FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
? Heredity
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Family Members
? Social Group
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Brain
? Physical Features
? Home environment
? Family Members
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
emotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
Major Determinants of Personality
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
? Heredity
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Family Members
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Brain
? Physical Features
? Home environment
? Family Members
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Interest
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
? Heredity
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Family Members
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Brain
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
? Social Group
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
considering the realities of life.
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Brain
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
? Social Group
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
considering the realities of life.
Ego
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
takes into account what is possible in this world.
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Brain
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
? Social Group
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
considering the realities of life.
Ego
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
takes into account what is possible in this world.
Super Ego
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
wrong.
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
emotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Brain
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
? Social Group
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
considering the realities of life.
Ego
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
takes into account what is possible in this world.
Super Ego
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
wrong.
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
? Heredity
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Family Members
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
considering the realities of life.
Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
takes into account what is possible in this world.
Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
wrong.
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they
usually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Brain
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
? Social Group
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
considering the realities of life.
Ego
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
takes into account what is possible in this world.
Super Ego
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
wrong.
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they
usually feel or act in particular situations.
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
Sensing (S)
Intuitive (N)
Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
Perceiving (P)
ETSJ
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
considering the realities of life.
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
takes into account what is possible in this world.
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
wrong.
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and
are flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
Sensing (S)
Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
Perceiving (P)
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Brain
? Physical Features
? Home environment
? Family Members
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Interest
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
considering the realities of life.
Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
takes into account what is possible in this world.
Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
wrong.
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they
usually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
emotions.
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
Sensing (S)
Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T)
Judging (J)
Perceiving (P)
ETSJ
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
The Big Five Personality Model
? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass most
of the significant variation in human personality.
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
reserved, timid, and quiet.
2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
? Heredity
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Family Members
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
considering the realities of life.
Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
takes into account what is possible in this world.
Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
wrong.
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they
usually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Sensing (S)
Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
Perceiving (P)
ETSJ
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass most
of the significant variation in human personality.
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
reserved, timid, and quiet.
2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
The Big Five Personality Model
3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
4. Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension?often
labeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
5. Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimension
addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
emotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
usually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
ETSJ
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
The Big Five Personality Model
of the significant variation in human personality.
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
labeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
and find comfort in the familiar.
? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,
capable, and in control of their environment.
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way of
? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
to external situational factors.
? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
action.
? Other-orientation
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Brain
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
? Social Group
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
considering the realities of life.
Ego
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
takes into account what is possible in this world.
Super Ego
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
wrong.
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they
usually feel or act in particular situations.
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
Sensing (S)
Intuitive (N)
Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
Perceiving (P)
ETSJ
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
assignments.
The Big Five Personality Model
? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass most
of the significant variation in human personality.
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
reserved, timid, and quiet.
2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
The Big Five Personality Model
3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
4. Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension?often
labeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
5. Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimension
addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
and find comfort in the familiar.
Personality Attributes Influencing OB
? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
capable, and in control of their environment.
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way of
achieving one?s goals and gaining and keeping control of others.
? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
to external situational factors.
? Risk Taking
? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
? Other-orientation
Attitude
? Attitudes are individuals' general affective, cognitive and
intentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,
? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
unfavourable.
? They reflect how one feels about something.
? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressing
? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
of opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certain
kind of experience and readiness with an appropriate response?.
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Brain
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
? Social Group
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
considering the realities of life.
Ego
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
takes into account what is possible in this world.
Super Ego
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
wrong.
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they
usually feel or act in particular situations.
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
Sensing (S)
Intuitive (N)
Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
Perceiving (P)
ETSJ
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
assignments.
The Big Five Personality Model
? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass most
of the significant variation in human personality.
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
reserved, timid, and quiet.
2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
The Big Five Personality Model
3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
4. Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension?often
labeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
5. Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimension
addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
and find comfort in the familiar.
Personality Attributes Influencing OB
? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
capable, and in control of their environment.
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way of
achieving one?s goals and gaining and keeping control of others.
? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
to external situational factors.
? Risk Taking
? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
? Other-orientation
Attitude
? Attitudes are individuals' general affective, cognitive and
intentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,
? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
unfavourable.
? They reflect how one feels about something.
? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressing
? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
of opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certain
kind of experience and readiness with an appropriate response?.
Components of Attitude
something. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'
? Affective: This component deals with feelings or emotions that
are brought to the surface about something, such as fear or hate.
Someone might have the attitude that they hate teenagers
cute.
? Behavioural: This ccenters on individuals acting a certain way
towards something, such as 'we better keep those lazy teenagers
out of the library,' or 'I cannot wait to kiss that baby.'
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
considering the realities of life.
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
takes into account what is possible in this world.
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
wrong.
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and
are flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
Sensing (S)
Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
Perceiving (P)
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
The Big Five Personality Model
? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass most
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
reserved, timid, and quiet.
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
The Big Five Personality Model
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
4. Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension?often
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
5. Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimension
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
and find comfort in the familiar.
Personality Attributes Influencing OB
evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,
capable, and in control of their environment.
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way of
achieving one?s goals and gaining and keeping control of others.
excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
to external situational factors.
? Risk Taking
action.
? Other-orientation
Attitude
? Attitudes are individuals' general affective, cognitive and
or social issues.
? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
unfavourable.
? They reflect how one feels about something.
their attitude about work.
? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
of opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certain
kind of experience and readiness with an appropriate response?.
? Cognitive: This represents our thoughts, beliefs and ideas about
something. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'
? Affective: This component deals with feelings or emotions that
are brought to the surface about something, such as fear or hate.
because they are lazy or that they love all babies because they are
cute.
? Behavioural: This ccenters on individuals acting a certain way
towards something, such as 'we better keep those lazy teenagers
Components of Attitude
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MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
? Heredity
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Family Members
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
considering the realities of life.
Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
takes into account what is possible in this world.
Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
wrong.
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they
usually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Sensing (S)
Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
Perceiving (P)
ETSJ
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass most
of the significant variation in human personality.
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
reserved, timid, and quiet.
2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
The Big Five Personality Model
3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
4. Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension?often
labeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
5. Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimension
addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
Personality Attributes Influencing OB
? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,
capable, and in control of their environment.
achieving one?s goals and gaining and keeping control of others.
? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
? Risk Taking
? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
action.
? Other-orientation
? Attitudes are individuals' general affective, cognitive and
intentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,
or social issues.
? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
? They reflect how one feels about something.
? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressing
their attitude about work.
? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
kind of experience and readiness with an appropriate response?.
Components of Attitude
? Cognitive: This represents our thoughts, beliefs and ideas about
something. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'
are brought to the surface about something, such as fear or hate.
Someone might have the attitude that they hate teenagers
because they are lazy or that they love all babies because they are
cute.
towards something, such as 'we better keep those lazy teenagers
out of the library,' or 'I cannot wait to kiss that baby.'
Components of Attitude Attitude Formation
? 1.Direct Experience
? Operant Conditioning
? 2.Social Learning
? The Family
? Peer Groups
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MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
emotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
usually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
ETSJ
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
The Big Five Personality Model
of the significant variation in human personality.
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
labeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
and find comfort in the familiar.
? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,
capable, and in control of their environment.
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way of
? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
to external situational factors.
? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
action.
? Other-orientation
Attitude
intentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,
or social issues.
? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
unfavourable.
? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressing
their attitude about work.
? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
of opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certain
Components of Attitude
? Cognitive: This represents our thoughts, beliefs and ideas about
something. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'
? Affective: This component deals with feelings or emotions that
Someone might have the attitude that they hate teenagers
because they are lazy or that they love all babies because they are
cute.
? Behavioural: This ccenters on individuals acting a certain way
out of the library,' or 'I cannot wait to kiss that baby.'
Components of Attitude Attitude Formation
? 1.Direct Experience
? Classical Conditioning
? 2.Social Learning
? The Family
? Peer Groups
? Modelling
? Unconditioned Stimulus - is one that unconditionally,
naturally, and automatically triggers a response.
? Unconditioned Response - is the unlearned response that
occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.
that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned
stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned
response.
? Conditioned Response is a behavior that does not come
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
emotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
usually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
ETSJ
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
The Big Five Personality Model
of the significant variation in human personality.
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
labeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
and find comfort in the familiar.
? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,
capable, and in control of their environment.
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way of
? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
to external situational factors.
? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
action.
? Other-orientation
Attitude
intentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,
or social issues.
? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
unfavourable.
? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressing
their attitude about work.
? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
of opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certain
Components of Attitude
? Cognitive: This represents our thoughts, beliefs and ideas about
something. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'
? Affective: This component deals with feelings or emotions that
Someone might have the attitude that they hate teenagers
because they are lazy or that they love all babies because they are
cute.
? Behavioural: This ccenters on individuals acting a certain way
out of the library,' or 'I cannot wait to kiss that baby.'
Components of Attitude Attitude Formation
? 1.Direct Experience
? Classical Conditioning
? 2.Social Learning
? The Family
? Peer Groups
? Modelling
? Unconditioned Stimulus - is one that unconditionally,
naturally, and automatically triggers a response.
? Unconditioned Response - is the unlearned response that
occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.
that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned
stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned
response.
? Conditioned Response is a behavior that does not come
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
emotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
usually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
ETSJ
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
The Big Five Personality Model
of the significant variation in human personality.
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
labeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
and find comfort in the familiar.
? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,
capable, and in control of their environment.
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way of
? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
to external situational factors.
? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
action.
? Other-orientation
Attitude
intentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,
or social issues.
? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
unfavourable.
? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressing
their attitude about work.
? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
of opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certain
Components of Attitude
? Cognitive: This represents our thoughts, beliefs and ideas about
something. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'
? Affective: This component deals with feelings or emotions that
Someone might have the attitude that they hate teenagers
because they are lazy or that they love all babies because they are
cute.
? Behavioural: This ccenters on individuals acting a certain way
out of the library,' or 'I cannot wait to kiss that baby.'
Components of Attitude Attitude Formation
? 1.Direct Experience
? Classical Conditioning
? 2.Social Learning
? The Family
? Peer Groups
? Modelling
? Unconditioned Stimulus - is one that unconditionally,
naturally, and automatically triggers a response.
? Unconditioned Response - is the unlearned response that
occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.
that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned
stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned
response.
? Conditioned Response is a behavior that does not come
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MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
emotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
usually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
ETSJ
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
The Big Five Personality Model
of the significant variation in human personality.
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
labeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
and find comfort in the familiar.
? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,
capable, and in control of their environment.
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way of
? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
to external situational factors.
? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
action.
? Other-orientation
Attitude
intentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,
or social issues.
? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
unfavourable.
? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressing
their attitude about work.
? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
of opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certain
Components of Attitude
? Cognitive: This represents our thoughts, beliefs and ideas about
something. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'
? Affective: This component deals with feelings or emotions that
Someone might have the attitude that they hate teenagers
because they are lazy or that they love all babies because they are
cute.
? Behavioural: This ccenters on individuals acting a certain way
out of the library,' or 'I cannot wait to kiss that baby.'
Components of Attitude Attitude Formation
? 1.Direct Experience
? Classical Conditioning
? 2.Social Learning
? The Family
? Peer Groups
? Modelling
? Unconditioned Stimulus - is one that unconditionally,
naturally, and automatically triggers a response.
? Unconditioned Response - is the unlearned response that
occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.
that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned
stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned
response.
? Conditioned Response is a behavior that does not come
Operant Conditioning
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MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
? Heredity
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Family Members
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
considering the realities of life.
Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
takes into account what is possible in this world.
Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
wrong.
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they
usually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Sensing (S)
Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
Perceiving (P)
ETSJ
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass most
of the significant variation in human personality.
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
reserved, timid, and quiet.
2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
The Big Five Personality Model
3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
4. Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension?often
labeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
5. Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimension
addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
Personality Attributes Influencing OB
? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,
capable, and in control of their environment.
achieving one?s goals and gaining and keeping control of others.
? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
? Risk Taking
? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
action.
? Other-orientation
? Attitudes are individuals' general affective, cognitive and
intentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,
or social issues.
? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
? They reflect how one feels about something.
? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressing
their attitude about work.
? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
kind of experience and readiness with an appropriate response?.
Components of Attitude
? Cognitive: This represents our thoughts, beliefs and ideas about
something. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'
are brought to the surface about something, such as fear or hate.
Someone might have the attitude that they hate teenagers
because they are lazy or that they love all babies because they are
cute.
towards something, such as 'we better keep those lazy teenagers
out of the library,' or 'I cannot wait to kiss that baby.'
Components of Attitude Attitude Formation
? 1.Direct Experience
? Operant Conditioning
? 2.Social Learning
? The Family
? Peer Groups
Classical Conditioning
? Unconditioned Stimulus - is one that unconditionally,
naturally, and automatically triggers a response.
? Unconditioned Response - is the unlearned response that
? Conditioned Stimulus - is a previously neutral stimulus
that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned
stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned
response.
naturally, but must be learned by the individual
Operant Conditioning
Major Aspects of Job Attitude
? Job Satisfaction
? Organizational Commitment
Three Types of General Attitudes
? Job-Lovers ? Job-Haters
? Job-Doers
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
considering the realities of life.
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
takes into account what is possible in this world.
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
wrong.
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and
are flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
Sensing (S)
Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
Perceiving (P)
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
The Big Five Personality Model
? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass most
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
reserved, timid, and quiet.
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
The Big Five Personality Model
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
4. Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension?often
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
5. Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimension
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
and find comfort in the familiar.
Personality Attributes Influencing OB
evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,
capable, and in control of their environment.
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way of
achieving one?s goals and gaining and keeping control of others.
excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
to external situational factors.
? Risk Taking
action.
? Other-orientation
Attitude
? Attitudes are individuals' general affective, cognitive and
or social issues.
? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
unfavourable.
? They reflect how one feels about something.
their attitude about work.
? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
of opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certain
kind of experience and readiness with an appropriate response?.
? Cognitive: This represents our thoughts, beliefs and ideas about
something. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'
? Affective: This component deals with feelings or emotions that
are brought to the surface about something, such as fear or hate.
because they are lazy or that they love all babies because they are
cute.
? Behavioural: This ccenters on individuals acting a certain way
towards something, such as 'we better keep those lazy teenagers
Components of Attitude Attitude Formation
? 1.Direct Experience
? Classical Conditioning
? Operant Conditioning
? The Family
? Peer Groups
? Modelling
Classical Conditioning
naturally, and automatically triggers a response.
