

prices above Rs. 10 to get their new of shares.

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Book value is the intrinsic value of a share that is calculated to reflect the net worth

of the shareholders of a corporate entity.

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Cash Dividends

These are dividends paid in cash. A stable payment of cash dividends is the hallmark of

stability of share prices.

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Stock Dividends

These are the dividends distributed as shares and issued by capitalized reserves.

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While net worth remains the same in the balance sheet, its distribution between shares

and surplus is altered.

NONVOTING EQUITY SHARES

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Consequent to the recommendations of the Abid Hussain Committee` and

subsequent to the amendment to the Companies Act, corporate managements are

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permitted to mobilize additional capital without diluting the interest of existing

shareholders with the help of a new instrument called nonvoting equity shares`. Such

share will be entitled to all the benefits except the right to vote in general meetings. Such

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nonvoting equity share is being considered as a possible addition to the two classes of

share capital currently in vogue. This class of shares has been included by an amendment

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to the Companies Act as a third category of shares. Corporates will be permitted to issue

shares upto a certain percentage of the total share capital.

Nonvoting equity shares will be entitled to rights and bonus issues and preferential

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offer of shares on the same lines as that of ordinary shares. The objective will be to
compensate the sacrifice made for the voting rights. For this purpose, these shares will

carry higher dividend rate than that of voting shares. If a company fails to pay dividend,

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nonvoting shareholders will automatically be entitled to voting rights on a prorata basis

until the company resumes paying dividend.

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The mechanism of issue of nonvoting share is expected to overcome such problems

as are associated with the voting shares as that the ordinary investors are more inclined

towards high return on capital through sizeable dividends and capital appreciation

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through the issue of bonus shares and the inability of corporates to respond to the

investors` just aspiration for reasonable dividends. Moreover, there is every need for

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corporate to spend huge sums of money of a variety of non-so-useful items including

colorful and costly annual reports. For all these above mentioned reasons, nonvoting

equity shares are expected to have a ready and popular market. In effect, this kind of

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share is similar to preference shares with regard to nonvoting rights but may get the

advantage of higher dividends as well as appreciation in share through entitlement to

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bonus shares which is not available to preference shares.

CONVERTIBLE CUMULATIVE PREFERNCE SHARES (CCPS)

These are the shares that have the twin advantage of accumulation of arrears of dividends

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and the conversion into equity shares. Such shares would have to be to the face value of

Rs. 100 each. The shares have to be listed on one or more stock exchanges in the country.

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The object of the issue of CCP shares is to allow for the setting up of new projects,

expansion or diversification of existing projects, expansion or diversification of existing

projects, normal capital expenditure for modernization and for meeting working capital

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requirements.

Debt-equity Ratio

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For the purpose if calculation of debt-equity ratio as may be applicable CCPS are be

deemed to be an equity issue.
Compulsory Conversion

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The conversion into equity shares must be for the entire issue of CCP shares and shall be

done between the periods at the end of the three years and five years as may be decided

by the company. This implies that the conversion of the CCP into equity shares would be

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compulsory at the end of five years and the aforesaid preference shares would not be

redeemable at any stage.

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Fresh Issue

The conversion of CCP shares into equity would be deemed as being one resulting from

the process of redemption of the preference shares out of the proceeds of a fresh issue of

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shares made for the purposes of redemption.

Preference Dividend

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The rate of preference dividend payable on CCP shares would be 10 percent.

Guideline Ratio

The guideline ratio of 1:3 as between preference shares and equity shares would not be

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applicable to these shares.

Arrears of Dividend

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The right of receive arrears of dividend up to the date of conversion, if any, shall devolve

on the holder of the equity shares on such conversion. The holder of the equity shares

shall be receiving the arrears of dividend as and when the company makes profit and is

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able to declare such dividend.

Voting Right

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CCPS would have voting rights as applicable to preference shares under the Companies

Act, 1956.
Quantum

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The amount of the issue of CCP shares would be to the extent the company would be

offering equity shares to the public for subscription.

COMPANY FIXED DEPOSITS

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Fixed deposits are the attractive source of short-term capital both for the companies and

investors as well. Corporate favor fixed deposits as an ideal form of working capital

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mobilization without going through the process of mortgaging assets and the associated

rigmaroles of documentation, etc. Investors find fixed deposits a sample avenue for

investment in popular companies at attractively reasonable and safe interest rates.

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Moreover, investors are relieved of the problem of the hassles of market value fluctuation

to which instruments such as shares and debentures are exposed. There are no transfer

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formalities either. In addition, it is quite possible for investors to have the option of

premature repayment after 6 months, although such an option entails some interest loss.

Regulations

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Since these instruments are unsecured, there is a lot of uncertainty about the repayment of

deposits and regular payment of interest. The issue of fixed deposits is subject to the

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provisions of the Companies Act and the Companies (Acceptance of Deposits) Rules

introduced in February 1975. Some of the important regulations in this regard as follows:

1. Advertisement Issue of an advertisement (with the prescribed information) as

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approved by the Board of Directors in dailies circulating in the state of incorporation.

2. Liquid assets Maintenance of liquid assets equal to 15 percent (substituted for 10%

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by Amendment Rules, 1992) of deposits (maturing during the year ending March 31)

in the form of bank deposits, unencumbered securities of State and Central

Governments or unencumbered approved securities.

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3. Disclosure Disclosure in the newspaper advertisement the quantum of deposits

remaining unpaid after maturity. This would help highlight the defaults, if any, by

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the company and caution the depositors.

4. Deemed public company Private company would become a deemed public company

(from June 1998, Section 43A of the Act) where such a private company, after

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inviting public deposits through a statutory advertisement, accepts or renews deposits

from the public other than its members, directors or their relatives. This provision, to

a certain extent, enjoins better accountability on the part of the management and

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auditors.

5. Default Penalty under the law for default by companies in repaying deposits as and

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when they mature for payment where deposits were accepted in accordance with the

Reserve Bank directions.

6. CLB Empowerment to the Company Law Board to direct companies to repay

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deposits, which have not been repaid as per the terms and conditions governing such

deposits, within a time frame and according to the terms and conditions of the order.

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WARRANTS

An option issued by a company whereby the buyer is granted the right to purchase a

number of shares (usually one) of its equity share capital at a given exercise price during

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a given period is called a warrant`. Although trading in warrants are in vogue in the U.S.

Stock markets for more than 6 to 7 decades, they are being issued to meet a range of

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financial requirements by the Indian corporates.

A security issued by a company, granting its holder the right to purchase a specified

number of shares, at a specified price, any time prior to an expirable date is known as a

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warrant`. Warrants may be issued with either debentures or equity shares. They clearly

specify the number of shares entitled, the expiration date, along with the stated/exercise

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price. The expiration date of warrants in USA is generally 5 to 10 years from the date of

issue and the exercise price is 10 to 30 percent above the prevailing market price.

Warrants have a secondary market.

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The exchange value between the share at its current price and the shares to be

purchased at the exercise price represents the minimum value of a warrant. They have no

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floatation costs and when they are exercised, the firm receives additional funds at a price

lower than the current market, yet higher than those prevailing at the time of issue.

Warrants are issued by new/growing firms and venture capitalists. They are also issued

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during mergers and acquisitions. Warrants in the context are called sweeteners` and were

issued by a few Indian companies since 1993.
Both warrants and rights entitle a buyer to acquire equity shares of the issuing

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company. However, they are different in the sense that warrants have a life span of three

to five years whereas; rights have a life span of only four to twelve weeks (duration

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between the opening and closing date of subscription list). Moreover, rights are normally

issued to effect current financing, and warrants are sold to facilitate future financing.

Similarly, the exercise price of warrant, i.e. the price at which it can be exchanged for

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share, is usually above the market price of the share so as to encourage existing

shareholders to purchase it. On the other hand, one warrant buys one equity share

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generally, whereas more than one right may be needed to buy one share. The detachable

warrant attached to each share provides a right to the warrant holder to apply for

additional equity share against each warrant.

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DEBENTURES AND BONDS

A document that either creates a debt or acknowledges it is known as a debenture.

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Accordingly, and document that fulfills either of these conditions is a debenture. A

debenture, issued under the common seal of the company, usually takes the form of a

certificate that acknowledges indebtedness of the company.

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A document that shows on the face of it that a company has borrowed a sum of

money from the holder thereof upon certain terms and conditions is called a debenture.

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Debentures may be secured by way of fixed or floating charges on the assets of the

company. These are the instruments that are generally used for raising long-term debt

capital

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Features

Following are the features of debenture:

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1. ISSUE In India, debentures of various kinds are issued by the corporate bodies,

Government, and others as per the provisions of the Companies Act, 1956 and under

the regulations of the SEBI. Section 117 of the Companies Act prohibits issue of

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debentures with voting rights. Generally, they are issued against a charge on the

assets of the company but at times may be issued without any such charge also.
Debentures can be issued at a discount in which case, the relevant particulars are to

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be filed with the registrar of Companies.

2. Negotiability In the case of bearer debentures the terminal value is payable to its

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bearer. Such instruments are negotiable and are transferable by delivery. Registered

debentures are payable to the registered holder whose name appears both on the

debenture and in the register of debenture holders maintained by the company.

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Further, transfer of such debentures should be registered. They are not negotiable

instruments and contain a commitment to pay the principal and interest.

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3. Security Secured debentures create a charge on the assets of the company. Such a

charge may be either fixed or floating. Debentures that are issued without any charge

on assets of the company. Are called unsecured or naked debentures`.

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4. Duration Debentures, which could be redeemed after a certain period of time, are

called Redeemable Debentures. There are debentures that are not to be returned

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except at the time of winding up of the company. Such debentures are called

Irredeemable Debentures.

5. Convertibility Where the debenture issue gives the option of conversion into equity

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shares after the expiry of a certain period of time, such debentures are called

Convertible Debentures. Nonconvertible Debentures, on the other hand, do not have

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such an exchange facility.

6. Return Debentures have a great advantage in them in that they carry a regular and

reasonable income for the holders. There is a legal obligation for the company to

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make payment of interest on debentures whether or not any profits are earned by it.

7. Claims Debenture holders command a preferential treatment in the matters of

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distribution of the final proceeds of the company at the time of its winding up. Their

claims rank prior to the claims of preference and equity shareholders.

Kinds

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Innovation debt instruments that are issued by the public limited companies in India are

described below:

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1. Participating debentures

2. Convertible debentures
3. Debt-equity swaps

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4. Zero coupon convertible notes

5. Secured premium notes (SNP) with detachable warrants

6. Nonconvertible debentures (NCDs) with detachable equity warrant

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7. Zero interest fully convertible debentures (FCDs)

8. Secured zero interest partly convertible debentures (PCDs) with detachable and

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separately tradable warrants

9. Fully convertible debentures (FCDs) with interest (optional)

10. Floating rate bonds (FRB)

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1. Participating debentures Debentures that are issued by a body corporate which entitle

the holders to participate in its profits are called Participating Debentures`. These are

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the unsecured corporate debt securities. They are popular among existing dividend

paying corporates.

2. Convertible debentures

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a. Convertible debentures with options are a derivation of convertible debentures

that give an option to both the issuer, as well as the investor, to exit from the

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terms of the issue. The coupon rate is specified at the time of issue

b. Third party convertible debentures are debts with a warrant that allow the investor

to subscribe to the equity of a third firm at a preferential price vis-?-vis market

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price, the interest rate on the third party convertible debentures being lower than

pure debt on account of the conversion option

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c. Convertible debentures redeemable at a premium are issued at face value with a

put option entitling investors to sell the bond to the issuer, at a premium later on.

They are basically similar to convertible debentures but have less risk

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3. Debt-equity swaps They are offered from an issuer of debt to swap it for equity. The

instrument is quite risky for the investor because the anticipated capital appreciation

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may not materialize.

4. Zero-coupon convertible note These are debentures that can be converted into shares

and on its conversion the investor forgoes all accrued and unpaid interest. The zero

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coupon convertible notes are quite sensitive to changes in the interest rates.
5. SPN with detachable warrants These are the Secured Premium Notes (SPN) with

detachable warrants. These are the redeemable debentures that are issued along with a

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detachable warrant. The warrant entitles the holder to apply and get equity shares

allotted, provided the SPN is fully paid. The warrants attached to it assure the holder

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such a right. No interest will be paid during the lock-in period for SPN.

6. The SPN holder has an option to sell back the SPN to the company at par value after

the lock-in period. If this option is exercised by the holder, no interest/premium will

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be paid on redemption. The holder will be repaid the principal and the additional

interest/premium amount in installments as may be decided by the company. The

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conversion of detachable warrant into equity shares will have to be done within the

time limit notified by the company.

7. NCDs with detachable equity warrants These are Non convertible debentures (NCDs)

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with detachable equity warrants. These entitle the holder to buy a specific number of

shares from the company at a predetermined price within a definite time frame. The

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warrants attached to NCDs are issued subject to full payment of the NCDs` value.

The option can be exercised after the specific lock-in period. The company is at

liberty to dispose off the unapplied portion of shares if the option to apply for equities

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is not exercised.

8. Zero interest FCDs These are Zero interest Fully Convertible Debentures on which no

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interest will be paid by the issuer during the lock-in period. However, there is a

notified period after which fully paid FCDs will be automatically and compulsorily

converted into shares. In the event of a company going in for rights issue prior to the

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allotment of equity (resulting from the conversion of equity shares into FCDs), it shall

do so only after the FCD holders are offered securities.

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9. Secured zero interest PCDs with detachable and separately tradable warrants These

are Secured Zero Interest Partly Convertible Debentures with detachable and

separately tradable warrants. They are issued in two parts. Part A is a convertible

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portion that allows equity shares to be redeemed at par at the end of a specific period

from the date of allotment. Part B is a nonconvertible portion to be redeemed at par at

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the end of a specific period from the date of allotment. Part B which carries a
detachable and separately tradable warrant provides the warrant holder an option to

receive equity shares for every warrant held, at a price worked out by the company.

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10. Fully Convertible Debentures (FCDs) with interest (Optional) These are the

debentures that will not yield any interest for an initial short period after which the

holder is given an option to apply for equities at a premium. No additional amount

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needs to be paid for this. The option has to be indicated in the application form itself.

Interest on FCDs is payable at a determined rate from the date of first conversion to

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the data of second/final conversion and in lieu of it, equity shares will be issued.

11. Floating Rate Bonds (FRBs) These are the bonds where the yield is linked to a

benchmark interest rate like the prime rate in USA or LIBOR in the Euro currency

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market. For instance, the State Bank of India`s floating rate bond, issue was linked to

the maximum interest on term deposits that was 10 percent at that time. The floating

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rate is quoted in terms of a margin above or below the benchmark rate. Interest rates

linked to the benchmark ensure that neither the borrower nor the lender suffer from

the changes in interest rates. Where interest rates are fixed, they are likely to be

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inequitable to the borrower when interest rates fall and inequitable to the lender when

interest rates rise subsequently.

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Shares vs. Debentures

Shares are different from debentures in the following manner:

1. shareholder has a proprietary interest in the company, and debenture holder is

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only a creditor of the company

2. Debenture holder is entitled to fixed interest whereas the shareholder is entitled

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to dividends depending on and varying with profits

3. Shareholders have voting rights whereas debenture holders do not have voting

rights

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4. Debentures may be redeemable whereas shares except preference shares are not

redeemable

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5. Debenture holders get priority over shareholders when assets are distributed upon

winding up
GLOBAL DEBT INSTRUMENTS

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Following are some of the debt instruments that are popular in the international financial

markets:

Income Bonds

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Interest income on such bonds is paid only where the corporate commands adequate cash

flows. They resemble cumulative preference shares in respect of which fixed dividend is

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paid only if there is profit earned in a year, but carried forward and paid in the following

year. There is no default on income bonds if interest is not paid. Unlike the dividend on

cumulative preference shares, the interest on income bond is tax deductible. These bonds

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are issued by corporates that undergo financial restructuring.

Asset Backed Securities

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These are a category of marketable securities that are collateralized by financial assets

such as installment loan contracts. Asset backed financing involves a disintermediating

process called securitization, whereby credit from financial intermediaries in the form of

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debentures are sold to third parties to finance the pool. Respos are the oldest asset backed

security in our country. In USA, securitization has been undertaken for the following:

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1. Insured mortgages

2. Mortgage backed bonds

3. Student loans

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4. Trade credit receivable backed bonds

5. Equipments leasing backed bonds

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6. Certificates of automobile receivable securities

7. Small business administration loans

8. Credit and receivable securities

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Junk Bonds

Junk bond is a high risk, high yield bond which finances either a Leveraged Buyout

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(LBO) or a merger of a company in financial distress. Junk bonds are popular in the USA

and are used primarily for financing takeovers. The coupon rates range from 16 to 25
percent. Attractive deals were put together establishing their feasibility in terms of

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adequacy of cash flows to meet interest payments. Michael Milken (the junk bond king)

of Drexel Burnham Lambert was the real developer of the market.

Indexed Bonds

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These are the bonds whose interest payment and redemption value are indexed with

movements in prices. Indexed bonds protect the investor from the eroding purchasing

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power of money because of inflation. For instance, an inflation-indexed bond implies that

the payment of the coupon and/or the redemption value increases or decreases according

to movements in prices. The bonds are likely to hedge the principal amount against

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inflation. Such bonds are designed to provide investors an effective edge against inflation

so as to enhance the credibility of the anti-inflationary policies of the Government. The

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yields of an inflation-indexed bond provide vital information on the expected rate of

inflation.

United Kingdom, Australia, and Canada have introduced index linked government

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securities as a segmented internal debt management operation with a view to increase the

range of assets available in the system, provide an inflation hedge to investors, reduce

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interest costs and pick up direct signals, and the expected inflation and real rate of interest

from the market.

Zero Coupon Bonds (ZCBs)/Zero Coupon Convertible Debentures

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Zero Coupon Bonds first came to be introduced in the U.S. securities market. Initially,

such bonds were issued for high denominations. These bonds were purchased by large

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security brokers in large chunks, who resold them to individual investors, at a slightly

higher price in affordable lots. Such bonds were called Treasury Investment Growth

Receipts` (TIGRs) or Certificate of Accruals on Treasury Securities` (CATSs) or ZEROs

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as their coupon rate is Zero. Moreover, these certificates were sold to investors at a hefty

discount and the difference between the face value of the certificate and the acquisition

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cost was the gain. The holders are not entitled for any interest except the principal sum of

maturity.

Advantages Zero Coupon Bonds offer a number of advantages as shown below:

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a. No botheration of periodical interest payment for the issuers

b. The attraction of conversion of bonds into equity shares at a premium or at par,

the investors usually being rewarded by way of a low premium on conversion

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c. There is only capital gains tax on the price differential and there is no tax on

accrued income

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d. Possibility of efficient servicing of equity as there is no obligation to pay interest

till maturity and its eventual conversion

Mahindra & Mahindra came out with the scheme of Zero Coupon Bonds for the first

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time in India along with 12.5 percent convertible bonds for part financing of its

modernization and diversification scheme. Similarly, Deep Discount Bonds were issued

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by IDBI at Rs. 2,000 for a maturity of Rs. 1 lakh after 25 years. These are negotiable

instruments transferable by endorsement and delivery by the transferor. IDBI also offered

Option Bonds which may be either cumulative or noncumulative bonds where interest is

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payable either on maturity or periodically. Redemption is also offered to attract investors.

Floating Rate Bonds (FRBs)

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Bonds that carry the provision for payment of interest at different rates for different time

periods are known as Floating Rate Bonds`. The first floating rate bond was issued by

the SBI in the Indian capital market. The SBI, while issuing such bonds, adopted a

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reference rate of highest rate of interest on fixed deposit of the Bank, provided a

minimum floor rate payable at 12 percent p.a. and attached a call option to the Bank after

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5 years to redeem the bonds earlier than the maturity period of 10 years at a certain

premium. A major highlight of the bonds was the provision to reduce interest risk and

assurance of minimum interest on the investment provided by the Bank.

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Secured Premium Notes (SPNs)

Secured debentures that are redeemable at a premium over the issue price or face value

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are called secured premium notes. Such bonds have a lock-in period during which period

no interest will be paid. It entitles the holder to sell back the bonds to the issuing

company at par after the lock-in period.

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A case in point was the issue made by the TISCO in the year 1992, where the

company wanted to raise money for its modernization program without expanding its

equity excessively in the next few years. The company made the issue to the existing

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shareholders on a rights basis along with rights issue. The salient features of the TISCO

issue were as follows:

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1. Face value of each SPN was Rs. 300

2. No interest was payable during the first three years after allotment

3. The redemption started at the end of the fourth year of issue

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4. Each of the SPN of Rs. 300 was repaid in four equal annual instalments of Rs.

75, which comprised of the principal, the interest and the relevant premium.

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(Low interest and high premium or high interest and low premium, at the option

to be exercised by the SPN holder at the end of the third year)

5. Warrant attached to each SPN entitled the holder the right to apply for or seek

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allotment of one equity share for cash payment of Rs. 80 per share. Such a right

was exercisable between first year and one-and-a-half year after allotment by

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which time the SPN would be full paid up

This instrument tremendously benefited TISCO, as there was no interest outgo. This

helped TISCO to meet the difficulties associated with the cash generation. In addition,

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the company was able to borrow at a cheap rate of 13.65 percent as against 17 to 18

percent offered by most companies. This enabled the company to start redemption earlier

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through the generation of cast flow by the company`s projects. The investors had the

flexibility of tax planning while investing in SPNs. The company was also equally

benefited as it gave more flexibility.

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Euro-convertible Bonds

Bonds that give the holders of euro bonds to have the instruments converted into a wide

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variety of options such as the call option for the issuer and the put option for the investor,

which makes redemption easy are called Euro-convertible bonds`. A euro-convertible

bond essentially resembles the Indian convertible debenture but comes with numerous

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options attached. Similarly, a euro-convertible bond is an easier instrument to market

than equity. This is because it gives the investor an option to retain his investment as a
pure debt instrument in the event of the price of the equity share falling below the

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conversion price or where the investor is not too sure about the prospects of the company.

Popularity of convertible euro bonds A convertible bond issue allows an Indian company

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far greater flexibility to tap the Euro market and ensures that the issue has a better market

reception than would be possible for a direct equity issue. Moreover, newly industrialized

countries such as Korea have chosen the convertible bond market as a stepping-stone to

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familiarity and acceptance of their industrial companies in the international market. The

convertible bonds offer the following advantages:

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a. Protection Euro convertible bonds are favored by international investors as it

offers them the advantage of protection of their wealth from erosion. This is

possible because the conversion is only an option, which the investors may

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choose to exercise only if it works to their benefit. This facility is not available for

equity issues

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b. Liquidity Convertible bond market offers the benefit of the most liquid secondary

market for new issues. Fixed income funds as well as equity investment managers

purchase convertible bonds

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c. Flexibility The feature of flexibility in structuring convertible bonds allows the

company to include some of the best possible clauses of investors` protection by

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incorporating the unusual features of equity investments. A case in point is the

issues made by the Korean corporate sector, which contained a provision in the

issue of convertible euro bonds. The provision entitled the holders to ensure the

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due compliance of the liberalization measures that had already been announced

within a specified period of time. Such a provision enabled the investor to opt for

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a put` option

d. Attractive investment The issue of convertible debentures facilitates removal of

many of the unattractive features of equity investment. For investors, convertible

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bond market makers are the principal sources of liquidity in their securities

Bonds Issue?Indian Experience

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In recent times, all-India financial institutions have come to design and introduce special

and innovative bond instruments exclusively structured on the investors` preferences and
funds requirement of the issuers. The emphasis from the issuer`s viewpoint is the

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resource mobilization and not risk exposure. Several financial institutions such as the

IDBI, the ICICI, etc are engaged in the sale of such bonds. A brief description of some

these bonds are presented below:

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1. IDBI`s zero coupon bonds, 1996 These bond are sold at a discount and are paid no

interest. It is of great advantage to issuers as it is not required for them to make

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periodic interest payment.

2. IDBI`s regular income bonds, 1996 These were the bonds issued by the IDBI as 10-

year bonds carrying a coupon of 16 percent, payable half-yearly. The bonds provided

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an annualized yield equivalent to 16.64 percent. The bonds, which were priced at Rs.

5,000 can be redeemed at the end of every year, after the third year allotment. There

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was also a call option that entitled the IDBI to redeem the bonds five years from the

date of allotment.

3. Retirement bonds, 1996 The IDBI Retirements Bonds were issued at a discount. The

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issue targeted investors who are planning for retirement. Under the scheme, investors

get a monthly income for 10 years after the expiry of a wait period, the wait period

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being chosen by the investor. Thereafter, the investors also get a lump sum amount,

which is the maturity value of the bond.

4. IFCI`S bonds, 1996 These bonds include:

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a. Deep Discount Bonds Issued for a face value of Rs. 1 lakh each

b. Regular Income and Retirement Bonds They had five-year tenure, a semi-annual

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yield of 16 percent and a front-end discount of 4 percent. The bonds had three-

year put option and an early bird incentive of 0.75 percent

c. Step-up Liquid Bonds The five-year bonds with a put option every year with a

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return of 16 percent, 16.25 percent, 16.5 percent, 16.75 percent, and 17 percent at

the end of every year

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d. Growth Bonds An investment of Rs. 20,000 per bond under this scheme entitles

investors to a Rs. 1 lakh face-value bond maturing after 10 years. Put options can

be exercised at the end of 5 and 7 years respectively. If exercised, the investor

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gets Rs. 43, 500 after 5 years and Rs. 60,000 after a 7 year period
e. Lakhpati Bonds The maturity period of these bonds varied from 5 to 10 years,

after which the investor gets Rs. 1 lakh. The initial investment required was Rs.

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20,000 for 10 years maturity, Rs. 23,700 for 9 years, Rs. 28,000 for 8 years, Rs.

33,000 for 7 years, Rs. 39,000 for 6 years and Rs. 46,000 for 5 year period

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5. ICICI`s bonds, 1997 ICICI came out with as many as five bonds in March 1997.

These are encash bonds, index bonds, regular income bonds, deep discount bonds,

and capital gain bonds. The bonds were aimed at meeting the diverse needs of all

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categories of investors, besides contributing to the widening of the bond market so as

to bring the benefits of these securities to even the smallest investors.

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a. Capital gains bond Also called infrastructure bonds incorporated the capital gains

tax relaxations under Section 54EA of the Income Tax Act announced in the

Union Budget for 1997-98. They are issued for 3 and 7 years maturity. 20 percent

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rebate was available under Section 88 of the I.T. Act for investors on the amount

invested in the capital gains bonds upto a maximum of Rs. 70,000. They can avail

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benefit under Section 88. the annual interest rate worked out to 13.4 percent while

the annual yield came to 20.7 percent. However, investment through stock-invest

will not qualify for the rebate.

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b. Encash bond The five-year encash bonds were issued at a face value of Rs. 2,000

and can be redeemed at par across the country in 200 cities during 8 months in a

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year after 12 months. The bond had a step up interest every year from 12 to 18.5

percent and the annualized yield at maturity for the bond works out to 15.8

percent. The encashing facility, however, is available only to the original

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bondholders. The bonds not only offer higher return but also help widen the

banking facilities to investors. The secondary market price of the bonds is likely

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to be favorably influenced by the step up interest that results in an improved YTM

every year.

c. Index bond Which gives the investor both the security of the debt instrument and

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the potential of the appreciation in the return on the stock market. Priced at Rs.

6,000 the index bond has two parts: Part A is a deep discount bond of the face

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value of Rs.22,000 issued for a 12 year period. Its calculated yield was 15.26

percent. It also has a call and a put option attached to it assuring the investor a
return or Rs. 9,300 after 6 years option is exercised. Part B is a detachable index

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warrant issued for 12 years and priced at Rs. 2,000. The yield was linked to the

BSE SENSEX. The face value of the bond will appreciate the number of times the

SENSEX has appreciated. The investors` returns will be treated as capital gains.

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6. Tax Free Bonds The salient features of the tax-free government of India bonds to be

issued from October 1, 2002 are as follows:

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a. Interest rate The bonds will carry an interest rate of 7 percent

b. Tax exemption The bonds will be exempt from Income-tax and Wealth-tax

c. Maturity The bonds will have a maturity will have no ceiling

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d. Ceiling The bonds investment will have no ceiling

e. Tradability The bonds will not be traded in the secondary market

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f. Investors The eligible investors include individuals and Hindu Undivided families

(HUFs). NRIs are not eligible for investing in these bonds

g. Issue price Bonds will be issued for a minimum amount of Rs. 1,000 and its

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multiples

h. Maturity value the cumulative maturity value of the bond will be Rs. 1,511 at the

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end of six years

i. Form of issue The bonds will be both in demat form as well as in the traditional

form of stock certificates. Option once chosen cannot be changed

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j. Transferability Bonds will not be transferable except by way of gift to relatives as

defined in the Companies Act

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k. Collaterals The bonds cannot be used as collaterals for obtaining loans from

banks, financial institutions and non-banking financial companies

l. Nomination A sole holder or a sole surviving holder of the bond being an

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individual can make a nomination

New Issues Market (NIM)?Conceptual Framework

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NIM also known as primary market` is a market, which is characterized by the presence

of a set of all institutions, structures, people, procedures, services, and practices involved

in raising of fresh capital funds by both new and existing companies.

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NIM AND SECONDARY MARKETS?AN INTERFACE

Both the primary and secondary markets are closely interrelated. This is clear from the

following:

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Trading

For the purpose of securities to be traded in the secondary market, it is important that

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they are first issued in the primary market.

Listing

In order that a corporate entity makes a successful issue of security in the primary market,

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it is incumbent that the terms of such an issue carry a stipulation that the issues are to be

listed in a recognized stock exchange and that an application for this purpose has been

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made already to the stock exchange concerned.

Regulation

The activities in the primary market such as the new issues, etc are greatly influenced by

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the regulatory norms prescribed by the SEBI and stock exchanges. The object is to bring

about orderliness in the new issues market.

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Marketability

The advantage of marketability provided by the secondary market greatly helps the

subscribers in the primary market. For instance, the positive trends prevailing in the

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secondary market immensely help the investors to off-load their existing holdings so as to

subscribe for fresh issues in the NIM. This liquidity advantage helps in expansion of the

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NIM.

Prevailing Conditions

The conditions prevailing in the secondary market affect to a very great extent the

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successfulness or other wise of the issue being made in the NIM. Accordingly, where the

conditions are so favorable in the secondary market that high market prices prevail, the
issues made in the primary market will turn out to be encouraging and successful. Issues

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would fetch good premiums.

Survival

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The existence and the survival of the secondary market are dependent upon the efficacy

of the NIM as an avenue for fund raising. There could be no stock exchanges if there is

no NIM, in the same manner that there will be no NIM in the absence of an efficiently

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functioning stock exchange. An efficient secondary market is therefore, a Sine-qua-non

for a growing primary market.

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SERVICES OF NIM

A brief description of the various services rendered by the new issues market is made

below:

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The Transfer

An important function rendered by NIM is to allow the transfer of resources from savers

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to entrepreneurs who establish new companies. It is also called the function of

origination`. The transfer function is facilitated by specialist agencies that are engaged in

the provision of investigative and advisory services as specified below:

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Investigative services The merchant bankers and other agencies provide the investigative

services. These include technical analysis, economic analysis financial analysis and

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analysis of legal and environmental aspects of the proposed business. Merchant bankers

provide the above information to investors so as to enable the investors in making a

choice as to the type, quality and quantity of the issue.

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Advisory services Various advisory services are made available with a view to improving

the quality of capital issues. The relevant services include determining the type, the mix,

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the price, the timing, the size, the selling strategies, the methods of floatation, and the

terms and conditions of issue of securities.
The Guarantee

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It is the function of underwriting`. Underwriting aims at guaranteeing the subscription of

public issue. Underwriters ensure successful subscription of the issue by undertaking to

take up the securities in the event of the public failing to subscribe the same. It benefits

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the issuing company, the investing public and capital market in general. The function of

underwriting is undertaken for a fee.

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The Distribution

The function that facilitates the sale of securities to ultimate investors is called

distribution`. The function of distribution is rendered by the specialized agencies like

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brokers and dealers in securities. They maintain a constant and a close link with the

issuers and the ultimate investors on the one hand, and issuers and other agencies of

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capital market on the other.

NM Vs. SECONDARY MARKET

NLM is different from the secondary market in the following respects:

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SL. No.

Feature

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NIM

Secondary Market

1.

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Issues of securities

NIM deals only with new or fresh

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Deals in existing securities

issue of securities. Issues are

considered fresh or new

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provided such issues are made

for the first time either by the

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existing company or by the

new company

2.

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Location

No fixed geographical location

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Needs a fixed place to house

need

the

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secondary

market

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activities, viz. trading

3.

Transfer of securities

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Securities

are

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created

andS ecurities are transferred from

transferred from corporates to one investor to another

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investors for the first time

through the stock exchange

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mechanism
4.

Entry

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All companies can enter NIM andF or the securities to enter the

make fresh issue of securities

portals of stock exchanges

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for the purpose of trading,

listing is mandatory

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5.

Administration

Has

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no tangible

form of

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Has a definite administrative

administrative set-up

set-up

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that

facilitates

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trading in securities

6.

Regulation

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Subject to regulations mostly from

S ubject to regulation both from

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outside the company?SEBI, within and outside the

stock Exchanges, Companies stock exchange framework

Act, etc

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7.

Aim

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Creating long-term instruments

P roviding liquidity through

for borrowings

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marketability

of

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those

instruments.

8.

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Price Movement

Stock

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price

movement

in

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Both macro and micro factors

secondary market influences influence the stock price

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pricing of new issues

movement

9.

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Depth

Depends on number and the

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Depth depends upon the

volume of issue

activities of the primary

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market at it brings into the

fore

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more

corporate

entities

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and

more

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instruments to raise funds

8. .

Stock Option Norms for Software Companies

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The relevant guidelines issued by the SEBI as regards employee`s stock option` for

software companies are as follows:

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1. Minimum issue A minimum issue of 10 percent of its paid-up capital can be made by

a software company which has already floated American Depository Receipts

(ADRs) and Global Depository Receipts (GDRs) or a company which is proposing

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to float these is entitled to issue ADR/GDR-linked stock options to its employees.

For this purpose, prior permission from the Department of Economic Affairs is to be

obtained.

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2. Mode of issue Listed stock options can be issued in foreign currency convertible

bonds and ordinary shares (through depository receipt mechanism) to the employees

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of subsidiaries of InfoTech companies.

3. Permanent employees Indian IT companies can issue ADR/GDR linked stock

options to permanent employees, including Indian and overseas directors, of their

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subsidiary companies incorporated in India or outside.

4. Pricing The pricing provisions of SEBI`s preferential allotment guidelines would not

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cover the scheme. The purpose is to enable the companies to issue stock options to

its employees at a discount to the market price which serves as another form of

compensation.

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5. Approval Shareholders` approval through a special resolution is necessary for

issuing the ESOPs. A minimum period of one year between grant of option and its

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vesting has been prescribed. After one year, the company would determine the

period in which option can bee exercised.

Bought-out Deals

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Meaning

A method of marketing of securities of a body corporate whereby the promoters of

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an unlisted company make an outright sale of a chunk of equity shares to a single sponsor

or the lead sponsor is known as bought-out deals.

Features

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1. Parties There are three parties involved in the bought-out deals. They are promoters

of the company, sponsors and co-sponsors who are generally merchant bankers and

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investors.

2. Outright sale Under this arrangement, there is an outright sale of a chunk of equity

shares to a single sponsor or the lead sponsor.

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3. Syndicate Sponsor forms a syndicate with other merchant bankers for meeting the

resource requirements and for distributing the risk.

4. Sale price The sale price is finalized through negotiations between the issuing

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company and the purchaser, the sale being influenced by such factors as project

evaluation, promoter`s image and reputation, current market sentiments, prospects of

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off-loading these shares at a future date, etc.

5. Fund-based Bought-out deals are in the nature of und-based activity where the funds

of the merchant bankers get locked in for at least the prescribed minimum period.

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6. Listing The investor-sponsors make a profit, when at a future date, the shares get

listed and higher prices prevail. Listing generally takes place at a time when the

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company is performing well in terms of higher profits and larger cash generations

from projects.

7. OTCEI Sale of these shares at over-the Counter Exchange of India (OTCEI) or at a

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recognized stock exchanges, the time of listing these securities and off-loading them

simultaneously are being generally decided in advance.

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BOUGHT-OUT DEALS VS. PRIVATE PLACEMENTS

Following are the differences between bought-out deals and private placements:

Sl. No.

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Feature

Private Placement

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Bought-out Deal

1.

Trading Scrips

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Listed securities

Unlisted securities

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2.

Creating Securities Results in the creation of

S ecurities

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are

simply

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additional securities for the transferred

from

buying institutions

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promoters to sponsors

who in turn off-load them

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to the public

3.

Lock-in Period

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Five Years

18 months

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Benefits

Bought-out deals provide the following benefits:

Speedy sale Bought-out deals offer a mechanism for a speedier sale of securities at

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lower costs relating to the issue.
Freedom Bought-out deals offer freedom for promoters to set a realistic price and

convince the sponsor about the same.

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Investor protection Bought-out deals facilitate better investor protection as sponsors

are rigorously evaluated and appraised by the promoters before off-loading the issue.

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Quality offer Bought-out deals help enhance the quality of capital floatation and

primary market offerings.

Limitations

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Bought-out deals pose the following difficulties for the promoters, sponsors and

investors:

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1. Loss of control The apprehensions in the minds of promoters, particularly of the

private or the closely held companies that the sponsors may usurp control of the

company as they own large chunk of the shares of the company.

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2. Loss of sales Bought-out deals pose considerable difficulties in off-loading the

shares in times of unfavorable market conditions. This results in locking up of

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investments and entailing losses to sponsors.

3. Wrong appraisal Bought-out deals cause loss to sponsors on account of wrong

appraisal of the project and overestimation of the potential price of the share.

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4. Manipulation Bought-out deals five great scopes for manipulation at the hands of the

sponsor through insider trading and rigging.

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5. No accountability Bought-out deals pose difficult of penalizing the sponsor as there

are no SEBI guidelines to regulate offerings by sponsors.

6. Windfall profits Bought-out deals offer the advantage of windfall profits by sponsors

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at the cost of small investors.

7. Loss to investors Where the shares taken up by issue brokers and a coterie of select

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clients are being bought back by the promoters at a pre-fixed higher price after

allotment causing loss to investors of the company.

INTERMEDIARIES IN PRIMARY MARKET (NIM)

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Several intermediaries carry out activities of different nature in the new issue market.

The intermediaries include:

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Merchant bankers/Lead managers
Underwriters
Bankers to the issue
Brokers to the issue
Registrars

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Share transfer agent and
Debenture trustees

The legal frame work of operations of these intermediaries as prescribed by the SEBI, is

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presented below

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MERCHANT BANKERS/LEAD MANAGERS

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Meaning

The intermediaries in the stock market who are responsible for public issues management

are known as merchant bankers` or lead managers.

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Category

Merchant bankers are categorized as follows:

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Category I: These are the merchant bankers who carry out such functions as relating to

new issues as determination of security-mix to be issued, drafting of prospectus,

application forms, allotment letters and a host of other documents, appointment of

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registrars for handling share applicants and transfers, making arrangements for

underwriting, placement of shares, selection and appointment of brokers and bankers to

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the issue, publicity of the issue, etc. Only these merchant bankers are permitted to act as

Lead Managers` to an issue.

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Category II: These merchant bankers act as consultants, advisers, portfolio managers

and co-managers.

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Category III: These merchant bankers act as underwriters, advisers and consultants.

Category IV: These merchant bankers act only as advisers or consultants to an issue.

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As per the SEBI guidelines introduced on September 5, 1997, all categories of

merchant bankers below category I would stand abolished. The guidelines required those
merchant bankers who are functioning below the category I to upgrade themselves to

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category I. Merchant bankers currently carrying out underwriting and portfolio

management, besides issue management, would be required to get separate registrations

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as portfolio managers, while underwriting could be done without any additional

registration. Further, only body corporates with a net worth of Rs.5 crores would be

allowed as category I merchant bankers.