? Unconditioned Response - is the unlearned response that
occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.
? Conditioned Stimulus - is a previously neutral stimulus
stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned
response.
? Conditioned Response is a behavior that does not come
naturally, but must be learned by the individual
Major Aspects of Job Attitude
? Job Satisfaction
? Job Involvement
? Organizational Commitment
? Job-Lovers ? Job-Haters
? Job-Doers
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Brain
? Physical Features
? Home environment
? Family Members
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Interest
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
considering the realities of life.
Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
takes into account what is possible in this world.
Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
wrong.
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they
usually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
emotions.
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
Sensing (S)
Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T)
Judging (J)
Perceiving (P)
ETSJ
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
The Big Five Personality Model
? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass most
of the significant variation in human personality.
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
reserved, timid, and quiet.
2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
The Big Five Personality Model
3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
4. Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension?often
labeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
5. Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimension
addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
and find comfort in the familiar.
Personality Attributes Influencing OB
? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way of
achieving one?s goals and gaining and keeping control of others.
? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.
to external situational factors.
? Risk Taking
? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
action.
Attitude
? Attitudes are individuals' general affective, cognitive and
intentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,
or social issues.
unfavourable.
? They reflect how one feels about something.
? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressing
their attitude about work.
of opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certain
kind of experience and readiness with an appropriate response?.
Components of Attitude
? Cognitive: This represents our thoughts, beliefs and ideas about
? Affective: This component deals with feelings or emotions that
are brought to the surface about something, such as fear or hate.
Someone might have the attitude that they hate teenagers
because they are lazy or that they love all babies because they are
? Behavioural: This ccenters on individuals acting a certain way
towards something, such as 'we better keep those lazy teenagers
out of the library,' or 'I cannot wait to kiss that baby.'
Components of Attitude Attitude Formation
? Classical Conditioning
? Operant Conditioning
? 2.Social Learning
? The Family
? Modelling
Classical Conditioning
? Unconditioned Stimulus - is one that unconditionally,
naturally, and automatically triggers a response.
occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.
? Conditioned Stimulus - is a previously neutral stimulus
that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned
stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned
? Conditioned Response is a behavior that does not come
naturally, but must be learned by the individual
Operant Conditioning
Major Aspects of Job Attitude
? Job Involvement
? Organizational Commitment
Three Types of General Attitudes
? Job-Lovers ? Job-Haters
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
emotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
usually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
ETSJ
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
The Big Five Personality Model
of the significant variation in human personality.
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
labeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
and find comfort in the familiar.
? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,
capable, and in control of their environment.
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way of
? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
to external situational factors.
? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
action.
? Other-orientation
Attitude
intentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,
or social issues.
? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
unfavourable.
? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressing
their attitude about work.
? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
of opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certain
Components of Attitude
? Cognitive: This represents our thoughts, beliefs and ideas about
something. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'
? Affective: This component deals with feelings or emotions that
Someone might have the attitude that they hate teenagers
because they are lazy or that they love all babies because they are
cute.
? Behavioural: This ccenters on individuals acting a certain way
out of the library,' or 'I cannot wait to kiss that baby.'
Components of Attitude Attitude Formation
? 1.Direct Experience
? Classical Conditioning
? 2.Social Learning
? The Family
? Peer Groups
? Modelling
? Unconditioned Stimulus - is one that unconditionally,
naturally, and automatically triggers a response.
? Unconditioned Response - is the unlearned response that
occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.
that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned
stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned
response.
? Conditioned Response is a behavior that does not come
Operant Conditioning
Major Aspects of Job Attitude
? Job Satisfaction
? Job Involvement
Three Types of General Attitudes
? Job-Lovers ? Job-Haters
? Job-Doers
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Brain
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
? Social Group
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
considering the realities of life.
Ego
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
takes into account what is possible in this world.
Super Ego
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
wrong.
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they
usually feel or act in particular situations.
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
Sensing (S)
Intuitive (N)
Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
Perceiving (P)
ETSJ
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
assignments.
The Big Five Personality Model
? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass most
of the significant variation in human personality.
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
reserved, timid, and quiet.
2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
The Big Five Personality Model
3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
4. Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension?often
labeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
5. Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimension
addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
and find comfort in the familiar.
Personality Attributes Influencing OB
? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
capable, and in control of their environment.
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way of
achieving one?s goals and gaining and keeping control of others.
? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
to external situational factors.
? Risk Taking
? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
? Other-orientation
Attitude
? Attitudes are individuals' general affective, cognitive and
intentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,
? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
unfavourable.
? They reflect how one feels about something.
? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressing
? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
of opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certain
kind of experience and readiness with an appropriate response?.
Components of Attitude
something. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'
? Affective: This component deals with feelings or emotions that
are brought to the surface about something, such as fear or hate.
Someone might have the attitude that they hate teenagers
cute.
? Behavioural: This ccenters on individuals acting a certain way
towards something, such as 'we better keep those lazy teenagers
out of the library,' or 'I cannot wait to kiss that baby.'
? 1.Direct Experience
? Classical Conditioning
? Operant Conditioning
? 2.Social Learning
? Peer Groups
? Modelling
Classical Conditioning
? Unconditioned Stimulus - is one that unconditionally,
? Unconditioned Response - is the unlearned response that
occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.
? Conditioned Stimulus - is a previously neutral stimulus
that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned
response.
? Conditioned Response is a behavior that does not come
naturally, but must be learned by the individual
Operant Conditioning
? Job Satisfaction
? Job Involvement
? Organizational Commitment
Three Types of General Attitudes
? Job-Doers
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
? Heredity
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Family Members
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
considering the realities of life.
Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
takes into account what is possible in this world.
Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
wrong.
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they
usually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Sensing (S)
Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
Perceiving (P)
ETSJ
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass most
of the significant variation in human personality.
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
reserved, timid, and quiet.
2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
The Big Five Personality Model
3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
4. Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension?often
labeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
5. Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimension
addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
Personality Attributes Influencing OB
? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,
capable, and in control of their environment.
achieving one?s goals and gaining and keeping control of others.
? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
? Risk Taking
? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
action.
? Other-orientation
? Attitudes are individuals' general affective, cognitive and
intentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,
or social issues.
? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
? They reflect how one feels about something.
? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressing
their attitude about work.
? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
kind of experience and readiness with an appropriate response?.
Components of Attitude
? Cognitive: This represents our thoughts, beliefs and ideas about
something. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'
are brought to the surface about something, such as fear or hate.
Someone might have the attitude that they hate teenagers
because they are lazy or that they love all babies because they are
cute.
towards something, such as 'we better keep those lazy teenagers
out of the library,' or 'I cannot wait to kiss that baby.'
Components of Attitude Attitude Formation
? 1.Direct Experience
? Operant Conditioning
? 2.Social Learning
? The Family
? Peer Groups
Classical Conditioning
? Unconditioned Stimulus - is one that unconditionally,
naturally, and automatically triggers a response.
? Unconditioned Response - is the unlearned response that
? Conditioned Stimulus - is a previously neutral stimulus
that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned
stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned
response.
naturally, but must be learned by the individual
Operant Conditioning
Major Aspects of Job Attitude
? Job Satisfaction
? Organizational Commitment
Three Types of General Attitudes
? Job-Lovers ? Job-Haters
? Job-Doers
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
considering the realities of life.
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
takes into account what is possible in this world.
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
wrong.
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and
are flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
Sensing (S)
Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
Perceiving (P)
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
The Big Five Personality Model
? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass most
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
reserved, timid, and quiet.
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
The Big Five Personality Model
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
4. Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension?often
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
5. Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimension
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
and find comfort in the familiar.
Personality Attributes Influencing OB
evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,
capable, and in control of their environment.
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way of
achieving one?s goals and gaining and keeping control of others.
excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
to external situational factors.
? Risk Taking
action.
? Other-orientation
Attitude
? Attitudes are individuals' general affective, cognitive and
or social issues.
? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
unfavourable.
? They reflect how one feels about something.
their attitude about work.
? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
of opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certain
kind of experience and readiness with an appropriate response?.
? Cognitive: This represents our thoughts, beliefs and ideas about
something. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'
? Affective: This component deals with feelings or emotions that
are brought to the surface about something, such as fear or hate.
because they are lazy or that they love all babies because they are
cute.
? Behavioural: This ccenters on individuals acting a certain way
towards something, such as 'we better keep those lazy teenagers
Components of Attitude Attitude Formation
? 1.Direct Experience
? Classical Conditioning
? Operant Conditioning
? The Family
? Peer Groups
? Modelling
Classical Conditioning
naturally, and automatically triggers a response.
? Unconditioned Response - is the unlearned response that
occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.
? Conditioned Stimulus - is a previously neutral stimulus
stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned
response.
? Conditioned Response is a behavior that does not come
naturally, but must be learned by the individual
Major Aspects of Job Attitude
? Job Satisfaction
? Job Involvement
? Organizational Commitment
? Job-Lovers ? Job-Haters
? Job-Doers
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Brain
? Physical Features
? Home environment
? Family Members
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Interest
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
considering the realities of life.
Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
takes into account what is possible in this world.
Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
wrong.
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they
usually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
emotions.
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
Sensing (S)
Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T)
Judging (J)
Perceiving (P)
ETSJ
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
The Big Five Personality Model
? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass most
of the significant variation in human personality.
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
reserved, timid, and quiet.
2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
The Big Five Personality Model
3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
4. Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension?often
labeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
5. Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimension
addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
and find comfort in the familiar.
Personality Attributes Influencing OB
? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way of
achieving one?s goals and gaining and keeping control of others.
? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.
to external situational factors.
? Risk Taking
? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
action.
Attitude
? Attitudes are individuals' general affective, cognitive and
intentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,
or social issues.
unfavourable.
? They reflect how one feels about something.
? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressing
their attitude about work.
of opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certain
kind of experience and readiness with an appropriate response?.
Components of Attitude
? Cognitive: This represents our thoughts, beliefs and ideas about
? Affective: This component deals with feelings or emotions that
are brought to the surface about something, such as fear or hate.
Someone might have the attitude that they hate teenagers
because they are lazy or that they love all babies because they are
? Behavioural: This ccenters on individuals acting a certain way
towards something, such as 'we better keep those lazy teenagers
out of the library,' or 'I cannot wait to kiss that baby.'
Components of Attitude Attitude Formation
? Classical Conditioning
? Operant Conditioning
? 2.Social Learning
? The Family
? Modelling
Classical Conditioning
? Unconditioned Stimulus - is one that unconditionally,
naturally, and automatically triggers a response.
occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.
? Conditioned Stimulus - is a previously neutral stimulus
that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned
stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned
? Conditioned Response is a behavior that does not come
naturally, but must be learned by the individual
Operant Conditioning
Major Aspects of Job Attitude
? Job Involvement
? Organizational Commitment
Three Types of General Attitudes
? Job-Lovers ? Job-Haters
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
emotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
usually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
ETSJ
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
The Big Five Personality Model
of the significant variation in human personality.
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
labeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
and find comfort in the familiar.
? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,
capable, and in control of their environment.
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way of
? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
to external situational factors.
? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
action.
? Other-orientation
Attitude
intentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,
or social issues.
? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
unfavourable.
? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressing
their attitude about work.
? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
of opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certain
Components of Attitude
? Cognitive: This represents our thoughts, beliefs and ideas about
something. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'
? Affective: This component deals with feelings or emotions that
Someone might have the attitude that they hate teenagers
because they are lazy or that they love all babies because they are
cute.
? Behavioural: This ccenters on individuals acting a certain way
out of the library,' or 'I cannot wait to kiss that baby.'
Components of Attitude Attitude Formation
? 1.Direct Experience
? Classical Conditioning
? 2.Social Learning
? The Family
? Peer Groups
? Modelling
? Unconditioned Stimulus - is one that unconditionally,
naturally, and automatically triggers a response.
? Unconditioned Response - is the unlearned response that
occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.
that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned
stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned
response.
? Conditioned Response is a behavior that does not come
Operant Conditioning
Major Aspects of Job Attitude
? Job Satisfaction
? Job Involvement
Three Types of General Attitudes
? Job-Lovers ? Job-Haters
? Job-Doers
Perception
and interpret their sensory impressions in order to
give meaning to their environment.
? Perception can also be defined as ?a process by which
individuals organise and interpret their sensory
environment?.
? Perception may be defined as ?a cognitive process by
which people attend to incoming stimuli, organise and
interpret such stimuli into behaviour?.
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
considering the realities of life.
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
takes into account what is possible in this world.
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
wrong.
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and
are flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
Sensing (S)
Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
Perceiving (P)
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
The Big Five Personality Model
? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass most
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
reserved, timid, and quiet.
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
The Big Five Personality Model
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
4. Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension?often
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
5. Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimension
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
and find comfort in the familiar.
Personality Attributes Influencing OB
evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,
capable, and in control of their environment.
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way of
achieving one?s goals and gaining and keeping control of others.
excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
to external situational factors.
? Risk Taking
action.
? Other-orientation
Attitude
? Attitudes are individuals' general affective, cognitive and
or social issues.
? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
unfavourable.
? They reflect how one feels about something.
their attitude about work.
? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
of opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certain
kind of experience and readiness with an appropriate response?.
? Cognitive: This represents our thoughts, beliefs and ideas about
something. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'
? Affective: This component deals with feelings or emotions that
are brought to the surface about something, such as fear or hate.
because they are lazy or that they love all babies because they are
cute.
? Behavioural: This ccenters on individuals acting a certain way
towards something, such as 'we better keep those lazy teenagers
Components of Attitude Attitude Formation
? 1.Direct Experience
? Classical Conditioning
? Operant Conditioning
? The Family
? Peer Groups
? Modelling
Classical Conditioning
naturally, and automatically triggers a response.
? Unconditioned Response - is the unlearned response that
occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.
? Conditioned Stimulus - is a previously neutral stimulus
stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned
response.
? Conditioned Response is a behavior that does not come
naturally, but must be learned by the individual
Major Aspects of Job Attitude
? Job Satisfaction
? Job Involvement
? Organizational Commitment
? Job-Lovers ? Job-Haters
? Job-Doers
Perception
? Perception is a process by which individuals organize
give meaning to their environment.