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REGISTRATION ? CONDITIONS

Merchant bankers shall compulsorily register with the SEBI in the interest of investors.

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Following are the conditions to be satisfied by them before registration is done by the

SEBI:

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Capital adequacy: Merchant bankers have to fulfill the prescribed minimum capital

adequacy norm in terms of its net worth, i.e. Paid-up capital and free reserves.

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Infrastructure Merchant bankers should have adequate and necessary infrastructure,

such as adequate office space, equipment and manpower for effective discharge of their

duties and responsibilities.

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Expertise: Merchant bankers should employ experts having professional qualifications

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in finance, law or business management competent to handle merchant banking business

and who are not involved in any litigation connected with securities market.

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Fees: Merchant bankers should make a payment of fee as prescribed by the SEBI.

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Undertaking: Merchant bankers shall undertake to fulfill their obligations and

responsibilities as may be prescribed by the SEBI from time to time. Further, they should

also undertake to adhere to the prescribed code of conduct.

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ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITIES

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SEBI has laid down the following responsibilities for a merchant banker:

Contract A merchant banker shall enter into a contract with the issuing company. The

contract invariably specifies their mutual rights, obligations and liabilities relating to the

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issue, particularly relating to disclosures, allotment and refund. A copy of the above

contract is to be submitted to the SEBI at least one month before the opening of the issue

for subscription. The merchant banker has the right not to accept the appointment as lead

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manager, if the issuing company is its associate.

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Registration A registration certificate has to be obtained by the merchant banker from

the SEBI

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Minimum underwriting The merchant banker is duty-bound to accept on his own or

through its associate, a minimum underwriting obligation of 5 percent of total

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underwriting commitment or Rs. 25 lakhs, whichever is less.



Due diligence certificate The merchant banker has to submit Due Diligence Certificate`

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to SEBI at least two weeks before the opening of the issue for subscription. The

certificate has to be given on the basis of the verification of the contents of the

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prospectus/letter of offer regarding the issue and reasonableness of the views expressed

therein. For this purpose, the merchant banker should reasonably be satisfied.

That the document contains all details relevant to the issue;

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That all legal requirements relating to the issue have been fully complied with; and that

all disclosures are true, fair and adequate to enable the investing public to make a well-

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informed decision regarding investment in the proposed issue.



Documents submission The merchant banker shall submit to SEBI various documents

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containing details such as issue, draft prospectus/letter of offer and other literature to be

circulated to the investors/shareholders, etc at least two weeks before the data of filling

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them with the Registrar of Companies and regional stock exchanges. It has to ensure that

all the modifications and suggestions made by SEBI regarding the above documents have

been duly incorporated.

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Disclosure to SEBI The merchant bankers shall make a disclosure of the following to the

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SEBI:


* Its responsibilities regarding the management of the issue

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* Any change in the information/particulars previously furnished with SEBI having a

bearing on certificate of registration granted to it.

* Details relating to the breach of capital adequacy norms

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* Names and addresses of the companies whose issues it has managed or has been

associated with and

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* Information regarding its activities as manager, underwriter, consultant or adviser to the

issue.

Other duties In addition to the above, the merchant banker has to fulfill the following

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obligations too:

* Continuing to remain fully associated with the issue till the subscribers have received

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share/debenture certificates or the refund of excess application money.

* not to acquire securities of any company on the basis of unpublished price sensitive

information obtained in the course of discharge of his professional assignment.

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UNDERWRITER

A set all institution and agencies that provide a commitment to take up issue of securities

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in the event of a failure of the issue to get full subscription from the public, are known as

underwriters`.

They are compensated for their services by a payment of commission as agreed upon

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between the issuing company and the underwriters and subject to the ceiling under the

companies act. Brokers, Investment companies, Commercial Banks and term lending

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institution provide underwriting services.

Although underwriting of issues in not obligatory, underwriters play a significant role in

the development of the primary market. The issuing company in consultation with the

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merchant bankers/lead managers appoints underwriters. A statement to this effect is also

to be incorporated in the prospectus.

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Role and Responsibilities

Under the SEBI guidelines, underwriters have the following duties and responsibilities as

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regards the public issue:


Registration A certificate of registration has to be obtained by the agencies that wish to

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carry out underwriting activities from the SEBI. SEBI grants the certificate of registration

on the fulfillment of the following conditions:

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Availability of adequate and necessary infrastructure like sufficient office space,

equipment and manpower to effectively function and discharge his duties.

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Previous experience in underwriting or having a minimum of two persons with

experience in underwriting

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Meeting capital adequacy requirement of a minimum net worth of Rs. 20 lakhs.

That the applicant (director, principal, officer or partner) has not been convicted of any

offence involving moral turpitude or found guilty of any economic offence.

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Undertaking to fulfill obligations under the SEBI Act, rules and regulations

Undertaking to abide by the prescribed code of conduct and

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Payment of the prescribed fee for grant of registration certificate and for its renewal,

which is Rs.2 lakhs for the first and the second years from the initial grant of certificate

and Rs. 20,000 per annum subsequently for keeping the certificate in force or for its

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renewal. The Certificate of Registration can be suspended by SEBI in case of failure to

pay the fee. Thereupon, the underwriter ceases to act as underwriter.

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Agreement In order that the issues are taken up by the underwriters, an agreement has to

be entered into between the underwriter and the issuing company. The agreement should,

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among others, contain such details as the period during which the agreement will remain

in force, the amount of underwriting obligation, the maximum period within which the

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underwriter will have to subscribe to the offer, after being intimated by or on behalf of

the issuing company, the rate and amount of commission/brokerage chargeable by the

underwriter, within the limits imposed by the Companies Act, and any other details

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regarding the arrangements made by the underwriter for fulfilling the underwriting

obligations.

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Code of conduct An underwriting agency shall follow the necessary codes of conduct as

framed by the SEBI. These include duty not to derive any other direct or indirect benefit

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from underwriting the issue except receiving the underwriting commission at the agreed

rate, the ceiling for which is 5 percent in case of underwriting of shares and 2.5 percent in

case of debentures, duty not to take up total underwriting obligation, at any point of time

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under all underwriting agreements, exceeding 20 times his net worth and duty to

subscribe for securities under the agreement within 45 days of the receipt of information

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from the issuing company.

Compliance Underwriters are required to comply with all the formalities regarding

registration with SEBI, agreement with the Client Company and general responsibilities.

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These include ensuring that all terms and conditions regarding disclosure in the

prospectus and its filing with ROC have been complied with before signing the

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underwriting agreement with the issuing company, ensuring that the prospectus is

delivered to ROC within 30 days of the underwriting agreement or within such an

extended time as approved by the underwriter in writing, subject to the limits within the

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law, complying with any additional disclosures that may be made in the interest of

investors as stipulated by SEBI/lead managers, and such disclosure requirements shall not

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give any right to the underwriter to avoid or reduce his obligations, unless certified by

SEBI as material in nature and essential for underwriting agreement, arranging for sub-

underwriting but continues to be responsible for any failure or default on the part of such

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sub-underwriters, etc.

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Termination of agreement An underwriter is entitled to terminate an underwriting

agreement at any time before the opening of the issue as notified in the prospectus under

such circumstances as where the issuing company has made any incorrect representation

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or statement to the underwriter, in the application form, in negotiations and

correspondences and in the prospectus, where a complete breakdown or dislocation of

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business has occurred in major financial markets in Mumbai, Calcutta, New Delhi and

Chennai and where any other major disturbance such as declaration of war, open and

wide insurgency, civic upheaval has taken place which has adversely affected the major

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financial markets.
BANKERS TO AN ISSUE

Meaning

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Bankers who are engaged in the function of acceptance of applications for shares and

debentures alongwith application money from investors in respect of issue of securities

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and also refund of application money to the applicants to whom securities could not be

allotted, are called bankers to an issue`. They play an important role in the working of

the primary market.

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Roles and Responsibilities

The intermediary to act as a banker has the following responsibilities as ordained by the

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SEBI:

Registration Bankers who are desirous of acting as bankers to an issue are required to

obtain the necessary certificate of registration from the SEBI. For this purpose, the

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conditions to be fulfilled include adequacy of the necessary infrastructure such as office

space, equipment, communication facilities, data processing facilities and manpower to

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effectively perform activities relating to the issue, and a stipulation that the banker or any

of its directors is not involved in any litigation connected with securities market nor they

are convicted for any economic offence. If the applicant is a scheduled bank, the grant of

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certificate of registration would serve the interest of investors and the applicant pays the

registration fee.

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Fees to SEBI Annual registration fee of Rs. 2.5 lakhs for the first two years is payable to

the SEBI by the intending banker and Rs 1 lakh is to be paid for the third year. An

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application for the renewal of the registration can be made three months before the expiry

of registration certificate. The renewal fees are Rs. 1 lakh annually for the first two years

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and Rs. 20,000 for the third year.



Contract The issuer company has to enter into a contract with the banker to an issue. The

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contract shall include detailed information about the number and address of collection

centres at which applications and application money are to be received, the fee for the

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services and other terms and conditions of the appointment.


Daily statement A daily statement giving the details regarding the number of applications

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and amount of money received from the investors shall be submitted by the banker to the

issuing company/registrar to an issue.

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Information to SEBI Information pertaining to such details as to the profile of the issue,

the number of applications and the details of application money received, the date-wise

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details of application money collected and refunds, if any, to the SEBI. Similarly

information about any disciplinary action initiated by the RBI entailing the suspension or

cancellation of the banker is also to be sent to the SEBI.

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Books and records Books of accounts, records and documents pertaining to all matters

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regarding which the banker may be required to submit details to SEBI shall be

maintained by the banker. This is to be done for a minimum period of three years from

the completion of the issue.

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Code of conduct In addition to the code of conduct prescribed for the merchant bankers

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and underwriters, a banker to an issue has to adhere to the following code of conduct:



Not to keep blank application forms bearing broker`s stamp at the bank premises or at the

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entrance of the bank

Not to accept applications after office hours, or on bank holidays, or after the date of the

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closure of the issue.

Not to act at any time in collusion with other agents in a manner detrimental to the

interest of small investors and

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Abide by all acts, rules, regulations, notifications, directions, circulars, instructions and

guidelines issued by the Government, RBI, Indian Banks Association and SEBI that are

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relevant to his operations as banker to an issue.



RBI's Role

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RBI is empowered to carry out the inspection of the bankers to the issue with a view to

protecting the investors instrument and also promoting compliance with SEBI Act, rules
and regulations. SEBI may order the suspension of the registration of the banker in such

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circumstances as the violation of the provisions of SEBI Act, rules and regulations,

failure to submit the required information, submission of wrong of false information,

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failure to resolve investors complaints or give satisfactory reply to SEBI, guilty of

misconduct or unprofessional conduct, etc.

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BROKERS TO AN ISSUE

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Intermediaries that are responsible for procuring the subscription to the issue from the

prospective investors are called brokers to the issue`. They provide a vital connecting

link between the prospective investors and the issuer. They assist in the speedy

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subscription of issue by the public. Appointment of brokers is however not compulsory.

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Unless permitted by the stock exchange, the issuing company abides by the prescribed

listing requirements and also undertakes to get its securities listed on a recognized stock

exchange. Moreover, its members can neither act as managers or brokers to an issue, nor

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can they make any preliminary arrangement for floatation of an issue.

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The brokers to the issue must have an expert knowledge, professional competence

and integrity in order to be able to carry out the various functions of an issue. They help

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the investors make a right choice of the company for making investments. Consent must

be obtained from the stock exchange broker to act as the brokers to the issuer company.

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For this purpose, the approval of stock exchanges is required. Copies of consent letters of

brokers are to be filed with ROC along with the copy of prospectus. The names and

addresses of the brokers to the issue are to be disclosed in the prospectus.

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Brokerage has to be paid by the issuer company according to the provisions in the

Companies Act and rules and regulations, the agreement between the broker and the

company, and guidelines prescribed by SEBI. Maximum brokerage rate, applicable to all

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types of industrial securities, whether underwritten or not, is 1.5 percent. The brokers

have to meet all mailing costs, canvassing expenses and all other out-of-pocket expenses
relating to the subscription of the issue out of their brokerage. The maximum rate of

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brokerage payable by listed companies on private placement of capital is 0.5 percent.

REGISTRARS TO AN ISSUE AND SHARE TRANSFER AGENTS

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Registrars and transfer agents are of two categories such as category I which carry on

activities of both registrars to an issue and also of share transfer agents and category II

which carry on activities either of a registrar to an issue or as a share transfer agent.

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Functions

Registrars to an issue carry out such functions as keeping a proper record of applications

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and moneys received from investors, assisting issuing companies in determining the basis

of allotment of securities as per stock exchange guidelines and in consultation with stock

exchanges, assisting in the finalization of allotment of securities, and processing and

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dispatching of allotment letters, assisting in processing and dispatching refund orders,

share and debenture certificates and other documents related to the capital issue,

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functioning as Depository Participants (DPs) etc.

Share Transfer Agents perform such functions as maintaining records of holders of

securities of the company for and on behalf of the company, handling all matters related

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to transfer and redemption of securities of the company and functioning as Depository

Participants (DPs).

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Role and Responsibilities

The role and responsibilities of registrars and share transfer agents are as follows:

Registration A certificate of registration is to be obtained from the SEBI. For this

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purpose, the SEBI considers such factors as their ability to discharge their duties with

efficiency and integrity, the adequacy of infrastructure and past experience in this line of

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activity and capital adequacy. Capital adequacy requirement is net worth of Rs. 6 lakhs

for category I and Rs. 3 lakhs for category II registrars and share transfer agents. They

have to pay an annual fee of Rs. 15,000 and Rs. 10,000 respectively for initial registration

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and annual renewal.

Maintenance of records Registrars and share transfer agents shall show such details as

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applications received from investors relating to the issue, rejected applications together

with the reasons for rejection, basis of allotment of securities in consultation with the

stock exchanges, terms and conditions of purchase of securities, allotment of securities,

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list of allottees and non-allottees, refund orders, etc and names of transferors and

transferees, and the dates of transfer of securities. Such records and books are to be

preserved for three years from the date of issue. SEBI can also ask them to file these

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books and records with it whenever required.

Absorbing code of conduct Registrars and share transfer agents should adopt those codes

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of conduct prescribed for merchant bankers and underwriters. Besides, they should

ensure that enquiries from investors are adequately dealt with and adequate steps are

taken for proper allotment of securities and refund of excess application money as per

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law and without delay.

SEBI's Role.

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SEBI is empowered to undertake inspection of books of accounts, records and documents

of registrars and share transfer agents. The certificate of registration issued to registrars

and share transfer agents will be suspended of their registration by the SEBI under such

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circumstances as violation of SEBI Act, rules and regulations, violations of SCRA rules

and regulations, and stock exchange bye-laws, rules and regulations, failure to furnish

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information to SEBI, furnishing wrong and false information, non-cooperation in an

inspection, investigation or an enquiry, failure to resolve investor complaints, failure to

give satisfactory reply to SEBI regarding investor complaints, involvement in

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manipulation, price rigging and cornering activities, guilty of misconduct, failure to

maintain capital adequacy requirement, etc.

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The registration of the registrars and transfer agents will be cancelled by the SEBI under

such circumstances as repeated defaults leading to suspension of registration certificate,

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deliberate manipulation, price rigging and cornering activities adversely affecting the

securities market and the investor interest, violating provisions relating to insider trading

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and take over regulations, guilty of fraud, conviction for a criminal offence and violating

SEBI Act, rules and regulations.

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DEBENTURE TRUSTEES

Meaning
Trustees who are appointed to safeguard the interests of debenture holders are called

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debenture trustees`. They are to be appointed before issue of debentures by a company.

No person can act as debenture trustee unless a certificate of registration has been

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obtained from SEBI for the purpose.

Eligibility

To be appointed as a debenture trustee, the following are eligible:

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1. A scheduled bank carrying on commercial activity; or

2. A public financial institution within the meaning of Section 4-A of the Companies

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Act, 1956; or

3. An insurance company; or

4. A body corporate

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Role and Responsibilities

1. Registration An institution shall be registered with the SEBI to be in a position to

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function as a debenture trustee. For this purpose, the institution concerned shall

have an adequate and necessary infrastructure like adequate office space,

equipments and manpower to effectively discharge his activities, relevant

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experience of a debenture trustee, professional qualification for a debenture

trustee from an institution recognized by the government in finance, accountancy,

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law or business management and the applicant or any of its director or principal

officers has not at any time been convicted for any offence involving moral

turpitude or has been found guilty of any economic offence.

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2. Consent Consent in writing must be given to the body corporate to act as

debenture trustee before the debenture issue.

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3. Inspection Debenture trustee shall carry out the inspection of books of accounts,

records, registers of the body corporate and the trust property to the extent

necessary for discharging his obligations.

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4. Possession A debenture trustee shall carry out any act as would be necessary for

the protection of the interest of and the resolution of grievances of the debenture

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holders.

5. Protection of interest A debenture trustee shall carry out any act as would be

necessary for the protection of the interest of and the resolution of grievances of

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the debenture holders. He must also ensure that debenture certificates have been

dispatched to the debenture holders in accordance with the provisions of the

Companies Act. Besides, he must also ensure that interest warrants for interest

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due on the debentures have been dispatched to the debenture holders on or before

the due dates.

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6. Due diligence A debenture trustee should exercise due diligence to ascertain

whether or not the assets of the body corporate which are available by way of

security or otherwise are sufficient or are likely to be or become sufficient to

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discharge the claims of debenture holders as and when they become due. It must

also inform the Board immediately of any breach of trust deed or provision of any

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law.

7. Meeting A debenture trustee shall call, or cause to be called by the body

corporate, a meeting of the entire debenture holders where a requisition for the

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meeting has been made at least one-tenth of the debenture holders or the

happening of any event, which constitutes a default or which in the opinion of the

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debenture trustees affects the interest of the debenture holders.

8. Code of conduct Every debenture trustee shall abide by the prescribed code of

conduct.

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9. Maintenance of books of accounts, etc, Subject to the provisions of any law,

every debenture trustee has to keep and maintain proper books of accounts,

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records and documents relating to the trusteeship functions for a period of not less

than 5 financial years preceding the current financial year. Every debenture

trustee has to intimate to SEBI, the place where the books of accounts, records

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and documents are maintained.

10. Information to SEBI Every debenture trustee shall furnish information relating to

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the following to the SEBI:

a. Number and nature of the grievances of debenture holders received and

resolved

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b. Copies of the trust deed

c. Non-payment or delayed payment of interest to debenture holders, if any,

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in respect of each issue of debentures of a body corporate.
d. Details of dispatch and transfer of debenture certificates giving therein the

dates, mode, etc

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e. Inspection and Disciplinary Proceedings and

f. Any other particulars or documents that are relevant to debenture trustee.

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SEBI's Role

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SEBI is empowered to carry out the inspection of the books of accounts, other records

and documents of the debenture trustee for the purpose of ensuring that the records and

documents which are relevant to debenture trustees are being maintained in the manner

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required by the Board, that the provisions of the Companies Act, 1956, rules and

regulations are being complied with, that there exists any circumstances, which would

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render the debenture trustee ineligible for grant of registration or continuance thereof,

that the complaints received from investors, other debenture trustees are investigated into,

and that the interest of the investors is protected.

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SEBI can suspend the certificate of registration granted to a debenture trustee under the

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following circumstances:



1. Violation of the provisions of the SEBI Act, rules and regulations

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2. Not following the prescribed code of conduct

3. Failure to furnish information relating to his business as debenture trustee as

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required by the Board

4. Furnishing wrong or false information

5. Not submitting reports as required by SEBI

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6. Non-cooperation in any enquiry conducted by SEBI

7. Indulging in manipulating or price rigging or cornering activities.

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8. Guilty of misconduct or improper or unbusinesslike or unprofessional conduct

9. Failure to pay the fees.

10. Violation of the conditions subject to which the certificate has been granted and

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11. Failure to fulfill the obligations under the trust deed


Under the following circumstances, SEBI can cancel the certificate of registration granted

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to debenture trustees:

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1. Repeated defaults of the type leading to suspension of certificate

2. Indulging in deliberate manipulation or price rigging or cornering activities

affecting the securities market and the investors interests.

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3. Guilty of fraud, or is convicted of a criminal offence

4. Violation of any provision of insider trading regulations.

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5. Trustee being removed by the debenture holders by a resolution passed by not less

than 75 percent of the debenture holders.

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Unless permitted by the stock exchange, the issuing company abides by the prescribed

listing requirements and also undertakes to get its securities listed on a recognized stock

exchange. Moreover, its members can neither act as managers or brokers to an issue, nor

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can they make any preliminary arrangement for floatation of an issue.

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The brokers to the issue must have an expert knowledge, professional competence

and integrity in order to be able to carry out the various functions of an issue. They help

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the investors make a right choice of the company for making investments. Consent must

be obtained from the stock exchange broker to act as the brokers to the issuer company.

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For this purpose, the approval of stock exchanges is required. Copies of consent letters of

brokers are to be filed with ROC along with the copy of prospectus. The names and

addresses of the brokers to the issue are to be disclosed in the prospectus.

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Brokerage has to be paid by the issuer company according to the provisions in the

Companies Act and rules and regulations, the agreement between the broker and the

company, and guidelines prescribed by SEBI. Maximum brokerage rate, applicable to all

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types of industrial securities, whether underwritten or not, is 1.5 percent. The brokers
have to meet all mailing costs, canvassing expenses and all other out-of-pocket expenses

relating to the subscription of the issue out of their brokerage. The maximum rate of

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brokerage payable by listed companies on private placement of capital is 0.5 percent.

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REGISTRARS TO AN ISSUE AND SHARE TRANSFER AGENTS

Registrars and transfer agents are of two categories such as category I which carry on

activities of both registrars to an issue and also of share transfer agents and category II

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which carry on activities either of a registrar to an issue or as a share transfer agent.

Functions

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Registrars to an issue carry out such functions as keeping a proper record of applications

and moneys received from investors, assisting issuing companies in determining the basis

of allotment of securities as per stock exchange guidelines and in consultation with stock

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

exchanges, assisting in the finalization of allotment of securities, and processing and

dispatching of allotment letters, assisting in processing and dispatching refund orders,

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

share and debenture certificates and other documents related to the capital issue,

functioning as Depository Participants (DPs) etc.

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Share Transfer Agents perform such functions as maintaining records of holders of

securities of the company for and on behalf of the company, handling all matters related

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to transfer and redemption of securities of the company and functioning as Depository

Participants (DPs).

Role and Responsibilities

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The role and responsibilities of registrars and share transfer agents are as follows:

Registration A certificate of registration is to be obtained from the SEBI. For this

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purpose, the SEBI considers such factors as their ability to discharge their duties with

efficiency and integrity, the adequacy of infrastructure and past experience in this line of

activity and capital adequacy. Capital adequacy requirement is net worth of Rs. 6 lakhs

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for category I and Rs. 3 lakhs for category II registrars and share transfer agents. They

have to pay an annual fee of Rs. 15,000 and Rs. 10,000 respectively for initial registration

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and annual renewal.
Maintenance of records Registrars and share transfer agents shall show such details as

applications received from investors relating to the issue, rejected applications together

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with the reasons for rejection, basis of allotment of securities in consultation with the

stock exchanges, terms and conditions of purchase of securities, allotment of securities,

list of allottees and non-allottees, refund orders, etc and names of transferors and

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

transferees, and the dates of transfer of securities. Such records and books are to be

preserved for three years from the date of issue. SEBI can also ask them to file these

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

books and records with it whenever required.

Absorbing code of conduct Registrars and share transfer agents should adopt those codes

of conduct prescribed for merchant bankers and underwriters. Besides, they should

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

ensure that enquiries from investors are adequately dealt with and adequate steps are

taken for proper allotment of securities and refund of excess application money as per

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

law and without delay.

SEBI's Role.

SEBI is empowered to undertake inspection of books of accounts, records and documents

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of registrars and share transfer agents. The certificate of registration issued to registrars

and share transfer agents will be suspended of their registration by the SEBI under such

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

circumstances as violation of SEBI Act, rules and regulations, violations of SCRA rules

and regulations, and stock exchange bye-laws, rules and regulations, failure to furnish

information to SEBI, furnishing wrong and false information, non-cooperation in an

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

inspection, investigation or an enquiry, failure to resolve investor complaints, failure to

give satisfactory reply to SEBI regarding investor complaints, involvement in

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

manipulation, price rigging and cornering activities, guilty of misconduct, failure to

maintain capital adequacy requirement, etc.

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

The registration of the registrars and transfer agents will be cancelled by the SEBI under

such circumstances as repeated defaults leading to suspension of registration certificate,

--- Content provided by‌ FirstRanker.com ---

deliberate manipulation, price rigging and cornering activities adversely affecting the

securities market and the investor interest, violating provisions relating to insider trading

and take over regulations, guilty of fraud, conviction for a criminal offence and violating

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SEBI Act, rules and regulations.


DEBENTURE TRUSTEES

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Meaning

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Trustees who are appointed to safeguard the interests of debenture holders are called

debenture trustees`. They are to be appointed before issue of debentures by a company.

No person can act as debenture trustee unless a certificate of registration has been

--- Content provided by‍ FirstRanker.com ---

obtained from SEBI for the purpose.

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Eligibility

To be appointed as a debenture trustee, the following are eligible:

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5. A scheduled bank carrying on commercial activity; or

6. A public financial institution within the meaning of Section 4-A of the Companies

--- Content provided by⁠ FirstRanker.com ---

Act, 1956; or

7. An insurance company; or

8. A body corporate

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Role and Responsibilities

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11. Registration An institution shall be registered with the SEBI to be in a position to

function as a debenture trustee. For this purpose, the institution concerned shall

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have an adequate and necessary infrastructure like adequate office space,

equipments and manpower to effectively discharge his activities, relevant

--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---

experience of a debenture trustee, professional qualification for a debenture

trustee from an institution recognized by the government in finance, accountancy,

law or business management and the applicant or any of its director or principal

--- Content provided by​ FirstRanker.com ---

officers has not at any time been convicted for any offence involving moral

turpitude or has been found guilty of any economic offence.

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12. Consent Consent in writing must be given to the body corporate to act as

debenture trustee before the debenture issue.
13. Inspection Debenture trustee shall carry out the inspection of books of accounts,

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records, registers of the body corporate and the trust property to the extent

necessary for discharging his obligations.

14. Possession A debenture trustee shall carry out any act as would be necessary for

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the protection of the interest of and the resolution of grievances of the debenture

holders.

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15. Protection of interest A debenture trustee shall carry out any act as would be

necessary for the protection of the interest of and the resolution of grievances of

the debenture holders. He must also ensure that debenture certificates have been

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dispatched to the debenture holders in accordance with the provisions of the

Companies Act. Besides, he must also ensure that interest warrants for interest

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due on the debentures have been dispatched to the debenture holders on or before

the due dates.

16. Due diligence A debenture trustee should exercise due diligence to ascertain

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whether or not the assets of the body corporate which are available by way of

security or otherwise are sufficient or are likely to be or become sufficient to

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discharge the claims of debenture holders as and when they become due. It must

also inform the Board immediately of any breach of trust deed or provision of any

law.

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17. Meeting A debenture trustee shall call, or cause to be called by the body

corporate, a meeting of the entire debenture holders where a requisition for the

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meeting has been made at least one-tenth of the debenture holders or the

happening of any event, which constitutes a default or which in the opinion of the

debenture trustees affects the interest of the debenture holders.

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18. Code of conduct Every debenture trustee shall abide by the prescribed code of

conduct.

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19. Maintenance of books of accounts, etc, Subject to the provisions of any law,

every debenture trustee has to keep and maintain proper books of accounts,

records and documents relating to the trusteeship functions for a period of not less

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than 5 financial years preceding the current financial year. Every debenture
trustee has to intimate to SEBI, the place where the books of accounts, records

and documents are maintained.

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20. Information to SEBI Every debenture trustee shall furnish information relating to

the following to the SEBI:

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a. Number and nature of the grievances of debenture holders received and

resolved

b. Copies of the trust deed

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c. Non-payment or delayed payment of interest to debenture holders, if any,

in respect of each issue of debentures of a body corporate.

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d. Details of dispatch and transfer of debenture certificates giving therein the

dates, mode, etc

e. Inspection and Disciplinary Proceedings and

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f. Any other particulars or documents that are relevant to debenture trustee.

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SEBI's Role



SEBI is empowered to carry out the inspection of the books of accounts, other records

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and documents of the debenture trustee for the purpose of ensuring that the records and

documents which are relevant to debenture trustees are being maintained in the manner

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required by the Board, that the provisions of the Companies Act, 1956, rules and

regulations are being complied with, that there exists any circumstances, which would

render the debenture trustee ineligible for grant of registration or continuance thereof,

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that the complaints received from investors, other debenture trustees are investigated into,

and that the interest of the investors is protected.

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SEBI can suspend the certificate of registration granted to a debenture trustee under the

following circumstances:

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1 . Violation of the provisions of the SEBI Act, rules and regulations

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2 Not following the prescribed code of conduct
3. Failure to furnish information relating to his business as debenture trustee as required

by the Board

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4. Furnishing wrong or false information

5. Not submitting reports as required by SEBI

6. Non-cooperation in any enquiry conducted by SEBI

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7. Indulging in manipulating or price rigging or cornering activities.

8. Guilty of misconduct or improper or unbusinesslike or unprofessional conduct

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9. Failure to pay the fees.

10.

Violation of the conditions subject to which the certificate has been granted and

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11.

Failure to fulfill the obligations under the trust deed

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Under the following circumstances, SEBI can cancel the certificate of registration granted

to debenture trustees:

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6. Repeated defaults of the type leading to suspension of certificate

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7. Indulging in deliberate manipulation or price rigging or cornering activities

affecting the securities market and the investors interests.

8. Guilty of fraud, or is convicted of a criminal offence

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9. Violation of any provision of insider trading regulations.

10. Trustee being removed by the debenture holders by a resolution passed by not less

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than 75 percent of the debenture holders.

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E-trading

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The structure of stock market in India has undergone a vast change due to the

liberalization process initiated by the Government. A number of new structures have
come to be added to the existing structure of the Indian stock exchange. A brief

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description of these structures in the Indian stock market system is presented below:

Over-the-counter Market System

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Basically this market is meant for small size companies. The primary objective of

this market was to enable the small start-up companies or companies in green field

ventures to obtain their capital requirements at the minimum cost. On the basis of the

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recommendations of the High Powered Committee on Stock Exchange Reforms (G.S.

Patel) and Committee (Abid Hussain) on Capital Market Reforms, the Over-The-Counter

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Exchange of India (OTCEI) was incorporated in October 1990 under the Companies Act,

1956. Granted recognition under section 4 of the Securities Contract (Regulation) Act

1956, the OTCEI was promoted by various public financial institutions like Unit Trust of

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India (UTI), Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI), Industrial Credit and

Investment Corporation of India (ICICI), Industrial Finance Corporation of India (IFCI),

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Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC), General Insurance Corporation of India (GIC),

SBI Capital Market, CanBank Financial Services, etc. Commencing its operations on

September 29, 1992 at Bombay, the OTCEI introduced screen-based automatic singular

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trading system. Although companies enjoy the same status as listed on the other stock

exchanges, it is not possible that a company listed at OTCEI can be listed on other stock

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exchanges.

National Stock Market System (NSMS)

National stock market system was advocated by the High Powered Group on the

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Establishment of New Stock Exchanges headed by Shri. M.J.Pherwani (popularly

known as Pherwani Committee). The committee recommended in June 1991, the

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following three tier-stock market structure:

Principal Stock exchanges comprising 5 major stock exchanges at Bombay, Calcutta,

Madras, Delhi and Ahmedabad

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Regional stock exchanges like those in major state capitals

Additional Trading Floors (ATFs) sponsored or managed by Principal or Regional

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stock exchanges
At present the National Stock Market in India comprises the following:

1. National Stock Exchange of India Limited (NSE)

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2. Stock Holding Corporation of India Limited (SHCIL)

3. National Clearing and Depository System (NCDS)

4. Securities Trading Corporation of Indian (STCI)

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National Stock Exchange (NSE)

The National Stock Exchange (NSE) was set up for the purpose of providing a nation

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wide stock trading facility to investors so as to bring the Indian financial market in line

with international financial market. It started its operations by the end of 1993. The NSE

used the electronic trading system and computerized settlement system aimed at

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extending the facility of electronic trading to every corner of the country. The exchange

has two separate segments, viz. capital market segment and money market segment.

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While the capital market segment is concerned with trading in equity shares, convertible

debentures and debt instruments as nonconvertible debentures, the money market

segment facilitates high value trading in debts, public sector bonds, mutual fund units,

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treasury bills, government securities, call money instruments, etc. The main participants,

in this market are usually banks, financial institutions, and other financial agencies.

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Stock Holding Corporation of India Limited (SHIL)

This Corporation was set up in October 1987, under the Companies Act, by 7 All

India financial institutions viz. IDBI, IFCI, ICICI, LIC, GIC, UTI and RBI. The range of

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services that are made available by this institution includes quick transfer of shares

among its member institutions, clearing services, depository services, support services,

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management information services, and development services. This is a board-managed

company and has a whole time Managing Director in charge of the day-to-day

management of the corporation. It has set up regional centers at New Delhi, Calcutta and

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Madras. It is providing facilities in the major market centers in India.
National Clearance and Depository System (NCDS)

This system was created chiefly to help overcome the problem of settlement and

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clearance of transactions consequent to enormous workload on the clearing agencies and

share transfer agencies. The problems mainly arose out of systematic risk like counter

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party risk, credit risk, bad deliveries, long delayed delivery, counterfeit scrips, and forged

scrips.

Securities Trading Corporation of India (STCI)

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The Reserve Bank of India set up Securities Trading Corporation of India Limited

(STCI) in May 1994, under the provisions of the Indian Companies Act, 1956, jointly

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with public sector banks and All-India financial institutions. The main objective of

establishing the Corporation was to foster the development of an active secondary market

for Government securities and bonds issued by public sector undertakings. It had an

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authorized and paid-up capital of Rs. 500 crores of which, RBI contributed 50.18 percent.

The RBI in December 1997 divested part of its equity in STCI in favor of the Bank of

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India, an existing shareholder of the Company.

Corporitization and Demutualization

Of late, efforts are on by the SEBI to corporatize and demutulize the Indian stock

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exchanges. For this purpose a Study Group under the Chairmanship of Justice M.H.

Kania has been constituted. The object is to put in place a common structural model for

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the Indian stock market system. Accordingly, stock exchange will have to undergo

changes in organizational structure.

Corporitization and Demutualization refer to the process of conversion of a stock

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exchange from a not-for-profit entity to a for-profit company. The process of transition

from mutually-owned` association to a company owned by shareholders` is called

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demutualization`. Demutualization involves the segregation of members` right into

distinct segments, viz. ownership rights and trading rights. It changes the relationship

between members and the stock exchange. Members, while retaining their trading rights,

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acquire ownership rights in the stock exchange, which have a market value, and they also

acquire the benefits of limited liability.
INTERCONNECTED STOCK EXCHANGE OF INDIA (ISE)

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Genesis

Interconnected Stock Exchange of India Limited (ISE) has been promoted by 15

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Regional Stock Exchanges to provide cost-effective trade linkage/connectivity to all the

members of the Participating Exchanges, with the objective of widening the market for

the securities listed on these exchanges. ISE is a national-level stock exchange which

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provides trading, clearing, settlement, risk management and surveillance support to its

traders and dealers.

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ISE aims to address the needs of small companies and retail investors, with the

guiding principle of optimizing the existing infrastructure and harnessing the potential of

regional markets, so as to transform them into a liquid and vibrant market, through the

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use of state-of-the-art technology and networking.

The participating Exchanges of ISE. In order to leverage its infrastructure and to

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expand its nation wide reach, ISE has also appointed around 450 dealers` across 70 cities

other than the Participating Exchange centers. These dealers are administratively

supported by the regional offices of ISE at Delhi (north), Kolkata (east), Coimbatore

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(south) and Nagpur (central), besides Mumbai (west).

ISE has also floated a wholly?owned subsidiary, ISE Securities and Services Limited

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(ISS), which has taken up corporate membership of the National Stock Exchange of India

Ltd. (NSE) in the Capital Market Futures and Options segments and the Stock Exchange,

Mumbai, in the Equities segment, so that the traders and dealers of ISE can access other

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markets, in addition to the ISE market and their local markets. ISE thus provides the

investors in smaller cities, a one-stop solution for cost-effective and efficient trading, and

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settlement in securities.

With the objective of broadbasing the range of its services, ISE has started offering

the full suite of DP facilities to its traders, dealers and their clients.

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ISE endeavors to consolidate the small, fragmented and less liquid markets into a

national-level, liquid market by using state-of-the-art infrastructure and support systems.
Objectives/features

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The Interconnected Stock Exchange of India Limited was constituted to realize the

following objectives:

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1. Create a single integrated national-level solution with access to multiple markets for

providing high cost-effective service to millions of investors across the country

2. Create a liquid and vibrant national-level market for all listed companies in general

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and small capital companies in particular

3. Optimally utilize the existing infrastructure and other resources of participating stock

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exchanges, which are under-utilized now

4. Provide a level playing field to small traders and dealers, by offering an opportunity

to participate in a national-market having investment-oriented business

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5. Reduce transaction cost

6. Provide clearing and settlement facilities to the traders and dealers across the country

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at their doorstep in a decentralized mode

7. Spread demat trading across the Country

Achievements

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Following are the achievements of ISE:

1. Network of intermediaries A broad base of members form the bedrock for any

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exchange. In this respect, ISE has a large pool of registered intermediaries who can

be tapped for any new line of business. As at the beginning of the financial year

2003-04, 548 intermediaries (207 traders and 341 dealers) are registered on ISE.

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2. Robust operational systems The trading, settlement and funds transfer operations of

ISE and ISS are completely automated and state-of-the-art systems have been

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deployed. The communication network of ISE, which has connectivity with over 400

trading software and settlement software, along with the electronic funds transfer

arrangement established with HDFC Bank and ICICI Bank, give ISE and ISS, the

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required operational efficiency and flexibility, to not only handle the secondary

market functions effectively, but also by leveraging them for new ventures.

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3. Skilled and experienced manpower ISE and ISS have experienced and professional

staff, which has wide experience in Stock Exchanges/Capital Market institutions.
The staff has the skill-set required to perform a wide range of functions, depending

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upon the requirements from time to time.

4. Aggressive pricing policy The philosophy of ISE is to have an aggressive pricing

policy for the various products and services offered by it. The aim is to penetrate the

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retail market and strengthen the position, so that a wide variety of products and

services having appeal for the retail market can be offered, using a common

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distribution channel. The aggressive pricing policy also ensures that the

intermediaries have sufficient financial incentive for offering these products and

services to the end-clients.

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5. Trading, risk management and settlement software systems The ORBIT (Online

Regional Bourses Inter-connected Trading) and AZIS [Automated Exchange

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Integrated Settlement] software developed on the Microsoft NT platform, with

consultancy assistance from Microsoft, are the most contemporary of the trading and

settlement software, introduced in the country. The applications have been built on a

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technology platform, which offers low cost of ownership, facilitates simple

maintenance, and supports easy up gradation and enhancement. The software is so

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designed, that the transaction processing capacity depends on the hardware used;

capacity can be enhanced by just adding inexpensive hardware, without any

additional software work.

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6. Vibrant subsidiary operations ISS, the wholly owned subsidiary of the biggest

exchange subsidiaries in the country, on an average more than 250 registered

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intermediaries of ISS trade from 46 cities across the length and breadth of the

country.

7. Fine liquidity ISE is addressing the problem of illiquidity in small capital companies

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at various exchanges by providing the securities of all such companies, an exposure

to a larger investor base across the country. Currently, the ISE participating

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exchanges, directly account for about 5 percent of the total turnover and this is

expected to increase with this integration, as indirectly, the ISE exchanges have been

routing large volumes to BSE and NSE. NSE and BSE, both receive 50 percent of

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their business from outside Mumbai, from the Regional Exchange centers. This

indicates the true potential of the ISE Exchanges and it would further increase after
Internet trading and on-line IPO distribution systems that are being implemented by

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ISE.

8. One-stop solution ISE provides national reach instantaneously. Listing of shares on

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ISE helps improve visibility of securities amongst the retail investors across the

country. Further, all traders and dealers also have access to NSE, through the ISE

Securities and Services Ltd. (ISS), a wholly owned subsidiary of ISE, which is a

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member of NSE All the traders and dealers who have registered with this subsidiary

also act as sub-brokers. Thus, ISE and ISS provide a one-stop multiple market

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solution to the investors and the listing of securities on ISE would attract instant

attention of all its investors.

It would further have the advantage of giving the company a positive image of being

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an outward looking technology savvy and investor friendly company. This concept of

consolidation is now being implemented in U.S. and Europe, because of the advantages

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of the one-stop solution and cost benefits, which improves the competitiveness of the

exchange.

Listing Advantages

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Location advantage of ISE, focuses on retail investors, concentration of technology

companies within its jurisdiction, and convenience of compliance through decentralized

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support. It is expected that the ISE would provide the best mix of all features required by

a company, to list on any exchange.

ISE offers the advantage of a Regional Exchange, for convenient and cost effective

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compliance`. This is expected to promote decentralized regional development and

internalize the regulatory support as far as possible within that area of jurisdiction. This

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would make the regions self sufficient, for all regulatory compliance in tune with the

decentralization policy of the Government.

ISE, being the most recent exchange, is also the most technology-savvy exchange

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which is indicated not only from the complexity of the technology it uses, but also from

the fact that the exchange is located in an International Technology Park at Vashi, Navi,

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Mumbai. The exchange is located strategically in this technology park, which has two

other technology parks within its vicinity, and this entire corridor between the Vashi,
MIDC and Belapur is being treated as technology corridor` to attract Foreign Direct

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Investment in technology companies within the State of Maharashtra. Thus, all the

companies located in this area are expected to have ISE as the regional exchange.

In addition to the large number of companies that are expected to develop in this

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area, many other companies spread across the country would also choose to list with ISE

as an additional exchange, because of the large reach of ISE amongst the retail investors

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across the country. ISE has positioned itself as an exchange for the retail investors and it

has evinced great interest in attracting listing from the companies during the short period

when it started listing securities.

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The advantages of a company listing on ISE is unique due to the following reasons:

1. Moderate fees ISE is the only national-level recognized Stock Exchange, having

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moderate listing fees and grants listing and trading permission to the small and

medium sized companies having a post public issue paid-up capital, of Rs.3 to 5

crores, (subject to the appointment of market-markers) apart from companies above

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Rs. 5 crores.

2. Easy compliance It would be possible for the companies to do listing compliance

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from the four metros and Nagpur. This will improve the compliance of listing

requirements by the companies, merely due to the convenience and cost of a single

compliance.

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3. Improved visibility Listing on ISE improves visibility of a company across 15

exchanges with convenience and cost of a single compliance.

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4. Infrastructure ISE infrastructure and the network of large number of traders and

dealers are treated as a large distribution channel available for marketing of all

financial products. These could be shares, mutual fund units, bonds, etc. All traders

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and dealers of ISE also have access to NSE, though ISE Securities and Services Ltd.

(ISS), a wholly owned subsidiary of ISE, which has taken NSE membership, which

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ensures continuous attention of investors. Since investors get used to obtaining all

services from one intermediary, the success of any company listed with ISE is large,

as the intermediaries can sell these issues better and that too directly, to the target

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audience which improves the success rate of an issue marketed through this system,

using our large sales force.
5. IPO Distribution system The introduction of the IPO Distribution System`. For

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offering primary market issue by the ISE, would reduce the time and cost of

marketing a new issue. This would be possible once the new system is finally

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notified by SEBI.

6. Additional facility Although the jurisdiction of ISE for listing of companies as

Regional Stock Exchange is Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, securities of companies,

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which are located elsewhere are also listed.

7. Investor protection ISE has set up an Investors Grievance and Service Cell` which

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looks after all types of complaints of investors located across the country and

provides decentralized support.

8. Website The facility of website where the publicly disclosed information on all

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companies would be placed for easy access by the investors would be a great

advantage. In effect, all companies listed on this exchange would be able to update

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their site independently for greater investor information.

Trading Methodology

Transactions for the ISE segment are routed from the trader`s workstation to the

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central trading computers, (i.e. Tandem system) installed at ISE`s office in Vashi,

through the regional Gate Way Server (GWS) system, installed at the participating Stck

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Exchanges using a VAST communication network.

As far as the NSE segment is concerned, all orders are forwarded to NSE through the

central trading and settlement software that is installed at Mumbai on a high-end Compaq

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computer. This Compaq computer is connected to the NES trading system through a 2

mbps leased line, as the primary link between ISS and NSE and it also has a VSAT link

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as a backup. In the case of traders, the existing VAST links connecting the Participating

Stock Exchanges with ISE will be used for accessing the NSE segment too. Within the

Participating Stock Exchange premises, the trader workstations (TWSs) required for

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NSE, access would be connected on a separate LAN segment to the VSAT infrastructure

already established.
Settlement System

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The total delivery-in/delivery-out of traders is computed on a netting basis. After

netting of the traders and dealers, the net position of the center is computed. If there is

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pay-in position of that center, then funds or securities are moved out from one center to

another center, having a corresponding pay-out position of funds or securities. The

movement is based on a transportation model to ensure minimum distance and delivery

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time.

Clearing System

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ISE has appointed ABN-AMRRO-Vysya Bank consortium and HDFC Bank to

provide learning bank services. Act the operational level, pay-in of funds is done by way

of direct debit of the pay-in/settlement accounts maintained by the traders and dealers

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with Vysys Bank or HDFC Bank. Similarly, in case of margins, debits are carried out on

T+1, by electronically debiting the pay-in accounts of traders and dealers. The

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traders/dealers have to keep funds available in their accounts, as required for the purposes

of pay-in and margins, in accordance with the statements downloaded to their TWSs, at

the end of the settlement.

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Indian Public Offering Distribution system

A system whereby market issue of securities in the primary market is made through

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the stock exchange mechanism, utilizing the network of the stock exchange, the ISE is

known as Indian Public Offering Distribution System.` This would serve as an additional

issue system against the present non-computerized public offering system. The aim is to

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reduce the time taken for allotment of securities to the investors, as well as bring down

discrepancies/errors inherent in any manual system

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The proposed system would reduce the time taken for allotment of securities from

the date of closing of the issue. Under this system, the investor would part with his funds,

only when he has been provisionally allocated the securities. There will be no question of

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refund of the application money.
Mechanism

1. Appointment of agents The issuer company appoints members of the stock exchange

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as agents or collection centers for accepting applications from investors. The agents

would place orders on behalf of the client-investor, besides underwriting the issue.

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Members act as agents when the issue is open to the public for subscription.

2. Order placement Interested investors approach their members and place suitable

orders for subscribing to the issue. The order placement is doen through the Stock

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Exchange trading network.

3. Allotment information Registrars to the issue send information on allotment, to the

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stock exchange after finalizing the allotment. Members are then informed

accordingly. The members in turn inform inform clients. Details of allotment are also

made available on the ISE`s website, which can be accessed by the investors directly.

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4. Application The applications for shares are filled in by successful applicants,

electronically, where the facility of internet is available or in the usual fashion, where

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the internet facility is unavailable.

5. Payment When the application is made through internet, payment for shares allotted,

is made through the payment Gateway System` and through the normal physical

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instruments in case of other modes.

6. Actual allotment The registrar to the issue makes a formal allotment of shares, after

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receiving the entire data and money in full. Allotment is made both in physical as

well as in demats form, depending on the request.

INDONEXT

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Indonext is the proposed common trading platform for regional stock exchanges. It is

planned to obey introduced, by the SEBI on the basis of recommendations by the, Justice

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Kania Committee on Corporatization and Demutalization of Stock Exchanges. Indonext

is to be set up as the third National Stock Exchange, on the lines of Euronext`. Indonext

is to be established by merging regional stock exchanges with, the Over-The-Counter

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Stock Exchange (OTCEI). The scheme aims at giving a new lease of life for the regional

stock exchanges in India.
Need

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The need for setting up Indonext rose, owing to the rapid expansion of the national

and Bombay stock exchanges, into small centers and cities, and the struggle of regional

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exchanges to survive of all the national exchanges, seven of them do not conduct any

business at all. Further, the capital market regulator, SEBI, has permitted companies to

cut down their multiple listings and to eventually delist from the regional bourses. Good

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quality stocks started vanishing from the bourses and new stocks are not being listed, due

to lack of initial public offerings. The idea behind Indonext is, to have a single trading

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segment.

Features

Indonext seeks to be different from the ISE in the following respects:

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1. Exclusive trading Indonext aims at offering exclusive trading in the case of

companies with paid-up capital of Rs 20 lakhs, very small and medium capital

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companies.

2. Liquidy Indonext proposes to generate liquidity in the thinly traded stocks so as to

ensure survival of small stock exchanges.

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3. Wide trading Trading on Indonext will be open to all members including NSE, BSE,

ISEI, OTCEI and regional exchanges.

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4. Trading model Trading segment of all regional exchanges and OTCEI will be

modeled along lines of Euronext, Paris of Amesterdam.

5. Eliminating conflict of interest Indonext seeks to eliminate a conflict of interest

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among regional stockbrokers by disallowing participating exchanges to retain a

separate trading platform. Members will be permitted to trade only on the Indonext

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platform.

`S Group' Companies

The Federation of Indian Stock Exchanges (FISE) representing the regional stock

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exchanges gave the idea of S Group` Companies. Corporates such as Alfa Laval, Tata

Coffee, Tata Honeywell, Tata Infomedia, Texmaco, Jindal Strips, Crisil, Godfrey Phillips

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and Forbs Gokak are among the 2,260 scrips that BSE has agreed to be traded on the
Indonext. For this purpose, agreement is to be worked out between FISE and BSE, to

create a single order book for companies with a paid-up capital of upto Rs. 20 crores.

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These companies with small capital single order book for companies with a paid-up

capital of Upto Rs. 20 crores. These companies with small capital bases will be called S

Group` companies. Scrips that are traded on BSE A Group,` would not be included even

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if they have a small capital base. Similarly, all Z Group` scrips at BSE that have not paid

listing fee at the regional stock exchanges would be excluded from this group. Once a

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company is admitted, it cannot come out of the S Group,` even if its paid-up capital

increases beyond Rs. 20 crores.

Benefits

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Indonext offers the advantage of sharing common trading platform, whereby all the

shares listed exclusively in the regional stock exchanges are placed on a common order

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book. This would facilitate trading of shares in all participating exchanges. This would in

turn, entail increase of shares traded and also increase the number of players in this

segment.

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Members of NSE and BSE would be permitted to trade in Indonext through limited

trading rights, which could be formed at a low entry price. This would activate the

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segment with the increase in the number of players, too. Some of the regional stock

exchanges that are set to form a common trading platform are the stock exchanges of

Madras, Bangalore, Cochin, Coimbatore, Mangalore and Hyderabad.

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1. SECONDARY MARKET

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ROLE AND IMPORTANCE

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Stock exchanges are intricately inter-woven in the fabric of nation`s economic life.

Without a stock exchange, the saving of the community - sinews of economic progress

and productive efficiency - would remain undenitilised. The task of mobilisation and

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allocation of savings could be attempted in the old days by a much less specialised

institution than the stock exchange. But as business and industry expanded and the
economy assumed more complex nature, the need for permanent finance arose.

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Entrepreneurs needed money for long term whereas investors demanded liquidity - the

facility to convert their investments into cash at a given time. The answer was a ready

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market for investments and this was how the stock exchange came into being. Stock

exchange means anybody of individuals whether incorporated or not, constituted for the

purpose of regulating or controlling the business of buying, selling or dealing in

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securities. These securities include:

(i) Shares, scrips, stocks, bonds, debentures stock or other marketable securities of

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a like nature in or of any incorporated company or other body corporate;

(ii) Government securities; and

(iii) Rights or interest in securities.

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NATURE AND FUNCTION OF STOCK EXCHANGE

There is an extraordinary amount of ignorance and of prejudice born out of ignorance

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with regard to the nature and functions of stock exchange. As economic development

proceeds, the scope for acquisition and ownership of capital by private individuals also

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grows. Alongwith it, the opportunity for stock exchange to render the service of

stimulating private savings and channelling such savings into productive investment

exists on a vastly great scales. These are services which the stock exchange alone can

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render efficiently. It is no exaggeration to say that hi a modern industrialist society, which

recognises the rights of private ownership of capital, stock exchanges are not simply a

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convenience, they are essential. In fact, they are the markets which exist to facilitate

purchase and sale of securities of companies and the securities or bonds issued b the

government in the course of its borrowing operation. As our country moves towards

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liberalisation, this tendency is certain to be strengthened. The task facing the stock

exchanges is to devise the means to reach down to the masses, to draw the savings of the

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man in the street into productive investment, to create conditions in which many millions

of little investors in cities, towns and villages will find it possible to make use of the

facilities, which have so far been limited to the privileged few. This calls for far-reaching

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changes, institutional as well as operational.


The stock exchanges in India, thus, have an important i-ole to play in the building of a

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real shareholders democracy. Aim of the stock exchange authorities is to make it as

nearly perfect in the social and ethical sense as it is in the economic. To protect the

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interests of the investing public, the authorities of the stock exchanges have been

increasingly subjecting not only its members to a high degree of discipline, but also those

who use its facilities--joint stock companies and other bodies in whose stocks and shares

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it deals. There are stringent regulations to ensure that directors of joint stock companies

keep their shareholders fully informed of the affairs of the company. In fact, some of the

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conditions that the stock exchange imposes upon companies before their shares are listed

are more rigorous and wholesome than the statutory provision such as those contained in

the Companies Act.

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Apart from providing a market that mobilises and distributes the nation`s savings, the

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stock exchange ensures that the flow of savings is utilised for the best purpose from the

community`s point of view. Free markets are not simply a matter of many buyers and

sellers. If the prices at which stocks and shares change hands are to be fair` prices, many

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important conditions must be satisfied. It is the whole vast company of investors,

competing with one another as buyers and sellers, that decide what the level of security

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prices shall be. But the public is prone to sudden swings of hope and fear. If left entirely

to itself it would produce needlessly violent and often quite irrational fluctuations. The

professional dealers inside the stock exchange, and those outside who depend upon them.

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absorb a large part of the stock of these movements. These are valuable activities. So as

to ensure that the investors reap the full benefit of them, they (dealers as well as

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investors) need to be regulated by a recognised code of conduct. Fair prices and free

markets require, above all things, clean dealings both by professionals and by the

investors--and dealings based upon upto date and reliable information easily accessible

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to all.

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In case the investment markets are not active and free or adequate information were not

available promptly and widely, the unscrupulous people would be able to manipulate

particular prices for their own ends. In any of these contingencies, the relative values of

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securities would no longer be true` values, so that the relative yields obtainable from

them would be mutually distorted. The signposts which, in a well regulated market, show

the way along which savings ought to move, would point u the wrong directions. Good

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businesses would get less, and indifferent or bad businesses more finance than they

deserved. The savings of the community would be misdirected and wasted. In addition,

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some investors would incur losses which they might otherwise have avoided, and others

might reap profits which not otherwise could have been made.

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Free and active market in stock and shares has become a pre requisite for the mobilisation

and distribution of the nation`s savings on the scale needed to support modern business,

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The exchange by a process of prolonged trial and error, which is b no means complete,

has been continuously streamlining its structure to meet these wide and. ever growing

responsibilities to the pub1ic.

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Stock exchanges provide an organised market for transactions in shares and other

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securities. As of 2003, there are 23 stock exchanges in the country. 20 of them being

regional ones with allocated areas of operation. Of the 9,855 or so public companies that

have listed their shares in stock exchanges, around 500 account for 99.6 per cent of the

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trading turnover, nearly all of which is on the primary exchanges i.e. Bombay Stock

Exchange and National Stock Exchange. The pie chart in figure below shows the

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distribution of trading activity in terms of volume in the exchanges. The Bombay Stock

Exchange (BSE) and National Stock Exchange (NSE) together account for nearly 72 per

cent of all capital market activity in India. The other major exchanges are the Calcutta,

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Delhi, and Ahmedabad stock exchanges. The remaining ex changes account for only 4

per cent of the Indian capital market activity.

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The number of regional stock exchanges in each of the four zones--east, west, north,

south--that the country can be divided into is given in Table 2.1. The north zone has five

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stock exchanges. The east zone has three stock exchanges. The west and south zones

have six stock exchanges each.
Mumbai

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30%

National Stock

Exchange

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42%

Kolkata

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17%

All Others

4%

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Delhi

Ahmedabad

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5%

2%

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Figure: Distribution of trading activity among stock exchanges in India


REGIONAL STOCK EXCHANGES

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North Zone

East Zone

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West Zone

South Zone

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Kanpur



Ahmedabad

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Bangalore

Ludhiana

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Bhubaneswar

Vadodara

Chennai

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New Delhi

Kolkata

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Indore

Kochi

Jaipur

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Guwahati

Mumbai

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Coimbatore

Meerut

Pune

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Hyderabad

Rajkot

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Mangalore


The share of the 20 regional bourses, which accounted for about 45.63 per cent of the

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total trading volumes in 1995-96, had reduced alarmingly to only about 16 per cent by

2001-02. The Bombay Stock Exchange, though initially established as a regional stock

exchange has assumed a national perspective in recent years with the introduction of

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networking and online trading mechanisms.


Besides the regional stock exchanges, three national stock exchanges have been set up in

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India. They are the National Stock Exchange, Over the Counter Exchange of India

Limited (OTCEI), and Inter connected Stock Exchange of India Limited (ISE). All these

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exchanges have their head office at Mumbai


HISTORY OF STOCK EXCHANGES IN INDIA

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The origin of the stock exchanges in India can be traced back to the later half of 19th

century. After the American Civil War (1860-61) due to the share mania of the public,

the number of brokers dealing in shares increased. The brokers organised an informal

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association in Mumbai named The Native Stock and Share Brokers Association in

1875.

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Increased activity in trade and commerce during the First World War and Second World

War resulted in an increase in the stock trading. Stock exchanges were established in

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different centres like Chennai, Delhi, Nagpur, Kan Hyderabad and Bangalore. The

growth of stock exchanges suffered a set back after the end of World War. Worldwide

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depression affected them. Most of the stock exchanges in the early stages had a

speculative nature of working without technical strength. Securities and Contract

Regulation Act, 1956 gave powers to the central government to regulate the stock

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exchanges. The stock exchanges in Mumbai, Calcutta, Chennai, Ahmedabad, Delhi,

Hyderabad and Indore were recognised by the SCR Act. The Bangalore stock exchange

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was recognised only in 1963. At present we have 23 stock exchanges and 21 of them had

hardware and software compliant to solve Y2k problem.

Till recent past, floor trading took place in all the stock exchanges. In the floor trading

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system, the trade takes place through open outcry system during the official trading

hours. Trading posts are assigned for different securities where buy and sell activities of

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securities took place. This system needs a face to face contact among the traders and

restricts the trading volume. The speed of the new information reflected on the prices was

rather slow. The deals were also not transparent and the system favoured the brokers

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rather than the investors.


The setting up of NSE and OTCEI with the screen based trading facility resulted in more

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and more exchanges turning towards the computer based trading. Bombay stock

exchange introduced the screen based trading system in 1995, which is known as BOLT

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(Bombay On-line Trading System.


ORGANISATION OF STOCK EXCHANGE

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THE BOMBAY STOCK EXCHANGE

The Indian stock market is one of the oldest in Asia. By the 1830s, business in corporate

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stocks and shares in bank and cotton presses took place in Bombay. Though the trading

list was broader in 1839, there were only half a dozen brokers recognised by banks and

merchants.

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In 1860-61, the American Civil War broke out and cotton supply from the United States

of America and Europe was stopped. This resulted in the Share Mania for cotton

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trading in India. The number of brokers increased to between 200 and 250. However, at

the end of the American Civil War, in 1865, a disastrous slump began - for example, a

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Bank of Bombay share that had touched Rs 2,850 could only be sold at Rs 87.


At the same time, brokers found a place in Dalal Street, Bombay, where they could

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conveniently assemble and transact business. In 1887, they formally established the

Native Share and Stock Brokers` Association. In 1895, the association acquired

premises in the same street; it was inaugurated in 1899 as the Bombay Stock Exchange.

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The Bombay Stock Exchange is governed by a board, chaired by a non-executive

chairman. The executive director is in charge of the administration of the exchange and is

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supported by elected directors, Securities Exchange Board of India (SEBI) nominees, and

public representatives.

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The objectives of the stock exchange are


To safeguard the interest of investing public having dealings on the exchange.

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To establish and promote honourable and just practices in securities transactions.
To promote, develop and maintain well-regulated market for dealing in securities.
To promote industrial development in the country through efficient resource

mobilisation by the way of investment in corporate securities.

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THE NATIONAL STOCK EXCHANGE

The National Stock Exchange of India Limited was set up to provide access to investors

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from across the country on an equal footing. NSE was promoted by leading financial

institutions at the behest of the Government of India and was incorporated in November

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1992 as a tax-paying company, unlike other stock exchanges in the country.


On its recognition as a stock exchange under the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act,

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1956 in April 1993, NSE commenced operations in the wholesale debt market (WDM)

segment in June 1994. The capital market (equities) segment commenced operations in

November 1994, and operations in the derivatives segment commenced in June 2000.

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The organisational structure of NSE (Figure 2.2) is through the link between National

Securities Clearing Corporation Ltd. (NSCCL), India Index Services and Products Ltd.

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(IISL), National Securities Depository Ltd. (NSDL), DotEx International Limited

(DotEx) and NSE.IT Ltd.

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The National Securities Clearing Corporation Ltd., a wholly owned subsidiary of NSE,

was incorporated in August 1995. It was set up to bring and sustain confidence in the

clearing and settlement of securities, to promote and maintain short and consistent

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settlement cycles, and to provide counterparty risk guarantee.

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Clearing House



NSCCL

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Index Service

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Technical

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NSE



IISL

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Support

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NSEIT/DotEx

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Depository

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NSDL

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Figure Organisational structure of National Stock Exchange

India Index Services and Products Limited, a joint venture between NSE and the Credit

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Rating Information Services of India Limited (CRISIL), was set up in May 1998 to

provide a variety of indices and index- related services and products for the Indian capital
market. It has a consulting and licensing agreement with Standard and Poor`s (S&P) for

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co-branding equity indices.


In order to counteract the problems associated with trading in physical securities, NSE

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joined hands with the Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI) and Unit Trust of

India (UTI) to promote dematerialisation of securities. Together they set up the National

Securities Depository Limited, the first depository in India.

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NSDL commenced operations in November 1996. It has since established a national

infrastructure of international standard to handle trading and settlement in dematerialised

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form and thus has completely eliminated the risks associated with fake/bad/stolen paper

documents.

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NSE.IT, a 100 per cent subsidiary of NSE, provides technical services and solutions in

the area of trading, broker front-end and back-office, clearing and settlement, web-based

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trading, risk management, treasury management, asset liability management, banking,

insurance, and so on. The company also plans to provide consultancy and implementation

services in the areas of data warehousing, business continuity plans, mainframe facility

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management, site maintenance and backups, real time market analysis and financial

news, and so on. NSE.IT is an export-oriented unit with Straight Through Processing

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(STP).


NSE.IT and i-flex Solutions Limited, a leader in e-enabling the global financial services

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industry, promoted DotEx International Limited. DotEx provides customer fulfillment

infrastructure for the securities industry. The initial offering of DotEx is the DotEx Plaza

where multiple market participants such as brokers, depository participants, and banks

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can offer web-based services to their customers. As a neutral aggregator and

infrastructure provider, DotEx offers choice and convenience to investors.

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The National Stock Exchange (NSE) of India became operational in the capital market

segment on 3rd, November 1994 in Mumbai. The genesis of the NSE lies in the

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recommendations of the Pherwani Committee (1991). Apart from NSE, it had
recommended for the establishment of National Stock Market System also. Committee

pointed out five major defects in the Indian stock market. The defects specified are

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1. Lack of liquidity in most of the markets in terms of depth and breadth.

2. Lack of ability to develop markets for debt.

3. Lack of infrastructure facilities and outdated trading system.

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4. Lack of transparency in the operations that affect investors` confidence.

5. Outdated settlement systems that are inadequate to cater to the growing volume,

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leading to delays.

6. Lack of single market due to the inability of various stock exchanges to function

cohesively with legal structure and regulatory frame work. These factors led to

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the establishment of NSE.


The main objectives of NSE are as follows

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To establish a nation wide trading facility for equities, debt instruments and

hybrids.

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To ensure equal access to investors all over the country through appropriate

communication network.

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To provide a fair, efficient and transparent securities market to investors using an

electronic communication network.

To enable shorter settlement cycle and book entry settlement system.

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To meet current international standards of securities market.


Promoters of NSE IDBI, ICICI, IFCI, LIC, GIC, SBI, Bank of Baroda, Canara Bank,

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Corporation Bank, Indian Bank, Oriental Bank of Commerce, Union Bank of India,

Punjab National Bank, Infrastructure Leasing and Financial Services, Stock Holding

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Corporation of India and SBI Capital Market are the promoters of NSE.


MEMBERSHIP

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Membership is based on factors such as capital adequacy, corporate structure, track

record, education, experience, etc. Admission is a two stage process with applicants

requiring to go through a written examination followed by an interview. Candidates are

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interviewed by a committee consisting of experienced people from the industry to assess

the applicant`s capability to operate as an exchange member. The exchange admits

members separately to Wholesale Debt Market (WDM) segment and the Capital Market

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segment. Only corporate members are admitted on the debt market segment whereas

individuals and firms are also eligible on the capital market segment. Eligibility criteria

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for Trading Membership on the segment of WDM are as follows

i) The persons eligible to become Trading Members are bodies corporate,

companies, institutions including subsidiaries of banks engaged in financial

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services and such other persons or entities as may be permitted from time to time

by RBI/SEBI.

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ii) The whole-time directors should possess at least two years` experience in any

activity related to banking or financial services or treasury.

iii) The applicant must possess a minimum networth of Rs.2 crores.

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iv) The applicant must be engaged solely in the business of securities and must not be

engaged in any fund based activities.

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The eligibility criteria for the Capital Market segment are


i) Individuals, registered firms, bodies corporate, companies and such other persons

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may be permitted under the SCRA, 1957.

ii) The applicant must be engaged solely in the business of securities and must not be

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engaged in any fund based activities.

iii) The minimum networth requirements prescribed are as follows

a) individuals and regi3tered firms--Rs 75 lakh

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b) corporate bodies--Rs 100 lakh

In the case of registered partnership firm, each partner should contribute at least 5

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per cent of the minimum networth requirement of the firm.

iv) A corporate trading member should consist only of individuals (maximum 4) who

should directly hold atleast 40 per cent of the paid-up capital in case of listed

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companies and at least 51 per cent in case of other companies.

v) The minimum prescribed qualification of graduation and two years experience of

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handling securities as broker, sub-broker, authorised assistant,etc. must be

fulfilled by
a) minimum two directors in case the applicant is a corporate,

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b) minimum two partners in case of partnership firms and

c) the individual in case of individual or sole proprietary concerns.

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The two experienced directors in a corporate applicant or trading member should hold

minimum 5 per cent of the capital of the company.

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ADVANTAGES OF NSE



Wider accessibility The NSE ensures wider accessibility through satellite linked trading

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facility. Computer terminals and links with VSAT help the traders to contact their

counterparts in other parts of the country quickly. The quick trading system ensures better

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pricing.


Screen based trading Originally, the basic advantage of NSE is computer based trading.

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The back office loads have been reduced as everything is stored in the computer. At

present, BSE and many other stock exchanges have introduced the computer based

trading. The ring based trading is vanishing in the recent days.

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Non-disclosure of the trading members identity While placing the orders there is no

need to disclose the identity of the member on the screen. It depends upon the wish of the

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trading member. So without any fear of influencing the prices, any member can place

large size orders.

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Transparent transactions The major advantage of the NSE trading is the complete

transparency. The investor can find out the rate of the deal, the counterparty and the time

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of execution of the deal. The enquiry facilities offered in the terminals help the investor

to find out the price and the depth of the market of the particular security. The investor

can have the high and low quotations and the last traded price of the particular security.

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This information enables him to make a healthy decision regarding his investment.

Matching of orders Once the order has been fed into the computer, the computer

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searches and finds out the suitable matching order subject to the conditions placed by the

investor or the trader. The conditions are related to the price, volume and time of the
trade. While matching the order, priority is given on the basis of price and time. If the

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matching order is found, the deal Is struck, otherwise as per the instructions the order

would be kept pending or cancelled.

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Effective settlement of corporate benefit All monetary benefits lodged, dividend,

interest and redemption amount, claims on company objections, are debited/credited

directly in the clearing account of the clearing members. This reduces the problems faced

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by the members in settlement of corporate benefits.


Trading in dematerialised form According to the SEBI directives, trading in the

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depository segment is carried out only on the rolling (T + S) settlement basis. This rolling

settlement basis helps the traders to settle the accounts quickly without waiting for a fixed

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settlement date. The total number of compulsorily dematerialised stock was 30 in June

1998. The dematerialised trading helps the institutions to effect the transfer of shares

immediately after the payment.

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SGL facility in the debt market The SGL (Subsidiary General Ledger) facility provided

by the NSE allows the trusts and other retail constituents to hold and settle their trades

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through electronic book transfer. This speeds up the transfer process. Settlement of trades

in Government Securities would become paperless, more prompt and safer. The

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constituents get their securities registered in their names immediately after making

payments. They would also get the interest on due dates without delay.

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Recent Trends in NSE


The NSE has managed to prove itself successful and maintained its position as the

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country`s premier stock exchange. The exchange has faired well compared to other stock

exchanges in terms of expansion of network, market share, volume traded, liquidity and

clearance of deals.

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Expansion After establishing its operation in Mumbai, the NSE had expanded its

operation to other cities. NSE has installed 2580 VSATS in 317 cities across the country.

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A break up of VSATs across 317 cities is given below


NSE NETWORK (Feb 2004)

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Numbers of VSATs

Number of cities

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Total VSATs

1

156

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156

2

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76

152

3

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24

72

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4-10

72

447

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11-20

20

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281

21-50

9

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257

51-199

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5

342

>100

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3

1190

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Total

365

2897

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Quality Apart from the consolidation of the market at national level, the transaction cost

along with the bad deliveries has declined. Dematerialisation of shares has helped in the

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reduction of the bad deliveries. The effective functioning of National Securities Clearing

Corporation Limited is another reason for it.

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More liquidity With its on-line system and quick trading facilities, the NSE has

introduced some liquidity into the capital market. In the last quarter of 1997, the NSE

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was more liquid for the 835 scrips that accounted for 97 per cent of the total trading

volume. In number of trades, an indicator of the presence of the retail investor, the NSE

was ahead of the BSE.

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Less brokerage Transparency in NSE allows the breaking up of the costs into brokerage

fees, market impact costs and clearing and settlement. The brokerage fee at the BSE

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terminals outside Mumbai is 0.5 per cent of the value transacted. On the NSE, it is around

0.1 per cent of the value transacted.

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Insurance against risk When an investor deals with a broker or two brokers deal with

each other there is a possibility of either of the parties in the transaction, defaulting on the

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payment. National Securities Clearing Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of the

NSE offers legal guarantee and protection against such risk. Till 1996, there was no

insurance against such risks.

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Quick clearing and settlement NSE has introduced a full range of clearing house

facilities. A part of the securities is processed at the regional clearing centres (Delhi,

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Chennai and Calcutta). The inter-region clearing facility provided at present, reduces the

risk of the members because of not getting timely delivery of shares or loss of shares in

transit. The facility is also expected to boost delivery based trading.

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Foreign institutional investors trading The identity of the broker remains undisclosed

till the transactions are executed. Secrecy being important to FIIs, which is unavailable

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on the BSE, it encouraged FIIS to trade on the NSE. The corporate becoming members of

NSE is on the increase. Out of 780 NSE members corporates are 668 in March 2000.

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NSE poses a healthy threat for the existing exchanges, especially to the BSE. It is the

competitive threat from the NSE which made the BSE to embark on the reforms and the

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introduction of the Bombay on-line trading mechanism.


OVER THE COUNTER EXCHANGE OF INDIA

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Over the Counter Exchange of India was started in 1992 after the role models of

NASDAQ (National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation) and

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JASDAQ (Japanese Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation). The

OTCE! was started with the objective of providing a market for the smaller companies

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that could not afford the listing fees of the large exchanges and did not fulfill the

minimum capital requirement for listing. It aimed at creating a fully decentralised and

transparent market. Over the counter means trading across the counter in scrips. The

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counter refers to the location of the member or dealer of the OTCEI where the deal or

trade takes place. Every counter is treated as a trading floor for the OTCEI where the

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investor can buy and sell. The members or dealers of OTCEI counters are linked to the

central OTCEI computer. The member should have the computer and telecommunication

facility.

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The promoters OTCEI is incorporated as a company under sec. 25 of the Indian

Companies Act 1956. As per the registration norms, OTCEI will be obliged to plough

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back all its profits and will not be allowed to declare dividends on its share capital. The

promoters are as follows

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UTI

GIC

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ICICI

SBI Capital Markets

IDBI

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Canbank Financial Services

IFCI

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LIC


Players in the OTCEI market The players on the OTCEI exchange are the members

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and dealers. The activities of the members and dealers are:

1. Act as brokers, buy and sell securities according to the instructions of the

investors.

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2. Market Makers in securities, they quote the prices at which members are willing

to buy and sell the specified number of securities.

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Members can be the public financial institutions, scheduled banks, mutual funds, SEBI

approved merchant bankers, banking subsidiaries, venture capital funds and other non-

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banking financial companies with mini mum net worth of Rs 2.5 crores. Members pay a

one time non-refundable admission fee of Rs 10 lakh and Rs 5 lakh after one year. The

annual subscription fee is Rs 1 lakh.

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The dealers are: individuals, partnership firms and corporate entities with a minimum net

worth of Rs 5 lakh. They should have adequate office space and telecommunication

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facilities. They have to pay one time non-refundable admission fee of Rs 2 lakh and

annual subscription fee of Rs 5,000. OTCEI may collect additional security deposit if it

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considers necessary, depending upon the business experience of the applicant.


Scrips to be traded Guidelines are issued for the companies whose scrips have to be

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traded in the OTCEI by the Government. As per the guidelines



1.

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The minimum capital requirement for a company to be listed on the OTCEI is

Rs 3 crores and the maximum is Rs 50 crores.

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2.

For companies with an issued capital of more than Rs 30 lakhs but less than

300 lakhs, the minimum public offer should be 25 per cent of the issued

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capital or 20 lakhs worth of shares in face value, whichever is higher.
3.

Companies with an issued capital of more than Rs.30 Cr seeking to be listed

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have to comply with listing requirements and guidelines that are applicable to

such companies in other stock exchanges.

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Revised listing norms To broaden the base of exchange membership the guidelines have

been revised. The ministry allowed

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(a) closely held existing corporate houses upto 100 Cr
(b) new companies with a paid up base of upto 50 Cr and
(c) all currently listed companies on various stock exchanges

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The procedure adopted for the listing of the scrips


1. An OTCEI member is appointed as a sponsor for the companys`s issue. The

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sponsor appraises the project or company on technical, managerial, commercial,

economical and financial aspects. The sponsor certifies the OTCEI regarding its

appraisal.

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2. The sponsor determines the price of the company shares offered to the public,

members and dealers of the OTCEI.

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3. The sponsor gets all statutory consent and compliance with all SEBI guidelines.

4. The sponsor registers the issue with OTCEI and places the equity.

5. The listing application has to be made to the DICEI as per its rules and

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regulations.

6. After getting the approval, the allotment is made.

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Once the allotment is over, the equity is listed and the trading commences. In the primary

issue the sponsor carries the activities of issue management and he is the sole underwriter

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for the issue. He can sub write his liability with the syndicate of members and dealers.


NATIONAL SECURITIES DEPOSITORY LIMITED

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To meet the capital requirements companies turn towards the capital market that is more

flexible and responsive source of funds. The savers of Indian economy a decade ago held

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simple pass books of the post office and banks. Today they hold plenty of paper or
marketable financial assets or securities. The stock brokers have to move large number of

paper certificates to give delivery on behalf of their clients. Each transfer of a deed

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involves different manual checks. Many of the share transfers are rejected because of

some technical defect and investors who sell their shares often, wait a couple of months

before they receive their money. Because of this tiring procedure, many of the foreign

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institutional investors restrict their trading with sensex scrips. To remove these

difficulties, National Securities Depository Limited was established.

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NSDL is an organisation promoted by the Industrial Development Bank of India, the Unit

Trust of India and the National Stock Exchange of India Ltd., to provide electronic

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depository facilities for securities traded in the equity and the debt market. The

depositories` ordinances promulgated by the Government of India in September 1995

enabled the setting up of multiple depository system. The securities and Exchange Board

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of India (SEBI) issued the guidelines for depositories in May 1996. The Bill was passed

by the parliament in July 1996. NSDL was registered by SEBI on June 7, 1996.

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THE FUNCTIONING


NSDL performs the following functions through its various participants

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a) Enables surrender and withdrawal of securities to and from the depository.

b) Maintains investors` holdings in the electronic form.

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c) Effects settlement of securities traded on exchanges.

d) Carries out settlements of trader that have not been done on the stock exchanges.

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NSDL (DP) Depository Participant can be a public financial institution, bank, custodian,

registered stock broker or a NBFC subject to approval from the depository company and

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the SEBI. Brokers and NBFCs are required to have a minimum net worth of Rs 50 lakhs.

DP has to pay a security deposit of Rs 10 lakhs and an admission fee of Rs 25,000 to

NSDL. The depository participants are likely to pass on these charges to the investors.

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NSDL operates on two tier structures wherein it maintains accounts of its DP and the

DP`s maintain the accounts of their clients. With the help of the continuous electronic

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connectivity, reconciliation of all accounts is done on daily basis to balance the number

of stocks issued and dematerialised.

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Initially, NSDL makes use of VSAT network of the NSE for communications as it is

easier for the depository participants who have leased lines with NSE to join. After

ascertaining its requirement on the volume of trade, NSDL would set up its own network.

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At present NSE only has the clearing corporation, the National Securities Clearing

Corporation and it can participate in the functioning of NSDL. The SEBI has now made it

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mandatory for all stock exchanges to have clearing corporation. The stock exchanges are

setting up their own clearing corporation.

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Individual Investor and NSDL


The investor has to open an account with the depository participant that is similar to the

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opening of a bank account. Investors can get a list of depository participant from NSDL.

The depository participants may also advertise the services offered by them once they are

registered. The investor can choose any depository participant of his choice and fill up an

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account opening form. Reasonable charges are received by the depositories for the

opening of accounts and every transaction in the accounts. The investor receives a

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passbook or a statement of holdings, just like the bank passbook from the depository

agent. The statement of holdings is despatched to the investors periodically. The investor

can contact the depository participant for any disparity in the statement of holding. If the

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discrepancy cannot be resolved

at the depository participant level, he could

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approach NSDL for clarification. There is absolutely no restriction with the number of

depository participants the investor can open accounts.

Rights and Bonus Issue

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Depository gives all the details about the corporate events to the clients. The registrar

calculates the corporate benefits due to all the shareholders. The disbursement of cash

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benefits such as dividend or interest is done by the registrar whereas the distribution of

the securities entitlements is done by the depository, based on the information provided

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by the registrar. In case of corporate events such as issuing of right issues, the investor
can have the option of having it either in the form of physical or electronic mode of

holdings. However, corporate entitlements such as bonus are made in the same form of

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the original holdings.


Advantages to the Investor

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1. Depositing the securities with NSDL would give the freedom from the worry of loss

of share certificates through theft, mutilation due to careless handling, fire, etc.

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2. In selling the shares, the paper work required is reduced to a minimum. Investors

also prefer to buy shares that are already in the depository mode. The investor

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would find it easy to sell the shares whenever he wants to do it.