? Perception can also be defined as ?a process by which
individuals organise and interpret their sensory
impressions in order to give meaning to their
? Perception may be defined as ?a cognitive process by
which people attend to incoming stimuli, organise and
interpret such stimuli into behaviour?.
Factors Influencing Perception
? In The Object Or Target Being Perceived
? In The Context Of The Situation In Which The
Perception Is Made.
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Brain
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
? Social Group
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
considering the realities of life.
Ego
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
takes into account what is possible in this world.
Super Ego
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
wrong.
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they
usually feel or act in particular situations.
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
Sensing (S)
Intuitive (N)
Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
Perceiving (P)
ETSJ
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
assignments.
The Big Five Personality Model
? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass most
of the significant variation in human personality.
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
reserved, timid, and quiet.
2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
The Big Five Personality Model
3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
4. Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension?often
labeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
5. Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimension
addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
and find comfort in the familiar.
Personality Attributes Influencing OB
? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
capable, and in control of their environment.
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way of
achieving one?s goals and gaining and keeping control of others.
? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
to external situational factors.
? Risk Taking
? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
? Other-orientation
Attitude
? Attitudes are individuals' general affective, cognitive and
intentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,
? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
unfavourable.
? They reflect how one feels about something.
? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressing
? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
of opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certain
kind of experience and readiness with an appropriate response?.
Components of Attitude
something. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'
? Affective: This component deals with feelings or emotions that
are brought to the surface about something, such as fear or hate.
Someone might have the attitude that they hate teenagers
cute.
? Behavioural: This ccenters on individuals acting a certain way
towards something, such as 'we better keep those lazy teenagers
out of the library,' or 'I cannot wait to kiss that baby.'
? 1.Direct Experience
? Classical Conditioning
? Operant Conditioning
? 2.Social Learning
? Peer Groups
? Modelling
Classical Conditioning
? Unconditioned Stimulus - is one that unconditionally,
? Unconditioned Response - is the unlearned response that
occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.
? Conditioned Stimulus - is a previously neutral stimulus
that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned
response.
? Conditioned Response is a behavior that does not come
naturally, but must be learned by the individual
Operant Conditioning
? Job Satisfaction
? Job Involvement
? Organizational Commitment
Three Types of General Attitudes
? Job-Doers
Perception
? Perception is a process by which individuals organize
and interpret their sensory impressions in order to
? Perception can also be defined as ?a process by which
individuals organise and interpret their sensory
impressions in order to give meaning to their
environment?.
which people attend to incoming stimuli, organise and
interpret such stimuli into behaviour?.
Factors Influencing Perception
? In The Perceiver
? In The Context Of The Situation In Which The
Perception Is Made.
Characteristics of the Perceiver
? Needs and Motives
? Past Experience
? Current Psychological State
? Beliefs
? Expectations
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MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
emotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
usually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
ETSJ
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
The Big Five Personality Model
of the significant variation in human personality.
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
labeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
and find comfort in the familiar.
? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,
capable, and in control of their environment.
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way of
? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
to external situational factors.
? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
action.
? Other-orientation
Attitude
intentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,
or social issues.
? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
unfavourable.
? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressing
their attitude about work.
? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
of opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certain
Components of Attitude
? Cognitive: This represents our thoughts, beliefs and ideas about
something. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'
? Affective: This component deals with feelings or emotions that
Someone might have the attitude that they hate teenagers
because they are lazy or that they love all babies because they are
cute.
? Behavioural: This ccenters on individuals acting a certain way
out of the library,' or 'I cannot wait to kiss that baby.'
Components of Attitude Attitude Formation
? 1.Direct Experience
? Classical Conditioning
? 2.Social Learning
? The Family
? Peer Groups
? Modelling
? Unconditioned Stimulus - is one that unconditionally,
naturally, and automatically triggers a response.
? Unconditioned Response - is the unlearned response that
occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.
that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned
stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned
response.
? Conditioned Response is a behavior that does not come
Operant Conditioning
Major Aspects of Job Attitude
? Job Satisfaction
? Job Involvement
Three Types of General Attitudes
? Job-Lovers ? Job-Haters
? Job-Doers
Perception
and interpret their sensory impressions in order to
give meaning to their environment.
? Perception can also be defined as ?a process by which
individuals organise and interpret their sensory
environment?.
? Perception may be defined as ?a cognitive process by
which people attend to incoming stimuli, organise and
interpret such stimuli into behaviour?.
? In The Perceiver
? In The Object Or Target Being Perceived
? In The Context Of The Situation In Which The
Perception Is Made.
? Needs and Motives
? Self Concept
? Past Experience
? Current Psychological State
? Expectations
? Cultural Upbringing
The Object Or Target Being Perceived
?Physical characteristics
other tend to be grouped together.
?Manner of communication
?The status or occupation of a person
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Brain
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
? Social Group
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
considering the realities of life.
Ego
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
takes into account what is possible in this world.
Super Ego
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
wrong.
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they
usually feel or act in particular situations.
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
Sensing (S)
Intuitive (N)
Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
Perceiving (P)
ETSJ
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
assignments.
The Big Five Personality Model
? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass most
of the significant variation in human personality.
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
reserved, timid, and quiet.
2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
The Big Five Personality Model
3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
4. Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension?often
labeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
5. Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimension
addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
and find comfort in the familiar.
Personality Attributes Influencing OB
? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
capable, and in control of their environment.
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way of
achieving one?s goals and gaining and keeping control of others.
? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
to external situational factors.
? Risk Taking
? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
? Other-orientation
Attitude
? Attitudes are individuals' general affective, cognitive and
intentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,
? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
unfavourable.
? They reflect how one feels about something.
? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressing
? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
of opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certain
kind of experience and readiness with an appropriate response?.
Components of Attitude
something. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'
? Affective: This component deals with feelings or emotions that
are brought to the surface about something, such as fear or hate.
Someone might have the attitude that they hate teenagers
cute.
? Behavioural: This ccenters on individuals acting a certain way
towards something, such as 'we better keep those lazy teenagers
out of the library,' or 'I cannot wait to kiss that baby.'
? 1.Direct Experience
? Classical Conditioning
? Operant Conditioning
? 2.Social Learning
? Peer Groups
? Modelling
Classical Conditioning
? Unconditioned Stimulus - is one that unconditionally,
? Unconditioned Response - is the unlearned response that
occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.
? Conditioned Stimulus - is a previously neutral stimulus
that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned
response.
? Conditioned Response is a behavior that does not come
naturally, but must be learned by the individual
Operant Conditioning
? Job Satisfaction
? Job Involvement
? Organizational Commitment
Three Types of General Attitudes
? Job-Doers
Perception
? Perception is a process by which individuals organize
and interpret their sensory impressions in order to
? Perception can also be defined as ?a process by which
individuals organise and interpret their sensory
impressions in order to give meaning to their
environment?.
which people attend to incoming stimuli, organise and
interpret such stimuli into behaviour?.
Factors Influencing Perception
? In The Perceiver
? In The Context Of The Situation In Which The
Perception Is Made.
Characteristics of the Perceiver
? Needs and Motives
? Past Experience
? Current Psychological State
? Beliefs
? Expectations
The Object Or Target Being Perceived
?Physical characteristics
?Persons, objects or events that are similar to each
other tend to be grouped together.
?The status or occupation of a person
Characteristics of the Situation
?The surrounding environment and the elements
present in it influence our perception.
in determining the behaviour.
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
? Heredity
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Family Members
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
considering the realities of life.
Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
takes into account what is possible in this world.
Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
wrong.
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they
usually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Sensing (S)
Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
Perceiving (P)
ETSJ
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass most
of the significant variation in human personality.
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
reserved, timid, and quiet.
2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
The Big Five Personality Model
3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
4. Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension?often
labeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
5. Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimension
addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
Personality Attributes Influencing OB
? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,
capable, and in control of their environment.
achieving one?s goals and gaining and keeping control of others.
? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
? Risk Taking
? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
action.
? Other-orientation
? Attitudes are individuals' general affective, cognitive and
intentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,
or social issues.
? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
? They reflect how one feels about something.
? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressing
their attitude about work.
? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
kind of experience and readiness with an appropriate response?.
Components of Attitude
? Cognitive: This represents our thoughts, beliefs and ideas about
something. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'
are brought to the surface about something, such as fear or hate.
Someone might have the attitude that they hate teenagers
because they are lazy or that they love all babies because they are
cute.
towards something, such as 'we better keep those lazy teenagers
out of the library,' or 'I cannot wait to kiss that baby.'
Components of Attitude Attitude Formation
? 1.Direct Experience
? Operant Conditioning
? 2.Social Learning
? The Family
? Peer Groups
Classical Conditioning
? Unconditioned Stimulus - is one that unconditionally,
naturally, and automatically triggers a response.
? Unconditioned Response - is the unlearned response that
? Conditioned Stimulus - is a previously neutral stimulus
that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned
stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned
response.
naturally, but must be learned by the individual
Operant Conditioning
Major Aspects of Job Attitude
? Job Satisfaction
? Organizational Commitment
Three Types of General Attitudes
? Job-Lovers ? Job-Haters
? Job-Doers
? Perception is a process by which individuals organize
and interpret their sensory impressions in order to
give meaning to their environment.
? Perception can also be defined as ?a process by which
impressions in order to give meaning to their
environment?.
? Perception may be defined as ?a cognitive process by
which people attend to incoming stimuli, organise and
Factors Influencing Perception
? In The Perceiver
? In The Object Or Target Being Perceived
? In The Context Of The Situation In Which The
Characteristics of the Perceiver
? Needs and Motives
? Self Concept
? Past Experience
? Beliefs
? Expectations
? Cultural Upbringing
The Object Or Target Being Perceived
?Persons, objects or events that are similar to each
other tend to be grouped together.
?Manner of communication
?The status or occupation of a person
?The surrounding environment and the elements
present in it influence our perception.
?Location of a given event is also very important factor
in determining the behaviour.
? Selective Perception
? Stereotype
? Halo Effect
? First-impression error
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
emotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
usually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
ETSJ
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
The Big Five Personality Model
of the significant variation in human personality.
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
labeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
and find comfort in the familiar.
? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,
capable, and in control of their environment.
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way of
? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
to external situational factors.
? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
action.
? Other-orientation
Attitude
intentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,
or social issues.
? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
unfavourable.
? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressing
their attitude about work.
? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
of opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certain
Components of Attitude
? Cognitive: This represents our thoughts, beliefs and ideas about
something. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'
? Affective: This component deals with feelings or emotions that
Someone might have the attitude that they hate teenagers
because they are lazy or that they love all babies because they are
cute.
? Behavioural: This ccenters on individuals acting a certain way
out of the library,' or 'I cannot wait to kiss that baby.'
Components of Attitude Attitude Formation
? 1.Direct Experience
? Classical Conditioning
? 2.Social Learning
? The Family
? Peer Groups
? Modelling
? Unconditioned Stimulus - is one that unconditionally,
naturally, and automatically triggers a response.
? Unconditioned Response - is the unlearned response that
occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.
that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned
stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned
response.
? Conditioned Response is a behavior that does not come
Operant Conditioning
Major Aspects of Job Attitude
? Job Satisfaction
? Job Involvement
Three Types of General Attitudes
? Job-Lovers ? Job-Haters
? Job-Doers
Perception
and interpret their sensory impressions in order to
give meaning to their environment.
? Perception can also be defined as ?a process by which
individuals organise and interpret their sensory
environment?.
? Perception may be defined as ?a cognitive process by
which people attend to incoming stimuli, organise and
interpret such stimuli into behaviour?.
? In The Perceiver
? In The Object Or Target Being Perceived
? In The Context Of The Situation In Which The
Perception Is Made.
? Needs and Motives
? Self Concept
? Past Experience
? Current Psychological State
? Expectations
? Cultural Upbringing
The Object Or Target Being Perceived
?Physical characteristics
other tend to be grouped together.
?Manner of communication
?The status or occupation of a person
Characteristics of the Situation
present in it influence our perception.
?Location of a given event is also very important factor
in determining the behaviour.
Frequently Used Shortcuts in judging others
? Stereotype
? Halo Effect
? First-impression error
? Contrast Effect
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
emotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
usually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
ETSJ
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
The Big Five Personality Model
of the significant variation in human personality.
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
labeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
and find comfort in the familiar.
? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,
capable, and in control of their environment.
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way of
? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
to external situational factors.
? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
action.
? Other-orientation
Attitude
intentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,
or social issues.
? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
unfavourable.
? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressing
their attitude about work.
? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
of opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certain
Components of Attitude
? Cognitive: This represents our thoughts, beliefs and ideas about
something. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'
? Affective: This component deals with feelings or emotions that
Someone might have the attitude that they hate teenagers
because they are lazy or that they love all babies because they are
cute.
? Behavioural: This ccenters on individuals acting a certain way
out of the library,' or 'I cannot wait to kiss that baby.'
Components of Attitude Attitude Formation
? 1.Direct Experience
? Classical Conditioning
? 2.Social Learning
? The Family
? Peer Groups
? Modelling
? Unconditioned Stimulus - is one that unconditionally,
naturally, and automatically triggers a response.
? Unconditioned Response - is the unlearned response that
occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.
that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned
stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned
response.
? Conditioned Response is a behavior that does not come
Operant Conditioning
Major Aspects of Job Attitude
? Job Satisfaction
? Job Involvement
Three Types of General Attitudes
? Job-Lovers ? Job-Haters
? Job-Doers
Perception
and interpret their sensory impressions in order to
give meaning to their environment.
? Perception can also be defined as ?a process by which
individuals organise and interpret their sensory
environment?.
? Perception may be defined as ?a cognitive process by
which people attend to incoming stimuli, organise and
interpret such stimuli into behaviour?.
? In The Perceiver
? In The Object Or Target Being Perceived
? In The Context Of The Situation In Which The
Perception Is Made.
? Needs and Motives
? Self Concept
? Past Experience
? Current Psychological State
? Expectations
? Cultural Upbringing
The Object Or Target Being Perceived
?Physical characteristics
other tend to be grouped together.
?Manner of communication
?The status or occupation of a person
Characteristics of the Situation
present in it influence our perception.
?Location of a given event is also very important factor
in determining the behaviour.
Frequently Used Shortcuts in judging others
? Stereotype
? Halo Effect
? First-impression error
? Contrast Effect
The Structure of Mood
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
? Heredity
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Family Members
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
considering the realities of life.
Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
takes into account what is possible in this world.
Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
wrong.
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they
usually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Sensing (S)
Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
Perceiving (P)
ETSJ
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass most
of the significant variation in human personality.
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
reserved, timid, and quiet.
2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
The Big Five Personality Model
3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
4. Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension?often
labeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
5. Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimension
addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
Personality Attributes Influencing OB
? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,
capable, and in control of their environment.
achieving one?s goals and gaining and keeping control of others.
? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
? Risk Taking
? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
action.
? Other-orientation
? Attitudes are individuals' general affective, cognitive and
intentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,
or social issues.
? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
? They reflect how one feels about something.
? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressing
their attitude about work.
? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
kind of experience and readiness with an appropriate response?.
Components of Attitude
? Cognitive: This represents our thoughts, beliefs and ideas about
something. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'
are brought to the surface about something, such as fear or hate.
Someone might have the attitude that they hate teenagers
because they are lazy or that they love all babies because they are
cute.
towards something, such as 'we better keep those lazy teenagers
out of the library,' or 'I cannot wait to kiss that baby.'
Components of Attitude Attitude Formation
? 1.Direct Experience
? Operant Conditioning
? 2.Social Learning
? The Family
? Peer Groups
Classical Conditioning
? Unconditioned Stimulus - is one that unconditionally,
naturally, and automatically triggers a response.
? Unconditioned Response - is the unlearned response that
? Conditioned Stimulus - is a previously neutral stimulus
that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned
stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned
response.
naturally, but must be learned by the individual
Operant Conditioning
Major Aspects of Job Attitude
? Job Satisfaction
? Organizational Commitment
Three Types of General Attitudes
? Job-Lovers ? Job-Haters
? Job-Doers
? Perception is a process by which individuals organize
and interpret their sensory impressions in order to
give meaning to their environment.
? Perception can also be defined as ?a process by which
impressions in order to give meaning to their
environment?.
? Perception may be defined as ?a cognitive process by
which people attend to incoming stimuli, organise and
Factors Influencing Perception
? In The Perceiver
? In The Object Or Target Being Perceived
? In The Context Of The Situation In Which The
Characteristics of the Perceiver
? Needs and Motives
? Self Concept
? Past Experience
? Beliefs
? Expectations
? Cultural Upbringing
The Object Or Target Being Perceived
?Persons, objects or events that are similar to each
other tend to be grouped together.
?Manner of communication
?The status or occupation of a person
?The surrounding environment and the elements
present in it influence our perception.
?Location of a given event is also very important factor
in determining the behaviour.
? Selective Perception
? Stereotype
? Halo Effect
? First-impression error
Affect, Emotions, and Moods
The Structure of Mood Emotional intelligence (EI)
A person?s ability to
(1) Perceive emotions in the self and others,
(3) Regulate one?s emotions accordingly in a cascading
model.
In simple words emotional intelligence (EI) can be
defined as the ability to detect and to manage emotional
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MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
emotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
usually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
ETSJ
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
The Big Five Personality Model
of the significant variation in human personality.
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
labeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
and find comfort in the familiar.
? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,
capable, and in control of their environment.
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way of
? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
to external situational factors.
? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
action.
? Other-orientation
Attitude
intentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,
or social issues.
? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
unfavourable.
? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressing
their attitude about work.
? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
of opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certain
Components of Attitude
? Cognitive: This represents our thoughts, beliefs and ideas about
something. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'
? Affective: This component deals with feelings or emotions that
Someone might have the attitude that they hate teenagers
because they are lazy or that they love all babies because they are
cute.
? Behavioural: This ccenters on individuals acting a certain way
out of the library,' or 'I cannot wait to kiss that baby.'
Components of Attitude Attitude Formation
? 1.Direct Experience
? Classical Conditioning
? 2.Social Learning
? The Family
? Peer Groups
? Modelling
? Unconditioned Stimulus - is one that unconditionally,
naturally, and automatically triggers a response.
? Unconditioned Response - is the unlearned response that
occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.
that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned
stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned
response.
? Conditioned Response is a behavior that does not come
Operant Conditioning
Major Aspects of Job Attitude
? Job Satisfaction
? Job Involvement
Three Types of General Attitudes
? Job-Lovers ? Job-Haters
? Job-Doers
Perception
and interpret their sensory impressions in order to
give meaning to their environment.
? Perception can also be defined as ?a process by which
individuals organise and interpret their sensory
environment?.
? Perception may be defined as ?a cognitive process by
which people attend to incoming stimuli, organise and
interpret such stimuli into behaviour?.
? In The Perceiver
? In The Object Or Target Being Perceived
? In The Context Of The Situation In Which The
Perception Is Made.
? Needs and Motives
? Self Concept
? Past Experience
? Current Psychological State
? Expectations
? Cultural Upbringing
The Object Or Target Being Perceived
?Physical characteristics
other tend to be grouped together.
?Manner of communication
?The status or occupation of a person
Characteristics of the Situation
present in it influence our perception.
?Location of a given event is also very important factor
in determining the behaviour.
Frequently Used Shortcuts in judging others
? Stereotype
? Halo Effect
? First-impression error
? Contrast Effect
The Structure of Mood Emotional intelligence (EI)
A person?s ability to
(1) Perceive emotions in the self and others,
(2) Understand the meaning of these emotions, and
model.
In simple words emotional intelligence (EI) can be
defined as the ability to detect and to manage emotional
cues and information.
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
emotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
usually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
ETSJ
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
The Big Five Personality Model
of the significant variation in human personality.
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
labeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
and find comfort in the familiar.
? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,
capable, and in control of their environment.
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way of
? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
to external situational factors.
? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
action.
? Other-orientation
Attitude
intentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,
or social issues.
? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
unfavourable.
? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressing
their attitude about work.
? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
of opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certain
Components of Attitude
? Cognitive: This represents our thoughts, beliefs and ideas about
something. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'
? Affective: This component deals with feelings or emotions that
Someone might have the attitude that they hate teenagers
because they are lazy or that they love all babies because they are
cute.
? Behavioural: This ccenters on individuals acting a certain way
out of the library,' or 'I cannot wait to kiss that baby.'
Components of Attitude Attitude Formation
? 1.Direct Experience
? Classical Conditioning
? 2.Social Learning
? The Family
? Peer Groups
? Modelling
? Unconditioned Stimulus - is one that unconditionally,
naturally, and automatically triggers a response.
? Unconditioned Response - is the unlearned response that
occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.
that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned
stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned
response.
? Conditioned Response is a behavior that does not come
Operant Conditioning
Major Aspects of Job Attitude
? Job Satisfaction
? Job Involvement
Three Types of General Attitudes
? Job-Lovers ? Job-Haters
? Job-Doers
Perception
and interpret their sensory impressions in order to
give meaning to their environment.
? Perception can also be defined as ?a process by which
individuals organise and interpret their sensory
environment?.
? Perception may be defined as ?a cognitive process by
which people attend to incoming stimuli, organise and
interpret such stimuli into behaviour?.
? In The Perceiver
? In The Object Or Target Being Perceived
? In The Context Of The Situation In Which The
Perception Is Made.
? Needs and Motives
? Self Concept
? Past Experience
? Current Psychological State
? Expectations
? Cultural Upbringing
The Object Or Target Being Perceived
?Physical characteristics
other tend to be grouped together.
?Manner of communication
?The status or occupation of a person
Characteristics of the Situation
present in it influence our perception.
?Location of a given event is also very important factor
in determining the behaviour.
Frequently Used Shortcuts in judging others
? Stereotype
? Halo Effect
? First-impression error
? Contrast Effect
The Structure of Mood Emotional intelligence (EI)
A person?s ability to
(1) Perceive emotions in the self and others,
(2) Understand the meaning of these emotions, and
model.
In simple words emotional intelligence (EI) can be
defined as the ability to detect and to manage emotional
cues and information.
Emotional Intelligence is composed of five dimensions:
Self-awareness: The ability to be aware of what you're
feeling.
Self-management: The ability to manage one's own
Self-motivation: The ability to persist in the face of
setbacks and failures.
Empathy: The ability to sense how others are feeling.
Social skills: The ability to handle the emotions of
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MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Foundations of Individual BehaviourFoundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components ofattitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's ChoiceMODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencingperception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced byvarious factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's ChoiceMODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencingperception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced byvarious factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Components of Individual BehaviourFirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectualabilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Individual behavior means some concrete action by aperson. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
environment of which he is part.Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
MODULE 5Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits ofpersonality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
perception, link between perception and individualdecision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
various factors, some of the factors lie within himselflike his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform thevarious tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Employers are required to:? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's ChoiceMODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencingperception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced byvarious factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physicaltasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
intervention of qualified medical professionals.It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Participate in discussions about solutions.Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely wayPersonality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
environment".? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways inwhich an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Foundations of Individual BehaviourFoundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components ofattitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
What is Individual Behaviour?Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
While some lie outside him comprising the externalenvironment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental activessuch as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
DISABILITYDisability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical orother expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
organization within the individual of those psychophysicalsystems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has uniqueways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1.Biological factors:? Heredity
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Home environment? Family Members
? Social Group
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Foundations of Individual BehaviourFoundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributesinfluencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
decision-making.What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
various tasks in a job.? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
flexibility, stamina, speed.DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Inform their employers of their needs;? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamicorganization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
and characteristics of a person that influences his or herbehaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Major Determinants of Personality1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Brain
? Physical Features
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2. Family and Social Factors? Home environment
? Family Members
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifestedand shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
4. Situational FactorsAn individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Major Determinants of PersonalityFirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectualabilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Individual behavior means some concrete action by aperson. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
environment of which he is part.Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring theintervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
other expert opinions;? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
systems that determine his unique adjustments to hisenvironment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ways of protecting these states".? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Heredity? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Family Members? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms ofevents and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Temperament- Degree to which one respondsemotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
goal directed behavior.Major Determinants of Personality
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Foundations of Individual BehaviourFoundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components ofattitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
What is Individual Behaviour?Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
While some lie outside him comprising the externalenvironment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental activessuch as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
DISABILITYDisability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical orother expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
organization within the individual of those psychophysicalsystems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has uniqueways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1.Biological factors:? Heredity
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Home environment? Family Members
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
and shared by the members of the society.Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it maychange in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
5. Other Factors? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They representgoal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Trait Theory? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Foundations of Individual BehaviourFoundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributesinfluencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
decision-making.What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
various tasks in a job.? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
flexibility, stamina, speed.DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Inform their employers of their needs;? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamicorganization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
and characteristics of a person that influences his or herbehaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Major Determinants of Personality1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Brain
? Physical Features
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2. Family and Social Factors? Home environment
? Family Members
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifestedand shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
4. Situational FactorsAn individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Major Determinants of Personality5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Interest
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Character- Reflection of honesty? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Psycho-analytical Theory? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's ChoiceMODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencingperception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced byvarious factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physicaltasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
intervention of qualified medical professionals.It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Participate in discussions about solutions.Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely wayPersonality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
environment".? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways inwhich an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Brain? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Social Group3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence thebehaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change thestructure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
emotionally.? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Major Determinants of PersonalityTheories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? The Big Five Personality ModelPsycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Foundations of Individual BehaviourFoundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components ofattitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
What is Individual Behaviour?Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
While some lie outside him comprising the externalenvironment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental activessuch as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
DISABILITYDisability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical orother expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
organization within the individual of those psychophysicalsystems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has uniqueways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1.Biological factors:? Heredity
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Home environment? Family Members
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
and shared by the members of the society.Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it maychange in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
5. Other Factors? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They representgoal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Trait Theory? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
MODULE 5Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits ofpersonality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
perception, link between perception and individualdecision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
various factors, some of the factors lie within himselflike his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform thevarious tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Employers are required to:? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Personality? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable statesand characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Brain
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Physical Features2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
? Social Group
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3. Cultural FactorsCulture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
behaviour of the individual.4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
structure of the entire personality of an individual.Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Interest? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Theories of Personality? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
infant.? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
considering the realities of life.
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
MODULE 5Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits ofpersonality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
perception, link between perception and individualdecision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
various factors, some of the factors lie within himselflike his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform thevarious tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Employers are required to:? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Personality? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable statesand characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Brain
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Physical Features2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
? Social Group
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3. Cultural FactorsCulture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
behaviour of the individual.4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
structure of the entire personality of an individual.Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Interest? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Theories of Personality? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
infant.? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
considering the realities of life.
Ego
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the externalenvironment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
controls it so that the pleasures are granted atappropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
takes into account what is possible in this world.
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
MODULE 5Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits ofpersonality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
perception, link between perception and individualdecision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
various factors, some of the factors lie within himselflike his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform thevarious tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Employers are required to:? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Personality? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable statesand characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Brain
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Physical Features2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
? Social Group
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3. Cultural FactorsCulture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
behaviour of the individual.4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
structure of the entire personality of an individual.Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Interest? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Theories of Personality? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
infant.? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
considering the realities of life.
Ego
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the externalenvironment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
controls it so that the pleasures are granted atappropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
takes into account what is possible in this world.
Super Ego
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? It is higher level restraining force and can bedescribed as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
wrong.
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of theindividual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
the standards of society.FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectualabilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Individual behavior means some concrete action by aperson. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
environment of which he is part.Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring theintervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
other expert opinions;? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
systems that determine his unique adjustments to hisenvironment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ways of protecting these states".? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Heredity? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Family Members? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms ofevents and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Temperament- Degree to which one respondsemotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
goal directed behavior.Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
considering the realities of life.Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. IDdemands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
takes into account what is possible in this world.Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
wrong.? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowlyin a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
MODULE 5Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits ofpersonality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
perception, link between perception and individualdecision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
various factors, some of the factors lie within himselflike his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform thevarious tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Employers are required to:? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Personality? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable statesand characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Brain
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Physical Features2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
? Social Group
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3. Cultural FactorsCulture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
behaviour of the individual.4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
structure of the entire personality of an individual.Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Interest? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Theories of Personality? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
infant.? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
considering the realities of life.
Ego
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the externalenvironment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
controls it so that the pleasures are granted atappropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
takes into account what is possible in this world.
Super Ego
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? It is higher level restraining force and can bedescribed as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
wrong.