3. The investor can become the owner of the shares within a day of the settlement

being completed, if the shares bought are in the depository mode. There is no need

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to apply to the company for registering the share in the name of investors. There is

no possibility of loss or theft when the share certificates are posted to the company.

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There is no fear of any fake or stolen shares being delivered to the investor. In the

physical transfer of shares, it takes nearly 40-60 days to get the shares registered in

his name.

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2. LISTING OF SECURITIES

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Listing refers to the admission of the security of a public limited company on a

recognised stock exchange for trading. Listing of securities is undertaken with the

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primary objective of providing marketability, liquidity and transferability to securities.

After the promulgation of Companies (Amendment) Act 1988, listing of securities

offered to the public, became compulsory. The section 73, of the Companies Act states

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that any company intending to offer shares or debentures to the public through the issue

of prospectus should make an application to one or more recognised stock exchanges for

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permission to be traded in the respective stock exchange. After the permission is granted,

the company becomes eligible to list its securities in the stock exchanges.

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MERITS OF LISTING


Liquidity Listed shares can be sold at any recognised stock exchange and converted into

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cash quickly. Finding out buyers would be easy in the security market through brokers

and screen based trading.

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Best prices The price quotations and the volume traded regarding the listed shares appear

in the news papers. According to the demand and supply of the shares, prices are

determined. This results in best price.

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Regular information The transactions of the listed shares regularly appear in the news

paper, providing adequate information regarding the current worth of the securities.

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Buying and selling activities can be decided on the basis of the price quotations.

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Periodic reports Listed companies have to provide periodic report to the public. Half

yearly financial reports should be published in the financial news papers or in any other

news papers. In 1985, it has been made obligatory for all listed companies to submit

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unaudited financial results on a half yearly basis within 2 months of the expiry of that

half year. At present quarterly reports have to be published.

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Transferability Listing provides free transferability of securities. After the incorporation

of Section 22- A in the Securities Contract (Regulation) Act, free transfer of shares has

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been ensured.

Income tax benefit Income-tax Act treats the listed companies as widely held

companies. The advantages available to a widely held company are applicable to the

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listed company.


Wide publicity Since the prices are quoted in the newspaper, the listed companies get

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wide publicity. This not only does good to the investor but also to the corporate to attract

the public for further issues.

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DEMERITS


1 Listed companies are subjected to various regulatory measures of the stock

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exchanges and SEBI.
2 Essential information has to be submitted by the listed companies to the stock

exchanges.

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3. Annual General Meeting, Annual reports have to be sent to a large number of

shareholders. This creates large amount of unnecessary expenditure.

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4 Public offer itself is an expensive exercise. But, this is a pre-requisite for the

company`s shares to be listed.

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QUALIFICATION FOR LISTING

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There are certain minimum requirements for a security to be listed in a stock exchange.

They are given below

Minimum issued capital According to the regulation laid down by The Ministry of

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Finance and Department of Economic affairs the minimum issued capital should be Rs 3

crores and the minimum public offer is Rs. 75 lakhs. In 1995 the Bombay Stock

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Exchange raised the limit from Rs Cr to Rs. Cr. In 1996, it has been further raised to Rs

10 Cr. Some other stock exchanges have also increased the limit to Rs.5 Cr.

Payment of excess application money According to the direction given by the SEBI, the

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amended listing agreement of Mumbai Stock Exchange (1996) made the allotment of

securities to be done within 30 days of the closure of the public issue. The refund orders

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should be dispatched within the specified period. Beyond the period they shall be liable

to pay an interest rate of 15 p.a. Similar amendments are made in the Delhi Stock

Exchange agreement too.

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Listing on multiple exchanges When the paid up capital of the company is above Rs 5

crores, it obligatory for the company to seek listing on more than one stock exchange.

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The number of shareholders To ensure wide distribution of shares among the general

public and to prevent undue concentration of large holdings with the company, minimum

number of shareholders are prescribed. For every Rs 1 lakh of fresh issue of capital, there

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should be atleast 10 shareholders. In the case of sale of existing capital of Rs 1 lakh, it

should ensure atleast 20 public shareholders. In 1996, Bombay Stock Exchange has

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reduced the above said numbers to 5 and 10 respectively. If the number of shareholders
falls below the prescribed number, then the concerned company`s security would be

delisted.

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Appointment of market maker A company where the paid up capital is Rs 3 cr but not

more than Rs 5 cr and having a commercial operation for less than two years should

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appoint a market maker. The market maker should provide two way quotes for the

concerned stock for a minimum period of 18 months from the date of trading on stock

exchange. The difference between quotations for the sale and purchase bid, ask spread

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should not exceed 10 per cent. The market maker should have an inventory of 5 per cent

of the post issue capital as on the date of allotment.

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Articles of association The articles of association of the company should be in tune with

the sound corporate practice. If veto power has been provided to a director or a class of

directors to over rule the majority decision, the security of the company is not qualified

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for listing.

Cost of public issue To be listed the company should adhere to the ceiling in the

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expenditure of public issue as prescribed by the SEBI.

Advertisement The company should not advertise in newspapers that issue over

subscribed` or Thanks to the investing public for their overwhelming response,` etc

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during the subscription period. If the company gives such an advertisement, listing will

be refused by the stock exchange -after intimation to the stock exchange division of the

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Ministry of Finance.

Minimum subscription A minimum of Rs 5 ,000 (500 shares of Rs each) subscription

has been fixed by SEBI. But, due to the slackness in the primary market, it is reduced to

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Rs of 200 shares of RsJO each. This should be given in the prospectus.

Applying mode The prospectus should provide information on how the investor should

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apply. It should clearly state that the application must be made in the prescribed form

stating the number of shares applied for. It should be applied in single name or joint

names of not more than three. Application can be made in the name of limited

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companies, corporations or institutions and not in the name of a trust firm or partnership.

The names should be given in block letters in English. An individual can make only one

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application.
Public offer size The size of the public offer and value of the share should be stated in

the first page of the prospectus. If the shares are issued at premium, that also should be

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stated. Preferential allotment to the directors and workers of the company and the

reservation for allotment to the non-resident Indians should be indicated clearly on the

prospectus.

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LISTING PROCEDURE

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Obtaining the listing permission from stock exchanges involves various steps. The steps

are as follows:

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Preliminary discussion The company desirous of getting its security listed on the stock

exchange should have detailed discussion with the stock exchange authorities. The

discussion enables it to understand the various compliances to be complied with for

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listing its securities.


Article of association approval The articles of association will be approved only if it

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fulfills certain requirements. They are:

1. Common form of transfer should be used

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2. Once the shares are fully paid, they should be free from all lien and in the case of

partly paid shares the company`s lien is restricted to the call money alone.

3. The calls carried out in advance are entitled to interest rate but not for dividends

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or any other declared profits.

4. The free dealings in company`s shares should not be restricted by any provision.

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5. The company should comply with the section 205-A of Companies Act in the

case of dividends.

If the company is not able to comply with any of the requirements of the Rule 19(2)(a) of

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the Securities Contract Regulation Act, the company should give an undertaking to make

necessary amendments in the articles of association as required in the next annual general

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meeting of the company. On the basis of the undertaking, the security will be permitted to

trade on the stock exchanges. If the article of association provides veto powers to any
director/or group of directors, the relevant article should be amended to remove such

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powers to get the security listed.

Draft prospectus approval Getting approval for the draft prospectus is the essential pre-

requisite for the security to be listed. Before finalising the draft prospectus the company

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authority should hold a discussion with the stock exchange authorities. While seeking

approval, the prospectus should contain all the conditions put by the stock exchange. The

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prospectus should clearly state the following:

1.

The name of regional stock exchange and any other stock exchanges(s) where it

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intends to enlist its securities,

2.

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It should specify the date of commencement of the subscription and the date of

closing of the subscription. It is essential to keep the subscription list open for a

minimum period of three working days. It may extend upto 10 working days at

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the discretion of the Board of Directors. The date of closure of subscription list

should be notified to the stock exchange where listing is sought.

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Listing Application


Any company when it intends to offer shares to the public through prospectus, should

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make an application to the stock exchange or exchanges where the share is to be listed. A

formal application form should be filed before filing the prospectus with the Registrar of

Companies. A number of certificates have to be submitted with the application. They are

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listed below

1. Three certified copies of memorandum and articles of association and debenture

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trust deed.

2. Copies of prospectus, offer for sale made during the last five years and circulars

and advertisement regarding the offer made during the last five years.

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3. Copy of every letter, report, balance sheet, valuation, contract, court order or any

other document that is given in the prospectus.

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4. Certified copies of underwriting, brokerage, vendors, promoter`s selling agents

and sales managers agreement.

5. Certified copies of the service agreements of secretaries, treasures, managing

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director, technical directors, general manager and manager.
6. Particulars regarding the material contract, technical advice and collaboration,

concessions and similar other documents.

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7. Copies of agreements with the Industrial Finance Corporation, Industrial Credit

and Investment Corporation and such other bodies.

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8. Details regarding the reorganisation, reconstruction, amalgamation and details of

the companies` activities.

9. Specimen copies of the share certificate, debenture certificate, letters of allotment,

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letters of acceptance, letters of renunciation, transfer receipts and renewal

receipts.

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The above mentioned documents are ordinarily required by the listing application. But

sometime additional documents also may b called for.

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The stock exchange generally acknowledges the receipt of the application and gives

instructions regarding various other formalities to be fulfilled before getting the listing

permission. Once the subscription list is closed, the process of allotment should be closed

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within 30 days of the closure. Originally it was 10 weeks from the closure of the

subscription list. The allocation of shares should be intimated to the stock exchange

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concerned.


Listing Agreement Regarding Projection of Profitability

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Generally companies make projections regarding the profitability of the company at the

time of issue of capital and give an abridged statement of the balance sheet and profit and

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loss account. Many times the projections are not met with. To provide protection to the

investors, SEBI amended the listing agreement by inserting a new clause 43. Accordingly

the company has to submit yearly statement showing the variation between projections

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given in the prospectus and the actuals achieved. The reasons for the variation in the

profitability projections and actuals should be given. If the projections are provided for

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five years, the company has to furnish explanation for the unattained projected figures for

all the five years. This information also should be published in the news paper. The listed

company has to give a copy of the complete and full balance sheet, profit and loss

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account, and the directors` report to each shareholder.
Listing Agreement and Cash Flow Statement

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The representatives of SEBI, the stock exchanges of Mumbai, Calcutta, Delhi,

Ahmedabad, National stock exchange and the Institute of Chartered Accountant of India

framed the norms for the inclusion cash flow statement in the annual reports. The cash

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flow statement discloses the actual cash flow operations in the company. This would

provide better quality information to the shareholders. To comply with the international

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standards this has been imposed as a part of listing agreement. The company has to

provide the cash flow statement along with the balance sheet profit and loss account. The

cash flow statement has to be prepared according to the instructions given by the SEBI.

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The cash flow statement helps the shareholders to analyse the pattern of resources

deployed and evaluate the changes in net assets of a company. It helps to assess the

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ability of the company to generate cash and cash equivalents. Briefly, it is useful to the

shareholders to assess the liquidity, viability and financial adaptability of the company.

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Listing Fee

The stock exchange charges a fee from the company for permitting the company`s scrip

to be traded. The listing fee varies from major stock exchanges to regional stock

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exchanges. The fees charged by the regional stock exchanges are comparatively less than

the major stock exchanges. The fee also differs according to the equity base of the

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company. The following table gives the listing fee charged by the NSE.

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Table: Listing Fees of NSE (1999)

Particulars

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Amount Rs.

1. Initial Listing Fees

7500

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2. Annual Listing Fees

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a) Companies with paid share and! or debenture

4200

capital of Rs 1 Cr

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b) Above Rs 1 Cr and up to Rs 5 Cr

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8400

c) Above Rs S Cr and up to Rs 10 Cr

14000

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d) Above Rs 10 Cr and up to Rs 20 Cr

28000

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e) Above Rs 20 Cr and upto Rs 50 Cr

42000

f) AboveRs50Cr

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70000

Companies that have a paid up capital of more than Rs 50 Cr will pay additional listing

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fees of Rs 1400 for every increase of Rs 5 Cr or part thereof in the paid up share or

debenture capital.

LISTING OF RIGHT SHARES

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The formalities that have to be fulfilled in the case of right shares are given below.

1. The company should notify the stock exchange, the date of meeting of Board of

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Directors at which the proposal of the right shares or debenture is to be considered.

2. The company should inform the decision taken regarding the right issue to the stock

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exchange immediately.

3. As per section 81 of the Companies Act 1956 the company should obtain the

consent of the shareholders by way of a special resolution in general body meeting.

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4. The record date for closure of register of members should be intimated to the stock

exchanges.

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5. The letter of offer should give financial information before one month of the date of

letter of offer and from the date of company`s last balance sheet. The working

results regarding the sales/turnover and other income, estimated gross profit/loss

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should be provided. The provisions made for depreciation and taxes should be

presented. Estimated amount of profit and loss also should be given.

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The current market price of the share, highest and lowest price of the equity during

the related period and the week end prices for the last four weeks should be

provided. The shareholders can renounce the rights in favour of their nominees. The

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company has power to reject any nominee of whom it does not approve. If the

nominee is rejected, the shareholders have the right to take up shares applied by the

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rejected nominee.

The shareholders are entitled to apply for additional shares. If the shareholders have

renounced their shares in whole or in parts in favour of any other person, they

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cannot apply for additional shares. If the shares are not quoted at premium this

condition would be relaxed by the stock exchanges.

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6. The applications are accepted at all centres where recognised stock exchanges are

situated. If the company is not able to make such arrangements at all centres, it can
have the centres of its own choice subject to the condition that bank commission

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and collection charges for out station cheques would be borne by the company.

7. The letter of offer should be made within six weeks after the closure of the transfer

books.

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8. The shareholders should be given reasonable time to record their interest or exercise

their rights. It should not be not less than four weeks.

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9. The renunciation forms should be made available to the shareholders freely on

request.

10. The company should inform the stock exchange the last date fixed for submission

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of rights application, split/renunciation application and consolidated coupons.

11. The company should forward a specimen copy of the letter of offer and application

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form for the rights issue to the stock exchange.

12. After despatching the allotment letters or share certificates the company should

apply for listing in the prescribed form. The company has to submit the distribution,

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an analysis form and new issue statement forms.

13. After receiving the application form along with the required documents, the stock

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exchange would permit the shares to be listed for official dealing by its members.



The Securities and Exchange Board of India is taking steps to facilitate the speedy

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disposal of right issues. It has directed all stock exchanges to amend their listing rules.

The appraisal of the rights issue is left with the merchant bankers. The provisions relating

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to the fixing of record dates for the purpose of right issue has been ignored. The

companies can apply for record date simultaneously with the filing of the letter of offer

with SEBI.

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HIGH POWERED COMMITTEE RECOMMENDATION

The High P Committee`s recommendations on Stock Exchanges on listing of industries

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securities are given below


1. Once the completed listing application is submitted to the stock exchanges, it

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should not take more than three working days for the admission of securities for

dealings.

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2. Stock exchanges should set up guidance cells to provide required help to the

companies seeking enlistment. A uniform check list exhibiting the standard set

norms required by the stock exchanges for the admission of the securities for

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trading should be prepared.

3. An updated brochure on matters related to listing should be prepared by the stock

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exchanges. An annual review should be made regarding the compliances of the

provisions of listing agreement by the companies. It should also publicise the

names of the companies that have not complied with the listing requirement and

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the Government also has to be informed.


These recommendations have been accepted by the Government.

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DELISTING

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In December 1998, the Mumbai Stock Exchange has threatened to delist shares of over

700 companies for non-payment of listing fee for 1997-98 by December 1998. Over the

past years, several companies incurred loss and many of them were unable to pay the

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listing fee. But many companies purposefully avoided paying the listing fee. Delisting the

company`s share prevents the public scrutiny of performance. Many companies made

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public issue itself a business. Thus delisting may be compulsory or voluntary. Some of

the common causes for delisting are given below.

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Compulsory

a) Non-payment of listing fee or violation of listing agreement.

b) Thin/negligible trading or thin shareholding base.

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c) Non redressal of grievances.

d) Unfair trade practices at the behest of promoters or managers, and malpractice such

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as issuing of duplicate fake shares by management.


Voluntary
a)

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Unable to pay the listing fee. Listing fee is prohibitive.

b)

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Business sick/suspended/closed.

c)

Capital base is small.

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d)

Mergers, demergers, amalgamations and takeovers.

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Voluntary delisting is at present provided to the companies if three conditions are

satisfied.

(i) Company must have incurred losses in the preceding three years, with net worth

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less than the paid-up capital.

(ii) Securities have been infrequently traded.

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(iii) Securities remain listed at least on the regional stock exchange.

If these conditions are not fulfilled, Central Government approval would be needed. The

other ground under which voluntary delisting can be allowed by a stock exchange is for

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thin public share holding.

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CHANDRATRE COMMITTEE REPORT (1997)


The committee studied the problem of delisting and felt that the listing process at present

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does not have any degree of transparency. The committee felt that disclosures should be

made at every stage of the process. Advance public notice should be given by the stock

exchange on the proposed delisting.

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(i) Intimation to other stock exchanges where the securities are listed.

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(ii) Public notice of delisting should be given after the process is completed.

(iii) The annual report must contain details of delisting on any stock exchange with

reasons and justification.

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(iv) An appeal made against the decision to delist would lie with the Central

Government.

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(v) Dealing facility should be allowed for some time to provide a liquidity window

after delisting.

These detailed procedures must be made applicable even in the case of a voluntary

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delisting too. As far as the voluntary delisting, the proposal is to give public notice
explaining the justification for delisting and requires a special resolution authorising

voluntary delisting.

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Suggested framework The contents of the Listing Agreement (LA) are to be made part

of the Conditions for Listing and Continued Listing under the rules of SCRA. The LA is

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to have two parts: Part A to stipulate the minimum conditions for listing to all stock

exchanges (SE) and Part B to prescribe additional conditions by any SE.

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(i) Basic minimum listing norms for listing on any recognised SE must be uniform;

additional norms may be specified by SEs.

(ii) The LA may contain terms and conditions that serve investor interests though the

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law may allow greater leeway to a company on a particular issue.

(iii) Violation of the LA should be a punishable offense, with penalties of Rs 10,000

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and Rs, 1,000 per day of continuing default.

(iv) SEs have to be empowered to prosecute a company and its directors/officers for

violation of LA.

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(v) SEs have to strengthen their machinery for strict enforcement of LA and

institution of prosecution.

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(vi) SEBI to be nodal authority for any amendments to the LA with due consultation

of SEs to ensure uniformity and avoid confusion.

(vii) Pre-listing scrutiny of draft offer documents to be made mandatory for all stock

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exchanges before any SEs are cited in the final offer document as SEs on which

the securities would be listed.

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(viii) Listing norms should be disclosed and well publicised to ensure desired

transparency in the pre-listing scrutiny of offer documents.

(ix) Compulsory listing on Regional Stock Exchanges has to be dispensed with. SEs

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have to operate competitively and companies should have freedom of choice in

seeking listing on any SE.

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(x) Recovery of listing fee from shareholders in case of default by the company is not

a feasible proposition though they may be the beneficiaries of the SE`s services.

(xi) There is no need to bring uniformity in listing fee structure across SEs.

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(xii) SEs should be free to decide the quantum of listing fee`, manner of payment and

periodicity of payment.

(xiii) The listing fee should not be prohibitive and disproportionate to the services

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offered by the SE.

(xiv) SEs must improve services to investors-especially redressal of investor grievances

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and investor education.


RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

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Share of the companies listed on exchanges other than the Bombay Stock Exchange and

seeking listing on it, will be required to have a minimum market capitalisation of Rs 20

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crores as against the previous criterion of Rs 10 crores of issued capital.



The BSE board has decided that companies should have necessarily recorded profits for

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the last three years, traded on at least half the total trading days with a minimum of five

trades and 500 shares on any given day and have 20 per cent of the stock held with the

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public.

The board also decided to institute awards for investor friendly companies. Categorised

into three, companies would be awarded for best returns, being proactive in servicing

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investor needs and corporate governance. Non friendly companies are classified into Z`

category; the exchange has identified 300 such companies.

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3. TRADING MECHANISM

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MECHANICS OF SECURITY TRADING IN STOCK EXCHANGES

An investor must have some knowledge of how the securities markets operate. The

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marketing old or new securities on the stock markets can be done only through members

of the Stock Exchange. These members are either individuals or partnership firms. An

individual must use the facilities of these members for trading in securities unless he

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himself is a registered dealer or member of an organised stock exchange. Trading among

the members of a recognised stock exchange is to be done under the statutory regulations

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of the stock exchange. The members carrying on business are known as brokers` and can
trade only on listed securities. The se members execute customer`s orders to buy and sell

on the exchange and their firms receive negotiated commissions on those transactions.

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About one-fourth of all members of the exchange are specialists`, so called because they

specialise in making a market` for one or more particular kind of stock. In the process of

trading in stock exchanges, there is the basic need for a transaction` between an

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individual and the broker. A transaction to buy and sell securities is also called trades.`

This is to be done through the selection of a broker.

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1. Finding a Broker


The selection of a broker depends largely on the kind of services rendered by a particular

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broker as well as upon the kind of transaction that a person wishes to undertake. An

individual usually prefers to select a broker who can render the following services:

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(a) Provide information: A broker to be selected should be able to give information

about the available investments)These may be in the form of capital structure of

companies` earnings, dividend policies and prospects. These could also take the

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form of advice about taxes, portfolio planning and investment management.

(b) Availability of In vestment Literature: Secondly, a broker should be able to

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supply financial periodicals, prospectuses and reports. He should also prepare

and analyse valuable advisory literature to educate the investor.

(c) Appoint Competent Representatives: Brokers should have registered competent

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representatives who can assist customers with most of their problems.

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2. Kinds of Brokers - Selection



(a) Commission Broker: All brokers buy and sell securities for earning a

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commission. From the investor`s point of view, he is the most important

member of the exchange because his main function and responsibility is to buy

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and sell stock for his customers. He acts as an agent for his customer and earns a

commission for the service performed. He is an independent dealer in securities.

He purchases and sells securities in his own name. He is not allowed to deal

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with the non-members. He can either deal with a broker or another jobber.
(b) Jobber: A jobber is a professional speculator. He works for a profit called

turn.`

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(c) Floor Broker: The floor broker buys and sells shares for other brokers on the

floor of the exchange He is an individual member owns his own seat and

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receives commissions on the orders the executes. He helps other brokers when

they are busy and as compensation, receives a portion of the brokerage charged

by the commission agent to his customer.

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(d) Taraniwalla: The Taraniwalla is also called a jobber. He makes an orderly and

continuous auction in the market in the stock in which he specialises. He is a

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localised dealer and often handles transactions on a commission basis for other

brokers who are acting for their customers. He trades in the market even for

small differences in prices and helps to maintain liquidity in the stock exchange.

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(e) Odd Lot Dealer: The standard trading unit for listed stocks is designated as a

round lot which is usually a hundred shares. Anything less than the round lot is

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an odd lot which is traded on the floor of the exchange because odd lots appear

in odd quantities -- 8 shares, 10 shares or 15, 20, 25, 27, 33 and it is impossible

to match buying and selling orders in them. The specialists handle odd lots.

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They buy odd lots which other members wish to sell for their customers and sell

odd lots which others wish to buy. If dealers buy more than they sell or sell

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more than they buy, they can clear their position by engaging in round lot

transactions. The price of the odd lot is determined by the round lot transactions.

The odd lot dealer earns his profit on the difference between the price at which

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he buys and sells the securities. He does not rely on commission.

(f) Budliwalla: The financier in the stock exchange is also called the Budliwalla.

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For giving credit facilities to the market, he charges a fee called contango` or

backwardation` charge. The budliwalla gives a fully secured loan for a short

period of two to three weeks. This loan is governed according to the prevailing

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rate of interest in the market. The Budliwalla`s technique of lending is to take

up delivery on the due date at the end of the clearing to those who wish to carry

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over their sales. These transactions help him to make a profit on the prevailing

rates of interest, subject to regulations of the stock exchange.
(g) Arbitrageur: An arbitrageur is a specialist in dealing with securities in different

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stock exchange centres t the same time. He makes a profit by the difference in

prices prevailing in different centres of market activity. He maintains an office

with a good communication system and telephonic and tele-printer facility. His

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profit depends on the ability to get the prices from different centres before

others trading in the stock exchange.

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(h) Security Dealers: The purchase and sale of government securities is carried on

the stock exchange by Security Dealers. Each transaction of purchase or sale has

to be separately negotiated. The dealer takes risk in ready purchase and sale of

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securities for current requirements. The dealer has information about several

kinds of government securities as well as statutory public bodies, but the

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presence of large investors like the Life Insurance Corporation (LIC) and

commercial banks makes his role rather restricted.

3. Opening an Account with Broker

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After a broker has been selected, the investor has to place an order` on the broker. The

broker will open an account in the name of the investor in his books. He will also ask the

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investor for a small sum of money called margin-money as advance. In case, the investor

wishes to sell his securities, he will have to deposit with the broker share certificates and

transfer deeds. He will also have to sign in the transferor`s column on the transfer deed.

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The physical presence of share certificates is not required anymore in India if shares have

been through the demat` process.

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4. Order

Brokers receive a number of different types of buying and selling orders from their

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customers.


5. Choice of orders

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Buy and sell orders are placed with the members of the stock exchanges by the investors.

The orders are of &e types.
Limit orders Orders are limited by a fixed price. Buy Reliance Petroleum at Rs 50.

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Here, the order has clearly indicated the price at which it has to be bought and the

investor is not willing to give more than Rs 50.

Best rate order Here, the buyer or seller gives the freedom to the broker to execute the

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order at the best possible rate quoted on that particular date for buying. It may be the

lowest rate for buying and the highest rate for selling.

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Discretionary order The investor gives the range of price for purchase and sale. The

broker can use his discretion to buy within the specified limit. Generally the approximate

price is fixed. The order stands as this Buy BRC 100 shares around Rs 40`.

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Stop loss order The orders are given to limit the loss due to unfavourable price

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movements in the market. A particular limit is given for waiting. If the price falls below

the limit, the broker is authorised to sell the shares to prevent further loss. Ex. Sell BRC

Ltd at Rs 25, stop loss at Rs 22.

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KINDS OF TRADING ACTIVITY

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Options: An Option` is a contract which involves the right to buy or sell securities

(usually 100 shares) at specified prices within a stated time. There are various types of

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such contracts, of which puts` and calls` are most important. A put` is a negotiable

contract which gives the holder the right to sell a certain number of shares at a specified

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price within a limited time. A call` is the right to buy under a negotiable contract.

Sometimes, these option transactions are combined. These are called options and are

exercised through the following strategies:

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(a) Establishing a Spread: A spread involves the simultaneous purchase and sale of

different options of the same security. A vertical spread is the purchase of two

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options with the same expiry date but different striking prices. In a horizontal

spread, the striking price is the same but the expiry date differs.

(b) Buying a Call: Buyers of a Call look for option profits from some probable

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advance in the price of specified stock with a relatively small investment
compared with buying the stock outright. The maximum that can be lost is the

cost of the option itself.

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(c) Writing Options: A written option may be covered` or uncovered.` A covered

option is written against an owned stock position. An uncovered or naked`

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option is written without owning the security. A covered option is very

conservative. The income derived from the sale of a covered option offsets the

decline in the value of the specified security.

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(d) Wash Sales: A wash sale is a fictitious transaction in which the speculator sells

the security and then buys it at a higher price through another broker This gives a

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misleading and incorrect position about the value of the security in the market

The price of the security in the market rises in such a misleading situation and the

broker makes a profit by selling or unloading his security to the public This

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kind of trading is considered undesirable by the stock exchange regulations and a

penalty is charged for such sales.

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(e) Rigging the Market: This is a technique through which the market value of

securities is artificially forced up in the stock exchange. The demands of the

buyers force up the price. The brokers holding a large chunk of securities buy and

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sell to be able to widen and improve the market and gradually unload their

securities. This activity interferes with the normal interplay of demand and supply

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functions in the stock market.

(f) Cornering: Sometimes, brokers create a condition where the entire supply of

particular securities is purchased by a small group of individuals In this situation,

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those who have dealt with short sales` will be squeezed` and will not be able to

make their deliveries in time The buyers, therefore assume superior position and

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dictate terms to short sellers This is also an unhealthy technique of trading in

stock exchange.

(g) Blank Transfers: A blank transfer is one in which the transferor signs the form

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but does not fill-in the name of the transferee while transferring shares. Such a

transfer facilitates speculation in securities It involves temporary purchases and

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sales of securities without regulation.


ARBITRAGE

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Arbitrage is a technique of making a profit on stock exchange trading through difference

in price of two different markets. If advantages of price is taken between two markets in

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the same country, it is called domestic arbitrage.` Sometimes, arbitrage may also be

between one country and another. It is called foreign arbitrage.` Such an advantage in

prices between two countries can be taken when the currencies of both the countries can

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be easily converted.


Arbitrage usually equalises the price of security in different places. When the security is

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sold at a high price in a market, more of the supply of the security will tend to bring a fall

in the price, thus neutralisirig the price and making it equal to the price in the cheaper

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market.

On placing an order, the brokers get busy through different kinds of trading activities,

which may also include options and other speculations such as wash sales, rigging,

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cornering, blank transfers or arbitrage. The sp in the stock market are generally

represented by bull`, bear`, stag`, and lame duck`.

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(a) Bull: A bull is a person on the stock exchange who expects a rise in the price of a

certain security. A bull is also called a tejiwala`, because of his expectation of

price rise.

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(b) Bear: A bear is the opposite of a bull. He expects a fall in prices always. He is

popularly known as Mandiwalla.`

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(c) Bullish and Bearish: When the price is rising and the bulls` are active in the

market, there buoyancy and optimism in the share market. The market in this

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situation is reigning bullish.` When there is decline in prices, the market is said to

go bearish.` This is followed by pessimism and decline in the share market

activity.

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(d) Bull Campaign and Bear Raid: The bulls begin to spread rumours in the market

about rise ii when there is an over-bought condition in the market, i.e. the

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purchases made by the speculators exceed sales made by them. This is called a

bull campaign.` Similarly, a bear raid` is a condition when speculative sales
made by bear speculators exceed the purchases made by them and they spread

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rumours to bring the price down.

(e) Lame Duck: A Bear cannot always keep his commitments because the price does

not move the way he wants the shares to move. He is, therefore, said to be

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struggling like a lame duck.

(f) Stag: A stag is a cautious speculator. He does not buy or sell securities but applies

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for shares in the new issue market just like a genuine investor on the expectation

that the price of the share will soon rise and be sold for a premium. The stag

shares the same approach as a bull, always expecting a rise in price. As soon as

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the stag receives an allotment of his shares, he sells them. He is, therefore, taking

advantage in the rise in price of shares and is called premium hunter.`

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(g) Hedging: Hedging is a device through which a person protects himself against

loss. A bull agreeing to purchase a security for someone may hedge` or protect

himself by buying a put option` so that any loss that he r suffer in his transaction

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may be offset. Similarly, a seller can hedge against loss through call`.

Giving Margin Money to Broker

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Margin: Margin is the amount of money provided by customers to the brokers who have

agreed to trade their securities. It may also be called a provision to absorb any probable

loss.

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Execution of Order in the Stock Exchange

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Making a Deal: When the broker receives the margin money and is clear about the order

received by him, he puts the details in the order book.` The broker in the beginning of

his career makes the deals himself. Once his business grows, he employs clerks to

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transact his orders.

The stock exchange hail` also called a floor` is divided into a number of markets

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according to the security which is being dealt with. The authorised clerk goes to the

particular part of the floor called the pit` and makes his quotation for the purchase or sale

according to the order. The dealer to whom the quotation is given quotes his own price, if

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it does not suit the clerk, he asks for a lower price to be quoted When both the sides are

satisfied, the price is settled and the bargain` is made.

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Preparing Contract Note in the Stock Exchange


Contract Note: The clerk takes the details of the day`s transaction to the broker at the end

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of the working day. The broker scrutinises all transactions of the day and prepares a

contract note and signs it on a prescribed form. The contract note gives the details of the

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contract for the purchase or sale of securities; it records the number of shares, rate and

date of purchase or sale. It also gives the brokerage` entitlement to the broker.

Settlement of Contracts

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Settlement: The last step is the settlement of the contract by the broker for his client. The

procedure for settlement is to be made (a) for ready delivery contracts and (b) for forward

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delivery contracts.

Ready Delivery Contracts: A ready delivery contract is to be settled within three days in

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Kolkata Stock Exchange and 7 days at the Mumbai and Chennai Stock Exchange. A

ready delivery contract is also called a spot` contract. The settlement under this contract

can be made on the same day or during the maximum period of 7 days and there can be

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no extension, or postponement of the time of settlement. Ready delivery contracts can be

settled in two ways:

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(i) By Actual Delivery: The securities may be purchased or sold and the price is

paid or received in full.

(ii) By Paying the Difference: The securities are not actually delivered but on the

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settlement day the transaction is squared by paying the difference.

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Carry Over' or `Badla'

Carry Over` or Badla` is the facility of postponing a transaction till the next settlement

day. This facility is available only in forward delivery contracts. Postponement of a

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transaction is effected by payment of an amount called Badla Charge.` Badla is

transacted in the following manner:
First, cancel the existing contract by squaring it up. Cancellation is to be made at the

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price determined by Stock Exchange authorities.

Second, prepare a new transaction through the original transaction for settlement on the

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next settlement day.



Third, payment of a badla` charge. When a Bull speculator wishes to defer his

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transaction, he pays a contango charge` to the Bear speculator for carrying over of his

purchase agreement to the next settlement.

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Screen Based Trading System

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In March 1995, the Bombay (Mumbai) Stock Exchange has introduced screen based

trading called BOLT (BSE on-line Trading). The BOLT is designed to get best bids and

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offers from jobbers` book as well as the best buy and sell orders from the order book.

Slowly the network is being extended to other cities too. Now the BOLT has a nation

wide network. Trading Work Stations are connected with the main computer at Mumbai

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through Wide Area Network (WAN). The capacity of the Tandem hardware of BOLT is

5,00,000 trades per day (in 6 hours i.e. from 9:30 a.m. to 3:30 p.m. ). After getting

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specific approval from SEBI, BOLT connections have been installed in Ahmedabad,

Rajkot, Pune, Vadodara and Calcutta. The number of scrips on BSE was 4,702 in March

1995 and has increased to 5,853 in March 1998. The following table indicates the trend

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of trade in the BSE.

Trade in BSE

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Year

Number of

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Market

Annual

Average Daily Turnover

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Listed Companies Capitalisation Turnover

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(Rs in Billion)

1994-95

4702

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4355

677

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1.8

1995-96

5602

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5365

501

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2.2

1996-97

5832

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4639

1243

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5.2

1997-98

5853

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5603

2706

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8.5

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SECURITIES TRADED

The securities traded in the BSE are classified into three groups namely, specified shares

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or A` group and non-specified securities. The latter is sub-divided into B 1` and B`

groups. A` group contains the companies with large outstanding shares, good track

record and large volume of business in the secondary market. Carry forward transactions

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for a period of 90 days are permitted in A group shares. A group contains 150 companies.

Relatively liquid securities come under the B 1` group and it comprises 746 companies.

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The remaining shares are placed under the B` group. Settlements of all the shares are

carried out through the Clearing House. The settlement period is reduced from 14 days to

7 days for all scrips.

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SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM

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There is a separate surveillance department in the stock exchange. The surveillance

department aims at providing free and fair market, arresting unsystematic risk from

entering into the system and managing risks. The surveillance can be classified into price

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surveillance and pre-monitoring.


Price Surveillance

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The surveillance department keeps a close watch over the price movements of scrips and

aims at an early detection of market manipulation like price rigging. The price

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surveillance is effectively carried out mainly through

1. Circuit filters and

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2. Margins.



Circuit filters The circuit filters decide the range within which the traded prices of a

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scrip can vary on a day compared to the previous day`s closing price. The filter

percentages are entered into the system. The quote orders outside the prescribed filter

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band cannot be traded. The filter percentages for various scrips are changed at the end of

the day. If there is a need, it may be changed even when the trade is going on. In spite of
the price filters if there is a manipulation in the price, the trading of the particular scrip is

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suspended for a day or more depending upon the situation.

Margins The trading members deposit part of their trades as a margin to the exchange.

The margin amount varies for Type-I members who trade in A` group shares and Type-I

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members who have not opted for carry forward trade. Type-I members pay a daily

margin of 15% on their trades both on delivery and carry forward. For Type-H members,

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the margin is computed on the basis of gross exposure or net exposure and the higher of

the margin is charged. Mark-to-market margins are collected on all notional losses on a

daily basis. Carry over margin is collected when traders` transactions are carried

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forwarded in A` or specified group scrip from one settlement to another settlement.

Special margin To curb the unwanted risk in the price and volume special margin has

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been imposed. The special margin is levied on the net cumulative purchase of the scrip in

which the rise in price is abnormally high. It ranges from 25% to 100%.

Concentration margin Apart from daily margin if the member`s trade is concentrated on

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limited number of scrips say one to three scrips, concentration margin is levied. If the

sale or purchase position exceeds 50%, 65% and 80% respectively, the member has to

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pay concentration margin.



Additional volatility margin This margin is imposed on scrips quoting above Rs.40. If

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the price of the scrip changes by 16% or more in one settlement compared to the closing

price at the close of the previous settlement, additional volatility margin is imposed on

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the traders.

Ad-hoc margin The exchange imposes ad-hoc margin above the daily margins. To have

an effective risk management, it is levied when there is an excessive purchase or

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concentrated purchase position in some scrips. It is also imposed if the member`s

financial position may not appear to be sound compared to the market exposure.

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CHECK ON THE BOLT TERMINALS

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The work stations of the members are deactivated generally on two occasions: the

member`s failure to pay the fee and violation of the trade restrictions given by the

authorities. The decision to deactivate is taken on case- to-case basis.

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Position monitoring The position monitoring means watching of the member`s trade

position and the outstanding exposure. This is carried out to ensure a smooth completion

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of pay-in and pay-out settlement. Towards this purpose, various Market Monitoring

Reports (MMR) are prepared from the trading data. The Information System Department

(ISD) of the exchange provides available data on trade.

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Outstanding market position The trade exposure beyond a limit is monitored. The trade

outstanding market position is R 10 million and above for A + B1 group scrips. It is Rs 5

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million and above in the case of B group scrip. It is Rs 1 million and above for individual

scrips. The market exposures of the members are compared with the financial soundness

of the members and their normal volume of business. If the margin cover is not adequate

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against their outstanding position corrective steps are taken. Adhoc margins are imposed

and details of members` dealings are obtained. The member is advised to square up the

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outstanding position.

Concentrated purchase or sales Sometimes the members concentrate their trading only

on certain scrips and it may end in price rigging. The exchange takes appropriate

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surveillance against it. The judgment of risk is made on the basis of fundamentals of the

scrips, daily turnover and market transactions. The market transactions are scrutinised by

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cross deals, negotiated deals for settlement, transactions for international investors,

Indian financial institutions (IFI), Mutual funds (MFs) and corporate clients.

Carry forward positions The exchange limits the carry forward settlement also. The

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limit given by the exchange is Rs 200 million for the members at the end of settlement

and Rs 300 million at the end of any day within a settlement. Adherence to these limits

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has been closely monitored by the Surveillance Department. The department also inspects

certain dealings and books of accounts of the members. Irregularities are referred to the

Disciplinary Action Committee (DAC) of the Exchange and Scrutiny Committee of the

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Ex change.

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4. INSIDER TRADING

The most profitable technique employed in the stock market is using one`s access to rice

sensitive information ahead of others. For example, Hindustan Lever announced the

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merger of Broke Bond Lipton India with itself on April 16, 1996. But hectic trading took

place on the two scrips preceding the announcement. Once the information became

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public, the trading volume and price declined. Several examples like this can be cited. To

prove this SEBI has come out with the SEBI Insider Trading Regulation 1992. The act

has defined the insider and the price sensitive information as

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Who is or was connected with the company

Who is deemed to have been connected with the company and is reasonably

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expected to have access by virtue of such connection to unpublished price

information or

Who has received or has had access to unpublished price sensitive information.