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of theindividual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
the standards of society.Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Foundations of Individual BehaviourFoundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components ofattitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
What is Individual Behaviour?Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
While some lie outside him comprising the externalenvironment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental activessuch as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
DISABILITYDisability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical orother expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
organization within the individual of those psychophysicalsystems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has uniqueways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1.Biological factors:? Heredity
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Home environment? Family Members
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
and shared by the members of the society.Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it maychange in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
5. Other Factors? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They representgoal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Trait Theory? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologicallybased urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible withoutconsidering the realities of life.
Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of humanpersonality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. Ittakes into account what is possible in this world.
Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? The conscience creates standards of what is right orwrong.
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? However, an individual is not aware of presence andworking of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they
usually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical andprefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
emotions.? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
MODULE 5Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits ofpersonality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
perception, link between perception and individualdecision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
various factors, some of the factors lie within himselflike his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform thevarious tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Employers are required to:? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Personality? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable statesand characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Brain
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Physical Features2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
? Social Group
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3. Cultural FactorsCulture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
behaviour of the individual.4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
structure of the entire personality of an individual.Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Interest? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Theories of Personality? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
infant.? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
considering the realities of life.
Ego
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the externalenvironment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
controls it so that the pleasures are granted atappropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
takes into account what is possible in this world.
Super Ego
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? It is higher level restraining force and can bedescribed as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
wrong.
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of theindividual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
the standards of society.Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they
usually feel or act in particular situations.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals areoutgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic tohandle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
are flexible and spontaneous.Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
Sensing (S)
Intuitive (N)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Thinking (T)Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
Perceiving (P)
ETSJ
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's ChoiceMODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencingperception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced byvarious factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physicaltasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
intervention of qualified medical professionals.It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Participate in discussions about solutions.Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely wayPersonality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
environment".? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways inwhich an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Brain? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Social Group3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence thebehaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change thestructure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
emotionally.? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Major Determinants of PersonalityTheories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? The Big Five Personality ModelPsycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn orinfant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
considering the realities of life.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ego? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Egocontrols it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
takes into account what is possible in this world.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Super Ego? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
wrong.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? It represents the rules and the norms that check thecultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
in a person when he absorbs central values and followsthe standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
usually feel or act in particular situations.? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving typesare flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
Sensing (S)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Intuitive (N)Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
Perceiving (P)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ETSJMyers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They areskeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends tobe resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Foundations of Individual BehaviourFoundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributesinfluencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
decision-making.What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
various tasks in a job.? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
flexibility, stamina, speed.DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Inform their employers of their needs;? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamicorganization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
and characteristics of a person that influences his or herbehaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Major Determinants of Personality1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Brain
? Physical Features
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2. Family and Social Factors? Home environment
? Family Members
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifestedand shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
4. Situational FactorsAn individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Major Determinants of Personality5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Interest
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Character- Reflection of honesty? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Psycho-analytical Theory? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
considering the realities of life.
Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
environment.? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
takes into account what is possible in this world.
Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
described as the conscience of the person.? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
wrong.
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
individual in the social environment.? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they
usually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values andemotions.
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
Sensing (S)
Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Feeling (F)Judging (J)
Perceiving (P)
ETSJ
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, anddecisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
assignments.The Big Five Personality Model
? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass most
of the significant variation in human personality.
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to begregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
reserved, timid, and quiet.
2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who scorelow on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Foundations of Individual BehaviourFoundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components ofattitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
What is Individual Behaviour?Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
While some lie outside him comprising the externalenvironment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental activessuch as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
DISABILITYDisability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical orother expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
organization within the individual of those psychophysicalsystems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has uniqueways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1.Biological factors:? Heredity
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Home environment? Family Members
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
and shared by the members of the society.Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it maychange in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
5. Other Factors? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They representgoal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Trait Theory? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologicallybased urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible withoutconsidering the realities of life.
Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of humanpersonality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. Ittakes into account what is possible in this world.
Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? The conscience creates standards of what is right orwrong.
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? However, an individual is not aware of presence andworking of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they
usually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical andprefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
emotions.? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)Sensing (S)
Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Judging (J)Perceiving (P)
ETSJ
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
The Big Five Personality Model? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass most
of the significant variation in human personality.
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to bereserved, timid, and quiet.
2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.The Big Five Personality Model
3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.4. Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension?often
labeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.5. Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimension
addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
and find comfort in the familiar.FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectualabilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Individual behavior means some concrete action by aperson. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
environment of which he is part.Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring theintervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
other expert opinions;? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
systems that determine his unique adjustments to hisenvironment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ways of protecting these states".? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Heredity? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Family Members? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms ofevents and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Temperament- Degree to which one respondsemotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
goal directed behavior.Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
considering the realities of life.Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. IDdemands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
takes into account what is possible in this world.Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
wrong.? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowlyin a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how theyusually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely onunconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control andprefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Sensing (S)Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Perceiving (P)ETSJ
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
The Big Five Personality Model
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass mostof the significant variation in human personality.
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
reserved, timid, and quiet.2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
The Big Five Personality Model3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
4. Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension?oftenlabeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
5. Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimensionaddresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
and find comfort in the familiar.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Personality Attributes Influencing OB? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,
capable, and in control of their environment.
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
achieving one?s goals and gaining and keeping control of others.? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
to external situational factors.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Risk Taking? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
action.
? Other-orientation
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
MODULE 5Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits ofpersonality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
perception, link between perception and individualdecision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
various factors, some of the factors lie within himselflike his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform thevarious tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Employers are required to:? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Personality? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable statesand characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Brain
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Physical Features2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
? Social Group
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3. Cultural FactorsCulture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
behaviour of the individual.4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
structure of the entire personality of an individual.Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Interest? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Theories of Personality? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
infant.? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
considering the realities of life.
Ego
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the externalenvironment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
controls it so that the pleasures are granted atappropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
takes into account what is possible in this world.
Super Ego
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? It is higher level restraining force and can bedescribed as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
wrong.
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of theindividual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
the standards of society.Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they
usually feel or act in particular situations.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals areoutgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic tohandle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
are flexible and spontaneous.Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
Sensing (S)
Intuitive (N)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Thinking (T)Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
Perceiving (P)
ETSJ
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routineassignments.
The Big Five Personality Model
? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass most
of the significant variation in human personality.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures ourcomfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
reserved, timid, and quiet.
2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeablepeople are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
The Big Five Personality Model
3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
4. Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension?often
labeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to becalm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
5. Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimension
addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artisticallysensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
and find comfort in the familiar.
Personality Attributes Influencing OB
? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,capable, and in control of their environment.
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way of
achieving one?s goals and gaining and keeping control of others.
? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
to external situational factors.
? Risk Taking
? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
action.? Other-orientation
Attitude
? Attitudes are individuals' general affective, cognitive and
intentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
or social issues.? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
unfavourable.
? They reflect how one feels about something.
? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressing
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
their attitude about work.? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
of opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certain
kind of experience and readiness with an appropriate response?.
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
MODULE 5Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits ofpersonality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
perception, link between perception and individualdecision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
various factors, some of the factors lie within himselflike his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform thevarious tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Employers are required to:? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Personality? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable statesand characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Brain
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Physical Features2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
? Social Group
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3. Cultural FactorsCulture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
behaviour of the individual.4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
structure of the entire personality of an individual.Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Interest? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Theories of Personality? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
infant.? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
considering the realities of life.
Ego
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the externalenvironment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
controls it so that the pleasures are granted atappropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
takes into account what is possible in this world.
Super Ego
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? It is higher level restraining force and can bedescribed as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
wrong.
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of theindividual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
the standards of society.Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they
usually feel or act in particular situations.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals areoutgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic tohandle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
are flexible and spontaneous.Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
Sensing (S)
Intuitive (N)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Thinking (T)Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
Perceiving (P)
ETSJ
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routineassignments.
The Big Five Personality Model
? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass most
of the significant variation in human personality.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures ourcomfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
reserved, timid, and quiet.
2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeablepeople are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
The Big Five Personality Model
3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
4. Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension?often
labeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to becalm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
5. Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimension
addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artisticallysensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
and find comfort in the familiar.
Personality Attributes Influencing OB
? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,capable, and in control of their environment.
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way of
achieving one?s goals and gaining and keeping control of others.
? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
to external situational factors.
? Risk Taking
? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
action.? Other-orientation
Attitude
? Attitudes are individuals' general affective, cognitive and
intentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
or social issues.? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
unfavourable.
? They reflect how one feels about something.
? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressing
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
their attitude about work.? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
of opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certain
kind of experience and readiness with an appropriate response?.
Components of Attitude
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Cognitive: This represents our thoughts, beliefs and ideas aboutsomething. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'
? Affective: This component deals with feelings or emotions that
are brought to the surface about something, such as fear or hate.
Someone might have the attitude that they hate teenagers
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
because they are lazy or that they love all babies because they arecute.
? Behavioural: This ccenters on individuals acting a certain way
towards something, such as 'we better keep those lazy teenagers
out of the library,' or 'I cannot wait to kiss that baby.'
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's ChoiceMODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencingperception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced byvarious factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physicaltasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
intervention of qualified medical professionals.It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Participate in discussions about solutions.Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely wayPersonality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
environment".? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways inwhich an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Brain? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Social Group3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence thebehaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change thestructure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
emotionally.? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Major Determinants of PersonalityTheories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? The Big Five Personality ModelPsycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn orinfant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
considering the realities of life.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ego? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Egocontrols it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
takes into account what is possible in this world.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Super Ego? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
wrong.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? It represents the rules and the norms that check thecultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
in a person when he absorbs central values and followsthe standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
usually feel or act in particular situations.? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving typesare flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
Sensing (S)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Intuitive (N)Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
Perceiving (P)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ETSJMyers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They areskeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends tobe resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
The Big Five Personality Model
? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass most
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
of the significant variation in human personality.1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
reserved, timid, and quiet.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to anindividual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
The Big Five Personality Model
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure ofreliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
4. Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension?often
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
labeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability towithstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
5. Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimension
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
and find comfort in the familiar.
Personality Attributes Influencing OB
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,
capable, and in control of their environment.
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way of
achieving one?s goals and gaining and keeping control of others.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requiresexcessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
to external situational factors.
? Risk Taking
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, takeaction.
? Other-orientation
Attitude
? Attitudes are individuals' general affective, cognitive and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
intentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,or social issues.
? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
unfavourable.
? They reflect how one feels about something.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressingtheir attitude about work.
? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
of opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certain
kind of experience and readiness with an appropriate response?.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Components of Attitude? Cognitive: This represents our thoughts, beliefs and ideas about
something. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'
? Affective: This component deals with feelings or emotions that
are brought to the surface about something, such as fear or hate.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Someone might have the attitude that they hate teenagersbecause they are lazy or that they love all babies because they are
cute.
? Behavioural: This ccenters on individuals acting a certain way
towards something, such as 'we better keep those lazy teenagers
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
out of the library,' or 'I cannot wait to kiss that baby.'Components of Attitude
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Foundations of Individual BehaviourFoundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components ofattitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
What is Individual Behaviour?Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
While some lie outside him comprising the externalenvironment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental activessuch as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
DISABILITYDisability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical orother expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
organization within the individual of those psychophysicalsystems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has uniqueways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1.Biological factors:? Heredity
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Home environment? Family Members
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
and shared by the members of the society.Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it maychange in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
5. Other Factors? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They representgoal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Trait Theory? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologicallybased urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible withoutconsidering the realities of life.
Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of humanpersonality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. Ittakes into account what is possible in this world.
Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? The conscience creates standards of what is right orwrong.
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? However, an individual is not aware of presence andworking of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they
usually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical andprefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
emotions.? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)Sensing (S)
Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Judging (J)Perceiving (P)
ETSJ
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
The Big Five Personality Model? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass most
of the significant variation in human personality.
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to bereserved, timid, and quiet.
2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.The Big Five Personality Model
3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.4. Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension?often
labeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.5. Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimension
addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
and find comfort in the familiar.Personality Attributes Influencing OB
? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,
capable, and in control of their environment.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way ofachieving one?s goals and gaining and keeping control of others.
? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
to external situational factors.? Risk Taking
? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
action.
? Other-orientation
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Attitude? Attitudes are individuals' general affective, cognitive and
intentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,
or social issues.
? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
unfavourable.? They reflect how one feels about something.
? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressing
their attitude about work.
? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
of opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certainkind of experience and readiness with an appropriate response?.
Components of Attitude
? Cognitive: This represents our thoughts, beliefs and ideas about
something. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Affective: This component deals with feelings or emotions thatare brought to the surface about something, such as fear or hate.
Someone might have the attitude that they hate teenagers
because they are lazy or that they love all babies because they are
cute.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Behavioural: This ccenters on individuals acting a certain waytowards something, such as 'we better keep those lazy teenagers
out of the library,' or 'I cannot wait to kiss that baby.'
Components of Attitude Attitude Formation
? 1.Direct Experience
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Classical Conditioning? Operant Conditioning
? 2.Social Learning
? The Family
? Peer Groups
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? ModellingFirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectualabilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Individual behavior means some concrete action by aperson. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
environment of which he is part.Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring theintervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
other expert opinions;? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
systems that determine his unique adjustments to hisenvironment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ways of protecting these states".? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Heredity? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Family Members? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms ofevents and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Temperament- Degree to which one respondsemotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
goal directed behavior.Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
considering the realities of life.Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. IDdemands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
takes into account what is possible in this world.Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
wrong.? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowlyin a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how theyusually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely onunconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control andprefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Sensing (S)Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Perceiving (P)ETSJ
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
The Big Five Personality Model
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass mostof the significant variation in human personality.
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
reserved, timid, and quiet.2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
The Big Five Personality Model3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
4. Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension?oftenlabeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
5. Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimensionaddresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
and find comfort in the familiar.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Personality Attributes Influencing OB? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,
capable, and in control of their environment.
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
achieving one?s goals and gaining and keeping control of others.? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
to external situational factors.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Risk Taking? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
action.
? Other-orientation
Attitude
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Attitudes are individuals' general affective, cognitive andintentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,
or social issues.
? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
unfavourable.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? They reflect how one feels about something.? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressing
their attitude about work.
? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
of opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certain
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
kind of experience and readiness with an appropriate response?.Components of Attitude
? Cognitive: This represents our thoughts, beliefs and ideas about
something. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'
? Affective: This component deals with feelings or emotions that
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
are brought to the surface about something, such as fear or hate.Someone might have the attitude that they hate teenagers
because they are lazy or that they love all babies because they are
cute.
? Behavioural: This ccenters on individuals acting a certain way
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
towards something, such as 'we better keep those lazy teenagersout of the library,' or 'I cannot wait to kiss that baby.'
Components of Attitude Attitude Formation
? 1.Direct Experience
? Classical Conditioning
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Operant Conditioning? 2.Social Learning
? The Family
? Peer Groups
? Modelling
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Classical Conditioning? Unconditioned Stimulus - is one that unconditionally,
naturally, and automatically triggers a response.
? Unconditioned Response - is the unlearned response that
occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Conditioned Stimulus - is a previously neutral stimulusthat, after becoming associated with the unconditioned
stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned
response.
? Conditioned Response is a behavior that does not come
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
naturally, but must be learned by the individualFirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectualabilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Individual behavior means some concrete action by aperson. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
environment of which he is part.Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring theintervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
other expert opinions;? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
systems that determine his unique adjustments to hisenvironment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ways of protecting these states".? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Heredity? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Family Members? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms ofevents and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Temperament- Degree to which one respondsemotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
goal directed behavior.Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
considering the realities of life.Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. IDdemands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
takes into account what is possible in this world.Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
wrong.? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowlyin a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how theyusually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely onunconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control andprefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Sensing (S)Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Perceiving (P)ETSJ
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
The Big Five Personality Model
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass mostof the significant variation in human personality.
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
reserved, timid, and quiet.2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
The Big Five Personality Model3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
4. Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension?oftenlabeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
5. Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimensionaddresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
and find comfort in the familiar.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Personality Attributes Influencing OB? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,
capable, and in control of their environment.
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
achieving one?s goals and gaining and keeping control of others.? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
to external situational factors.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Risk Taking? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
action.
? Other-orientation
Attitude
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Attitudes are individuals' general affective, cognitive andintentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,
or social issues.
? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
unfavourable.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? They reflect how one feels about something.? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressing
their attitude about work.
? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
of opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certain
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
kind of experience and readiness with an appropriate response?.Components of Attitude
? Cognitive: This represents our thoughts, beliefs and ideas about
something. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'
? Affective: This component deals with feelings or emotions that
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
are brought to the surface about something, such as fear or hate.Someone might have the attitude that they hate teenagers
because they are lazy or that they love all babies because they are
cute.
? Behavioural: This ccenters on individuals acting a certain way
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
towards something, such as 'we better keep those lazy teenagersout of the library,' or 'I cannot wait to kiss that baby.'
Components of Attitude Attitude Formation
? 1.Direct Experience
? Classical Conditioning
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Operant Conditioning? 2.Social Learning
? The Family
? Peer Groups
? Modelling
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Classical Conditioning? Unconditioned Stimulus - is one that unconditionally,
naturally, and automatically triggers a response.
? Unconditioned Response - is the unlearned response that
occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Conditioned Stimulus - is a previously neutral stimulusthat, after becoming associated with the unconditioned
stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned
response.
? Conditioned Response is a behavior that does not come
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
naturally, but must be learned by the individualFirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectualabilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Individual behavior means some concrete action by aperson. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
environment of which he is part.Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring theintervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
other expert opinions;? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
systems that determine his unique adjustments to hisenvironment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ways of protecting these states".? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Heredity? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Family Members? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms ofevents and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Temperament- Degree to which one respondsemotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
goal directed behavior.Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
considering the realities of life.Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. IDdemands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
takes into account what is possible in this world.Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
wrong.? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowlyin a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how theyusually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely onunconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control andprefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Sensing (S)Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Perceiving (P)ETSJ
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
The Big Five Personality Model
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass mostof the significant variation in human personality.
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
reserved, timid, and quiet.2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
The Big Five Personality Model3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
4. Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension?oftenlabeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
5. Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimensionaddresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
and find comfort in the familiar.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Personality Attributes Influencing OB? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,
capable, and in control of their environment.
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
achieving one?s goals and gaining and keeping control of others.? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
to external situational factors.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Risk Taking? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
action.
? Other-orientation
Attitude
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Attitudes are individuals' general affective, cognitive andintentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,
or social issues.
? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
unfavourable.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? They reflect how one feels about something.? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressing
their attitude about work.
? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
of opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certain
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
kind of experience and readiness with an appropriate response?.Components of Attitude
? Cognitive: This represents our thoughts, beliefs and ideas about
something. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'
? Affective: This component deals with feelings or emotions that
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
are brought to the surface about something, such as fear or hate.Someone might have the attitude that they hate teenagers
because they are lazy or that they love all babies because they are
cute.
? Behavioural: This ccenters on individuals acting a certain way
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
towards something, such as 'we better keep those lazy teenagersout of the library,' or 'I cannot wait to kiss that baby.'
Components of Attitude Attitude Formation
? 1.Direct Experience
? Classical Conditioning
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Operant Conditioning? 2.Social Learning
? The Family
? Peer Groups
? Modelling
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Classical Conditioning? Unconditioned Stimulus - is one that unconditionally,
naturally, and automatically triggers a response.
? Unconditioned Response - is the unlearned response that
occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Conditioned Stimulus - is a previously neutral stimulusthat, after becoming associated with the unconditioned
stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned
response.
? Conditioned Response is a behavior that does not come
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
naturally, but must be learned by the individualFirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectualabilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Individual behavior means some concrete action by aperson. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
environment of which he is part.Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring theintervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
other expert opinions;? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
systems that determine his unique adjustments to hisenvironment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ways of protecting these states".? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Heredity? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Family Members? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms ofevents and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Temperament- Degree to which one respondsemotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
goal directed behavior.Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
considering the realities of life.Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. IDdemands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
takes into account what is possible in this world.Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
wrong.? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowlyin a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how theyusually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely onunconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control andprefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Sensing (S)Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Perceiving (P)ETSJ
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
The Big Five Personality Model
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass mostof the significant variation in human personality.
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
reserved, timid, and quiet.2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
The Big Five Personality Model3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
4. Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension?oftenlabeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
5. Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimensionaddresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
and find comfort in the familiar.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Personality Attributes Influencing OB? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,
capable, and in control of their environment.
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
achieving one?s goals and gaining and keeping control of others.? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
to external situational factors.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Risk Taking? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
action.
? Other-orientation
Attitude
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Attitudes are individuals' general affective, cognitive andintentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,
or social issues.
? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
unfavourable.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? They reflect how one feels about something.? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressing
their attitude about work.
? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
of opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certain
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
kind of experience and readiness with an appropriate response?.Components of Attitude
? Cognitive: This represents our thoughts, beliefs and ideas about
something. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'
? Affective: This component deals with feelings or emotions that
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
are brought to the surface about something, such as fear or hate.Someone might have the attitude that they hate teenagers
because they are lazy or that they love all babies because they are
cute.
? Behavioural: This ccenters on individuals acting a certain way
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
towards something, such as 'we better keep those lazy teenagersout of the library,' or 'I cannot wait to kiss that baby.'
Components of Attitude Attitude Formation
? 1.Direct Experience
? Classical Conditioning
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Operant Conditioning? 2.Social Learning
? The Family
? Peer Groups
? Modelling
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Classical Conditioning? Unconditioned Stimulus - is one that unconditionally,
naturally, and automatically triggers a response.
? Unconditioned Response - is the unlearned response that
occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Conditioned Stimulus - is a previously neutral stimulusthat, after becoming associated with the unconditioned
stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned
response.
? Conditioned Response is a behavior that does not come
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
naturally, but must be learned by the individualOperant Conditioning
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Foundations of Individual BehaviourFoundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components ofattitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
What is Individual Behaviour?Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
While some lie outside him comprising the externalenvironment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental activessuch as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
DISABILITYDisability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical orother expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
organization within the individual of those psychophysicalsystems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has uniqueways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1.Biological factors:? Heredity
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Home environment? Family Members
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
and shared by the members of the society.Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it maychange in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
5. Other Factors? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They representgoal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Trait Theory? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologicallybased urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible withoutconsidering the realities of life.
Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of humanpersonality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. Ittakes into account what is possible in this world.
Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? The conscience creates standards of what is right orwrong.
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? However, an individual is not aware of presence andworking of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they
usually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical andprefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
emotions.? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)Sensing (S)
Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Judging (J)Perceiving (P)
ETSJ
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
The Big Five Personality Model? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass most
of the significant variation in human personality.
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to bereserved, timid, and quiet.
2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.The Big Five Personality Model
3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.4. Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension?often
labeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.5. Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimension
addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
and find comfort in the familiar.Personality Attributes Influencing OB
? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,
capable, and in control of their environment.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way ofachieving one?s goals and gaining and keeping control of others.
? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
to external situational factors.? Risk Taking
? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
action.
? Other-orientation
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Attitude? Attitudes are individuals' general affective, cognitive and
intentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,
or social issues.
? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
unfavourable.? They reflect how one feels about something.
? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressing
their attitude about work.
? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
of opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certainkind of experience and readiness with an appropriate response?.
Components of Attitude
? Cognitive: This represents our thoughts, beliefs and ideas about
something. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Affective: This component deals with feelings or emotions thatare brought to the surface about something, such as fear or hate.
Someone might have the attitude that they hate teenagers
because they are lazy or that they love all babies because they are
cute.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Behavioural: This ccenters on individuals acting a certain waytowards something, such as 'we better keep those lazy teenagers
out of the library,' or 'I cannot wait to kiss that baby.'
Components of Attitude Attitude Formation
? 1.Direct Experience
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Classical Conditioning? Operant Conditioning
? 2.Social Learning
? The Family
? Peer Groups
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? ModellingClassical Conditioning
? Unconditioned Stimulus - is one that unconditionally,
naturally, and automatically triggers a response.
? Unconditioned Response - is the unlearned response that
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.? Conditioned Stimulus - is a previously neutral stimulus
that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned
stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned
response.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Conditioned Response is a behavior that does not comenaturally, but must be learned by the individual
Operant Conditioning
Major Aspects of Job Attitude
? Job Satisfaction
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Job Involvement? Organizational Commitment
Three Types of General Attitudes
? Job-Lovers ? Job-Haters
? Job-Doers
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's ChoiceMODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencingperception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced byvarious factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physicaltasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
intervention of qualified medical professionals.It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Participate in discussions about solutions.Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely wayPersonality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
environment".? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways inwhich an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Brain? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Social Group3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence thebehaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change thestructure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
emotionally.? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Major Determinants of PersonalityTheories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? The Big Five Personality ModelPsycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn orinfant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
considering the realities of life.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ego? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Egocontrols it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
takes into account what is possible in this world.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Super Ego? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
wrong.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? It represents the rules and the norms that check thecultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
in a person when he absorbs central values and followsthe standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
usually feel or act in particular situations.? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving typesare flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
Sensing (S)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Intuitive (N)Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
Perceiving (P)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ETSJMyers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They areskeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends tobe resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
The Big Five Personality Model
? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass most
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
of the significant variation in human personality.1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
reserved, timid, and quiet.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to anindividual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
The Big Five Personality Model
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure ofreliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
4. Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension?often
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
labeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability towithstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
5. Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimension
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
and find comfort in the familiar.
Personality Attributes Influencing OB
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,
capable, and in control of their environment.
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way of
achieving one?s goals and gaining and keeping control of others.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requiresexcessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
to external situational factors.
? Risk Taking
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, takeaction.
? Other-orientation
Attitude
? Attitudes are individuals' general affective, cognitive and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
intentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,or social issues.
? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
unfavourable.
? They reflect how one feels about something.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressingtheir attitude about work.
? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
of opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certain
kind of experience and readiness with an appropriate response?.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Components of Attitude? Cognitive: This represents our thoughts, beliefs and ideas about
something. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'
? Affective: This component deals with feelings or emotions that
are brought to the surface about something, such as fear or hate.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Someone might have the attitude that they hate teenagersbecause they are lazy or that they love all babies because they are
cute.
? Behavioural: This ccenters on individuals acting a certain way
towards something, such as 'we better keep those lazy teenagers
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
out of the library,' or 'I cannot wait to kiss that baby.'Components of Attitude Attitude Formation
? 1.Direct Experience
? Classical Conditioning
? Operant Conditioning
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? 2.Social Learning? The Family
? Peer Groups
? Modelling
Classical Conditioning
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Unconditioned Stimulus - is one that unconditionally,naturally, and automatically triggers a response.
? Unconditioned Response - is the unlearned response that
occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.
? Conditioned Stimulus - is a previously neutral stimulus
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
that, after becoming associated with the unconditionedstimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned
response.
? Conditioned Response is a behavior that does not come
naturally, but must be learned by the individual
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Operant ConditioningMajor Aspects of Job Attitude
? Job Satisfaction
? Job Involvement
? Organizational Commitment
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Three Types of General Attitudes? Job-Lovers ? Job-Haters
? Job-Doers
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Foundations of Individual BehaviourFoundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributesinfluencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
decision-making.What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
various tasks in a job.? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
flexibility, stamina, speed.DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Inform their employers of their needs;? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamicorganization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
and characteristics of a person that influences his or herbehaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Major Determinants of Personality1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Brain
? Physical Features
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2. Family and Social Factors? Home environment
? Family Members
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifestedand shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
4. Situational FactorsAn individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Major Determinants of Personality5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Interest
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Character- Reflection of honesty? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Psycho-analytical Theory? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
considering the realities of life.
Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
environment.? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
takes into account what is possible in this world.
Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
described as the conscience of the person.? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
wrong.
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
individual in the social environment.? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they
usually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values andemotions.
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
Sensing (S)
Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Feeling (F)Judging (J)
Perceiving (P)
ETSJ
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, anddecisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
assignments.The Big Five Personality Model
? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass most
of the significant variation in human personality.
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to begregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
reserved, timid, and quiet.
2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who scorelow on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
The Big Five Personality Model
3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimensionare easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
4. Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension?often
labeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scorestend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
5. Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimension
addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventionaland find comfort in the familiar.
Personality Attributes Influencing OB
? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
capable, and in control of their environment.? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way of
achieving one?s goals and gaining and keeping control of others.
? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviourto external situational factors.
? Risk Taking
? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
action.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Other-orientationAttitude
? Attitudes are individuals' general affective, cognitive and
intentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,
or social issues.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable orunfavourable.
? They reflect how one feels about something.
? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressing
their attitude about work.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predispositionof opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certain
kind of experience and readiness with an appropriate response?.