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Connected person is any person:

Who is a director or is deemed to be a director as per the definition in the

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Companies Act

Who is an officer or employee of the company

Who holds a position involving a professional or business relationship with the

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company and who may reasonably be expected to have access to unpublished

price sensitive information

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a subsidiary as per section (370) (IB) on 372 (11)

an official or member of a stock exchange

a dealer in securities or an employee of such dealer member

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a merchant banker, share transfer agent, registrar, debenture trustee, broker,

portfolio manger, investment advisor, sub-broker, investment company or an

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employee thereof, a trustee of a mutual fund, or director on the board of an asset

management company

a director or employee of a public financial institution

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an official or employee of a self-regulatory organisation

a relative of any of the above

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banker to the company
Unpublished price sensitive information areas are given below

Financial results of the company

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Intended declaration of dividends

Rights or bonus share offers

Major expansion plans or execution of new projects

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Amalgamation, mergers and takeovers

Disposal of the whole of the undertaking

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Such other information as may affect the earnings of the company

Any changes in policies, plans or operations of the company

Prohibition of deals SEBI prohibits an insider from dealings. SEBI is empowered to

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investigate cases of insider trading. The person being investigated by SEBI is required to

produce books, accounts and other documents which the investigating authority may

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require. SEBI has the authority to restrain the insider from dealing in securities. Any

person violating the provision of the insider trading regulation is liable to be punished

with fine or imprisonment under the Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992.

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5. INTERNET TRADING

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The Net is used as a medium of trading in internet trading. Orders are communicated to

the stock exchange through website. Internet trading started in India on 1St April 2000

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with 79 members seeking permission for online trading. The SEBI committees on

internet based securities trading services has allowed the net to be used as an Order

Routing System (ORS) through registered stock brokers on behalf of their clients for

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execution of transaction.

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Under the Order Routing System the client enters his requirements (security, quantity,

price, and buy/sell) in broker`s site. They are checked electronically against the clients

account and routed electronically to the appropriate exchange for execution by the

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broker. The client receives a confirmation on execution of the order. The customer`s

portfolio and ledger accounts get updated to reflect the transaction.

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The user should have the user id and password to enter into the electronic ring. He should

also have a demat account and bank account. The system permits only a registered client

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to log in using user ID and password. Order can be placed using place order window of

the website.

The client has to enter stock code and other parameters such as quantity and price

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of the scrip on the place order window.

The client can review the order placed by clicking the review option. He can also

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reset to clear the values.

Satisfactory orders are sent by clicking the Send option.

The client receives an order confirmation message with order number and value

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of the order.

If the order is rejected by the broker or stock exchange for certain reasons such as

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invalid price limit, a related message appears at the bottom of the screen. The time

taken to execute the order is 10 seconds.

When the trade is executed, the broker asks for the transfer of funds by the

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investor to his account. Stocks are credited/debited according to the buy/sell order

in the demat accounts.

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Internet trading provides total transparency between a broker and an investor in the

secondary market. In the open outcry system, only the broker knew the actually

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transacted price. Screen based trading provides more transparency. With online trading

investors can see themselves the price at which the deal takes place.

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The time gap has narrowed in every stage of operation. Confirmation and execution of

trade reaches the investor within the least possible time, mostly within 30 seconds.

Instant feedback is available about the execution. Some of the websites also offer;

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News and research report
BSE and NSE movements
Stock analysis
Freebies

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IPO and mutual fund centers and
Movements of international stock exchanges.

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6. TAKEOVERS & MERGER


Terms such as merger, amalgamation, take-over, consolidation, etc., are used int to

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denote the process of corporate re-structuring. There is no common definition and these

terms may be used to describe a re-structuring of one type of the other. Generally, these

terms are used to denote a particular type of re-structuring as follows:

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MERGER:

The term merger includes consolidation, amalgamation and absorption. It refers to a

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situation when two or more existing firms combine together and form a new entity. Either

a new company may be incorporated for this purpose or one existing company (generally

a bigger one) survives and another existing company (which is smaller) is merged into it.

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If a new company is incorporated, it is known as a case of consolidation/amalgamation.

However, if an existing company is merged into another existing company, it is known as

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absorption. The merger of Tata Oil Mills Ltd. and Brook Bond Lipton (India) Ltd. into

Hindustan Lever Ltd. were cases of absorption. On the other hand, merger of 4

companies into HCL Ltd. was a case of consolidation. In year 2000, Times Bank had

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been merged with HDFC Bank, in line with the wave of consolidation that is sweeping

across the global banking industry. SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceutical Ltd. has been

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merged into Glaxo Ltd. ICICI Ltd., a financial institution has been merged into ICICI

Bank Ltd.

Merger is an arrangement for bringing the assets of two firms under control of one. It

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signifies the transfer of all assets and liabilities of one or more existing companies to

another existing or new company. A basic feature of merger is that one company takes

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the ownership of another company and combine its operations with that of its own

operations. The term merger is used to denote the fusion of two or more companies.

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TAKEOVERS:

In general takeovers refer to the acquiring of ownership right in the property and assets.

It denotes a situation when one company acquires (i) ownership in the assets, and to

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control of monies of another company. The other company of which the control is so

acquired remains a separate company and is not liquidated, but there is a change in

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control. A.V. Birla Group has acquired controlling interest in Larsen & Toubro Ltd.
Acquisition results when one company purchases the controlling interest in the share

capital of another existing company in any of the following ways:

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(a) By entering into an agreement with a person or persons holding controlling

interest in the other company.

(b) By subscribing new shares being issued by the other company.

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(c) By purchasing shares of the other company at a stock exchange.

(d) By making an offer to buy the shares of other company, to the existing

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shareholders of that company.


The term take-over is used to denote the acquisition, which is hostile in nature and the

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company which is being taken-over may put resistance and oppose the take-over bid.

Two companies, i.e., DCM Ltd. and Escorts Ltd. had successfully resisted the take-over

bid on their companies by the Caparo Group of the U.K. Arun Bajoria made an

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unsuccessful bid to take over the controlling interest in Bombay Dying Ltd.

Another form of acquisition may take place in the form of holding-subsidiary relationship

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between two companies. A company is called a holding company if it controls the

composition of the Board of Directors of the other company, or holds more than half in

nominal value of the equity share capital of the other company. The other company in

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such a case is known as the subsidiary company. Both holding and the subsidiary

companies maintain their individual identity in the eyes of law as well as in practice.

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Generally, the relationship between holding and subsidiary companies takes place at the

time of incorporation of the latter. Reliance Petro Chemical Ltd. was incorporated as a

subsidiary of Reliance Industries Ltd. and later it was merged into the holding company.

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Hindustan Lever Chemical Ltd. (erstwhile Stepan Chemical Ltd.) is a subsidiary of

Hindustan Lever Ltd. In most of the cases, subsidiary companies are small in size and

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operate as an investment or financing arm of the holding company.

In accounting, the term merger is taken in a different way. The Accounting Standard, AS-

14, issued by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India has defined the term

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amalgamation by classifying (i) Amalgamation in the nature of merger, and (ii)

Amalgamation in the nature of purchase.

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MERGERS AND TAKE-OVERS: INDIAN SCENE

In India, the concept of mergers, acquisitions and take-overs had not been popular and

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kept a low profile, and the reason for this is quite obvious. The regulatory and prohibitory

provisions of MRTP Act, 1969 provided for a cumbersome procedure to get approval for

mergers and acquisitions under the Act. However, most of the previsions of the MRTP

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Act, 1969, have been repealed as a part of economic liberalization drive of the

Government of India. In most of the cases, merger in India used to be friendly

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amalgamation resulting as a consequence of a negotiated deal, untill 1988 when there was

the well-known unsuccessful hostile take-over bid by Swaraj Paul (of Caparo Group of

the U.K) to get control over DCM Ltd. and Escorts Ltd. Many other Non-resident

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Indians, such as Chabrias, Hindujas, etc., also attempted to take over many Indian

companies by buying shares of these companies at stock exchanges.

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During recent years, there have been a spate of merger moves by various industrial

groups. Voirho Ltd., a loss-making company, was amalgamated with Voltas Ltd.

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Hindustan Lever Ltd., first, acquired Tata Oil Mills from the Tata Group and then merged

other group ccmpanies, i.e., Brook Bond Lipton (India) Ltd. and Ponds (India Ltd.) with

it. The SCICI Ltd., which was initially promoted by ICICI Ltd., has been merged with the

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latter. Jindal Ferroy Alloys Ltd. has been merged with Jindal Strips Ltd. ITC Classic Ltd.

has been merged with ICICI Ltd. British Gas Company has taken over Gujarat Gas

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Company. Company like Nicholas Piramal has been built only by mergers and

acquisitions. India Cement Ltd.`s offer for Raasi Cement Ltd. and the offer of Sterlite

Ltd, for taking over Indian Aluminum Company have heralded a new era of hostile take-

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overs in India.

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Regulatory Framework in India:

Initially, the regulatory framework for mergers and acquisitions was contained in MRTP

Act, 1969. As a measure for reviving the sick enterprises, the Government introduced

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certain fiscal concessions through the Finance Act, 1976 under Section 72A of the

Income Tax Act, 1961. A profit-making enterprise taking over a sick firm was allowed to

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carry forward and set off accumulated losses of the later (subject to certain conditions).
Presently, the mergers and acquisitions of corporate entities are regulated by provisions

contained in (i) Companies Act, 1956; (ii) Security Contracts (Regulations) Act, 1956;

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(iii) Income-Tax Act, 1961; (iv) Sick Industries Companies (Special Provisions) Act,

1985; (v) Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992, and (vi) Listing Agreement

of the Stock Exchanges.

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Tax Aspects of Mergers and Takeovers:

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Income Tax Act, 1961 is vital among all tax laws which affect the merger of firms from

the point of view of tax savings/liabilities. However, the benefits under this Act are

available only if the following conditions mentioned in Section 2 (1B) of the Act are

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fulfilled:

(a) All the amalgamating companies should be companies within the meaning of the

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Section 2 (17) of the Income Tax Act, 1961;

(b) All the properties of the amalgamating company (i.e., the target firm) should be

transferred to the amalgamated company (i.e., the acquiring firm);

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(c) All the liabilities of the amalgamating company should become the liabilities of

the amalgamated company; and

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(d) The shareholders of not less than 90% of the share capital of the amalgamating

company should become the shareholders of amalgamated company.

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In case of mergers and amalgamations, a number of issues may arise with respect to tax

implications. Some of the relevant provisions may be summarized as follows:

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Depreciation:

The amalgamated company continues to claim depreciation on the basis of written down

value of fixed assets transferred to it by the amalgamating company. The depreciation

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charge may be based on the consideration paid and without any re-valuation. However,

unabsorbed depreciation, if any, cannot be assigned to the amalgamated company and

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hence no tax benefit is available in this respect.


Capital Expenditures:
If the amalgamating company transfers to the amalgamated company any asset

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representing capital expenditure on scientific research, then it is deductible in the hands

of the amalgamated company under Section 35 of the Income Tax Act, 1961.

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Exemption from Capital Gains Tax:

The transfer of assets by amalgamating company to the amalgamated company, under the

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scheme of amalgamation is exempted for capital gains tax subject to conditions, namely

(i) that the amalgamated company should be an Indian Company, and (ii) that the shares

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are issued in consideration of the shares, to any shareholder, in the amalgamated

company. The exchange of old shares in the amalgamated company by the new shares in

the amalgamating company, is not considered as sale by the shareholders and hence no

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profit or loss on such exchange is taxable in the hands of the shareholders of the

amalgamated company.

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Carry Forward Losses of Sick Companies:

Section 72A(1) of the Income Tax Act, 1961 deals with the mergers of the sick

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companies with healthy companies and to take advantage of the carry forward losses of

the amalgamating company. But the benefits under this Section with respect to

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unabsorbed depreciation and carry forward losses are available only if the following

conditions are fulfilled:

(i)

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The amalgamating company is an Indian Company;

(ii)

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The amalgamating company should not be financially viable;

(iii)

The amalgamation should be in public interest;

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(iv)

The amalgamation should facilitate the revival of the business of the

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amalgamating company;

(v)

The scheme of amalgamation is approved by a specified authority; and

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(vi)

The amalgamated company should continue to carry on the business of the

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amalgamating company without any modification.


Amalgamation Expenses:
In case, an expenditure is incurred red towards professional charges of Solicitors for the

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services rendered in connection with the scheme of amalgamation, then such expenses

are deductible in the hands of the amalgamated firm.
REFERENCE QUESTIONS

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1.

What is listing of share? Describe the advantages provided for listing. What

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document should be filed for listing of shares?

2.

What is the methodology adopted in security trading on stock exchange?

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3.

What are the different kinds of brokers operating in the stock market? How do

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they trade securities in the stock market?

4.

Explain the screen based trading system adopted in BSE.

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5.

Define OTCEI. Explain the trading & settlement system of OTCEI.

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6.

Explain the functionary of NSDL.

7.

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What is meant by stock exchange? Explain its main function.

8.

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Explain the role played by stock exchange in the economic development.

9.

Define Takeover & SEBI regulations regarding takeover.

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10. How has SEBI regulated Insider trading in the stock exchanges?

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UNIT IV

4.0 Depository Meaning:

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A depository can be compared to a bank. A depository holds securities (like shares,

debentures, bonds, Government Securities, units etc.) of investors in electronic form.

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Besides holding securities, a depository also provides services related to transactions in

securities.

4.1 Role and need: Depository plays a vital role in the following areas:

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1. Immediate transfer of securities;

2. No stamp duty on transfer of securities;

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3. Elimination of risks associated with physical certificates such as bad delivery ,

fake securities , etc.;
4. Reduction in paperwork involved in transfer of securities;

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5. Reduction in transaction cost;

6. Nomination facility;

7. Change in address recorded with DP gets registered electronically with all

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companies in which investor holds securities eliminating the need to correspond

with each of them separately;

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8. Transmission of securities is done by DP eliminating correspondence with

companies;

9. Convenient method of consolidation of folios/accounts ;

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10. Holding investments in equity, debt instruments and Government securities in a

single account;

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Depositories Act, 1996

[22 of 1996]

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An Act to provide for regulation of depositories in securities and for matters connected

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therewith or incidental thereto.

BE it enacted by Parliament in the Forty-seventh Year of the Republic of India as

follows: --

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Chapter I

Preliminary

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Short title, extent and commencement.

1. (1) This Act may be called the Depositories Act, 1996.

(2) It extends to the whole of India.

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(3) It shall be deemed to have come into force on the 20th day of September, 1995.

Definitions.

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2. (1) in this Act, unless the context otherwise requires, --

(a)

beneficial owner means a person whose name is recorded as such

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with a depository;

(b)

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Board means the Securities and Exchange Board of India

Established under section 3 of the Securities and Exchange Board of
India Act, 1992 (15 of 1992);

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(c)

bye-laws means bye-laws made by a depository under section 26;

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(d) Company Law Board means the Board of Company Law

Administration constituted under section 10E of the Companies Act,

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1956 (1 of 1956);

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(e) Depository means a company formed and registered under the

Companies Act, 1956 (1 of 1956), and which has been granted a

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Certificate of registration under sub-section (1A) of section 12 of the

Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992 (15 of 1992);

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(f)

Issuer means any person making an issue of securities;

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(g) Participant means a person registered as such under sub-section

(1A) of section 12 of the Securities and Exchange Board of India Act,

1992 (15 of 1992);

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(h)

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Prescribed means prescribed by rules made under this Act;

(i)

record includes the records maintained in the form of books or

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Stored in a computer or in such other form as may be determined by

Regulations;

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(j)

registered owner means a depository whose name is entered as

such in the register of the issuer;

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(k)

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Regulations means the regulations made by the Board;

(Ka)

Securities Appellate Tribunal means a Securities Appellate

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Tribunal established under sub-section (1) of section 15K of the

Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992 (15 of 1992);]

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(l)

Security means such security as may be specified by the Board;

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(m)

service means any service connected with recording of allotment

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of securities or transfer of ownership of securities in the record of a

Depository.

(2) Words and expressions used herein and not defined but defined in the

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Companies Act, 1956 (1 of 1956), or the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956

(42 of 1956), or the Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992 (15 of 1992), shall

have the meanings respectively assigned to them in those Acts.

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Chapter II

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Certificate of Commencement of Business

Certificate of commencement of business by depositories.

3. (1) No depository shall act as a depository unless it obtains a certificate of

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commencement of business from the Board.

(2) A certificate granted under sub-section (1) shall be in such form as may be specified

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by the regulations.

(3) The Board shall not grant a certificate under sub-section (1) unless it is satisfied that

the depository has adequate systems and safeguards to prevent manipulation of records

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and transactions:

Provided that no certificate shall be refused under this section unless the depository

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concerned has been given a reasonable opportunity of being heard.

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Chapter III

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Rights and obligations of depositories, participants,

issuers and beneficial owners

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Agreement between depository and participant.

4. (1) A depository shall enter into an agreement with one or more participants as its

agent.

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(2) Every agreement under sub-section (1) shall be in such form as may be specified by

the bye-laws.

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Services of depository.

5. Any person, through a participant, may enter into an agreement, in such form as may

be specified by the bye-laws, with any depository for availing its services.

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Surrender of certificate of security.

6. (1) Any person who has entered into an agreement under section 5 shall surrender the

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certificate of security, for which he seeks to avail the services of a depository, to the

issuer in such manner as may be specified by the regulations.

(2) The issuer, on receipt of certificate of security under sub-section (1), shall cancel

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the certificate of security and substitute in its records the name of the depository as a

registered owner in respect of that security and inform the depository accordingly.

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(3) A depository shall, on receipt of information under sub-section (2), enter the name

of the person referred to in sub-section (1) in its records, as the beneficial owner

Registration of transfer of securities with depository.

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7. (1) every depository shall, on receipt of intimation from a participant, register the

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transfer of security in the name of the transferee.

(2) If a beneficial owner or a transferee of any security seeks to have custody of such

security the depository shall inform the issuer accordingly.

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Options to receive security certificate or hold securities with depository.

8. (1) every person subscribing to securities offered by an issuer shall have the option

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either to receive the security certificates or hold securities with a depository.

(2) Where a person opts to hold a security with a depository, the issuer shall intimate

such depository the details of allotment of the security, and on receipt of such

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information the depository shall enter in its records the name of the allottee as the

beneficial owner of that security.

Securities in depositories to be in fungible form.

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9. (1) all securities held by a depository shall be dematerialized and shall be in a fungible

form.

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(2) Nothing contained in sections 153, 153A, 153B, 187B, 187C and 372 of the

Companies Act, 1956 (1 of 1956), shall apply to a depository in respect of securities held

by it on behalf of the beneficial owners.]

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Rights of depositories and beneficial owner.

10. (1) Not withstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force,

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a depository shall be deemed to be the registered owner for the purposes of effecting

transfer of ownership of security on behalf of a beneficial owner.

(2) Save as otherwise provided in sub-section (1), the depository as a registered

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owner shal not have any voting rights or any other rights in respect of securities held by
it.
(3) The beneficial owner shall be entitled to all the rights and benefits and be

subjected to all the liabilities in respect of his securities held by a depository.

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Register of beneficial owner.

11. Every depository shall maintain a register and an index of beneficial owners in the

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manner provided in sections 150, 151 and 152 of the Companies Act, 1956 (1 of 1956).

Pledge or hypothecation of securities held in a depository.

12. (1) Subject to such regulations and bye-laws, as may be made in this behalf, a

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beneficial owner may with the previous approval of the depository create a pledge or

hypothecation in respect of a security owned by him through a depository.

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(2) Every beneficial owner shall give intimation of such pledge or hypothecation to

the depository and such depository shall thereupon make entries in its records

accordingly.

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(3) Any entry in the records of a depository under sub-section (2) shall be evidence of a

pledge or hypothecation.

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Furnishing of information and records by depository and issuer.
13. (1) every depository shall furnish to the issuer information about the transfer of

securities in the name of beneficial owners at such intervals and in such manner as may

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be specified by the bye-laws.

(2) Every issuer shall make available to the depository copies of the relevant records in

respect of securities held by such depository.

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Option to opt out in respect of any security.

14. (1) If a beneficial owner seeks to opt out of a depository in respect of any security he

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shall inform the depository accordingly.

(2) The depository shall on receipt of intimation under sub-section (1) make appropriate

entries in its records and shall inform the issuer.

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(3) Every issuer shall, within thirty days of the receipt of intimation from the depository

and on fulfillment of such conditions and on payment of such fees as may be specified by

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the regulations, issue the certificate of securities to the beneficial owner or the transferee,

as the case may be.

Act 18 of 1891 to apply to depositories.

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15. The Bankers` Books Evidence Act, 1891 shall apply in relation to a depository as if it

were a bank as defined in section 2 of that Act.

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Depositories to indemnify loss in certain cases.

16. (1) Without prejudice to the provisions of any other law for the time being in force,

any loss caused to the beneficial owner due to the negligence of the depository or the

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participant, the depository shall indemnify such beneficial owner.

(2) Where the loss due to the negligence of the participant under sub-section (1) is

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indemnified by the depository, the depository shall have the right to recover the same

from such participant.

Rights and obligations of depositories, etc.

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17. (1) Subject to the provisions of this Act, the rights and obligations of the depositories,

participants and the issuers whose securities are dealt with by a depository shall be

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specified by the regulations.

(2) The eligibility criteria for admission of securities into the depository shall be specified

by the regulations.

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CHAPTER IV

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ENQUIRY AND INSPECTION

Power of Board to call for information and enquiry.

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18. (1) The Board, on being satisfied that it is necessary in the public interest or in the

interest of investors so to do, may, by order in writing,--

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(a)

call upon any issuer, depository, participant or beneficial owner to furnish

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in writing such information relating to the securities held in a depository as it may

require; or

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(b)

Authorize any person to make an enquiry or inspection in relation to the

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affairs of the issuer, beneficial owner, depository or participant, who shall submit a report

of such enquiry or inspection to it within such period as may be specified in the order.

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(2) Every director, manager, partner, secretary, officer or employee of the depository or

issuer or the participant or beneficial owner shall on demand produce before the person

making the enquiry or inspection all information or such records and other documents in

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his custody having a bearing on the subject-matter of such enquiry or inspection.

Power of Board to give directions in certain cases.

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19. Save as provided in this Act, if after making or causing to be made an enquiry or

inspection, the Board is satisfied that it is necessary--

(i)

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in the interest of investors, or orderly development of securities market; or

(ii)

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to prevent the affairs of any depository or participant being conducted in the

manner detrimental to the interests of investors or securities market,

it may issue such directions,--

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(a)

to any depository or participant or any person associated with the securities

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market; or

(b) To any issuer,
as may be appropriate in the interest of investors or the securities market.

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[Penalty for failure to furnish information, return, etc.

19A. Any person, who is required under this Act or any rules or regulations or bye-laws

made there under,--

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(a)

to furnish any information, document, books, returns or report to the Board, fails

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to furnish the same within the time specified therefore, he shall be liable to a penalty of

one lakh rupees for each day during which such failure continues or one crore rupees,

whichever is less for each such failure;

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(b)

to file any return or furnish any information, books or other documents within the

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time specified therefore in the regulations or bye-laws, fails to file return or furnish the

same within the time specified therefore, he shall be liable to a penalty of one lakh rupees

for each day during which such failure continues or one crore rupees, whichever is less;

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(c)

to maintain books of account or records, fails to maintain the same, he shal be

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liable to a penalty of one lakh rupees for each day during which such failure continues or
one crore rupees, whichever is less.
Penalty for failure to enter into an agreement.

19B. If a depository or participant or any issuer or its agent or any person, who is

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registered as an intermediary under the provisions of section 12 of the Securities and

Exchange Board of India Act, 1992 (15 of 1992), and is required under this Act or any

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rules or regulations made there under, to enter into an agreement, fails to enter into such

agreement, such depository or participant or issuer or its agent or intermediary shall be

liable to a penalty of one lakh rupees for each day during which such failure continues or

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one crore rupees, whichever is less for every such failure.

Penalty for failure to redress investors` grievances.

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19C. If any depository or participant or any issuer or its agent or any person, who is

registered as an intermediary under the provisions of section 12 of the Securities and

Exchange Board of India Act, 1992 (15 of 1992), after having been called upon by the

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Board in writing, to redress the grievances of the investors, fails to redress such

grievances within the time specified by the Board, such depository or participant or issuer

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or its agents or intermediary shall be liable to a penalty of one lakh rupees for each day

during which such failure continues or one crore rupees, whichever is less.

Penalty for delay in dematerialization or issue of certificate of securities.

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19D. If any issuer or its agent or any person, who is registered as an intermediary under

the provisions of section 12 of the Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992 (15

of 1992), fails to dematerialize or issue the certificate of securities on opting out of a

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depository by the investors, within the time specified under this Act or regulations or

bye-laws made hereunder or abets in delaying the process of dematerialization or issue

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the certificate of securities on opting out of a depository of securities, such issuer or its

agent or intermediary shall be liable to a penalty of one lakh rupees for each day during

which such failure continues or one crore rupees, whichever is less.

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Penalty for failure to reconcile records.

19E. If a depository or participant or any issuer or its agent or any person, who is

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registered as an intermediary under the provisions of section 12 of the Securities and

Exchange Board of India Act, 1992 (15 of 1992), fails to reconcile the records of

dematerialized securities with all the securities issued by the issuer as specified in the

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regulations, such depository or participant or issuer or its agent or intermediary shall be

liable to a penalty of one lakh rupees for each day during which such failure continues or

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one crore rupees, whichever is less.

Penalty for failure to comply with directions issued by Board under section 19 of the Act.

19F. If any person fails to comply with the directions issued by the Board under section

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19, within the time specified by it, he shall be liable to a penalty of one lakh rupees for

each day during which such failure continues or one crore rupees, whichever is less.

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Penalty for contravention where no separate penalty has been provided.

19G. Whoever fails to comply with any provision of this Act, the rules or the regulations

or bye-laws made or directions issued by the Board there under for which no separate

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penalty has been provided, shall be liable to a penalty which may extend to one crore

rupees.

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Power to adjudicate.

19H. (1) For the purpose of adjudging under sections 19A, 19B, 19C, 19D, 19E, 19F and

19G, the Board shall appoint any officer not below the rank of a Division Chief of the

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Securities and Exchange Board of India to be an adjudicating officer for holding an

inquiry in the prescribed manner after giving any person concerned a reasonable

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opportunity of being heard for the purpose of imposing any penalty.
(2) While holding an inquiry, the adjudicating officer shall have power to summon and

enforce the attendance of any person acquainted with the facts and circumstances of the

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case to give evidence or to produce any document, which in the opinion of the

adjudicating officer, may be useful for or relevant to the subject-matter of the inquiry and

if, on such inquiry, he is satisfied that the person has failed to comply with the provisions

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of any of the sections specified in sub-section (1), he may impose such penalty as he

thinks fit in accordance with the provisions of any of those sections.

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Factors to be taken into account by adjudicating officer.

19-I. While adjudging the quantum of penalty under section 19H, the adjudicating officer

shall have due regard to the following factors, namely:--

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(a)

the amount of disproportionate gain or unfair advantage, wherever

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quantifiable, made as a result of the default;

(b)

the amount of loss caused to an investor or group of investors as a result of

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the default;

(c)

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the repetitive nature of the default.

Crediting sums realized by way of penalties to Consolidated Fund of India.

19J. All sums realized by way of penalties under this Act shall be credited to the

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Consolidated Fund of India.]

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Chapter V



Penalty

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Offences.
20. (1) Without prejudice to any award of penalty by the adjudicating officer under this

Act, if any person contravenes or attempts to contravene or abets the contravention of the

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provisions of this Act or of any rules or regulations or bye-laws made there under, he

shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to ten years, or with

fine, which may extend to twenty-five crore rupees, or with both.

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(2) If any person fails to pay the penalty imposed by the adjudicating officer or fails to

comply with any of his directions or orders, he shall be punishable with imprisonment for

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a term which shall not be less than one month but which may extend to ten years, or with

fine, which may extend to twenty-five crore rupees, or with both.]

Offences by companies.

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21. (1) Where an offence under this Act has been committed by a company, every person

who at the time the offence was committed was in charge of, and was responsible to, the

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company for the conduct of the business of the company, as well as the company, shall be

deemed to be guilty of the offence and shall be liable to be proceeded against and

punished accordingly :

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Provided that nothing contained in this sub-section shall render any such person liable to

any punishment provided in this Act, if he proves that the offence was committed without

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his knowledge or that he had exercised all due diligence to prevent the commission of

such offence.

(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), where an offence under this

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Act has been committed by a company and it is proved that the offence has been

committed with the consent or connivance of, or is attributable to any neglect on the part

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of, any director, manager, secretary or other officer of the company, such director,

manager, secretary or other officer shall also be deemed to be guilty of the offence and

shall be liable to be proceeded against and punished accordingly.

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Explanation.--for the purposes of this section,--

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(a)

Company means any body corporate and includes a firm or other

association of individuals; and

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(b)

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Director, in relation to a firm, means a partner in the firm

.

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Chapter VI

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Miscellaneous

Cognizance of offences by courts.

22. (1) No court shall take cognizance of any offence punishable under this Act or any

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rules or regulations or bye-laws made there under, save on a complaint made by the

Central Government or State Government or the Securities and Exchange Board of India

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or by any person.

(2) No court inferior to that of a Court of Session shall try any offence punishable under

this Act.

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Composition of certain offences.

22A. Notwithstanding anything contained in the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of

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1974), any offence punishable under this Act, not being an offence punishable with

imprisonment only, or with imprisonment and also with fine, may either before or after

the institution of any proceeding, be compounded by a Securities Appellate Tribunal or a

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court before which such proceedings are pending.

Power to grant immunity.
22B. (1) The Central Government may, on recommendation by the Board, if the Central

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Government is satisfied, that any person, who is alleged to have violated any of the

provisions of this Act or the rules or the regulations made there under, has made a full

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and true disclosure in respect of alleged violation, grant to such person, subject to such

conditions as it may think fit to impose, immunity from prosecution for any offence

under this Act, or the rules or the regulations made there under or also from the

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imposition of any penalty under this Act with respect to the alleged violation :

Provided that no such immunity shall be granted by the Central Government in cases

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where the proceedings for the prosecution for any such offence have been instituted

before the date of receipt of application for grant of such immunity:

Provided further that recommendation of the Board under this sub-section shall not be

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binding upon the Central Government.

(2) An immunity granted to a person under sub-section (1) may, at any time, be

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withdrawn by the Central Government, if it is satisfied that such person had, in the course

of the proceedings, not complied with the condition on which the immunity was granted

or had given false evidence, and thereupon such person may be tried for the offence with

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respect to which the immunity was granted or for any other offence of which he appears

to have been guilty in connection with the contravention and shall also become liable to

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the imposition of any penalty under this Act to which such person would have been

liable, had not such immunity been granted.]

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Appeals.

23. (1) Any person aggrieved by an order of the Board made [before the commencement

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of the Securities Laws (Second Amendment) Act, 1999] under this Act, or the regulations

made there under may prefer an appeal to the Central Government within such time as

may be prescribed.

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(2) No appeal shall be admitted if it is preferred after the expiry of the period prescribed

therefore:

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Provided that an appeal may be admitted after the expiry of the period prescribed

therefore if the appellant satisfies the Central Government that he had sufficient cause for

not preferring the appeal within the prescribed period.

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(3) Every appeal made under this section shall be made in such form and shall be

accompanied by a copy of the order appealed against and by such fees as may be

prescribed.

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(4) The procedure for disposing of an appeal shall be such as may be prescribed:

Provided that before disposing of an appeal, the appellant shall be given a reasonable

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opportunity of being heard.

[Appeal to Securities Appellate Tribunal.

23A. (1) Save as provided in sub-section (2), any person aggrieved by an order of the

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Board made, on and after the commencement of the Securities Laws (Second

Amendment) Act, 1999, under this Act, or the regulations made there under, [or by an

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order made by an adjudicating officer under this Act] may prefer an appeal to a

Securities Appellate Tribunal having jurisdiction in the matter.

(2) No appeal shall lie to the Securities Appellate Tribunal from an order made by the

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Board with the consent of the parties.

(3) Every appeal under sub-section (1) shall be filed within a period of forty-five days

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from the date on which a copy of the order made by the Board is received by the person

referred to in sub-section (1) and it shall be in such form and be accompanied by such fee

as may be prescribed:

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Provided that the Securities Appellate Tribunal may entertain an appeal after the expiry

of the said period of forty-five days if it is satisfied that there was sufficient cause for not

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filing it within that period.

(4) On receipt of an appeal under sub-section (1), the Securities Appellate Tribunal may,

after giving the parties to the appeal an opportunity of being heard, pass such orders

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thereon as it thinks fit, confirming, modifying or setting aside the order appealed against.

(5) The Securities Appellate Tribunal shall send a copy of every order made by it to the

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Board and parties to the appeal.

(6) The appeal filed before the Securities Appellate Tribunal under sub-section (1) shall

be dealt with by it as expeditiously as possible and endeavor shall be made by it to

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dispose of the appeal finally within six months from the date of receipt of the appeal.

Procedure and powers of Securities Appellate Tribunal.
23B. (1) The Securities Appellate Tribunal shall not be bound by the procedure laid down

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by the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (5 of 1908), but shall be guided by the principles of

natural justice and, subject to the other provisions of this Act and of any rules, the

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Securities Appellate Tribunal shall have powers to regulate their own procedure

including the places at which they shall have their sittings.

(2) The Securities Appellate Tribunal shall have, for the purpose of discharging their

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functions under this Act, the same powers as are vested in a civil court under the Code of

Civil Procedure, 1908 (5 of 1908), while trying a suit, in respect of the following matters,

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namely :--

(a)

summoning and enforcing the attendance of any person and examining him on

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oath;

(b) Requiring the discovery and production of documents;

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(c) Receiving evidence on affidavits;

(d) Issuing commissions for the examination of witnesses or documents;

(e) Reviewing its decisions;

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(f) Dismissing an application for default or deciding it ex parte;

(g) setting aside any order of dismissal of any application for default or any

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Order passed by it ex parte; and

(h) Any other matter which may be prescribed.

(3) Every proceeding before the Securities Appellate Tribunal shall be deemed to be a

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judicial proceeding within the meaning of sections 193 and 228, and for the purposes of

section 196 of the Indian Penal Code (45 of 1860) and the Securities Appellate Tribunal

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shall be deemed to be a civil court for all the purposes of section 195 and Chapter XXVI

of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974).

Right to legal representation.

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23C. The appellant may either appear in person or authorize one or more chartered

accountants or company secretaries or cost accountants or legal practitioners or any of its

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officers to present his or its case before the Securities Appellate Tribunal.

Explanation.--For the purposes of this section,--

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(a)

chartered accountant means a chartered accountant as defined in clause

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(b) of sub-section (1) of section 2 of the Chartered Accountants Act, 1949 (38 of 1949)
and who has obtained a certificate of practice under sub-section (1) of section 6 of that

Act;

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(b)

Company secretary means a company secretary as defined in clause (c) of sub-

section (1) of section 2 of the Company Secretaries Act, 1980 (56 of 1980) and who has

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obtained a certificate of practice under sub-section (1) of section 6 of that Act;

(c)

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cost accountant means a cost accountant as defined in clause (b) of sub-section

(1) of section 2 of the Cost and Works Accountants Act, 1959 (23 of 1959) and who has

obtained a certificate of practice under sub-section (1) of section 6 of that Act;

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(d)

legal practitioner means an advocate, vakil or an attorney of any High Court,

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and includes a pleader in practice.

Limitation.

23D. The provisions of the Limitation Act, 1963 (36 of 1963) shall, as far as may be,

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apply to an appeal made to a Securities Appellate Tribunal.

Civil court not to have jurisdiction.

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23E. No civil court shall have jurisdiction to entertain any suit or proceeding in respect of

any matter which a Securities Appellate Tribunal is empowered by or under this Act to

determine and no injunction shall be granted by any court or other authority in respect of

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any action taken or to be taken in pursuance of any power conferred by or under this Act.

[Appeal to Supreme Court.

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23F. Any person aggrieved by any decision or order of the Securities Appellate Tribunal

may file an appeal to the Supreme Court within sixty days from the date of

communication of the decision or order of the Securities Appellate Tribunal to him on

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any question of law arising out of such order :

Provided that the Supreme Court may, if it is satisfied that the appellant was prevented by

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sufficient cause from filing the appeal within the said period, allow it to be filed within a

further period not exceeding sixty days.]]

Power of Central Government to make rules.

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24. (1) The Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, make rules

for carrying out the provisions of this Act.
(2) In particular, and without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing power, such

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rules may provide for all or any of the following matters, namely [(a) the

manner of inquiry under sub-section (1) of section 19H;

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(aa)

the time within which an appeal may be preferred under sub-section (1) of section

23;]

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(b)

The form in which an appeal may be preferred under sub-section (3) of

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Section 23 and the fees payable in respect of such appeal;

(c)

the procedure for disposing of an appeal under sub-section (4) of section 23;

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(d)

the form in which an appeal may be filed before the Securities Appellate Tribunal

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under section 23A and the fees payable in respect of such appeal.]

Power of Board to make regulations.

25. (1) Without prejudice to the provisions contained in section 30 of the Securities and

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Exchange Board of India Act, 1992 (15 of 1992), the Board may, by notification in the

Official Gazette, make regulations consistent with the provisions of this Act and the rules

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made there under to carry out the purposes of this Act.

(2) In particular, and without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing power, such

regulations may provide for--

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(a)

The form in which record is to be maintained under clause (i) of sub-section (1) of

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section 2;

(b)

The form in which the certificate of commencement of business shall be issued

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under sub-section (2) of section 3;

(c)

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The manner in which the certificate of security shall be surrendered under sub-

section (1) of section 6;

(d)

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The manner of creating a pledge or hypothecation in respect of security owned by

a beneficial owner under sub-section (1) of section 12;

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(e)

The conditions and the fees payable with respect to the issue of certificate of

securities under sub-section (3) of section 14;

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(f)

The rights and obligations of the depositories, participants and the issuers under

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sub-section (1) of section 17;

(g)

The eligibility criteria for admission of securities into the depository under sub-

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section (2) of section 17.
Power of depositories to make bye-laws.

26. (1) A depository shall, with the previous approval of the Board, make bye-laws

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consistent with the provisions of this Act and the regulations.

(2) In particular, and without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing power, such

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bye-laws shall provide for--

(a) the eligibility criteria for admission and removal of securities in the

Depository;

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(b)

The conditions subject to which the securities shall be dealt with;

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(c)

The eligibility criteria for admission of any person as a participant;

(d)

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The manner and procedure for dematerialization of securities;

(e)

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The procedure for transactions within the depository;

(f)

The manner in which securities shall be dealt with or withdrawn from a

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Depository;

(g)

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The procedure for ensuring safeguards to protect the interests of participants and

beneficial owners;

(h)

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The conditions of admission into and withdrawal from a participant by a

beneficial owner;

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(i)

The procedure for conveying information to the participants and beneficial

owners on dividend declaration, shareholder meetings and other matters of interest to the

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beneficial owners;

(j)

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The manner of distribution of dividends, interest and monetary benefits received

from the company among beneficial owners;

(k)

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The manner of creating pledge or hypothecation in respect of securities held with

a depository;

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(l)

Inter se rights and obligations among the depository, issuer, participants, and

beneficial owners;

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(m)

The manner and the periodicity of furnishing information to the Board, issuer and

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other persons;

(n)

The procedure for resolving disputes involving depository, issuer, company or a

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beneficial owner;
(o)

The procedure for proceeding against the participant committing breach of the

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regulations and provisions for suspension and expulsion of participants from the

depository and cancellation of agreements entered with the depository;

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(p)

The internal control standards including procedure for auditing, reviewing and

monitoring.

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(3) Where the Board considers it expedient so to do, it may, by order in writing, direct a

depository to make any bye-laws or to amend or revoke any bye-laws already made

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within such period as it may specify in this behalf.