Components of Attitude
? Cognitive: This represents our thoughts, beliefs and ideas about
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
something. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'? Affective: This component deals with feelings or emotions that
are brought to the surface about something, such as fear or hate.
Someone might have the attitude that they hate teenagers
because they are lazy or that they love all babies because they are
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
cute.? Behavioural: This ccenters on individuals acting a certain way
towards something, such as 'we better keep those lazy teenagers
out of the library,' or 'I cannot wait to kiss that baby.'
Components of Attitude Attitude Formation
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? 1.Direct Experience? Classical Conditioning
? Operant Conditioning
? 2.Social Learning
? The Family
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Peer Groups? Modelling
Classical Conditioning
? Unconditioned Stimulus - is one that unconditionally,
naturally, and automatically triggers a response.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Unconditioned Response - is the unlearned response thatoccurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.
? Conditioned Stimulus - is a previously neutral stimulus
that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned
stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
response.? Conditioned Response is a behavior that does not come
naturally, but must be learned by the individual
Operant Conditioning
Major Aspects of Job Attitude
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Job Satisfaction? Job Involvement
? Organizational Commitment
Three Types of General Attitudes
? Job-Lovers ? Job-Haters
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Job-DoersFirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectualabilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Individual behavior means some concrete action by aperson. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
environment of which he is part.Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring theintervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
other expert opinions;? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
systems that determine his unique adjustments to hisenvironment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ways of protecting these states".? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Heredity? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Family Members? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms ofevents and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Temperament- Degree to which one respondsemotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
goal directed behavior.Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
considering the realities of life.Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. IDdemands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
takes into account what is possible in this world.Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
wrong.? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowlyin a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how theyusually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely onunconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control andprefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Sensing (S)Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Perceiving (P)ETSJ
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
The Big Five Personality Model
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass mostof the significant variation in human personality.
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
reserved, timid, and quiet.2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
The Big Five Personality Model3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
4. Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension?oftenlabeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
5. Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimensionaddresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
and find comfort in the familiar.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Personality Attributes Influencing OB? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,
capable, and in control of their environment.
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
achieving one?s goals and gaining and keeping control of others.? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
to external situational factors.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Risk Taking? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
action.
? Other-orientation
Attitude
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Attitudes are individuals' general affective, cognitive andintentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,
or social issues.
? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
unfavourable.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? They reflect how one feels about something.? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressing
their attitude about work.
? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
of opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certain
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
kind of experience and readiness with an appropriate response?.Components of Attitude
? Cognitive: This represents our thoughts, beliefs and ideas about
something. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'
? Affective: This component deals with feelings or emotions that
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
are brought to the surface about something, such as fear or hate.Someone might have the attitude that they hate teenagers
because they are lazy or that they love all babies because they are
cute.
? Behavioural: This ccenters on individuals acting a certain way
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
towards something, such as 'we better keep those lazy teenagersout of the library,' or 'I cannot wait to kiss that baby.'
Components of Attitude Attitude Formation
? 1.Direct Experience
? Classical Conditioning
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Operant Conditioning? 2.Social Learning
? The Family
? Peer Groups
? Modelling
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Classical Conditioning? Unconditioned Stimulus - is one that unconditionally,
naturally, and automatically triggers a response.
? Unconditioned Response - is the unlearned response that
occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Conditioned Stimulus - is a previously neutral stimulusthat, after becoming associated with the unconditioned
stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned
response.
? Conditioned Response is a behavior that does not come
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
naturally, but must be learned by the individualOperant Conditioning
Major Aspects of Job Attitude
? Job Satisfaction
? Job Involvement
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Organizational CommitmentThree Types of General Attitudes
? Job-Lovers ? Job-Haters
? Job-Doers
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
MODULE 5Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits ofpersonality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
perception, link between perception and individualdecision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
various factors, some of the factors lie within himselflike his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform thevarious tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Employers are required to:? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Personality? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable statesand characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Brain
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Physical Features2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
? Social Group
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3. Cultural FactorsCulture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
behaviour of the individual.4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
structure of the entire personality of an individual.Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Interest? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Theories of Personality? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
infant.? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
considering the realities of life.
Ego
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the externalenvironment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
controls it so that the pleasures are granted atappropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
takes into account what is possible in this world.
Super Ego
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? It is higher level restraining force and can bedescribed as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
wrong.
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of theindividual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
the standards of society.Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they
usually feel or act in particular situations.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals areoutgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic tohandle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
are flexible and spontaneous.Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
Sensing (S)
Intuitive (N)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Thinking (T)Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
Perceiving (P)
ETSJ
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routineassignments.
The Big Five Personality Model
? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass most
of the significant variation in human personality.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures ourcomfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
reserved, timid, and quiet.
2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeablepeople are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
The Big Five Personality Model
3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
4. Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension?often
labeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to becalm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
5. Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimension
addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artisticallysensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
and find comfort in the familiar.
Personality Attributes Influencing OB
? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,capable, and in control of their environment.
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way of
achieving one?s goals and gaining and keeping control of others.
? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
to external situational factors.
? Risk Taking
? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
action.? Other-orientation
Attitude
? Attitudes are individuals' general affective, cognitive and
intentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
or social issues.? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
unfavourable.
? They reflect how one feels about something.
? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressing
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
their attitude about work.? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
of opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certain
kind of experience and readiness with an appropriate response?.
Components of Attitude
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Cognitive: This represents our thoughts, beliefs and ideas aboutsomething. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'
? Affective: This component deals with feelings or emotions that
are brought to the surface about something, such as fear or hate.
Someone might have the attitude that they hate teenagers
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
because they are lazy or that they love all babies because they arecute.
? Behavioural: This ccenters on individuals acting a certain way
towards something, such as 'we better keep those lazy teenagers
out of the library,' or 'I cannot wait to kiss that baby.'
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Components of Attitude Attitude Formation? 1.Direct Experience
? Classical Conditioning
? Operant Conditioning
? 2.Social Learning
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? The Family? Peer Groups
? Modelling
Classical Conditioning
? Unconditioned Stimulus - is one that unconditionally,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
naturally, and automatically triggers a response.? Unconditioned Response - is the unlearned response that
occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.
? Conditioned Stimulus - is a previously neutral stimulus
that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditionedresponse.
? Conditioned Response is a behavior that does not come
naturally, but must be learned by the individual
Operant Conditioning
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Major Aspects of Job Attitude? Job Satisfaction
? Job Involvement
? Organizational Commitment
Three Types of General Attitudes
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Job-Lovers ? Job-Haters? Job-Doers
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Foundations of Individual BehaviourFoundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components ofattitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
What is Individual Behaviour?Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
While some lie outside him comprising the externalenvironment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental activessuch as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
DISABILITYDisability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical orother expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
organization within the individual of those psychophysicalsystems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has uniqueways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1.Biological factors:? Heredity
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Home environment? Family Members
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
and shared by the members of the society.Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it maychange in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
5. Other Factors? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They representgoal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Trait Theory? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologicallybased urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible withoutconsidering the realities of life.
Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of humanpersonality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. Ittakes into account what is possible in this world.
Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? The conscience creates standards of what is right orwrong.
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? However, an individual is not aware of presence andworking of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they
usually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical andprefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
emotions.? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)Sensing (S)
Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Judging (J)Perceiving (P)
ETSJ
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
The Big Five Personality Model? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass most
of the significant variation in human personality.
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to bereserved, timid, and quiet.
2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.The Big Five Personality Model
3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.4. Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension?often
labeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.5. Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimension
addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
and find comfort in the familiar.Personality Attributes Influencing OB
? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,
capable, and in control of their environment.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way ofachieving one?s goals and gaining and keeping control of others.
? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
to external situational factors.? Risk Taking
? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
action.
? Other-orientation
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Attitude? Attitudes are individuals' general affective, cognitive and
intentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,
or social issues.
? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
unfavourable.? They reflect how one feels about something.
? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressing
their attitude about work.
? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
of opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certainkind of experience and readiness with an appropriate response?.
Components of Attitude
? Cognitive: This represents our thoughts, beliefs and ideas about
something. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Affective: This component deals with feelings or emotions thatare brought to the surface about something, such as fear or hate.
Someone might have the attitude that they hate teenagers
because they are lazy or that they love all babies because they are
cute.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Behavioural: This ccenters on individuals acting a certain waytowards something, such as 'we better keep those lazy teenagers
out of the library,' or 'I cannot wait to kiss that baby.'
Components of Attitude Attitude Formation
? 1.Direct Experience
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Classical Conditioning? Operant Conditioning
? 2.Social Learning
? The Family
? Peer Groups
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? ModellingClassical Conditioning
? Unconditioned Stimulus - is one that unconditionally,
naturally, and automatically triggers a response.
? Unconditioned Response - is the unlearned response that
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.? Conditioned Stimulus - is a previously neutral stimulus
that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned
stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned
response.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Conditioned Response is a behavior that does not comenaturally, but must be learned by the individual
Operant Conditioning
Major Aspects of Job Attitude
? Job Satisfaction
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Job Involvement? Organizational Commitment
Three Types of General Attitudes
? Job-Lovers ? Job-Haters
? Job-Doers
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's ChoiceMODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencingperception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced byvarious factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physicaltasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
intervention of qualified medical professionals.It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Participate in discussions about solutions.Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely wayPersonality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
environment".? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways inwhich an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Brain? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Social Group3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence thebehaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change thestructure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
emotionally.? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Major Determinants of PersonalityTheories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? The Big Five Personality ModelPsycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn orinfant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
considering the realities of life.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ego? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Egocontrols it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
takes into account what is possible in this world.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Super Ego? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
wrong.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? It represents the rules and the norms that check thecultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
in a person when he absorbs central values and followsthe standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
usually feel or act in particular situations.? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving typesare flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
Sensing (S)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Intuitive (N)Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
Perceiving (P)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ETSJMyers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They areskeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends tobe resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
The Big Five Personality Model
? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass most
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
of the significant variation in human personality.1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
reserved, timid, and quiet.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to anindividual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
The Big Five Personality Model
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure ofreliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
4. Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension?often
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
labeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability towithstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
5. Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimension
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
and find comfort in the familiar.
Personality Attributes Influencing OB
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,
capable, and in control of their environment.
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way of
achieving one?s goals and gaining and keeping control of others.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requiresexcessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
to external situational factors.
? Risk Taking
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, takeaction.
? Other-orientation
Attitude
? Attitudes are individuals' general affective, cognitive and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
intentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,or social issues.
? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
unfavourable.
? They reflect how one feels about something.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressingtheir attitude about work.
? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
of opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certain
kind of experience and readiness with an appropriate response?.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Components of Attitude? Cognitive: This represents our thoughts, beliefs and ideas about
something. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'
? Affective: This component deals with feelings or emotions that
are brought to the surface about something, such as fear or hate.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Someone might have the attitude that they hate teenagersbecause they are lazy or that they love all babies because they are
cute.
? Behavioural: This ccenters on individuals acting a certain way
towards something, such as 'we better keep those lazy teenagers
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
out of the library,' or 'I cannot wait to kiss that baby.'Components of Attitude Attitude Formation
? 1.Direct Experience
? Classical Conditioning
? Operant Conditioning
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? 2.Social Learning? The Family
? Peer Groups
? Modelling
Classical Conditioning
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Unconditioned Stimulus - is one that unconditionally,naturally, and automatically triggers a response.
? Unconditioned Response - is the unlearned response that
occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.
? Conditioned Stimulus - is a previously neutral stimulus
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
that, after becoming associated with the unconditionedstimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned
response.
? Conditioned Response is a behavior that does not come
naturally, but must be learned by the individual
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Operant ConditioningMajor Aspects of Job Attitude
? Job Satisfaction
? Job Involvement
? Organizational Commitment
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Three Types of General Attitudes? Job-Lovers ? Job-Haters
? Job-Doers
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Foundations of Individual BehaviourFoundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributesinfluencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
decision-making.What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
various tasks in a job.? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
flexibility, stamina, speed.DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Inform their employers of their needs;? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamicorganization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
and characteristics of a person that influences his or herbehaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Major Determinants of Personality1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Brain
? Physical Features
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2. Family and Social Factors? Home environment
? Family Members
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifestedand shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
4. Situational FactorsAn individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Major Determinants of Personality5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Interest
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Character- Reflection of honesty? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Psycho-analytical Theory? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
considering the realities of life.
Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
environment.? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
takes into account what is possible in this world.
Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
described as the conscience of the person.? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
wrong.
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
individual in the social environment.? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they
usually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values andemotions.
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
Sensing (S)
Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Feeling (F)Judging (J)
Perceiving (P)
ETSJ
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, anddecisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
assignments.The Big Five Personality Model
? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass most
of the significant variation in human personality.
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to begregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
reserved, timid, and quiet.
2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who scorelow on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
The Big Five Personality Model
3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimensionare easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
4. Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension?often
labeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scorestend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
5. Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimension
addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventionaland find comfort in the familiar.
Personality Attributes Influencing OB
? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
capable, and in control of their environment.? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way of
achieving one?s goals and gaining and keeping control of others.
? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviourto external situational factors.
? Risk Taking
? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
action.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Other-orientationAttitude
? Attitudes are individuals' general affective, cognitive and
intentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,
or social issues.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable orunfavourable.
? They reflect how one feels about something.
? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressing
their attitude about work.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predispositionof opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certain
kind of experience and readiness with an appropriate response?.
Components of Attitude
? Cognitive: This represents our thoughts, beliefs and ideas about
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
something. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'? Affective: This component deals with feelings or emotions that
are brought to the surface about something, such as fear or hate.
Someone might have the attitude that they hate teenagers
because they are lazy or that they love all babies because they are
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
cute.? Behavioural: This ccenters on individuals acting a certain way
towards something, such as 'we better keep those lazy teenagers
out of the library,' or 'I cannot wait to kiss that baby.'
Components of Attitude Attitude Formation
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? 1.Direct Experience? Classical Conditioning
? Operant Conditioning
? 2.Social Learning
? The Family
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Peer Groups? Modelling
Classical Conditioning
? Unconditioned Stimulus - is one that unconditionally,
naturally, and automatically triggers a response.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Unconditioned Response - is the unlearned response thatoccurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.