(4) If the depository fails or neglects to comply with such order within the specified

period, the Board may make the bye-laws or amend or revoke the bye-laws made either

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in the form specified in the order or with such modifications thereof as the Board thinks

fit.

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Rules and regulations to be laid before Parliament.

27. Every rule and every regulation made under this Act shall be laid, as soon as may be

after it is made, before each House of Parliament, while it is in session, for a total period

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of thirty days which may be comprised in one session or in two or more successive

sessions, and if, before the expiry of the session immediately following the session or the

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successive sessions aforesaid, both Houses agree in making any modification in the rule

or regulation or both Houses agree that the rule or regulation should not be made, the rule

or regulation shall thereafter have effect only in such modified form or be of no effect, as

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the case may be; so, however, that any such modification or annulment shall be without

prejudice to the validity of anything previously done under that rule or regulation.

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Application of other laws not barred.

28. The provisions of this Act shall be in addition to, and not in derogation of, any other

law for the time being in force relating to the holding and transfer of securities.

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Removal of difficulties.

29. (1) If any difficulty arises in giving effect to the provisions of this Act, the Central

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Government may, by order published in the Official Gazette, make such provisions not

inconsistent with the provisions of this Act as appear to it to be necessary or expedient for

removing the difficulty :

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Provided that no order shall be made under this section after the expiry of a period of two

years from the commencement of this Act.

(2) Every order made under this section shall be laid, as soon as may be after it is made,

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before each House of Parliament.

Amendments to certain enactments.

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30. [Repealed by Repealing & Amending Act, 2001].

Repeal and saving.

31. (1) The Depositories (Third) Ordinance, 1996 (Ord. 28 of 1996), is hereby repealed.

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(2) Notwithstanding such repeal, anything done or any action taken under the said

Ordinance shall be deemed to have been done or taken under the corresponding

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provisions of this Act.

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SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE BOARD OF INDIA

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(DEPOSITORIES AND PARTICIPANTS) REGULATIONS, 1996

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CHAPTER I

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PRELIMINARY

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Short title & commencement

1. (1) These regulations may be called the Securities and Exchange Board of India

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(Depositories and Participants) Regulations, 1996.

(2) They shall come into force on the date of their publication in the Official Gazette.

Definitions

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2. (1) In these regulations, unless the context otherwise requires, -

(a) "Act" means the Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992 (15 of 1992);

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1[(b) (i) "Depositories Act" means the Depositories Act, 1996 (22 of 1996);
(ii) In these regulations, wherever the words "Depositories Ordinance" occur, they shall

be replaced by the words "Depositories Act".]

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(d) "Form" means any of the forms specified in the First Schedule;

(e) "inspecting officer" means any person authorised by the Board under regulation 59

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(f) "Schedule" means any of the Schedules annexed to these regulations;

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4 [Explanation - Any person who acting alone or in combination with others holds not

less than 51 percent of the share capital of the depository as a sponsor and undertakes to

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perform the obligation under these regulations shall be deemed to be a sponsor for the

purpose of these Regulations]

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(2) Words and expressions used and not defined in these regulations but defined in the

Act or in the Depositories Ordinance shall have the meanings respectively assigned to

them in the Act or the Depositories Ordinance.

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(g) "sponsor" means any person or persons who, acting alone or in combination with

another person proposes to establish a depository and undertakes to perform the

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obligations of a sponsor under these regulations.

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CHAPTER II

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REGISTRATION OF DEPOSITORY

Application for grant of certificate of registration

3. (1) An application for the grant of a certificate of registration as a depository shall be

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made to the Board by the sponsor in Form A, shall be accompanied by the fee specified

in Part A of the Second Schedule and be paid in the manner specified in Part B thereof.

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(2) The application shall be accompanied by draft bye-laws of the depository that is

proposed to be set up.

Application to conform to the requirements

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4. An application in Form A, which is not complete in all respects and does not conform,

to the instructions specified therein shall be rejected:

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Provided that before rejecting any such application, the sponsor shall be given in writing

an opportunity to remove, within thirty days of the date of communication in this regard,

the objections indicated by the Board.

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Provided further that the Board may, on being satisfied that it is necessary to extend the

period specified in the first proviso, extend such period by such further time as it thinks

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necessary in order to enable the applicant to remove the objections indicated by the

Board.

Furnishing of information, clarification and personal representation

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5. (1) The Board may require the sponsor to furnish such further information or

clarification regarding matters relevant to the activity of the depository for the purpose of

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consideration of the application.

(2) The sponsor or his authorised representative shall, if so required, appear before the

Board for personal representation, in connection with the grant of certificate of

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registration.

Consideration of application for grant of certificate of registration

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6. The Board shall not consider an application under regulation 3, unless the sponsor

belongs to one of the following categories, namely: -
(i) a public financial institution as defined in section 4A of the Companies Act, 1956 (1

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of 1956);

(ii) a bank included for the time being in the Second Schedule to the Reserve Bank of

India Act, 1934 (2 of 1934);

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(iii) a foreign bank operating in India with the approval of the Reserve Bank of India;

(iv) a recognized stock exchange within the meaning of clause (j) of section 2 of the

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Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956 (42 of 1956);

(v) a body corporate engaged in providing financial services where not less than seventy

five percent of the equity capital is held by any of the institutions mentioned in sub-

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clause (i), (ii), (iii) or (iv) jointly or severally;

(vi) a body corporate constituted or recognised under any law for the time being in force

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in a foreign country for providing custodial, clearing or settlement services in the

securities market and approved by the Central Government; or

(vii) an institution engaged in providing financial services established outside India and

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approved by the Central Government.

5*[(viii) the applicant is a fit and proper person.]

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Grant of certificate of registration

7. After considering the application under regulation 3, with reference to the

qualifications specified in regulation 6, if the Board is satisfied that the company

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established by the sponsor is eligible to act as depository, it may grant a certificate of

registration in Form B to the depository subject to the following, namely: -

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(a) the depository shall pay the registration fee specified in Part A of the Second

Schedule in the manner specified in Part B thereof, within fifteen days of receipt of

intimation from the Board;

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(b) the depository shall comply with the provisions of the 6*[Act], the Depositories

Ordinance, the bye-laws, agreements and these regulations;

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(c) the depository shall not carry on any activity other than that of a depository unless the

activity is incidental to the activity of the depository;

(d) the sponsor shall, at all times, hold at least fifty one per cent of the equity capital of

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the depository and the balance of the equity capital of the depository shall be held by its

participants;
(e) no participant shall at any time, hold more than five per cent of the equity capital of

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the depository;

7*[Provided that for the purposes of clause (d) and Clause (e) no foreign entity

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individually or collectively either as a sponsor or as a participant or as a sponsor and

participant together shall hold more than 20% of the equity capital of a depository.]

Explanation: For the purpose of this regulation, a foreign entity shall mean a body

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corporate or an entity where more than 51% of its equity is held by persons who are not

citizens of India.

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(f) if any information previously submitted by the depository or the sponsor to the Board

is found to be false or misleading in any material particular, or if there is any change in

such information, the depository shall forthwith inform the Board in writing;

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(g) the depository shall redress the grievances of the participants and the beneficial

owners within thirty days of the date of receipt of any complaint from a participant or a

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beneficial owner and keep the Board informed about the number and the nature of

redressals;

(h) the depository shall make an application for commencement of business under

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regulation 14 within one year from the date of grant of certificate of registration under

this regulation; and

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(i) the depository shall amend its bye-laws from time to time as may be directed by the

Board.

Payment of annual fee

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8. A depository who has been granted a certificate of registration under regulation 7, shall

pay annual fee specified in Part A of the Second Schedule in the manner specified in Part

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B thereof.

Procedure where certificate of registration is not granted

9. (1) Where an application for the grant of certificate of registration under regulation 3

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does not satisfy the requirements specified in regulation 7, the Board shall reject the

application after giving the applicant an opportunity of being heard.

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(2) The decision of the Board to reject the application shall be communicated to the

applicant in writing within thirty days of such decision, stating therein the grounds on

which the application has been rejected.

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CHAPTER III

CERTIFICATE OF COMMENCEMENT OF BUSINESS

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Application for grant of certificate of commencement of business

10. A depository, which has been granted a certificate of registration under regulation 7,

shall within one year from the date of issue of such certificate make an application to the

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Board for commencement of business in Form C.

Application to conform to the requirements

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11. Any application in Form C, which is not complete in all respects and does not

conform to instructions specified therein shall be rejected:

Provided that before rejecting any such application, the applicant shall be given in writing

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an opportunity to remove within thirty days of the date of communication in this regard,

the objections indicated by the Board.

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Provided further that the Board may, on being satisfied that it is necessary to extend the

period specified in the first proviso, extend such period by such further time as it thinks

necessary in order to enable the applicant to remove the objections indicated by the

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Board.

Furnishing of information, clarification, and personal representation

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12. (1) The Board may require the depository to furnish such further information or

clarification regarding matters relevant for the grant of certificate of commencement of

business.

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(2) The depository or its authorised representative, if so required, shall appear before the

Board for personal representation in connection with the grant of certificate of

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commencement of business.
Consideration of application for grant of certificate of commencement of business

13. (1) The Board shall take into account for considering grant of certificate of

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commencement of business, all matters which are relevant to the efficient and orderly

functioning of the depository and in particular, the following, namely, whether:

(a) the depository has a net worth of not less than rupees one hundred crore;

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(b) the bye-laws of the depository have been approved by the Board;

(c) the automatic data processing systems of the depository have been protected against

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unauthorised access, alteration, destruction, disclosure or dissemination of records and

data;

(d) the network through which continuous electronic means of communications are

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established between the depository, participants, issuers and issuers' agents is secure

against unauthorised entry or access;

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(e) the depository has established standard transmission and encryption formats for

electronic communications of data between the depository, participants, issuers and

issuers' agents;

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(f) the physical or electronic access to the premises, facilities, automatic data processing

systems, data storage sites and facilities including back up sites and facilities and to the

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electronic data communication network connecting the depository, participants, issuers

and issuers' agents is controlled, monitored and recorded;

(g) the depository has a detailed operations manual explaining all aspects of its

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functioning, including the interface and method of transmission of information between

the depository, issuers, issuers' agents, participants and beneficial owners;

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(h) the depository has established adequate procedures and facilities to ensure that its

records are protected against loss or destruction and arrangements have been made for

maintaining back up facilities at a location different from that of the depository;

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(i) the depository has made adequate arrangements including insurance for indemnifying

the beneficial owners for any loss that may be caused to such beneficial owners by the

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wrongful act, negligence or default of the depository or its participants or of any

employee of the depository or participant; and

(j) the grant of certificate of commencement of business is in the interest of investors in

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the securities market.


(2) The Board shall, before granting a certificate of commencement of business under this

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Chapter make a physical verification of the infrastructure facilities and systems

established by the depository.

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Grant of certificate of commencement of business

14. After considering the application under regulation 13 with reference to the matters

specified in sub-regulation (1) of regulation 13 and making physical verification under

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sub- regulation (2) of that regulation, if the Board is satisfied that the depository is

eligible to commence business as a depository, shall grant a certificate of commencement

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of business in Form D.

Procedure where certificate of commencement of business is not granted

15. (1) If the Board, after considering the matters specified in sub-regulation (1) of

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regulation 13 and making physical verification under sub- regulation (2) of that

regulation, is of the opinion that the depository shall not be granted a certificate of

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commencement of business, it may either-

(a) direct the depository to conform to the matters specified in regulation 13; or

(b) reject the application after giving the applicant an opportunity of being heard.

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(2) The decision of the Board to reject the application shall be communicated to the

depository in writing within thirty days of such decision, stating therein the grounds on

which the application has been rejected.

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CHAPTER IV

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REGISTRATION OF PARTICIPANT

Application for grant of certificate of registration

16. (1) An application for the grant of a certificate of registration as a participant shall be

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made to the Board in Form E, through each depository in which the applicant proposes to

act as a participant, shall be accompanied by the fee specified in Part A of the Second

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Schedule and be paid in the manner specified in Part B thereof.
(2) The depository shall forward to the Board the application in Form E as early as

possible, but not later than thirty days along with its recommendations and certifying that

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the participant complies with the eligibility criteria including adequate infrastructure as

provided for in these regulations and the bye- laws of the depository.

Application to conform to the requirements

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17. An application in Form E, which is not complete in all respects and does not conform

to the instructions specified therein, shall be rejected:

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Provided that before rejecting any such application, the applicant shall be given in writing

an opportunity to remove within thirty days of the date.

Provided further that the Board may, on being satisfied that it is necessary to extend the

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period specified in the first proviso, extend such period by such further time as it thinks

necessary in order to enable the applicant to remove the objections indicated by the

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Board.

Furnishing information, clarification, and personal representation of communication in

this regard, the objections indicated by the Board

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18. (1) The Board may require the applicant, or the depository to which the applicant is to

be admitted as a participant, to furnish such further information or clarification as may be

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considered necessary for the grant of a certificate of registration to the applicant.

(2) The applicant or his authorised representative shall, if so required, appear before the

Board for personal representation in connection with the grant of a certificate of

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registration.

Consideration of application for grant of certificate of registration

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19. For the purpose of grant of certificate of registration, the Board shall take into

account all matters which are relevant to or relating to the efficient and orderly

functioning of a participant and in particular, whether the applicant complies with the

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following requirements, namely: -

(a) the applicant belongs to one of the following categories,-

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(i) a public financial institution as defined in section 4A of the Companies Act, 1956 (1

of 1956);

(ii) a bank included for the time being in the Second Schedule to the Reserve Bank of

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India Act, 1934 (2 of 1934);
(iii) a foreign bank operating in India with the approval of the Reserve Bank of India;

(iv) a state financial corporation established under the provisions of section 3 of the State

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Financial Corporations Act, 1951 (63 of 1951);

(v) an institution engaged in providing financial services, promoted by any of the

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institutions mentioned in sub clause (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) jointly or severally;

(vi) a custodian of securities who has been granted a certificate of registration by the

Board under sub- section (1A) of section 12 of the Act;

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(vii) a clearing corporation 8*[or a clearing house] of a stock exchange;

(viii) a stock broker who has been granted a certificate of registration by the Board under

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sub-section (1) of section 12 of the Act:

9*[Provided that the stock-broker shall have a minimum net worth of rupees 50 lakhs and

the aggregate value of the portfolio of securities of the beneficial owners held in

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dematerialised form in a depository through him, shall not exceed 10*[100 times of the

net worth of the stock broker]

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Provided further that if the stock broker seeks to act as a participant in more than one

depository, he shall comply with the criteria specified in the first proviso separately for

each such depository; or

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11*[Provided further that where the stockbroker has a minimum networth of Rupees Ten

crore, the limits on the aggregate value of the portfolio of securities of the beneficial

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owners held in dematerialized form in a depository through him shall not be applicable.]

(ix) a non-banking finance company, having a net worth of not less than rupees fifty

lakhs:

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Provided that such company shall act as a participant only on behalf of itself and not on

behalf of any other person;

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12 [Provided further that a non-banking finance company may act as a participant on

behalf of any other person, if it has a networth of Rs. 50 crores in addition to the networth

specified by any other authority]

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13 [(x) a registrar to an issue or share transfer agent who has a minimum net worth of 14

[rupees ten crores] and who has been granted a certificate of registration by the Board

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under sub ? section (1) of Section 12 of the Act.]
15 (b) the applicant is eligible to be admitted as a participant of the depository through

which it has made the application to the Board;

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(c) the applicant has adequate infrastructure, systems, safeguards and trained staff to

carry on activity as a participant; and

16(cc) the applicant is a fit and proper person.]

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(d) the grant of certificate of registration is in the interests of investors in the securities

market

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Grant of certificate of registration

20. (1) After considering the application under regulation 16, with reference to the

matters specified in regulation 19, if the Board is satisfied that the applicant is eligible for

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grant of certificate of registration, grant a certificate in Form F.

(2) The grant of certificate of registration in Form F shall be subject to the following

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namely:-

(a) the participant shall pay the registration fee specified in Part A of the Second

Schedule in the manner specified in Part B thereof, within fifteen days of the receipt of

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intimation from the Board;

(b) the participant shall comply with the provisions of the 17*[Act], Depositories

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Ordinance, the bye-laws, agreements and these regulations;

(c) the depository through which an application for certificate of registration has been

forwarded holds a certificate of commencement of business under regulation 14;

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(d) if any information previously submitted by the participant to the Board is found to be

false or misleading in any material particular, or if there is any change in such

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information, the participant shall forthwith inform the Board in writing;

(e) the participant shall redress the grievances of beneficial owners within thirty days of

the date of the receipt of the complaint and keep the depository informed about the

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number and the nature of redressals; and

(f) the participant shall pay annual fees specified in Part A of the Second Schedule in the

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manner specified in Part B thereof.

18*[Participants to abide by Code of Conduct

20A. The Participant holding a certificate shall, at all times, abide by the Code of

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Conduct as specified in Third Schedule.]
Period of validity of the certificate of registration

21. The certificate of registration issued under regulation 20, or renewed under regulation

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22 shall be valid for a period of five years from the date of its issue or renewal, as the

case may be.

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Renewal of certificate of registration

22. (1) Three months before the expiry of the period of validity of a certificate of

registration, the participant shall, if it so desires, make an application for renewal in Form

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E through the depository in which it is a participant.

(2) The application for renewal under sub-regulation (1) shall accompany the fee

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specified for issue of certificate of registration and shall be dealt with in the same manner

as if it were a fresh application for grant of certificate of registration.

Conditions of renewal of certificate of registration

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23. The Board may renew a certificate of registration granted to a participant subject to

the conditions of certificate of registration specified in regulation 22.

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Procedure where certificate of registration is not granted

24. (1) Where an application for the grant of certificate of registration under regulation 16

or for its renewal under regulation 22 does not satisfy the requirements specified in

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regulation 19, the Board shall reject the application after giving the applicant an

opportunity of being heard.

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(2) The decision of the Board to reject the application shall be communicated to the

applicant in writing within thirty days of such decision, stating therein the grounds on

which the application has been rejected.

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Effect of refusal to renew a certificate of registration

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25. Any participant whose application for a certificate of registration as a participant has

been rejected by the Board under regulation 24 shall from the date of expiry of the

certificate of registration sought to be renewed, cease to carry on any activity as a

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participant:

Provided that the Board may, in the interest of the investors in the securities market

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permit the participant to carry on activities undertaken prior to the receipt of the

intimation of refusal subject to such condition as the Board may specify.

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CHAPTER V

RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS OF DEPOSITORIES, PARTICIPANTS, ISSUERS,

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MANNER OF SURRENDER OF CERTIFICATE OF SECURITY AND

CREATION OF PLEDGE OR HYPOTHECATION

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Rights and obligations of depositories, etc

26. The depositories, participants, issuers, and issuers' agents, in addition to the rights and

obligations laid down in the Depositories 19*[Act] and the bye-laws shall have the rights

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and obligations arising from the agreements entered into by them.

Depository to declare specific securities eligible arising from the agreements entered into

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by them

27. Every depository shall, in its bye-laws, state the specific securities which are eligible

for being held in dematerialised form in the depository.

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Securities eligible for dematerialisation

28. The following securities shall be eligible for being held in dematerialised form in a

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depository:-

(a) shares, scrips, stocks, bonds, debentures, debenture stock or other marketable

securities of a like nature in or of any incorporated company or other body corporate;

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(b) units of mutual funds, rights under collective investment schemes and venture capital

funds, commercial paper, certificates of deposit, securitised debt, money market
instruments and 20*[government securities] unlisted securities shall also be similarly

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eligible for being held in dematerialised form in a depository.

Agreement between depository and issuer

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29. 21(1) Either on the issuer or on the investors exercising an option to hold his

securities with a depository in dematerialised form, the issuer shall enter into an

agreement with a depository to enable the investor to dematerialise the securities."]

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22 [Provided that no agreement shall be required to be entered into where depository

itself is an issuer of securities]

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23 [Provided further that no agreement shall be required to be entered into where State or

Central Government is the issuer of Government securities]

(2) Where the issuer has appointed a Registrar to the Issue or Share Transfer Agent, who

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has been granted certificate of registration by the Board under sub-section (1) of section

12 of the Act, the depository shall enter into a tripartite agreement with the issuer and the

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Registrar to the Issue or Share Transfer Agent, as the case may be, in respect of the

securities to be declared by the depository as eligible to be held in dematerialised form.

Systems and procedures

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30. Every depository shall have systems and procedures which will enable it to co-

ordinate with the issuer or its agent, and the participants, to reconcile the records of

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ownership of securities with the issuer or its agent, as the case may be, and with

participants, on a daily basis.

Connectivity

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31. Every depository shall maintain continuous electronic means of communication with

all its participants, issuers or issuers' agents, as the case may be, clearing houses and

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clearing corporations of the stock exchanges and with other depositories.

Transfer to be affected only after payment

32. The depository shall satisfy the Board that it has a mechanism in place to ensure that

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the interest of the persons buying and selling securities held in the depository are

adequately protected and shall register the transfer of a security in the name of the

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transferee only after the depository is satisfied that payment for such transfer has been

made.

Withdrawal by participant

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33. Every depository shall allow any participant to withdraw or transfer its account, if the

request for such withdrawal or transfer is in accordance with conditions stipulated

therefor in the bye-laws of the depository.

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Internal monitoring, review and evaluation of systems and controls

34. Every depository shall have adequate mechanisms for the purposes of reviewing,

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monitoring and evaluating the depository's controls, systems, procedures and safeguards.

External monitoring, review and evaluation of systems and controls

35. Every depository shall cause an inspection of its controls, systems, procedures and

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safeguards to be carried out annually and forward a copy of the report to the Board.

Insurance against risks

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36. Every depository shall take adequate measures including insurance to protect the

interests of the beneficial owners against risks likely to be incurred on account of its

activities as a depository.

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Manner of keeping records

37. Where records are kept electronically by the depository, it shall ensure that the

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integrity of the automatic data processing systems is maintained at all times and take all

precautions necessary to ensure that the records are not lost, destroyed or tampered with

and in the event of loss or destruction, ensure that sufficient back up of records is

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available at all times at a different place.

Records to be maintained

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38. (1) Every depository shall maintain the following records and documents, namely: -

(a) records of securities dematerialised and rematerialised;

(b) the names of the transferor, transferee, and the dates of transfer of securities;

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(c) a register and an index of beneficial owners;

24*[(cc) details of the holdings of the securities of the beneficial owners as at the end of

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each day.]

(d) records of instructions received from and sent to participants, issuers, issuers' agents

and beneficial owners;

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(e) records of approval, notice, entry and cancellation of pledge or hypothecation, as the

case may be;

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(f) details of participants;
(g) details of securities declared to be eligible for dematerialisation in the depository; and

(h) such other records as may be specified by the Board for carrying on the activities as a

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depository.

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(2) Every depository shall intimate the Board the place where the records and documents

are maintained.

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(3) Subject to the provisions of any other law, the depository shall preserve records and

documents for a minimum period of five years.

Co-operation with other entities

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39. Every depository shall extend all such co-operation to the beneficial owners, issuers,

issuers' agents, custodians of securities, other depositories and clearing organizations as is

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necessary for the effective, prompt and accurate clearance and settlement of securities`

transactions and conduct of business.

Prohibition of Assignment

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40. No depository shall assign or delegate to any other person its functions as a

depository, without the prior approval of the Board.

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Agreement by participant

41. Every participant shall enter into an agreement with a beneficial owner before acting

as a participant on his behalf, in a manner specified by the depository in its bye-laws.

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Separate Accounts

42. (1) Separate accounts shall be opened by every participant in the name of each of the

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beneficial owners and the securities of each beneficial owner shall be segregated, and

shall not be mixed up with the securities of other beneficial owners or with the

participant's own securities.

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(2) A participant shall register the transfer of securities to or from a beneficial owner's

account only on receipt of instructions from the beneficial owner and thereafter confirm

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the same to the beneficial owner in a manner as specified by the depository in its bye-

laws.
(3) Every entry in the beneficial owner's account shall be supported by electronic

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instructions or any other mode of instruction received from the beneficial owner in

accordance with the agreement with the beneficial owner.

Statement of accounts

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43. Every participant shall provide statements of account to the beneficial owner in such

form and in such manner and at such time as provided in the agreement with the

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beneficial owner.

Transfer or withdrawal by beneficial owner

44. Every participant shall allow a beneficial owner to withdraw or transfer from his

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account in such manner as specified in the agreement with the beneficial owner.

Connectivity

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45. Every participant shall maintain continuous electronic means of communication with

each depository in which it is a participant.

Monitoring, reviewing and evaluating internal systems and controls

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46. Every participant shall have adequate mechanism for the purposes of reviewing,

monitoring and evaluating the participant's internal accounting controls and systems.

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Reconciliation

47. Every participant shall reconcile his records with every depository in which it is a

participant, on a daily basis.

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Returns

48. Every participant shall submit periodic returns to the Board and to every depository in

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which it is a participant in the format specified by the Board or the bye-laws of the

depository, as the case may be.

Record of services

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49. (1) Every participant shall maintain the following records and documents, namely: -

(a) records of all the transactions entered into with a depository and with a beneficial

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owner;

(b) details of securities dematerialised, rematerialised on behalf of beneficial owners with

whom it has entered into an agreement;

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(c) records of instructions received from beneficial owners and statements of account

provided to beneficial owners; and
(d) records of approval, notice, entry and cancellation of pledge or hypothecation, as the

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case may be.

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(2) Every participant shall make available for the inspection of the depository in which it

is a participant all records referred to in sub-regulation (1).

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(3) Every participant shall allow persons authorised by the depository in which it is a

participant to enter its premises during normal office hours and inspect its records.

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(4) Every participant shall intimate the Board the place where the records and documents

are maintained.

(5) Subject to the provisions of any other law, the participant shall preserve records and

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documents for a minimum period of five years.

Manner of keeping records

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50. Where records are kept electronically by the participant, it shall ensure that the

integrity of the data processing systems is maintained at all times and take all precautions

necessary to ensure that the records are not lost, destroyed or tampered with and in the

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event of loss or destruction, ensure that sufficient back up of records is available at all

times at a different place.

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Records to be maintained depository-wise

51. If a participant enters into an agreement with more than one depository, it shall

maintain the records specified in regulation 49 separately in respect of each depository.

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Prohibition of assignment systems

52. No participant shall assign or delegate its functions as participant to any other person,

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without the prior approval of the depository.

Agreement by issuer

53. Every issuer whose securities have been declared as eligible to be held in

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dematerialised form in a depository shall enter into an agreement with the depository in

accordance with the provisions of regulation 29.

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25 [Provided that no agreement shall be required to be entered into in case: -

(i) the depository is the issuer of securities; or

(ii) the State or the Central Government is the issuer of Government securities.]

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26 [Manner of Handling Share Registry Work

53A All matters relating to transfer of security, maintenance of records, holders of

security, handling of physical security and establishing connectivity with the depositories

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shall be handled and maintained at a single point i.e., either in-house by the issuer or a

share transfer agent registered with the Board.]

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Redressal for Investor Grievances

53B Every issuer or its agent or any person who is registered as an intermediary under

this Act, shall redress the grievances of beneficial owners within thirty days of the date of

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receipt of complaint and keep a depository informed about the number and nature of

grievances redressed by it and the number of grievances pending before it.]

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Manner of surrender of certificate of security

54. (1) Any beneficial owner, who has entered into an agreement with a participant, shall

inform the participant of the details of the certificate of security, which is to be

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dematerialised, and shall surrender such certificate to the participant:

Provided that where a beneficial owner has appointed a custodian of securities, then he

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may surrender the certificates of security to the participant through his custodian of

securities.

(2) The participant shall, on receipt of information under sub- regulation (1), forward

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such details of the certificate of security to the depository and shall confirm to the

depository that an agreement has been entered into between the participant and the

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beneficial owner.

(3) The participant shall maintain records indicating the names of beneficial owners of

the securities surrendered the number of securities and other details of the certificate of

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security received.

27*[(4) The participant shall, within 7 days of the receipt of certificate of security refer to

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in sub-regulation (1) furnish to the issuer details specified in regulation 2 along with the

certificate of security.]

28*[(5) Within 15 days of receipt of the certificate of security from the participant shall

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confirm to the depository that the security comprised in the said certificate have been

listed on the stock exchange or exchanges where the earlier issued securities are listed

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and shall also after due verification immediately mutilate and cancel the certificate of
security and substitute in its record the name of the depository as the registered owner

and shall send a certificate to this effect to the depository and to every stock exchange

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where the security is listed.

Provided that in case of unlisted companies the condition of listing in all stock exchanges

where earlier issued shares are listed shall not be applicable.]

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(6) Immediately upon receipt of information from the issuer under sub-regulation (5), the

depository shall enter in its records the name of the person who has surrendered the

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certificate of security as the beneficial owner, as well as the name of the participant from

whom it has received intimation under sub-regulation (2), and shall send an intimation of

the same to the participant.

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(7) The issuer shall maintain a record of certificates of securities, which have been

dematerialised.

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Reconciliation

55. The issuer or its agent shall reconcile the records of dematerialised securities with all

the securities issued by the issuer, on a daily basis.

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29 [Provided that where the State or the Central Government is the issuer of Government

securities, the depository shall, on a daily basis, reconcile the records of the

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dematerialised securities.]



30Audit

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55A(1) Every issuer shall submit audit report on a quarterly basis starting from

September 30, 2003 to the concerned stock exchanges audited from a qualified chartered

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accountant or a practicing company secretary, for the purposes of reconciliation of the

total issued capital, listed capital and capital held by depositories in dematerialized form ,

the details of changes in share capital during the quarter and the in-principle approval

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obtained by the issuer from all stock exchanges where it is listed in respect of such

further issued capital.

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(2) The audit report under sub-regulation (1) shall also give the updated status of the

register of members of the issuer and confirm that security have been dematerialized as

per requests within 21 days from the date of receipt of request from the issuer and where

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the dematerialization has not been effected within the said stipulated period, the report

shall disclose the reasons for such delay.

(3) The issuer shall immediately bring to the notice of depositories and the stock

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exchanges, any difference observed in its issue, listed, and the capital held by

depositories in dematerialized form.]

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Connectivity

56. Every issuer or its agent shall establish continuous electronic means of

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communication with the depository with which it has entered into an agreement.

Information

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57. Every issuer whose securities have been declared as eligible for dematerialisation in a

depository shall give information to the depository about book closures, record dates,

dates for the payment of interest or dividend, dates for annual general meetings and other

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meetings, dates for redemption of debentures, dates for conversion of debentures and

warrants, call money dates and such other information at the time and in the manner as

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may be specified by the depository in its bye-laws or agreement.



31[Provided that no such information would be required to be given to the depository

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where the State or the Central Government is the issuer of Government securities.]

Manner of creating pledge or hypothecation

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58. 32(1) If a beneficial owner intends to create a pledge on a security owned by him, he

shall make an application to the depository through the participant who has his account in

respect of such securities.

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(2) The participant after satisfaction that the securities are available for pledge shall make

a note in its records of the notice of pledge and forward the application to the depository.

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33 (3) The depository after confirmation from the pledgee that the securities are available

for pledge with the pledgor shall within fifteen days of the receipt of the application

create and record the pledge and send an intimation of the same to the participants of the

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pledgor and the pledgees.
(4) On receipt of the intimation under sub-regulation (3) the participants of both the

pledgor and the pledgee shall inform the pledgor and the pledgee respectively of the entry

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of creation of the pledge.

(5) If the depository does not create the pledge, it shall send along with the reasons

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intimation to the participants of the pledgor and the pledgee.

(6) The entry of pledge made under sub-regulation (3) may be cancelled by the

depository if the pledgor or the pledgee makes an application to the depository through its

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participant.

Provided that no entry of pledge shall be cancelled by the depository with the prior

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concurrence of the pledgee.

(7) The depository on the cancellation of the entry of pledge shall inform the participant

of the pledgor.

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(8) Subject to the provisions of the pledge document, the pledgee may invoke the pledge

and on such invocation, the depository shall register the pledgee as beneficial owner of

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such securities and amend its records accordingly.

(9) After amending its records under sub-regulation (8) the depository shall immediately

inform the participants of the pledgor and pledgee of the change who in turn shall make

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the necessary changes in their records and inform the pledgor and pledgee respectively.

(10) (a) If a beneficial owner intends to create a hypothecation on a security owned by

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him he may do so in accordance with the provisions of sub-regulations (1) to (9).

(b) The provisions of sub ? regulations (1) to (9) shall mutatis mutandis apply in such

cases of hypothecation.

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Provided that the depository before registering the hypothecatee as a beneficial owner

shall obtain the prior concurrence of the hypothecator.

(11) No transfer of security in respect of which a notice or entry of pledge or

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hypothecation is in force shall be effected by a participant without the concurrence of the

pledgee or the hypothecatee as the case may be.]

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34*[Investment advice
58A (1) A depository or a participant or any of their employees shall not render, directly

or indirectly, any investment advice about any security in the publicly accessible media

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whether real-time or non-real-time, unless a disclosure of his interest including long or

short position in the said security has been made, while rendering such advice.

(2) In case an employee of the depository or the participant is rendering such advice, he

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shall also disclose the interest of his dependent family members and the employer

including their long or short position in the said security, while rendering such advice.

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Appointment of compliance officer

58B (1) A depository and a participant shall appoint a compliance officer who shall be

responsible for monitoring of the compliance of the Act, rules and regulations,

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notifications, guidelines, instructions, etc., issued by the Board or the Central

Government and for redressal of investor's grievances.

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(2) The compliance officer shall immediately and independently report to the Board any

non-compliance observed by him]

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CHAPTER VI

INSPECTION

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Board's right to inspect

59. The Board may appoint one or more persons as inspecting officer to undertake

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inspection of the books of accounts, records, documents and infrastructure, systems and

procedures, or to investigate the affairs of a depository, a participant, a beneficial owner,

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an issuer or its agent for any of the following purposes, namely:-

(a) to ensure that the books of account are being maintained by the depository,

participant, issuer or its agent in the manner specified in these regulations;

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(b) to look into the complaints received from the depositories, participants, issuers,

issuers' agents, beneficial owners or any other person;

(c) to ascertain whether the provisions of the Act, the Depositories 35*[Act], the bye-

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laws, agreements and these regulations are being complied with by the depository,

participant, beneficial owner, issuer or its agent;

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(d) to ascertain whether the systems, procedures and safeguards being followed by a

depository, participant, beneficial owner, issuer or its agent are adequate;

(e) to suo motu ensure that the affairs of a depository, participant, beneficial owner,

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issuer or its agent, are being conducted in a manner which are in the interest of the

investors or the securities market.

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Notice before inspection and investigation

60. (1) Before ordering an inspection or investigation under regulation 59, the Board shall

give not less than 10 days notice to the depository, participant, beneficial owner, issuer or

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its agent, as the case may be.

(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-regulation (1), where the Board is

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satisfied that in the interest of the investors no such notice should be given, it may, by an

order in writing direct that such inspection be taken up without such notice.

(3) During the course of an inspection or investigation, the depository, a participant, a

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beneficial owner, an issuer or its agent against whom the inspection or investigation is

being carried out shall be bound to discharge his obligation as provided in regulation 61.

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Obligations on inspection by the Board

61. (1) It shall be the duty of the depository, a participant, a beneficial owner, an issuer or

its agent whose affairs are being inspected or investigated, and of every director, officer

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and employee thereof, to produce to the inspecting officer such books, securities,

accounts, records and other documents in its custody or control and furnish him with such

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statements and information relating to his activities as a depository, a participant, a

beneficial owner, an issuer or its agent, as the inspecting officer may require, within such

reasonable period as the inspecting officer may specify.

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(2) The depository, a participant, a beneficial owner, an issuer or its agent shall allow the

inspecting officer to have reasonable access to the premises occupied by him or by any

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other person on his behalf and also extend reasonable facility for examining any books,
records, documents and computer data in the possession of the depository, a participant, a

beneficial owner, an issuer or its agent or such other person and also provide copies of

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documents or other materials which, in the opinion of the inspecting officer are relevant

for the purposes of the inspection.

(3) The inspecting officer, in the course of inspection of investigation, shall be entitled to

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examine or to record the statements of any director, officer or employee of the

depository, a participant, a beneficial owner, an issuer or its agent.

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(4) It shall be the duty of every director, officer or employee of the depository, a

participant, a beneficial owner, an issuer or its agent to give to the inspecting officer all

assistance in connection with the inspection, which the inspecting officer may reasonably

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require.

Submission of Report to the Board

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62. The inspecting officer shall, as soon as possible, on completion of the inspection or

investigation as the case may be, submit a report to the Board:

Provided that if directed to do so by the Board, he may submit interim reports.

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36*[Action on inspection or investigation report

63. The Board or the Chairman shall after consideration of inspection or investigation

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report take such action as the Board or Chairman may deem fit and appropriate including

action under the Securities and Exchange Board of India (Procedure for Holding Enquiry

by Enquiry Officer and Imposing Penalty) Regulations, 2002]

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37*[Application of Chapter

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63A Nothing contained in this Chapter shall be applicable to the State or the Central

Government where it is the issuer of the Government securities]

38*[Appointment of Auditor

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63A? The Board shall have the power to appoint an auditor to inspect or investigate, into

the books of accounts, records, documents, infrastructures, systems and procedures or

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affairs of a depository, a participant, a beneficial owner, an issuer or its agent.

Provided that the auditor so appointed shall have the same powers of the inspecting or

investigating officer as stated in regulations 59 and 60, and the obligation of the

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depository, participant, beneficial owner, issuer or its agent and their respective directors,
officers and employees, as the case may be, as stated in Regulation 61, shall be applicable

to the inspection or investigation under this Regulation.

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Board to recover the expenses

63B The Board shall be entitled to recover from the depository, a participant, a beneficial

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owner, an issuer or its agent as the case may be, such expenses including fees paid to the

auditors as may be incurred by it for the purposes of inspecting or investigating the books

of accounts, records, documents, infrastructures, systems and procedures of the

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depository, a participant, a beneficial owner, a issuer or its agent, as the case may be.]

Foot notes

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35. Substituted for "Ordinance" by Securities and Exchange Board of India (Depository

and Participants) (Amendment) Regulations, 1997 published in the official Gazette of

India dated 07.02.1997.

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36. Following regulation 63 was substituted by Securities and Exchange Board of India

(Procedure for Holding Enquiry by Enquiry Officer and Imposing Penalty) Regulations,

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2002.

"Communication of findings etc.

63. (1) The Board shall, after consideration of the inspection report or the investigation

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report referred to in regulation 62, communicate the findings of the inspecting officer to

the depository, participant, issuer or its agent, as the case may be, and give him an

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opportunity of being heard.

(2) On receipt of the reply if any, from the depository, participant, issuer or its agent, as

the case may be, the Board may call upon him to take such measures as the Board may

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deem fit in the interest of the securities market and for due compliance with the

provisions of the Act, the Depositories a*[Act], regulations, the bye- laws and

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agreements.

a. Substituted for "Ordinance" by Securities and Exchange Board of India (Depository

and Participants) (Amendment) Regulations, 1997 published in the official Gazette of

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India dated 07.02.1997.


37. Regulation 63A inserted by Securities and Exchange Board of India (Depository and

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Participants) (Second Amendment) Regulations, 1998 published in the official Gazette of

India dated 21.01.1998.

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38. Regulations 63A and 63B were inserted by Securities and Exchange Board of India

(Depository and Participants) (Second Amendment) Regulations, 1999 published in the

official Gazette of India dated 07.07.1999

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CHAPTER VII

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PROCEDURE FOR ACTION IN CASE OF DEFAULT

39 [Liability for action in case of default

64. A depository or a participant who-

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a.

contravenes any of the provisions of the Act, the Depositories Act, the bye-laws,

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agreements and these regulations;

b.

fails to furnish any information relating to its activity as a depository or

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participant as required under these regulations;
c.

does not furnish the information called for by the Board under clause (a) of sub-

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section (1) of section 18 of the Depositories Act or furnishes information which is false

or misleading in any material particular;

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d.

does not co-operate in any inspection or investigation or enquiry conducted by the

Board;

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e.

fails to comply with any direction of the Board issued under section 18 of the

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Depositories Act;

f.

fails to pay the annual fee referred to in regulation 8,

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shall be dealt with in the manner provided under the Securities and Exchange Board of

India (Procedure for Holding Enquiry by Enquiry Officer and Imposing Penalty)

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Regulations, 2002.]

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SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE BOARD OF INDIA

(CUSTODIAN OF SECURITIES) REGULATIONS, 1996

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CHAPTER I

PRELIMINARY

Short title and commencement

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1. (1) these regulations may be called the Securities and Exchange Board of India

(Custodian of Securities) Regulations, 1996.

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(2) They shall come into force on the date of their publication in the Official Gazette.

Definitions
2. In these regulations, unless the context otherwise requires:-

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(a) "Act" means the Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992 (15 of

1992);

(b) "Certificate" means a certificate of registration granted by the Board under

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these regulations;

(c) "Client" means any person who has entered into an agreement with a

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custodian of securities to avail of custodial services provided by the custodian of

securities;

(d) "Custodian of securities" means any person who carries on or proposes to

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carry on the business of providing custodial services;

(e) "Custodial services" in relation to securities means safekeeping of securities of

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a client and providing services incidental thereto, and includes-

(i) Maintaining accounts of securities of a client;

(ii) Collecting the benefits or rights accruing to the client in respect of securities;

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(iii)

keeping the client informed of the actions taken or to be taken by the

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issuer of securities, having a bearing on the benefits or rights accruing to the

client; and

(iv)

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maintaining and reconciling records of the services referred to in sub-

Clauses (i) to (iii).

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(f) "Custody account" means an account of a client maintained by a

custodian of securities in respect of securities;

(g) "enquiry officer" means an enquiry officer appointed by the Board, under

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regulation 29;

(h) "Form" means any of the forms set out in the First Schedule;
(i) "inspecting officer" means an inspecting officer appointed by the Board under

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regulation 21;

CHAPTER II

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REGISTRATION OF CUSTODIANS OF SECURITIES

Application for grant of certificate

3. (1) Any person proposing to carry on business as custodian of securities on or after the

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commencement of these regulations shall make an application to the Board for grant of a

certificate.

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(2) Any person who is carrying on business as a custodian of securities on the date of

commencement of these regulations shall make an application to the Board for grant of

certificate within a period of three months from the date of such commencement.

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Provided that the Board may, in special cases, where it is of the opinion that it is

necessary to do so for reasons to be recorded in writing, may extend the period up to a

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maximum of six months from the date of such commencement.

(3) An application for grant of a certificate under sub- regulation (1) or sub-regulation (2)

shall be made in Form A and shall be accompanied by an application fee as specified in

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Part A of the Second Schedule and be paid in the manner specified in Part B thereof.

(4) Any person referred to in sub-regulation (2) who fails to make an application for grant

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of certificate within the period or the extended period specified therein, shall cease to

carry on any activity as custodian of securities and shall be subject to the directions of the

Board with regard to the transfer of records, documents or securities relating to his

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activities as custodian of securities.

Application to conform to requirements

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4. An application under regulation 3 which is not complete in all respects or which does

not conform to the instructions specified therein shall be rejected;
Provided that, before rejecting any such application, the Board shall give the applicant an

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opportunity to remove the objection, within such time as may be specified by the Board.

Furnishing of information, clarification, and personal representation

5. (1) The Board may require the applicant to furnish such further information or

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clarification regarding matters relevant to the activities of a custodian of securities for the

purpose of consideration of the application.

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(2) The applicant or his authorized representative shall, if so required, appear before the

Board for personal representation, in connection with the grant of certificate.

Consideration of application for grant of certificate

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6. (1) For the purpose of the grant of a certificate, the Board shall take into account all

matters which are relevant to the activities of a custodian of securities and, in particular,

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whether:-

(a) the applicant fulfils the capital requirement in accordance with regulation 7;

(b) the applicant has the necessary infrastructure, including adequate office space,

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vaults for safe custody of securities and computer systems capability, required to

effectively discharge his

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Activities as custodian of securities;

(c) The applicant has in his employment adequate and competent persons who have the

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experience, capacity and ability of managing the business of the custodian of securities;

(d) the applicant has prepared a complete manual, setting out the systems and procedures

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to be followed by him for the effective and efficient discharge of his functions and the

arms length relationships to be maintained with the other businesses, if any, of the

applicant;

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(e) The applicant is a person who has been refused a certificate by the Board or whose

certificate has been cancelled by the Board;

(f) the applicant, his director, his principal officer or any of his employees is involved in

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any litigation connected with the securities market;

(f) the applicant, his director, his principal officer or any of his employees has at

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any time been convicted of any offence involving moral turpitude or of any

economic offence; and

(g) the applicant is a fit and proper person] and

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(h) the grant of certificate is in the interest of investors.

(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-regulation (1) the Board shall not consider

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an application made under regulation 3 unless the applicant is a body corporate.



Capital requirement

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7. (1) The capital requirement referred to in clause (a) of sub- regulation (1) of regulation

6 shall be a net worth of a minimum of rupees fifty crores.

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Explanation: For the purposes of this regulation, the expression "net worth" means the

paid up capital and the free reserves as on the date of the application.

(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-regulation (1), any custodian of securities

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which;

(a) has been approved by the Board under the provisions of Securities and

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Exchange Board of India (Mutual Fund) Regulations, 1993, or the Securities and

Exchange Board of India (Foreign Institutional Investors) Regulations, 1995, or

the Government of India Guidelines for Foreign Institutional Investors dated

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September 14, 1992, even if it does not have the net worth specified in sub-

regulation (1) may continue to function as a custodian of securities and shall
within a period of one year from the date of commencement of these regulations

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raise its net worth to that specified in sub- regulation (1);

[Provided that the period specified above may be extended by the Board upto a

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maximum of 5 years;]

(c) has made an application under regulation 3 shall be permitted to fulfil his capital

adequacy requirements within one month of the receipt of certificate under

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regulation 8.

Procedure and grant of certificate

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8. (1) After considering the application under regulation 3, with reference to the matters

specified in regulation 6, if the Board on being satisfied that all particulars sought have

been furnished and the applicant is eligible for the grant of a certificate, shall send an

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intimation of the same to the applicant.

(2) On receipt of an intimation from the Board under sub- regulation (1), the applicant

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shall pay to the Board a registration fee specified in Part A of Second Schedule in the

manner specified in Part B thereof.

(3) The Board shall thereafter grant a certificate in Form B to the applicant on receipt of

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the registration fee.

Conditions of certificate

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9. The certificate granted to the custodian of securities shall be subject to the following

conditions, namely:-

(a) it shall not commence any activities as custodian of securities unless it fulfils the

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capital requirement specified in regulation 7;

(b) it shall abide by the provisions of the Act and these regulations in the discharge of its

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functions as custodian of securities;
(c) it shall enter into a valid agreement with its client for the purpose of providing

custodial services;

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(d) it shall pay annual fees as specified in Part A of the Second Schedule in the manner

specified in Part B thereof;

(e) if any information previously submitted by it to the Board is found by it to be false or

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misleading in any material particular, or if there is any change in such information, it

shall forthwith inform the Board in writing; and

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(f) besides providing custodial services, it shall not carry on any activity other than

activities relating to rendering of financial services.

Procedure where certificate is not granted

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10. (1) After considering an application for grant of certificate made under regulation 3, if

the Board is satisfied that a certificate should not be granted, the Board may reject the

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application after giving the applicant a reasonable opportunity of being heard.

(2) The decision of the Board to reject the application shall be communicated within

thirty days of such decision to the applicant in writing, stating therein the grounds on

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which the application has been rejected.

(3) An applicant, who is aggrieved by the decision of the Board under sub-regulation (1)

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may, within a period of thirty days from the date of receipt of communication under sub-

regulation (2), apply to the Board for re-consideration (4) The Board shall, as soon as

possible, in the light of the submissions made in the application for re-consideration made

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under sub-regulation (3) and wherever necessary, after giving the applicant a reasonable

opportunity of being heard, convey its decision in writing to the applicant. of its decision.

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Effect of refusal to grant certificate

11. Any custodian of securities whose application for grant of certificate has been

rejected by the Board shall, on and from the date of the receipt of the communication

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under sub- regulation (2) of regulation 10, cease to carry on any activity as custodian of

securities and shall be subject to the directions of the Board with regard to the transfer of

records, documents or securities that may be in its custody or control relating to its

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activity as custodian of securities.

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CHAPTER III

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GENERAL OBLIGATIONS AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF CUSTODIANS

Code of conduct

12. Every custodian of securities shall abide by the Code of Conduct as set out in the

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Third Schedule.

Segregation of activities
13. Where a custodian of securities is carrying on any activity besides that of acting as

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custodian of securities, then,-

(i) the activities relating to his business as custodian of securities shall be separate

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and segregated from all other activities;

(ii) its officers and employees engaged in providing custodial services shall not be

engaged in any other activity carried on by him.

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Monitoring, review evaluating and inspecting systems and controls

14. (1) Every custodian of securities shall have adequate mechanisms for the purposes of

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reviewing, monitoring and evaluating the custodian's controls, systems, procedures and

safeguards.

(2) The custodian of securities shall cause to be inspected annually the mechanism

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referred to in sub-regulation (1) by an expert and forward the inspection report to the

Board within three months from the date of inspection.

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Prohibition of assignment

15. No custodian of securities shall assign or delegate its functions as a custodian of

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securities to any other person unless such person is a custodian of securities.

Separate custody account

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16. Every custodian of securities shall open a separate custody account for each client, in

the name of the client whose securities are in its custody and the assets of one client shall

not be mixed with those of another client.

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Agreement with the client
17. Every custodian of securities shall enter into an agreement with each client on whose

behalf it is acting as custodian of securities and every such agreement shall provide for

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the following matters, namely:-

(a) The circumstances under which the custodian of securities will accept or release

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securities from the custody account;

(b) The circumstances under which the custodian of securities will accept or release

monies from the custody account.

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(c) The circumstances under which the custodian of securities will receive rights or

entitlements on the securities of the client;

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(d) The circumstances and the manner of registration of securities in respect of each

client;

(e) Details of the insurance, if any, to be provided for by the custodian of securities.

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Internal Controls

18. (1) Every custodian of securities shall have adequate internal controls to prevent any

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manipulation of records and documents, including audits for securities and rights or

entitlements arising from the securities held by it on behalf of its client.

(2) Every custodian of securities shall have appropriate safekeeping measures to ensure

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that such securities are protected from theft and natural hazard.

Maintenance of records and documents and furnishing of information

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19. (1) without prejudice to the provisions of any other law for the time being in force,

every custodian of securities shall maintain the following records and documents,

namely:-

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(a) Records containing details of securities received and released on behalf of each client;

(b) records containing details of monies received and released on behalf of each client;
(c) Records containing details of rights or entitlements of each client arising from the

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securities held on behalf of the client;

(d) Records containing details of registration of securities in respect of each client ;(e)

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Ledger for each client;

(f) Records containing details of instructions received from and sent to clients; and

records of all reports submitted to the Board.

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(2) Every custodian of securities shall intimate to the Board the place where the records

and documents under sub- regulation (1) are maintained.

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(3) Every custodian of securities shall preserve the records and documents maintained

under sub-regulation (1) for a minimum period of five years.

Appointment of Compliance Officer

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19A. (1) Every custodian of securities shall appoint a compliance officer who shall be

responsible for monitoring the compliance of the Act, rules and regulations, notifications,

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guidelines , instructions etc issued by the Board or the Central Government and for

redressed of investors` grievances.

(2) The compliance officer shall immediately and independently report to the Board any

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non-compliance observed by him.]

Information to the Board

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20. (1) The Board may, at any time, call for any information from a custodian of

securities with respect to any matter relating to its activity as custodian of securities.

(2) Where any information is called for by the Board under sub-regulation (1), it shall be

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the duty of the custodian of securities to furnish such information, within such reasonable

period as the Board may specify.

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CHAPTER IV

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INSPECTION AND AUDIT

Board's right to inspect

21. (1) The Board may appoint one or more persons as inspecting officer to undertake

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inspection of the books of accounts, records and documents of the custodian of securities

for any of the following purposes, namely:-

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(a) to ensure that the books of account, records and documents are being maintained by

the custodian of securities in the manner specified in these regulations;

(b) to investigate into complaints received from investors, clients or any other person, on

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any matter having a bearing on the activities of the custodian of securities;

(c) to ascertain whether the provisions of the Act and these regulations are being

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complied with by the custodian of securities; and

(d) to investigate suo motu into the affairs of the custodian of securities, in the interest of

the securities market or in the interest of investors.

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Notice before inspection

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22. (1) Before ordering an inspection under regulation 21, the Board shall give not less

than ten days notice to the custodian of securities.

(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-regulation (1), where the Board is

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satisfied that in the interest of the investors no such notice should be given, it may by an

order in writing direct that the inspection of the affairs of the custodian of securities be

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taken up without such notice.
(3) During the course of an inspection, the custodian of securities against whom the

inspection is being carried out shall be bound to discharge his obligations as provided in

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regulation 23.

Obligations of custodian on inspection by the Board

23. (1) It shall be the duty of the custodian of securities whose affairs are being inspected,

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and of every director, officer and employee thereof, to produce to the inspecting officer

such books, securities, accounts, records and other documents in its custody or control

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and furnish him with such statements and information relating to his activities of the

custodian of securities, as the inspecting officer may require, within such reasonable

period as the inspecting officer may specify.

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(2) The custodian of securities shall allow the inspecting officer to have reasonable

access to the premises occupied by such custodian or by any other person on his behalf

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and also extend reasonable facility for examining any books, records, documents and

computer data in the

possession of the custodian of securities or such other person and also provide copies of

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documents or other materials which, in the opinion of the inspecting officer are relevant

for the purposes of the inspection.

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(3) The inspecting officer, in the course of inspection, shall be entitled to examine or to

record the statements of any director, officer or employee of the custodian of securities.

(4) It shall be the duty of every director, officer or employee of the custodian of securities

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to give to the inspecting officer all assistance in connection with the inspection, which the

inspecting officer may reasonably require.

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Submission of Report to the Board

24. The inspecting officer shall, as soon as possible, on completion of the inspection

submit an inspection report to the Board:

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Provided that if directed to do so by the Board, he may submit an interim report.

Communication of findings etc. to the custodian of securities

25. (1) The Board shall, after consideration of the inspection report or the interim report

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referred to in regulation 24, communicate the findings of the inspection officer to the

custodian of securities and give him an opportunity of being heard.

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(2) On receipt of the reply if any, from the custodian of securities, the Board may call

upon the custodian of securities to take such measures as the Board may deem fit in the

interest of the securities market and for due compliance with the provisions of the Act,

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the rules framed there under and these regulations.

Appointment of Auditor

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25A. The Board shall have the power to appoint an auditor to inspect or investigate, as

the case may be, into the books of accounts, records, documents or affairs of the applicant

or the custodian as the case may be;

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Provided that the auditors so appointed shall have the same powers as vested in the

investing officer under regulation 21 and the applicant or custodian and its directors,

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officers and employees shall be under the same obligations, towards the auditor so

appointed, as are mentioned in regulation 23.

Board to recover the expenses

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25B. The Board shall be entitled to recover from the custodian or the applicant as the

case may be, such expenses including fees paid to the auditors a s may be incurred by it

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for the purposes of inspecting the books of accounts, records and documents of the

applicant or the custodian as the case may be.

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CHAPTER V

PROCEDURE FOR ACTION IN CASE OF DEFAULT

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Suspension of certificate

26. The Board may suspend the certificate granted to a custodian of securities where the

custodian of securities:

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(a) contravenes any of the provisions of the Act, the rules framed there under or these

regulations;

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(b) fails to furnish any information relating to his activity as custodian of securities as

required by the Board;

(c) furnishes to the Board information which is false and misleading in any material

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particular;

(d) does not submit periodic returns or reports as required by the Board;

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(e) does not co-operate in any enquiry or inspection conducted by the Board;

(f) fails to update its systems and procedures as recommended by the Board;
(g) fails to resolve the complaints of clients or fails to give a satisfactory reply to the

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Board in this behalf;

(h) is guilty of misconduct or makes a breach of the Code of Conduct specified in the

Third Schedule;

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(i) fails to pay annual fees.

Cancellation of certificate

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27. The Board may cancel the certificate granted to a custodian of securities:-

(a) when it is guilty of fraud or has been convicted of an offence involving moral

turpitude; or

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(b) it has been guilty of repeated defaults of the nature specified in regulation 26

Explanation: In this regulation, "fraud" has the same meaning as is assigned to it in

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section 17 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872. (9 of 1872)

Manner of making order of cancellation or suspension

28. No order of suspension or cancellation of certificate shall be made by the Board

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against a custodian of securities, except after holding an enquiry in accordance with the

procedure specified in regulation 29

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Manner of holding enquiry before suspension or cancellation

29. (1) For the purpose of holding an enquiry under regulation 28, the Board may appoint

one or more enquiry officer.

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(2) The enquiry officer shall issue to the custodian of securities, at its registered office or

its principal place of business, a notice setting out the grounds on which action is

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proposed to be taken against it and calling upon it to show cause against such action

within a period of fourteen days from the date of receipt of the notice.
(3) The custodian of securities may, within fourteen days from the date of receipt of such

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notice, furnish to the enquiry officer a written reply, together with copies of documentary

or other evidence relied on by it or sought by the Board from the custodian of securities.

(4) The enquiry officer shall give a reasonable opportunity of hearing to the custodian of

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securities to enable him to make submissions in support of its reply made under sub-

regulation (3).

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(5) Before the enquiry officer, the custodian of securities may either appear in person or

through any person duly authorized by the custodian of securities;

Provided that no lawyer or advocate shall be permitted to represent the custodian of

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securities at the enquiry;

Provided further that where a lawyer or an advocate has been appointed by the Board as a

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presenting officer under sub- regulation (6), it shall be lawful for the custodian of

securities to present its case through a lawyer or advocate.

(6) The enquiry officer may, if he considers it necessary, ask the Board to appoint a

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presenting officer to present its case.

(7) The enquiry officer shall, after taking into account all relevant facts and submissions

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made by the custodian of securities, submit a report to the Board and recommend the

penal action, if any, to be taken against the custodian of securities as also the grounds on

which the proposed action is justified.

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Show-cause notice and order

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30. (1) On receipt of the report from the enquiry officer, the Board shall consider the

same and issue to the custodian of securities a show-cause notice as to why the penal

action as proposed by the enquiry officer should not be taken against it.

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(2) The custodian of securities shall, within fourteen days of the date of the receipt of the

show-cause notice, send a reply to the Board.

(3) The Board, after considering the reply of the custodian of securities to the show-cause

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notice, if received within a period of fourteen days shall, as soon as possible but not later

than thirty days from the receipt of the reply or the date of hearing, if any, which ever is

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later, pass such order as it deems fit, including an order for the suspension or cancellation

of the certificate.

(4) Every order made under sub-regulation (3) shall be self-contained and shall give

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reasons for the conclusions stated therein, including the justification for the penalty if

any, imposed by that order.

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Effect of suspension and cancellation of certificate

31. (1) On and from the date of the suspension of the certificate, the custodian of

securities shall cease to carry on any activity as a custodian of securities during the period

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of suspension, and shall be subject to the directions of the Board with regard to any

records, documents or securities that may be in its custody or control, relating to its

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activities as custodian of securities.

(2) On and from the date of cancellation of the certificate, the custodian of securities

shall, with immediate effect, cease to carry on any activity as a custodian of securities,

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and shall be subject to the directions of the Board with regard to the transfer of any

records, documents or securities

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that may be in its custody or control, relating to its activities as custodian of securities.

Publication of order of suspension or cancellation

32. The order of suspension or cancellation of certificate passed under sub-regulation 3 of

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Regulation 30 shall be published by the Board in at least two daily newspapers.

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National Securities Depository Limited

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Although India had a vibrant capital market which is more than a century old, the paper-

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based settlement of trades caused substantial problems like bad delivery and delayed

transfer of title till recently. The enactment of Depositories Act in August 1996 paved the

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way for establishment of NSDL, the first depository in India. This depository promoted

by institutions of national stature responsible for economic development of the country

has since established a national infrastructure of international standards that handles most

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of the securities held and settled in dematerialised form in the Indian capital market

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Using innovative and flexible technology systems, NSDL works to support the investors

and brokers in the capital market of the country. NSDL aims at ensuring the safety and

soundness of Indian marketplaces by developing settlement solutions that increase

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efficiency, minimise risk and reduce costs. At NSDL, we play a quiet but central role in

developing products and services that will continue to nurture the growing needs of the

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financial services industry
In the depository system, securities are held in depository accounts, which is more or less

similar to holding funds in bank accounts. Transfer of ownership of securities is done

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through simple account transfers. This method does away with all the risks and hassles

normally associated with paperwork. Consequently, the cost of transacting in a

depository environment is considerably lower as compared to transacting in certificates.

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Depository Participant:

NSDL depository reaches its services to investors through market intermediaries called

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Depository Participants (DP), who as per SEBI regulations could be organisations

involved in the business of providing financial services like banks, brokers, custodians,

financial institutions, etc. This system of using the existing distribution channel helps

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NSDL to reach to a wide cross section of investors spread across a large geographical

area

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The admission of the DPs involves a detailed evaluation by NSDL and a further

evaluation and approval by SEBI.

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Realising the potential in this market, all the custodians in India and a number of banks,

financial institution and major brokers have already joined NSDL as DPs and they are

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providing services in a number of cities. Many more organisations are in various stages

of establishing connectivity with NSDL.

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SUGGESTED QUESTIONS

1. What is depository? Explain the role and need of depository?

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2. Explain briefly the rights & obligations of depositories as per Depositories Act

1996

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3. Explain the procedure of Registration of transfer of securities with depository

under Depositories Act 1996

4. Explain briefly the Powers of Board to give Directions in certain cases under

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Depositories Act 1996

5. Explain the procedure for application of grant of certificate of registration under

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SEBI (Depositories Participation and Regulation) Act 1996

6. Explain the procedure of inspection under SEBI (Depositories Participation and

Regulation) Act1996

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7. Explain the procedure of Registration of custodian of services inspection under

SEBI (Custodian of Securities and Regulation) Act1996

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8. Briefly explain the procedure of inspection and audit under SEBI (Custodian of

Securities and Regulation) Act1996

9. Briefly explain the procedure for action in case of default under SEBI (Custodian

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of Securities and Regulation) Act1996

10. Explain general obligations and responsibilities of custodian under SEBI

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(Custodian of Securities and Regulation) Act1996



UNIT - V

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FUNDS FROM INTERNATIONAL MARKETS

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Economic development of the any country depends on the existence of a well

established and efficient functioning of financial market. A tremendous reconstituting of

the Indian economic system consisting of industrial deregulation, liberalisation of

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policies relating to foreign direct investment, public enterprises reforms, trade
liberalisation and financial sector reforms have been initiated in 1992 ? 93. Under the

financial sectors reforms in the area of commercial banking, capital markets and non

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banking finance companies have also been undertaken. After the implementation of

liberalisation policies to the Indian Economy and emphasis on market forces involving

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the raising of large proportion of resources required for investment in public and private

sectors from the capital market. In this regard the global financial markets contribute

various way to the growth of Indian economy.

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INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL MARKETS

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International financial markets otherwise known as global financial markets.

Financial markets that operate outside the domain, regulations, and legislative framework

of a country are collectively known as global financial markets. However it is quite

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possible that global capital transactions may take place in domestic capital markets also.

CONSTITUENTS OF GLOBAL FINANCIAL MARKETS

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The operations of the global financial market are not subject to any specific rules

and regulations of a particular country. Eurobond is the bond used in the global financial

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market, the issue of Eurobond being managed by a syndicate of international banks and

placed with investors and lenders all over the world. Various constituents of global

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financial markets are as follows.

i.

Euro currency market

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ii.

International bonds market

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iii.

Export credit facilities

iv.

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Institutional finance

EURO CURRENCY MARKET

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It is popular in Europe especially in London, following II world war the market

that is dominated by Euro dollar deposit in the form of bank deposits and loans are

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known as Euro currency market. The basis of Euro currency market is the banks in

Europe accepting dollar denominated deposits and making dollar denominated loans to

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customers.

EXPORT CREDIT FACILITIES

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Credit facilities for the international business are constituted as an institutional

framework called EXIM banks by several countries. The EXIM Bank contributing vital
role in the extension of export credit facilities. In this aspect the EXIM bank of is playing

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significant role in financing exports and other off shore deals.

INTERNATIONAL BONDS MARKET

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International bonds market are otherwise known as Euro bond market. With help

of the Euro bond market long term funds are raised by using different type of

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instruments.

INSTITUTIONAL FINANCE

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There are number of international financial institutions which provide finance in

foreign currency. It include the international monetary fund (IMF) World Bank and its

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allied agencies such as the International Finance Corporation, Asian Development Bank

etc.

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INSTRUMENTS USED IN THE INTERNATIONAL MARKETS FOR

RAISING FUNDS

i. US Dollar

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It is the most dominant and the most accepted international currency. A large part

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of the global trade and financial transactions are settled in US dollar. The US dollar has

been the predominant currency of the international bond market.

ii. Euro

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The birth of Euro as the currency of European union marked an important

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development in the annals of global financial system.

iii. Pound sterling

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Pound sterling although remained a strong currency in the colonial past way over

take by U.S. Dollar deutsche marks, Japanese yen, and Swiss Francs. The reserve bank

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of England controls and regulates international bonds issue transaction.

iv. Deutsche mark

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Another important currency in the international bond market is the deutsche mark.

This allows the international borrowers to openly use their proceeds fro direct investment

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in Germany currency occupies around 20% of all international bonds.

v. Swiss Francs

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Another important currency that commands as big a share in global capital market

as deutsche mark is the Swiss francs. Swiss Banks are also very active in the Euro

currency market and through their foreign branches in Euro credit markets.

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vi. Yen



Japanese currency yen is fast becoming a favorite choice of those who are

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actively involved the Japanese bond market. It is the world`s second largest traded

currency after the us dollar.

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vii. Dutch Guider



Dutch guider was a important currency in international market till 1980. It was

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the fourth strong currency after us dollar, deutsche mark and Swiss francs.

viii. Canadian Dollar

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Canadian dollar appeared in the world`s financial market in 1975. The issued of

Canadian dollar Euro bonds became attractive for international borrowers. The main

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reason for its popularity were cheaper cost of funds and easy convertibility in other

currency.

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ix. Other Currencies



The following are the some of the currencies that are used in global financial

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markets, i e French Frances, Middle Eastern Currencies.

FII INVESTMENTS

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Investments from FII to in our country is routed through the capital market,

primary and secondary market securities including Government securities. In this regard

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the Government of India issued guidelines on 14.9.1992 has allowed reputed foreign

institutional investors. It includes pension funds, mutual funds, asset management

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companies, investment trusts, nominee companies, and incorporated or institutional

portfolio managers or their power of attorney holders are eligible to invest in Indian

capital market subject to the condition that they register with the securities and Exchange

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Board of India and obtain RBI approval under Foreign Exchange regulation act. They

can invest in all securities traded on the primary and secondary market including the

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equity and other securities and instruments of companies that are listed to be listed on the

stock exchange in India. At the end of March 1997, 439 FIIs were registered with SEBI.

Their total investment in securities market at the end of December 1996 was $ 7.235

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billion. FIIs can make purchases and sales only for delivery. A FII cannot engage in

short sales. FIIs investing under the scheme enjoy a conversional tax rate of 20% on

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dividend and interest and 10% on long term capital gains held for more than one year.
FII : MEANING

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A foreign institutional investor means an institution established or incorporated

outside India that proposes to make investments in India in securities. A domestic asset

management company or domestic portfolio manager who manages funds raised or

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collected or brought from outside India for investment in India on behalf of a sub account

are deemed to be a FII. The following are the SEBI regulations governing FII

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investment in India are

a.

Registration of FIIs including sub accounts

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b.

Investment conditions and restrictions.

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c.

General obligations and responsibilities

d.

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Action / penalty in case of default

e.

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Preferential allotment by listed companies to FIIs.

REGISTRATION OF FIIs

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In order to buying, selling and dealing of securities FIIs must be registered with

the SEBI. While granting a certificate of registration it consider the following matters.

i.

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Applicants financial performance, professional capacity, financial

strength, general reputation of fairness and integrity.

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ii.

Regulation of the applicant by an appropriate foreign regulatory authority.

iii.

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Obtain permission under FEMA by the RBI for making investments in

India as a FII.

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iv.

The applicant should be established or incorporated outside India as a

pension fund, mutual fund investment trust or asset management

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company, nominee company, institutional portfolio manager or trustee,

power of attorney holder and proposing to make investments in India or

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university fund endowments, foundations charitable trusts, societies. The

applicant should have been in existence for at least five years. In this way

only it is legally permitted to invest in securities outside the country of its

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incorporation.

v.

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Issuing certificate of registration is in the interests of the development of

the securities market and

vi.

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To examine the applicant is a fit and proper person.


An FII has to apply for renewal three months before the expiry of certificate of

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registration. The renewal of the certificate of registration to an FII is subject to the

following conditions. Such as

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i.

Before making any investment in India, framing agreement for providing

custodial services in respect of securities through appointed of a domestic

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custodian.

ii.

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Before making any investment in India with a designated bank for the

purpose of operating a special non ? resident rupee, foreign currency

account through an agreement.

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a. REGISTRATION OF SUB - ACCOUNTS

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The registration of sub account SEBI take into account the following details.

i.

The applicant is an institution, portfolio established or incorporated

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outside India and proposes to make investment in India.

ii.

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The applicant is fit and proper person.

iii.

The applicant whom applicant is made holds a certificate of registration

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from the SEBI authorized to invest on behalf of the sub account the sub

account has paid registration or renewal fee of us % 1000.

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b. INVESTMENT CONDITIONS AND RESTRICTIONS



SEBI has permitted FIIs can invest in securities of Indian capital market in

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accordance with the following provisions.

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i.Securities in the primary and secondary markets including shares, debentures

and warrants of company listed or unlisted or to be listed on recognized stock exchange

in India.

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ii. Units of mutual funds, unit trust of India whether listed or not.

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iii. Commercial paper.

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iv. Dated government securities

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v. Commercial paper

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SEBI has permitted FIIs to invest in government dated securities with in

the frame. Work of guidelines on FII investment in debt instruments for 100% debt funds

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subject to an annual cap on such investment with in the overall limit of external

commercial borrowings of the year.
SECONDARY MARKET TRANSACTIONS

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The FIIs registered with the SEBI has permitted to invest subject to an aggregate

investment limit / ceiling of 40% of the issued and paidup capital of an Indian economy

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subject to i. Approval of the board of directors and ii. A special resolution passed by the

general body of the company. The purchase of the equity shares of each company by a

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FII on its own account as well on behalf of each sub account exceed 10% each of the total

issued capital.

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No transaction on stock exchanges can be carried forward.
C. GENERAL OBLIGATIONS AND RESPONSIBILITIES

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It includes the appointment of domestic custodian, designated bank, investment

advice in publicity accessible media, preservation of books and documents and

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appointment of a compliance officer.

i. Appointment of domestic custodian

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The domestic custodian includes any person carrying on the activity of providing

custodial services with respect to securities. The FII can appoint more than one domestic

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custodian with the SEBI`s prior approval but only one for a single sub account.

ii. Any FII any of his employees should not render, directly or indirectly, any investment

advice about any security in the publicy accessible meida, whether real time or non real

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time with out a disclosure of his interests including longer short position in the security.

iii. All the FII should keep, maintain books of accounts, records, for the period of 5 years.

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True and fair accounts relating to the remittance of the initial corpus of buying,

selling releasing capital gains of the investment made out of the corpus.

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Bank statement of the accounts.

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Contract notes relating to purchase, sales of securities.

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Accounts of remittances to India.

D. PROCEDURE FOR ACTION IN CASE OF DEFAULT

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i. Suspension of certificate of registration



It takes place if the FII indulges in fraudulent transaction in security

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Fails to furnish an details related to his transaction insecurities as required by the

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SEBI or RBI.



Furnishes False Information.

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ii. Cancellation

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The certificate of registration is liable to be cancelled if the FII,



Indulges in deliberate manipulation, concerning activates, prejudicially affecting

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the securities market, investors interest.

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Does not meet the eligibility criteria as laid down in the SEBI regulations.

Violates the provisions of the SEBI insider trading resolutions.

E. PREFERENTIAL ALLOTMENT BY LISTED COMPARES TO FIIs

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SEBI grant permission to the listed companies in order to make preferential

allotment in favour of the registered FIIs subject to the following conditions.

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U/S (IA) of the companies act, the company should obtain the consent of

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the shareholders, through general body meeting.



The preferential allotment made to each FII, should be in accordance with

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the ceilings on FII holdings.

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Price fixation in the preferential allotment should be made at a price not

less than the highest price during the last 26 weeks on all the stock

exchanges where the securities of the company are listed.

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EURO ISSUES

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Euro equity issues are floated outside domestic markets by way of Eurobond type

of syndication and distribution. Euro-equities are issued as bearer participation

certificates.

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With the impact of globalization after 1991. Indian economy specifically Indian

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corporates are permitted to issue their securities in and raise funds from the Euro markets.

The important instruments of Euro issues are as follows

i.

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American Depository Receipt (ADRs) in the USA.

ii.

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European Depository Receipt (EDRs) in Europe.

iii.

Global Depository Receipt (GDRs) in the USA and internationally.

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iv.

Foreign currency convertible bonds (FCCBs)

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AMERICAN DEPOSITORY RECEIPTS (ADRs)



ADR is a dollar denominated negotiable certificate that indicates non ? us

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company`s public traded equity. It was actually devised in the late 1920s to help

Americans invest in overseas securities and to assist non ? us companies willing to have

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their stock traded in the USA. International equities are created by transforming

registered stock into a form that can be traded in foreign markets as economic

instruments. Shares are issued by a depository usually a US bank, against a stated

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number of foreign securities held by the depository. It may be classified as sponsored

ADRs and unsponsored ADRs.

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EUROPEAN DEPOSITORY RECEIPTS


EDRs are denominated in a European currency and issued in Europe. EDRs are

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quite similar to ADRs except denomination. Unlike ADRs EDRs have not developed

into a broad and active market because of denomination of European market by Japanese

securities houses making markets in Japanese equities because of which investors are not

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attracted towards EDRs.

GLOBAL DEPOSITORY RECEIPTS

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Global depository receipts are essentially equity instruments created by overseas

depository banks (ODBs) which are authorized by the issuing companies in India to issue

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outside the country GDRs to non ? resident investors against the shares of the issuing

compares held with the nominated domestic custodian banks.

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IMPORTANT FEATURES OF GDR ARE AS FOLLOWS

i. Liquidity

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It is popular in developing economies for the main reason that investors have

enough liquidity and it is simpler to understand and trade with a single depository bank

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which in turn facilitates the secondary and inter market trading amongst the investors

based in different countries.

ii. Equity Funds

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It is an instrument for raising equity funds by the enterprises based in Asian

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regions and are subscribed by simultaneous placement in the USA, Europe and Asia. In

December 1990 the first GDR was issued by the Samsung Company Ltd a South Korean

Trading Company.

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iii. Flexibility

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The trading ratio of GDRs ordinary shares can be adjusted and set in the price

range of comparable foreign shares.

FOREIGN CURRENCY CONVERTIBLE BONDS

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Foreign currency convertible bonds mean bonds issued in accordance with this

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scheme and subscribed by a non resident in foreign currency and convertible into

ordinary shares of the issuing company.

GUIDELINES FOR RAISING FUNDS FROM THE INTERNATIONAL

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MARKETS

GUIDELINES ON ISSUE OF GRDs & FCCBs

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In case of GDR, first upto obtaining from the Government of India, the issuing

company should have a consistent record of good performance for a minimum period of

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three years. The ordinary shares and foreign currency convertible bonds issued against

the GDRs are treated as direct foreign investment and the aggregate of the foreign

investment made either directly or indirectly should not exceed 51% of the issued and

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subscribed capital of the issuing company.

MODIFIED GUIDELINES

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The Government of India a issued modified guidelines for Euro issues on may it

1994. Any company or group of companies will not be allowed more than two Euro

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issues during a financial year and there must be a minimum gap of 12 months between

two issues floated by a single firm. From the proceeds of Euro issue 85% should be

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utilized within one year from the date of issue for financing of capital goods imports.

ANOTHER GUIDELINES ? OCT 1994

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The Guidelines for Euro issues on October 28, 1994 provided that the issuing

companies mandatorily retain the Euro issues proceeds abroad and repatriate them as and

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when expenditure for the approved end uses were incurred. At present, corporates are

permitted to access foreign capital markets for external commercial borrowings (ECB)

through instruments like.

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FURTHER CHANGES IN GUIDELINES ? JUNE 1996


On June 19, 1996 changes in Euro guidelines were announced (i) Euro ? issue

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were recommended to be treated as direct foreign investment in the issuing company, (ii)

banks, financial institutions (FIs) non ? bank financial institutions (NBFIs) registered

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with RbI were made eligible for GDR issue without reference to the end use criterion.

PRICING OF GDRs

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The numerous criteria considered for pricing of GDR issue are prospective

earnings, market price of the share, turnover and market capitalization, fundamental

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analysis of the company and size of the issue. Prospective earnings in the ensuring three

years are a better index of the potential of long term appreciation in price earnings. The

current market price of the share is taken as a bench mark for pricing of the issue. To

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ensure stability of GDR price after issue the issue amount may be limited to two thirds of

the assessed demand.

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ISSUE OF GDR


Utilizing the opportunities presented by the access of the international markets,

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Indian companies mobilized funds abroad through foreign currency convertible bonds

and global depositors receipts on a substantial scale in 1994. Given the low rates of

interest in international markets, this source of financing was found to be cost effective.

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During 1993 ? 94, a sum of US 2374 million was mobilized through Euro issues, of

which us 1460 million was raised through GDRs and the remaining amount through

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FCCBs.

LISTING

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GDRs, ADRs may be listed on any of the overseas stock exchanges or over the

counter exchanges or through the book entry transfer system prevalent abroad. They may

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be purchased, possessed and freely transferable by a person who is a non ? resident. A

listed company may sponsor an issue of ADRs / GDRs with an overseas depository

against shares held by its shareholders.

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OPERATIONAL GUIDELINES

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It relates to (i) automatic route of the RBI to issue GDRs / ADRs to foreign

investor (ii) two way fungibility of ADRs / GDRs (iii) Automatic route for issue of

FCCBs (iv) Issue of ADRs, GDRs through automatic route (v) Issue of ADR, GDR

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linked employee stock options by Indian software, IT Companies, and (vi) norms of

overseas business acquisition through ADRs, GDRs.

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FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT

Significance of Foreign Investment

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The role of foreign investment in the Economic development of the country is

increased in recent years. Due to the Economic reforms and the far ? reaching political

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changes have resulted in very substantial changes in the international capital flows.

Foreign investment consists of Broadly two major classification. (i) Foreign Direct

Investment (ii) Portfolio Investment.

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Foreign Direct Investment refer to a investment in a foreign country where the

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investors retains control over the investment. It typically takes the form of starting a

subsidiary acquiring a stake in an existing firm or starting a joint venture in the foreign

country. Direct investment and management of the firms concerned normally go

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together.


FDI implies that the investors exerts a significant degree of influence on the

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management of the enterprise resident in the other economy. Such investment involves

both the initial transaction between the two entities and al subsequent transitions between

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them and among foreign affiliates both incorporated and unincorporated FDI may be

undertaken by individuals as well as business entities.

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Flow of FDI comprises capital provided either directly or through other related

enterprises by a foreign direct investor to an FDI enterprise or capital received from an

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FDI enterprise by a foreign direct investor. The important components of FDI has (i)

equity capital (ii) reinvested earnings (iii) intra company loans. It may be noted that

Government of India used of exclude reinvested earnings from the estimation of FDI in

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India.

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FDIs are governed by long term considerations because these investments cannot

be easily liquidated. Hence factors like long term political stability, government policy,

industrial and economic prospects etc influence the FDI decision. However portfolio

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investments which can be liquidated fairly easily are influenced by short term gains.

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Direct investors have direct responsibility with the promotion and management of

the enterprise.

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The important types of foreign investment was as follows

i.

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Wholly owned subsidiary

ii.

Joint venture

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iii.

Acquisition

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The changes in the composition of the capital flows and the substantial increase in

the magnitude of some of the flows like FDI have remarkably changed the balanced of

payments and foreign exchange resources position of several countries.

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ADVANTAGES OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT

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i.

FDI shifts the burden of risk of an investment from domestic to foreign

investors.

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ii.

Repayments are linked to profitability of the underlying investment,

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whereas under debt financing the borrowed funds must serviced regard

less of the project costs.
iii.

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Further it has also been observed that FDI is the only capital inflow that

has been strongly associated with higher GDP growth since 1970.

The role of FDI to economic growth is high lighted by the fact that the ratio of

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FDI flow to domestic investment (gros capital formation) rose for most developed and

developing countries in the past. Although the bulk of the FDI goes to developed

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countries its share in their gross fixed capital formation is only about half of that in

developing countries because of the massiveness of their gross fixed capital formation.

Apart from potential gains through technology transfer, FDI has generated large

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employment opportunities in a number of countries.

FACTORS AFFECTING FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT

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Foreign Direct Investment are influenced by the number of factors which are as

follows

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i. Large and Growing Market

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The size and potential for growth of country`s domestic market, especially the

purchasing power of its customers are key. Companies could not ready to make any

investment in a market where there is little potential to make a profit.

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ii. Property rights and protection

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To give the protection to private properly. In this way companies tangible or

intangible property stolen must be controlled.

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iii. Reliable infrastructure

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The infrastructure is the foremost factors for the effective production and efficient

serving to the market. And at the same time it is also critical. Whether it be reliable

transportation, power generation, accounting services a competent financial system or

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other basic factors, investments cannot give satisfactory return without this.

iv. Availability of high quality factors of production

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High quality of factors of production is responsible for the large scale production

and higher amount of foreign direct investment. While the investors brings capital,

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technology and management to the table, the quality of the indigenous work force and the

availability of local raw materials are also key ingredients in the receive for success.

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v. An effective and honest government


The investor must be able to rely upon the integrity of the host government and its

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ability to maintain law and order.

vi. Minimal government regulations

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The cost of government regulation and intervention in the affairs and profits of

private companies must be kept to a minimum.

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vii. Freedom of activity in the market



The competitive strength and the degree of government interference to entering a

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country`s market are important factors. The freer the market, the more attractive it

becomes as an investment site for international investors.

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viii. A strong local currency



All the local currency must have retain its value. It are make an investment in we

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have lost part or possibly all ? of your original dollar ? based investment.
9. Freedom to operate between markets

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An organization must be able to obtain goods and services from its operating unit

in one market and distributing its goods and services to another market or maximize its

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global efficiency by trading among its operating entities in different countries to round

out its product lines.

FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT AND PRODUCTION LINKAGES

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FDIs contribution to sustainable economic development of the host countries

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depends to a large extent on the production linkages between foreign affiliates and

domestic firms. This linkages can take the following forms. It may be the backward,

forward or horizontal. Backward linkages exist when foreign affiliates acquire goods or

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services from domestic firms and forward linkages exist when foreign affiliates sell

goods or services to domestic firms. In the name of horizontal linkage involves

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interactions with the domestic firms engaged in competing activities. Linkages broadly

defined can also involve non business entities like universities, research and technology

institutes, export promotion agencies and other private institutions.

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The extent to which foreign affiliates developing backward linkages with

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domestic suppliers is usually measured by the local content of production or local

sourcing by foreign affiliates although for various reasons, however these measures may

not accurately reflect the magnitude of backward linkages with domestic firms.

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TRADE AND FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT

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Foreign trade and foreign direct investment are mutually interrelated. White some

of the FDIs increases international trade and some of them decrease the international

trade.

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FOREIGN INVESTMENT IN INDIA

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The flow of direct foreign investment to India has been generally smaller amount

because of the type of industrial development strategy and the very cautious foreign

investment policy followed by the nation.

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Due to the following factors foreign direct investment in India was adversely

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affected.
i.

Government policy about the foreign capital was very selective, foreign

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investments was specifically permitted only in high technology industries

in the priority sectors and export oriented sectors.

ii.

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Foreign equity participation was allowed upto a limit of 40% and at the

same time merit cases exceptions were allowed.

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iii.

The public sector position as a monopoly or a dominant position most

important industrial sectors and therefore the scope of private investment

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both domestic and international was limited.

iv.

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Any of the inward remittances ie payment of dividends abroad,

repatriation of capital etc were subject to the provisions of the foreign

exchange regulation act 1973. It is actually discoursed international

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investment.

v.

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High corporate taxation and complex tax laws and their procedure.

GOVERNMENT POLICY : FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT

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Prior to 1991 FDI was allowed only on a case to case basis with a normal ceiling

of 40%. But generally India was following a very restrictive policy towards foreign

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capital and technical know ? how. If necessary only foreign technology. In some other

cases the import of technology was permitted on the merit basis if substantial exports

were guaranteed over a period of 5 to 10 years if there is a reasonable proposals for such

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exports.

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The post 1991 period under the new Industrial policy, foreign equity capital has

been delinked from technology transfer. Moreover FDI is being sought actively in a wide

range of high priority export oriented critical infrastructure industries. The framework of

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FDI foreign collaboration in India is described in the following heads

a. Policy

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b. Procedure

c. Facilitation

a. Policy

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The Government policy relating to the foreign direct investment indicate the

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following steps.


(i) Industrial policy (ii) FDI (iii) Investment by NRIs / OCBs (iv) foreign

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technology agreement (v) electronic hardware technology park schemes.

i. Industrial policy

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The Union Governments liberalization and Economic reforms programme aims at

rapid and substantial economic growth, and integration with the global economy in a

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harmonized manner. After the industrial policy reforms, it reduce the industrial licensing

requirements, removed restrictions on investment and expansion and facilitated easy

access to foreign technology and foreign direct investment.

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ii. Industrial Licensing

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Most of the industrial organisations are exempt from obtaining an industrial

license to manufacturing the product, except for (a) Industries reserved for the public

sector viz, Atomic energy and Railway transport (b) Industries returned under

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compulsory licensing viz, cigars and cigarettes of tobacco and manufactured tobacco

substitutes, Industrial explosive, including detonating fues, safety fuees, gun powder,

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nitrocellulose and matches (c) Items manufacturing reserved for small scale industries (d)

If the proposal attracts locational restrictions.
iii. Industrial Entrepreneurs Memo random

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Any Business or industrial organization exempt from obtaining an industrial

license are required to file an industrial Entrepreneur Memorandum as the format

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prescribed by the secretarial of Industrial Assistance, Government of India and obtain an

acknowledgement no further approval is required.

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iv. Locational policy



An entrepreneur or business unit has to select its location in its convenience.

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Without any restrictions. In case of cities with population of more than a million,

however the proposed location should be at least 25 kms away from the standard urban

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area limits of the city. Unless its is to be located in an area designated as an industrial

area.

v. Policy relating to small scale units

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An industrial undertaking is defined as a small scale unit if the investment in fixed

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assets ie plant and machinery does not exceed rupee one crore. Small scale units are

registered with the Directorate of industries, or district industries centre in the respective

state government. Small scale units can manufacture any item as exclusively reserved for

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manufacture in the small scale sectors. Small scale units are free from the locational

restrictions.

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vi. Environmental Clearances



An industrial undertaking are required to obtain statutory clearances relating to

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pollution control and environment conservation for setting up an industrial project with

respect to the specified industries.

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vii. Foreign Direct Investment



To formulate the government policy enable to facilitate foreign direct investment

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and investment from non ? resident Indians including overseas corporate bodies, that are

predominantly owned by them to complement and supplement domestic investment.

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Foreign direct investment is freely allowed in all the sectors including the services

sectors, except where the existing and notified sectoral policy does not permit FDI

beyond a ceiling.

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viii. Automatic Route

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The automatic route covers both new ventures and existing companies.
NEW VENTURES

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In case of new ventures foreign direct investment upto 100% fall under the

automatic route except for all proposals (i) requiring license (ii) the foreign collaborator

has a previous tie ? up in India (iii) acquisition of shares in an existing company in favour

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of foreign investor.

EXISTING UNITS

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Apart from the new companies, automatic route for FDI is also available to

existing companies proposing to induct foreign equity. For an existing companies with

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an expansion programme the additional requirements are (i) the increase in equity level

must result from the expansion of the equity base of the existing company without the

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acquisition of existing shares of NRI or foreign investors.



The automatic route has subsequently been expanded very significantly and now

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there are different categories of industries on the basis of the ceiling of foreign equity

participation.

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Viz

1.

Industries in which FDI does not exceed 25%

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2.

Industries in which FDI does not exceed 50%

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3.

Industries in which FDI does not exceed 51%

4.

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Industries in which FDI does not exceed 74%

5.

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Industries in which upto 100% foreign equities is

permitted.

In February 2000, Government took a major decision to place all items under the

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automatic route for FDI except for a small negative list which includes the following

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Hems requiring an industrial license under the industries (Development &

Regulations) Act 1951.

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Foreign investment being more than 24% in the equity capital of units

manufacturing items reserved for small scale industries.

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All items requiring industrial license in terms of the locational policy

notified under the industrial policy.

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Proposals having previous venture tie ? up in India with foreign

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collaborator.


All the proposals relating to acquisition of shares in existing Indian

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Company by foreign NRI investor.



All proposals falling outside notified sectoral policy / caps or under

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sectors in which FDI is not permitted.

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All proposals for investment in public sector units are also for EOU / EPZ

/ STP units would quality for automatic approval subject ot the aforesaid

parameters.

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All other proposals which do not conform to the guidelines for automatic

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approval are considered by the foreign investment promotion boards.

The RBI has granted general permission under the foreign exchange resolution act

with respect to proposals approved by the government. Indian companies getting foreign

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investment approval through the (foreign investment promotion board). FIPB route do

not require any further clearness from the RBI for the purpose of receiving inward

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remittance and issue of shares to the foreign investors. This type of companies are

however required to notify the RBI of receipt of inward remittance within 30 days of

such receipt and to file the required documents within 30 days after issue of shares to

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foreign investors.
b. PROCEDURES

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The procedural aspects of foreign direct investment cover the following steps. (i)

approval procedures (ii) FDI (iii) foreign technology collaboration (iv) 100% EOUs units

set up in EPZs / FIZs / SEZs (v) EHTP / STP units.

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APPROVAL PROCEDURES

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Any industrial undertaking eligible to obtain exemption from the requirements of

industrial licensing, including existing units undertaking substantial expansion, need to

file information in the prescribed by the industrial entrepreneurs memorandum. And at

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the some time all the industrial undertakings also need to file information at the time of

commencement of commercial production.

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INDUSTRIAL LICNECE



All the Industrial undertaking, subject to compulsory industrial licensing are

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granted licence under the industrial development regulation act 1951. Granting approval

normally be available within 4-6 weeks of filing the application.

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CARRY ON BUSINESS LICENCE


A carry on business licence is required when a small scale unit exceeds the

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prescribed limit of investment in plant and machinery by way of natural growth and

continues to manufacture small scale revised items.

FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT

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The foreign direct investment procedures are

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Automatic route

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Government approval through FIPB

PROCEDURE FOR AUTOMATIC ROUTE

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In order to simplify procedures for foreign direct investment under the automatic

route the RBI has given permission to Indian companies to accept investment under this

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route without obtaining its prior approval. But any how the investors would have to file

the required documents with the RBI within 30 days after the issue of shares to foreign

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investors.

PROCEDURE FOR GOVERNMENT APPROVAL ? FOREIGN INVESTMENT

PROMOTION BOARD

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All other proposals for foreign investment including NRI / OCB investment and

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foreign investment in EOU / EPZ / STP / units which do not fulfil any or all of the
parameters prescribed for automatic approval are considered for approval on the basis of

their merits by the government. The FIPB also grants composite approvals involving

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foreign technical collaboration and setting upto EOUs involving foreign investment /

foreign technical collaboration.

FOREIGN TECHNICAL KNOW HOW OR TECHNOLOGY COLLABORATION

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The approval procedure may be automatic or through government.

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PROCEDURE FOR AUTOMATIC APPROVAL


Applicants for automatic approval for such foreign technology agreements should

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be submitted with the RBI. Approvals are obtained within one week or two weeks.

PROCEDURE FOR GOVERNMENT APPROVAL

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All other proposals for foreign technology agreements, not meeting any or all of

the parameters for automatic approval and all cases of extension of existing foreign

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technical collaboration agreement are considered for approval on their merit by the

government on consideration of the proposal by the project approval board / FIPB,

decisions are normally conveyed within 4 to 6 weeks for filling the applicantions.

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100% EXPORT ORIENTED UNITS (EOUs) AND UNITS SET UP IN EPZ / FTZ / SEZ

Procedure for Approval for EOUs

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Applications for 100% EOUs should be submitted in the prescribed form to the

development commissioners of the concerned export processing zones (EPZs) for

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automatic approval and to the SIA for government approval.

PROCEDURE FOR FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT / NRI INVESTMENT

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Fro proposals not covered under the automatic route, the applicant should seek

separate approval of the FIPB as per the procedure outlined in relation to foreign

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technology collaboration.

EHTP / STP UNITS

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Application in the prescribed form should be submitted to the concerned directors

of STPs or the designated officers of EHTPs for automatic approval and to the SIA for

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government approval.

PROCEDURE FOR FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT / NRI INVESTMENT

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All proposals for FDI / NRI / OCB investment in EHTP / STP units are eligible

for approval under the automatic route. For proposals not covered under the automatic

route the applicant should seek separate approval of the FIPB as per the procedure

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outlined in relation to the procedure for FDI.

PROCEDURE FOR FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN INDUSTRIAL PARK

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As 100% FDI is permitted under the automatic route for setting up of an industrial

park, the procedure mentioned in relation FDI would be applicable for seeking the

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requisite approval.

C. FACILITATION

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In order to obtain huge amount of FDIs in India, a number of organisations,

agencies have been setup. Some of the organisations can be described in the following

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i. Investment Promotion and Facilitation ? Foreign Investment Promotion Board

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It is the nodal, single window agency for all matters relating to FDI and also the

promotion of investment in the country. Its main obat is to promote FDI in India.

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Early undertaking investment promotion activities in India abroad.

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Early clearance of proposal submitted it



Facilitating investment in the country by international companies, non ?

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resident Indians and other foreign investors.


Policy review and put in place appropriate institutional arrangements,

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transparent rules and procedures and guidelines for investment promotion

and approvals.

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ii. Foreign Investment Implementation Authority



It has set up to facilitate quick translation of FDI approvals into implementations,

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provide a Pro-active one stop after care service to foreign investors by helping them to

obtain necessary approval and also to find solutions to problems and maximize

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opportunities through a partnership approach.

iii. Foreign Investment Promotion Council

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The Government has constituted a foreign investment promotion council

comprising professional from industry and commerce. It main objective to identify

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specific sectors / projects within the country that require FDI and target specific regions /

countries of the world for its mobilization.

iv. Secretarial for industrial Assistance

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It has been set up by the Government of India to provide a single window for

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entrepreneurial assistance, investor facilitation, receiving and processing of all

applications that require approval, conveying government decisions, assisting

entrepreneurs and investors in setting up projects.

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v. Entrepreneurial assistance unit

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It has been established for the purpose of contributing various assistance to an

entrepreneurs on different aspects concerning investment decisions. The unit receives all

papers / applications related to industrial approvals and immediately issues a

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computerized acknowledgement. Which also has an reference number. All

correspondence with SIA should Quote this number.

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vi. Investment Promotion and Infrastructure Development Cell



In order to give further impetus to facilitation and monitoring of investment as

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well for better co-ordination of infrastructural requirements for industry, a new cell called

the investment promotion and infrastructure development has been created. It contributes

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various functions for the promotion of investment.

vii. Project monitoring wing

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The project monitoring wing created within had within the IP & Id. Cell in June

1998 is now functioning under the FIIA. The main function of the PMW are the co-

ordination with the respective union and state level ministries and also monitoring

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approved projects.

viii. Nodal Officers

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The Government has identified officers at the deputy secretary / director level

nodal officers for facilitation of all matters relating to the industrial projects pertaining to

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a state. The nodal officer is full in charge for the project which requiring FDi and also

monitor their implementation within the time schedule.

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ix. International centre for Alternative Dispute resolution



It is an autonomous organisation under the aegis of ministry of law and justice to

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promote settlement of domestic international disputes by different modes of alternate

dispute resolution.
CREDIT RATING

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Security rating popularly known as credit rating in India is mandatory for the

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issuance of debt instruments debentures with conversion or redemption period,

commercial paper issued by corporates, and public deposits of all NBFCs with net owned

funds above Rs. 50 lakhs.

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Credit ratings are judgment about the firms financial and business prospects. It

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may be defined as a process by which a statistical service prepares various ratings

identified by symbols which are indicators of the investment quality of the securities

rated . The security may be a debt instrument or equity.

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CREDIT RATING ? DEFINITION

Rating is defined by SEBI regulations as an opinion regarding securities

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expressed in the form of standard symbols or in any other standardized form assigned by

a credit rating agency and used by the issuer of such securities to comply with a

requirement specified by these SEBI regulations.

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Credit rating is essentially the symbolic indicator of the current opinion of the

rating agency on the relative ability and willingness of the issuer of a financial debt

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instrument to meet the (debt) service obligation as and when they arise. It provides a

relative ranking of the credit quality of debt financial instruments or other grading

according to investment qualities.

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The rating industry in India was ushered in 1988 with the setting up of credit

rating and information services of India Ltd followed by three more the latest entirely

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devoted to rating NBFCs. The industry is sustained by mandatory requirements for rating

debt instruments.

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French francs which suits small issues as French resolutions are tight and

restrictive international borrowings.

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Middle ? Eastern currencies ie Saudi Arabian Riyal and Kuwait dinar that

are patronized by the non ? resident investors. But it has only limited

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scope.

REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ? SEBI CREDIT RATING AGENCIES REGULATION

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The credit rating agencies are regulated by SEBI. The main elements of its

regulatory framework are described as follows

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a. Registration

b. Their general obligation

c. Restrictions on the rating of securities

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d. Procedure for inspection and investigation

e. Action in case of default.

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a. Registration of Credit Rating Agencies



Registration with SEBI is mandatory to carry on the rating business. The

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application for the grant of certificate registration should be madeto SEBI in form A and

accompanied by a non refundable fee of Rs.25000.

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i. Promoter of Credit Rating Agency



A credit rating agency can be promoted by a (i) public financial institutions as

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defined in section 4 ? A co of the companies act (ii) scheduled bank (iii) foreign bank

operating in India with the RBI approval.

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ii. Eligibility Criteria



The eligibility criteria for a rating agency are as follows

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Is setup and registered as a company

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Has specified in its Memorandum of association rating activity as one of

its main objects.

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Has minimum network of 5 crore

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Has adequate infrastructure

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Its promoters have professional competence, financial soundness and

general reputation of fairness and integrity in business transaction to the

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satisfaction of SEBI.

iii. Grant of certificate of Registration

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SEBI will grant to eligible applicants a certificate registration on the payment of a

fee of Rs.5,00,000. Subject to few conditions would apply.

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b. General obligations ? code of conduct



To observe in the conduct of its business high standards of integrity and

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fairness in all its dealings with its clients.

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To fulfill its obligation in an ethical manner.


To avoid any conflict of interest of any member of its rating committee

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participating in the rating analysis.

c. Restrictions on rating of securities

i. Securities issued by promoters

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A CRA is prohibited from rating securities issued by its promoters who hold not

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less than 10% of its shares. If the promoter is a lending institution its chairman director

or employees cannot hold a similar position in the CRA or its rating committee.

ii. Securities issued by certain Entities

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The securities of an entity cannot be rated by a CRA if its (a) a borrower of its

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promoter or (b) a subsidiary of its promoter or (c) an associate (holding at least 10% of

the share capital) of its promoter when there are common (i) Chairman / Directors (ii)

there are common chairman / director / employees on the rating committee.

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d. Procedure for inspection / investigation

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SEBI has power to inspect or investigate the books of accounts of CRA.



To ascertain whether the provisions of the SEBI act / these regulations are

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being complied with

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To investigate into complaints from investors for clients whose securities

are rated by any other person on any matter having a bearing on the

activities of the CRA.

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e. Action in case of Default

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The CRA which (a) fail to comply with any condition subject to which certificates

of registration had been granted or (b) contravene any of the provisions of the SEBI act /

these regulations or any other regulation under the SEBI act are liable to suspension of

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their registration.

CREDIT RATING AGENCIES

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Credit rating agencies in the country namely

i.

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CRISIL Ltd

ii.

ICRA Ltd

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iii.

CARE Ltd

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iv.

DCR Ltd
Among the four, the focus is on the two leading agencies namely CRISIL and

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ICRA.

i. Credit rating and information services of India ltd (CRISIL Ltd)

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The credit rating information services of India ltd was established in the year

1987. The agency initiated and popularized the concept of credit rating in India. It is the

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premier credit rating agency in India, and top five amongst in the world.

Services of CRISIL

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CRISIL provides the following services.

i.

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Credit ratings

ii.

CRISIL advisory services

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iii.

CRISIL.com ltd

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iv)

Credibility first (CF)

v)

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Global data services

vi)

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CRISIL Training services

vii)

CRIS

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CREDIT RATINGS CRISIL'S CREDIT RATING DIVISION

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The credit rating division of CRISIL became operational in 1987. being a pioneer

in credit rating business in India, the rating agency ranks amongst the top five in the

world. It has rated over 1800 companies and 3600 instruments translating into a debt

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volume of more them use 62.11 billion.

CRISIL ADVISORY SERVICES (CAS)

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It is the consultancy division of CRISIL. The advisory services covering the areas

of energy, transport, urban infrastructure corporates, capital markets, e-consulting,

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banking and finance. Some of the clients serviced by CAS include the government of

Maharasthra, the Gujarat state finance commission, international financiers, multinational

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agencies, nationalized banks, state financial corporation, state industrial development

corporation etc.

CRISIL. COM LTD

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In order to inform, educate internet with the customer is unlimited. For fulfilling

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these objectives separate web are created, and to create value added content and deliver it

to new market segments. CRISIL has recognized this medium as an opportunity to coined
and easily reach its customers in its existing and new segments. CRISIL has transferred

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its internet business to CRISIL. Com a wholly owned subsidiary in order to give it the

required focus.

CREDIBILITY. FIRST (CF)

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It provides rating and evaluation services across the cross section of companies in

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the Indian economy. It renter specialized credit and counter party rating services for a

large spectrum of corporates especially in the small scale sector, where information is not

easily available.

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GLOBAL DATA SERVICES

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The Global data services of India Ltd is 100% subsidiary of CRISIL. It has been

formed with a view to using the existing strengths and rescores of CRISIL to provide

high quality and timely financial analysis of Indian corporates, covering more than 1500

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of the largest companies listed on the Indian stock exchanges. The data is provided both

online and offline.

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CRISIL TRAINING SERVICES


CRISIL provides a wide spectrum of training programmes including the tailor ?

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made ones to meet the specific needs of various agencies and individuals connoted with

credit as well as investments. Programmes are specially designed for professionals whose

business necessitates assessment of credit and investment risk.

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CRISIL'S STRENGTHS

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CRISIL commands the following strengths.

Professionalism

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CRISIL maintains a team of highly qualified and experienced multi disciplinary

professionals from diverse streams such as business management, chartered accountancy

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and library sciences.

Efficient forecasting

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With help of its indigenous research methodologies and other techniques enable

it to make an accurate forecast of future trends and performance in industries.

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Strong knowledge



It possesses a through knowledge and understanding of Indian economy. An

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exhaustive information base on the Indian economy, 80 industries 3000 company 300
commodities satisfying the information needs of a large and diverse set of India`s leading

economic tension makers is available with CRISIL.

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Others

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CRISIL also provides access to the client serving facility, the information base, as

well as the team of analysis.

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CRISIL'S ACHIEVEMENTS

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Over the past 14 years the rating agency has successfully established the concept

of credit rating among the major market participants. CRISIL is responsible for the

innovation and institutionalization of a viable and market driven system of credit rating in

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India and has thus facilitated greater investments in debt instruments.

II INVESTMENT INFORMATION AND CREDIT RATING AGENCY OF INDIA

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LIMITED (ICRA)


It was incorporated in 1991, the investment information and credit rating agency

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of India Ltd aimed at providing independent and professional credit rating services to the

corporate world. The ICRA Ltd has been promoted by the IFCI Ltd as the main promoter

to meet the requirements of the companies based in the north of the country. A part from

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the main promoter which holds 26% of the share capital, the other share holders are the

unit trust of India, LIC, GIC, EXIM bank HEFC Ltd, and ILFS Ltd. In order to bring

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international experience and practices to the Indian capital markets, ICRA has entered

into a more with Moody`s investors services to provide through its company financial

programmes Inc credit education, credit research and consulting services to bank and

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mutual funds in India.

MAIN OBJECTIVES OF ICRA

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To assist investors both individual and institutional in making well

informed decisions.

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To enable banks investment bankers, brokers in placing debt with

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investors by providing them with a marketing tool.



To assist issuers in raising funds from a wider investor base in large

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amounts and at lower cost for highly rated entities

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To encourage the healthy growth of capital markets
TYPE OF SERVICES PROVIDED BY ICRA LTD

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Rating services



Information services

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Advisory services

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Rating services



ICRA rates rupee denominated debt instruments issued inter alia, by

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manufacturing companies, commercial banks, non-banking finance companies, financial

institutions, public sector undertakings, among other. The obligation included long term

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instruments such as bonds debentures, medium term instruments such as fixed deposit

programmes and short term instruments such as commercial paper programmes and

certificate deposit.

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INFORMATION SERVICES

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The information services division of ICRA focuses on providing authentic data

and value added products used by intermediaries, financial institutions, banks, assets

managers, individual investors, others.

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GRADING SERVICES

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ICRA`S grading services are structured to provide authentic information on the

relative quality of equity in diverse corporates. The relative quality of equity of a

company its growth, stability and composition of earnings are assessed by analyzing the

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underlying fundamentally that will affect the company`s future performance over the

medium term.

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SERVICES INCLUDES



Equity grading

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Equity assessment

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Earning prospects and risk analysis
ADVISORY SERVICES

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ICRA`S foray into advisory services represents an organic growth of the

cumulative expertise bur it by ICRA in different industries and sectors. Through tie-ups

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with global leaders in specific sectors ICRA also brings to its clients an insight into the

best management practices followed by some of the world`s leading organizations. It`s

advisory services offers independent objective and high quality consulting services to

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organizations with an interest in India, with the fundamental aim of improving the quality

of diction making. It include the following area.

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Strategy consulting

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Risk management

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Policy formulation

ACHIEVEMENT OF ICRA

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The various achievements of ICRA from its inception are listed below

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IISRP march 1993 : ICRA launched investment information service &

research publications.

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EPRA ? April 1995 : ICRA launched EPRA (earnings prospers and risk

anlaysis) rang for services for the equity investor.

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Credit assessment of smalls medium scale industries ? December 1995

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MRMS & ICRA ? March 1996.

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Money & Finance ? February 1997



Rating claims ? July 1998

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MIS & ICRA ? December 1998

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Corporate review services ? Jan 1999

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Rating debt ? February 1999

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Constructing grading ? March 1999



Moody`s investors services and ICRA

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Signed the final Equity agreement

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METHODOLOGY FOR CREDIT RATING



The methodology for rating involves an analysis of the industry risk, the issuers

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business and financial risks. A rating is assigned after assessing all the factors that could

affect the credit worthiness of the entity. The ratings are based on the current information
provided by the issuer or facts obtained from the reliable sources. Some of the techniques

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are used to evaluating and monitoring the ratings.

A FOR MANUFACTURING COMPANIES

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The rating methodology for manufacturing companies are listed below

I. BUSINESS RISK ANALYSIS

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Rating anlaysis begins with an assessment of the company`s internal and external

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environment focusing on the strength of the industry prospects pattern of business cycles

as well as the competitive factor affecting the industry. The vulnerability of the industry

to government controls regulations is assessed. The nature of competition is diffident for

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different industries based on price, product quality, product differentiation, and so on.

When a company participles in more than one business each segment is analysised

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separately. As part of the industry analysis, key rating factors are identified into keys to

success and areas of vulnerability. Some of the industrial and business factors are

assessed, it include the following.

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1. Industry Risk

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Nature and basis of competition demand and supply position government policies

and so on.

2. Market Position of the issuing entity with in the Industry

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Market share, competitive advantages, distribution policy, product and customer

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diversity and so on.
3. Operating efficiency of the borrowing entity

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Locational advantages, labour relations leps cost structure technological

advantages and so on.

4. Legal Position

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Terms of issue document prospect as trustees and their responsibilities system for

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timely payment and for protection against farced / forgery and so on.

5. Financial risk anlyasis

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Financial risk is analysed through quantitative means particularly by using

financial ratios. The profitability of the company is an important determinant of its ability

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to withstand business adversity as well as generate capital internally. The main aspect of

profitability study include operating and net margins and return on capital employed. The

absolute levels of these ratios, trends in movement of the ratios as well as comparison of

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the ratios with other competitors is analysed.

6. Accounting Quality

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Either overstatement or understatement of profits, auditors qualification methods

of income recognition methods of inventory valuation, deportation policies and so on.

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7. Adequacy of cash flows

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In relation to dept and working capital needs, stability of cash flows, capital

spending flexibility, working capital management and so on.

8. Financial Flexibility

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Alternative financing plans in times of stress, ability to raise funds, asset

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deployment potential and so on.

9. Interest and Tax Sensitivity

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Exposure to interest rate changes tax law changes and hedging against interest

rates and so on.
10. Management Risk

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An assessment of debt protection levels requires an evolution of the management

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philosophies and its strategies if include (- a)



Track record of the management planning and control system

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Evaluation of capacity to overcome adverse situations

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Goals, philosophy and strategies

B. FINANCIAL SERVICES SECTOR

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The following factors involved in the rating of financial institutions, banks and

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non ? banking finance companies.

1. Regulatory and Competitive Environment

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Structure and regulatory frame work of the financial system, trends in the

regulation, deregulation and their impact on the company institution.

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FUNDAMENTAL ANALYSIS TO INCLUDE

Capital adequacy

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Assessment of the true net worth of the issuer its adequacy in elation to the

volume of business and the risk profile of the assets.

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Resources



Over view of funding sources, funding profile cost and tenor of various sources of

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funds.

Asset quality

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Quality of the issuer`s credit risk management, systems for monitoring credit,

sector risk, exposure to individual borrowers management of problem credits.

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Profitability and financial position

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Historic profits, spreads on funds deployment, revenues on non ? fund based

services, accretion to reserves and so on.

RATING SYMBOLS

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The rating symbols are symbolic expression of opinion / assessment of the credit

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rating agency regarding the investment / credit quality or grade of the debt/obligations

instrument. The rating symbols as the final expression of the investment quality of a

financial instrument used by the Indian rating agencies. The following are the important

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instrument involved for the rating symblos. Viz (i) debentures (ii) fixed deposits (iii)

short term instruments (iv) credit assessment (v) structured obligations (vi) Bank loans

SHARE PRICE INDICES

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SHARE PRICE

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The price of the securities that are traded on a stock exchange is influenced by so

many factors. Movement of the share price is considered to be a broad indicator of the

state of affairs of a company. The price prevailing in a stock exchange will also affect the

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yield or return on a security or the general expectation about the return on shores in an

industry.

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Factors influencing the prices of a security in a stock market

1. Demand and supply

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Center the conditions of a perfect market the forces of supply and demand iterant

so as of determine the price of the security.

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2. Bank Rate



The availability and cast are influenced by the rate of interest which is determined

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by the bank rate changed by the central monetary authority of the authority of the country

R, Z the RBI

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3. Dividend Policy



The dividend paying ability is dependent upon the financial capacities of the

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company. Accompany a company that has profitable investment opportunities with

excellent cash flows will be in a better position to pay dividend periodically.

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4. Profile of Management



The profile of top management has got a lot to do with the way a company`s

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policies are formulated and implemented.

5. Market Players

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The activities of under writers, share brokers, banks and financial institutions are

responsible for causing fluctuations in share prices especially of new companies.

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6. Trade Cycles

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The caps and downs in the economy is called trade cycles are also responsible for

causing price movements in a particular fashion. During the period of prosperity the
investors will take part in stock market activities in a large number and with lot of

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enthusiasm.

7. Political Factors

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The stock exchange will at as a barometer that reflects the changes taking place in

the political arena. Accordingly position political chance will cause a spar in share prices

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and political disturbances will cause prices to tumble.

Other factors

8 ? The industrial relations

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9 ? competitive market conditions

10- conditions of balance of payments

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11- The general price levels

12- General market sentiments

SHARE PRICE INDICES

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Stock index

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A stock index is a composition of selected securities traded on an exchange. For

example, sensex is a composition of 30 blue chip securities actively being traded on BSE.

Stock index futures

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A type of futures contract is based on a value line index is called stock index

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futures. The first stock index futures, contract based on value line index was introduced

by the KCBT (Kansas city board of Trade) our 24.02.1982. It was followed two months

later by the SSP 500 index futures contract introduced by the Chicago mercantile

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exchange. At present an SSP 500 index future is the most actively traded futures contract

in the world.

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A stock in tax futures contract is simply a futures contract where the underling

variable is a stock index (suit as BSE, Sensex, S&P) CNX, Nifty etc) thus the value of

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stock index futures derives its value from a stock index value.

FEATURES OF STOCK INDEX FUTURES

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The following one the features of stock index futures are as follows

i.

Multiple or market lot size

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ii.

Margin Requirements

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iii.

Settlement
iv.

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Specifications

v.

Life time contract

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Multiple or market lot size

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The stock index futures can be bought or sold only in a specified lot size. For

example the market lot size for nifty futures is 200. It means that if on a day where nifty

futures is quoting at a price of Rs 1400 then the value of one nifty futures contract shall

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be Rs. 2,80,000 ie (200 X 1400)

Margin requirement

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Stock index futures is also needed by margin requirements. There are three types

of margins in a futures market ie initial margin, maintenance margin, margin call. The

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initial margin is a margin amount initially required to open a margin account for trading.

Settlement

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Stock index futures contract does not entitle physical delivery of stocks and the

contract is settled in cash in the settlement date.

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Specifications



It indicates underlying index, contract size, price steps or tick size, price hands or

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price range, trading cycle expiry day, and settlement price. It is used for buying and

selling of securities.

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Lifetime contract



The contract for each series of stock index futures spans a lifetime period. At any

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point of time there are three series of open for trading. On the expiry of the term of

contract, a new services of futures comes into existence.

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Benefits stock index



There are so many reasons for the wide international acceptance of stock index

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futures and for the strong preference for this instrument in India as compared to others

forms of equity derivatives. Following are the advantages pertaining to the stockindey

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futures.

1.

Difficulty of manipulation

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2.

Less volatile

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3.

Cash settlement

4.

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Hedging

Methods of stock index as

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Different indexes are computed and compiled for use by the investors. While

some indexed employ an equal weighting apportion, the other are either price weighted or

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value weighted. Both these methods are employed in the compilation of stock and

consumer price indexes

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Price weighted and quantity weighted indexes

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Value weighted indexes

Price weighted and quantity weighted indexes

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In a price weighted index, the basic approach is to sum the prices of component

securities used in the index and divide this sum by the number of components. A price ?

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weighted index strictly speaking is not an index at all it is an average it is an average. The

concept of indexing involves the comparison of currently computed averages with some

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base value. Two classical forms of indexes are the paasche index and the laspeyrez index.

Both of these are used of method for determining the consumer price index.
Pjt Qjt

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Paasche price index =



Pjo Qjt

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Pjt Qjo

Laspeyres price index =

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Pjo Qjo

Where ;

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Pjit = Price per unit for jth commodity in period t

Pjo = Price per unit for jth commodity in period

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Qjt = The Quantity of jth commodity in period and

Qjo = The Quantity of jth commodity in period O

Value -weighted indexes

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In order to compute the value weighted indexes the following formulas are

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applied.

Pjt Qjt

Cost index =

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Pjo Qjo

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The cost index is the basic form used for compiling the value - weighted stock

index. Stock indexes are intended to be a measure value growth. The standard form the

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value weighted stock indexes is expressed.

Pjt Qjt

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Stock index =



Pjo Qjo

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Leading stock price indexes - Bombay stock exchange sensitive index of equity

prices

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The Bombay stock exchange started compiling and publishing a sensitive index

number of equity prices from the 2-1-1986 with the base year 1978-79 = 100. It is called

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the Bombay stock exchange sensitive index of equity price

Methods of compilation

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The method of compilation of the BSE Sensitive index of equity prices is same as

used by STANDARD spoor, USA. In the construction of their share price indices. The

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index for a day is calculated as the percentage of the aggregate market value of the equity

shares of all the companies in the sample on that day to the average market value of the

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equity shares of the same companies during the base period. The current market value for
any particular share is obtained by multiplying the price of the share by number of shares

outstanding.

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Adjustment for bonus shares



If a company included in the compilation of the index issues bones shares or sub

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divides or consolidates the existing equity shares, the new weighting factor will be the

number of equity shares outstanding after the bonus issue, sub division or consolidation

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has become effective.

Adjustments for right issue

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When a company included in the compilation issues, right shares, the weighting

factor for that share is increased by the number of additional shares actually issued.

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Other issues



Weighting factors are revised when new share issues are made by was of

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conversion of debentures of loans into equity by financial institutions, mergers etc. the

base year average is also suitably adjusted to offset the increase in the market value thus

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added.

Base changes

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Base changes are in effect proportional adjustments in the base year average

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market value of offset arbitrary price changes in market values upon which the index is

based. The formula for changing the base year average is as follows.

New Market Value

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New base year average = Old base year Average X

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Old Market Value

Bombay stock exchange National index of equity prices

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The Bombay stock exchange sensitive index number of equity prices comprising

30 scrips from the specified and non ? specified list was introduced on 2nd of January

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1986. The index has established a place for itself amongst investors, chartists,

newspapers and all other concerned with the securities market and has been widely

accepted as a fair reflector of the trend of prices on the Mumbai stock market.

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Being a sensitive index if consists of practically all the market leaders. As a

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consequence it is weighted in favour of highly capitalized companies. As such the need

for a more broad based index covering a large number of scrip`s and which can also

reflect the movement of stock prices on a national scale was felt for some time. The

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Mumbai stock exchange has therefore compiled a new series called BSE national index

with the year 1983-84 as the base year. This index while including the 30 scrips of the

BSE sensitive indeed has another 70 scrips selected on an all India basis depending on

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their market activity. Out of these 100 scrips. 212 are quoted on Mumbai only, 72 scrips

are quoted on the Mumbai stock exchange besides the other stock exchanges while the

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remaining 6 scrips are quoted only on their stock exchanges and not on the Mumbai stock

exchange.

The methodology adopted for compiling BSE national index is the same as the

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one used in compilation of the BSE sensitive index except that in case where a scrip is

actively quoted on more than one exchange, the average price of that scrip on these

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exchanges is used in compilation of index.
RBI INDEX OF SECURITY PRICES

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The research bank of India started compiling indices of security prices in 1949.

These were Classified under the following heads.

a) Government and semi government securities

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b) Debentures of companies

c) Equity shares of companies

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Other Indexes of Security Prices



A part from the BSE and RBI indices of share prices, the financial express, the

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economic times, the business standard etc. also publish their own ? share price indicators.

But these are not as popular as the BSE index which is the most accepted one.

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Uses of market indexes

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Economists and statisticians use stock market indexes to study long term

growth patens in the economy to analyze and forecast business cycle

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patterns and to relate to stock indexes to other time series measures of

economic activity.

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With help of the market index investors and institutions which easily

evaluate the performance of their own or institutional portfolios.

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Market technicians in most of the cases base their decisions to buy and sell

on the patterns that appear in the time series of market indexes.

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Market model and systematic it will be evident that the relevant riskness

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of a security is determined by the relationship between the security`s

return and the return on the market.

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Enable to forecast turning points in economic activity.

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