? Conditioned Stimulus - is a previously neutral stimulus
that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned
stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
response.? Conditioned Response is a behavior that does not come
naturally, but must be learned by the individual
Operant Conditioning
Major Aspects of Job Attitude
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Job Satisfaction? Job Involvement
? Organizational Commitment
Three Types of General Attitudes
? Job-Lovers ? Job-Haters
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Job-DoersFirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectualabilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Individual behavior means some concrete action by aperson. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
environment of which he is part.Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring theintervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
other expert opinions;? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
systems that determine his unique adjustments to hisenvironment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ways of protecting these states".? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Heredity? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Family Members? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms ofevents and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Temperament- Degree to which one respondsemotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
goal directed behavior.Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
considering the realities of life.Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. IDdemands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
takes into account what is possible in this world.Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
wrong.? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowlyin a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how theyusually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely onunconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control andprefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Sensing (S)Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Perceiving (P)ETSJ
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
The Big Five Personality Model
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass mostof the significant variation in human personality.
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
reserved, timid, and quiet.2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
The Big Five Personality Model3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
4. Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension?oftenlabeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
5. Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimensionaddresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
and find comfort in the familiar.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Personality Attributes Influencing OB? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,
capable, and in control of their environment.
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
achieving one?s goals and gaining and keeping control of others.? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
to external situational factors.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Risk Taking? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
action.
? Other-orientation
Attitude
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Attitudes are individuals' general affective, cognitive andintentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,
or social issues.
? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
unfavourable.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? They reflect how one feels about something.? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressing
their attitude about work.
? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
of opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certain
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
kind of experience and readiness with an appropriate response?.Components of Attitude
? Cognitive: This represents our thoughts, beliefs and ideas about
something. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'
? Affective: This component deals with feelings or emotions that
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
are brought to the surface about something, such as fear or hate.Someone might have the attitude that they hate teenagers
because they are lazy or that they love all babies because they are
cute.
? Behavioural: This ccenters on individuals acting a certain way
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
towards something, such as 'we better keep those lazy teenagersout of the library,' or 'I cannot wait to kiss that baby.'
Components of Attitude Attitude Formation
? 1.Direct Experience
? Classical Conditioning
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Operant Conditioning? 2.Social Learning
? The Family
? Peer Groups
? Modelling
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Classical Conditioning? Unconditioned Stimulus - is one that unconditionally,
naturally, and automatically triggers a response.
? Unconditioned Response - is the unlearned response that
occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Conditioned Stimulus - is a previously neutral stimulusthat, after becoming associated with the unconditioned
stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned
response.
? Conditioned Response is a behavior that does not come
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
naturally, but must be learned by the individualOperant Conditioning
Major Aspects of Job Attitude
? Job Satisfaction
? Job Involvement
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Organizational CommitmentThree Types of General Attitudes
? Job-Lovers ? Job-Haters
? Job-Doers
Perception
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Perception is a process by which individuals organizeand interpret their sensory impressions in order to
give meaning to their environment.
? Perception can also be defined as ?a process by which
individuals organise and interpret their sensory
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
impressions in order to give meaning to theirenvironment?.
? Perception may be defined as ?a cognitive process by
which people attend to incoming stimuli, organise and
interpret such stimuli into behaviour?.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's ChoiceMODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencingperception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced byvarious factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physicaltasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
intervention of qualified medical professionals.It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Participate in discussions about solutions.Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely wayPersonality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
environment".? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways inwhich an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Brain? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Social Group3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence thebehaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change thestructure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
emotionally.? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Major Determinants of PersonalityTheories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? The Big Five Personality ModelPsycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn orinfant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
considering the realities of life.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ego? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Egocontrols it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
takes into account what is possible in this world.
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Super Ego? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
wrong.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? It represents the rules and the norms that check thecultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
in a person when he absorbs central values and followsthe standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
usually feel or act in particular situations.? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving typesare flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
Sensing (S)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Intuitive (N)Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
Perceiving (P)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ETSJMyers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They areskeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends tobe resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
The Big Five Personality Model
? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass most
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
of the significant variation in human personality.1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
reserved, timid, and quiet.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to anindividual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
The Big Five Personality Model
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure ofreliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
4. Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension?often
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
labeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability towithstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
5. Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimension
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
and find comfort in the familiar.
Personality Attributes Influencing OB
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,
capable, and in control of their environment.
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way of
achieving one?s goals and gaining and keeping control of others.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requiresexcessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
to external situational factors.
? Risk Taking
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, takeaction.
? Other-orientation
Attitude
? Attitudes are individuals' general affective, cognitive and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
intentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,or social issues.
? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
unfavourable.
? They reflect how one feels about something.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressingtheir attitude about work.
? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
of opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certain
kind of experience and readiness with an appropriate response?.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Components of Attitude? Cognitive: This represents our thoughts, beliefs and ideas about
something. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'
? Affective: This component deals with feelings or emotions that
are brought to the surface about something, such as fear or hate.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Someone might have the attitude that they hate teenagersbecause they are lazy or that they love all babies because they are
cute.
? Behavioural: This ccenters on individuals acting a certain way
towards something, such as 'we better keep those lazy teenagers
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
out of the library,' or 'I cannot wait to kiss that baby.'Components of Attitude Attitude Formation
? 1.Direct Experience
? Classical Conditioning
? Operant Conditioning
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? 2.Social Learning? The Family
? Peer Groups
? Modelling
Classical Conditioning
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Unconditioned Stimulus - is one that unconditionally,naturally, and automatically triggers a response.
? Unconditioned Response - is the unlearned response that
occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.
? Conditioned Stimulus - is a previously neutral stimulus
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
that, after becoming associated with the unconditionedstimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned
response.
? Conditioned Response is a behavior that does not come
naturally, but must be learned by the individual
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Operant ConditioningMajor Aspects of Job Attitude
? Job Satisfaction
? Job Involvement
? Organizational Commitment
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Three Types of General Attitudes? Job-Lovers ? Job-Haters
? Job-Doers
Perception
? Perception is a process by which individuals organize
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
and interpret their sensory impressions in order togive meaning to their environment.
? Perception can also be defined as ?a process by which
individuals organise and interpret their sensory
impressions in order to give meaning to their
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
environment?.? Perception may be defined as ?a cognitive process by
which people attend to incoming stimuli, organise and
interpret such stimuli into behaviour?.
Factors Influencing Perception
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? In The Perceiver? In The Object Or Target Being Perceived
? In The Context Of The Situation In Which The
Perception Is Made.
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
MODULE 5Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits ofpersonality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
perception, link between perception and individualdecision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
various factors, some of the factors lie within himselflike his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform thevarious tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Employers are required to:? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Personality? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable statesand characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Brain
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Physical Features2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
? Social Group
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3. Cultural FactorsCulture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
behaviour of the individual.4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
structure of the entire personality of an individual.Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Interest? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Theories of Personality? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
infant.? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
considering the realities of life.
Ego
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the externalenvironment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
controls it so that the pleasures are granted atappropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
takes into account what is possible in this world.
Super Ego
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? It is higher level restraining force and can bedescribed as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
wrong.
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of theindividual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
the standards of society.Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they
usually feel or act in particular situations.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals areoutgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic tohandle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
are flexible and spontaneous.Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
Sensing (S)
Intuitive (N)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Thinking (T)Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
Perceiving (P)
ETSJ
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routineassignments.
The Big Five Personality Model
? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass most
of the significant variation in human personality.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures ourcomfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
reserved, timid, and quiet.
2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeablepeople are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
The Big Five Personality Model
3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
4. Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension?often
labeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to becalm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
5. Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimension
addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artisticallysensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
and find comfort in the familiar.
Personality Attributes Influencing OB
? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,capable, and in control of their environment.
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way of
achieving one?s goals and gaining and keeping control of others.
? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
to external situational factors.
? Risk Taking
? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
action.? Other-orientation
Attitude
? Attitudes are individuals' general affective, cognitive and
intentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
or social issues.? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
unfavourable.
? They reflect how one feels about something.
? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressing
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
their attitude about work.? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
of opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certain
kind of experience and readiness with an appropriate response?.
Components of Attitude
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Cognitive: This represents our thoughts, beliefs and ideas aboutsomething. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'
? Affective: This component deals with feelings or emotions that
are brought to the surface about something, such as fear or hate.
Someone might have the attitude that they hate teenagers
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
because they are lazy or that they love all babies because they arecute.
? Behavioural: This ccenters on individuals acting a certain way
towards something, such as 'we better keep those lazy teenagers
out of the library,' or 'I cannot wait to kiss that baby.'
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Components of Attitude Attitude Formation? 1.Direct Experience
? Classical Conditioning
? Operant Conditioning
? 2.Social Learning
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? The Family? Peer Groups
? Modelling
Classical Conditioning
? Unconditioned Stimulus - is one that unconditionally,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
naturally, and automatically triggers a response.? Unconditioned Response - is the unlearned response that
occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.
? Conditioned Stimulus - is a previously neutral stimulus
that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditionedresponse.
? Conditioned Response is a behavior that does not come
naturally, but must be learned by the individual
Operant Conditioning
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Major Aspects of Job Attitude? Job Satisfaction
? Job Involvement
? Organizational Commitment
Three Types of General Attitudes
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Job-Lovers ? Job-Haters? Job-Doers
Perception
? Perception is a process by which individuals organize
and interpret their sensory impressions in order to
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
give meaning to their environment.? Perception can also be defined as ?a process by which
individuals organise and interpret their sensory
impressions in order to give meaning to their
environment?.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Perception may be defined as ?a cognitive process bywhich people attend to incoming stimuli, organise and
interpret such stimuli into behaviour?.
Factors Influencing Perception
? In The Perceiver
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? In The Object Or Target Being Perceived? In The Context Of The Situation In Which The
Perception Is Made.
Characteristics of the Perceiver
? Needs and Motives
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Self Concept? Past Experience
? Current Psychological State
? Beliefs
? Expectations
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Cultural UpbringingFirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectualabilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Individual behavior means some concrete action by aperson. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
environment of which he is part.Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring theintervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
other expert opinions;? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
systems that determine his unique adjustments to hisenvironment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ways of protecting these states".? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Heredity? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Family Members? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
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change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms ofevents and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
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? Temperament- Degree to which one respondsemotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
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goal directed behavior.Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
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? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
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based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
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considering the realities of life.Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
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personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. IDdemands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
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takes into account what is possible in this world.Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
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wrong.? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
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working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowlyin a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how theyusually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
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prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely onunconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
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? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control andprefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
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Sensing (S)Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
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Perceiving (P)ETSJ
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
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? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
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? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
The Big Five Personality Model
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? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass mostof the significant variation in human personality.
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
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reserved, timid, and quiet.2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
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The Big Five Personality Model3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
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4. Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension?oftenlabeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
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5. Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimensionaddresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
and find comfort in the familiar.
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Personality Attributes Influencing OB? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,
capable, and in control of their environment.
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way of
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achieving one?s goals and gaining and keeping control of others.? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
to external situational factors.
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? Risk Taking? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
action.
? Other-orientation
Attitude
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? Attitudes are individuals' general affective, cognitive andintentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,
or social issues.
? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
unfavourable.
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? They reflect how one feels about something.? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressing
their attitude about work.
? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
of opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certain
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kind of experience and readiness with an appropriate response?.Components of Attitude
? Cognitive: This represents our thoughts, beliefs and ideas about
something. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'
? Affective: This component deals with feelings or emotions that
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are brought to the surface about something, such as fear or hate.Someone might have the attitude that they hate teenagers
because they are lazy or that they love all babies because they are
cute.
? Behavioural: This ccenters on individuals acting a certain way
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towards something, such as 'we better keep those lazy teenagersout of the library,' or 'I cannot wait to kiss that baby.'
Components of Attitude Attitude Formation
? 1.Direct Experience
? Classical Conditioning
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? Operant Conditioning? 2.Social Learning
? The Family
? Peer Groups
? Modelling
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Classical Conditioning? Unconditioned Stimulus - is one that unconditionally,
naturally, and automatically triggers a response.
? Unconditioned Response - is the unlearned response that
occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.
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? Conditioned Stimulus - is a previously neutral stimulusthat, after becoming associated with the unconditioned
stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned
response.
? Conditioned Response is a behavior that does not come
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naturally, but must be learned by the individualOperant Conditioning
Major Aspects of Job Attitude
? Job Satisfaction
? Job Involvement
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? Organizational CommitmentThree Types of General Attitudes
? Job-Lovers ? Job-Haters
? Job-Doers
Perception
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? Perception is a process by which individuals organizeand interpret their sensory impressions in order to
give meaning to their environment.
? Perception can also be defined as ?a process by which
individuals organise and interpret their sensory
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impressions in order to give meaning to theirenvironment?.
? Perception may be defined as ?a cognitive process by
which people attend to incoming stimuli, organise and
interpret such stimuli into behaviour?.
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Factors Influencing Perception? In The Perceiver
? In The Object Or Target Being Perceived
? In The Context Of The Situation In Which The
Perception Is Made.
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Characteristics of the Perceiver? Needs and Motives
? Self Concept
? Past Experience
? Current Psychological State
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? Beliefs? Expectations
? Cultural Upbringing
The Object Or Target Being Perceived
?Physical characteristics
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?Persons, objects or events that are similar to eachother tend to be grouped together.
?Manner of communication
?The status or occupation of a person
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
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MODULE 5Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
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Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits ofpersonality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
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perception, link between perception and individualdecision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
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various factors, some of the factors lie within himselflike his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
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? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform thevarious tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
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tasks required to perform a job - Strength,flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
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It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
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Employers are required to:? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
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Personality? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
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? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable statesand characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
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which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Brain
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? Physical Features2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
? Social Group
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3. Cultural FactorsCulture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
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behaviour of the individual.4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
structure of the entire personality of an individual.Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Interest? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Theories of Personality? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
infant.? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
considering the realities of life.
Ego
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? Ego manages ID through the realities of the externalenvironment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
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controls it so that the pleasures are granted atappropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
takes into account what is possible in this world.
Super Ego
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? It is higher level restraining force and can bedescribed as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
wrong.
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of theindividual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
the standards of society.Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they
usually feel or act in particular situations.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals areoutgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic tohandle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
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are flexible and spontaneous.Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
Sensing (S)
Intuitive (N)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Thinking (T)Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
Perceiving (P)
ETSJ
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routineassignments.
The Big Five Personality Model
? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass most
of the significant variation in human personality.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures ourcomfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
reserved, timid, and quiet.
2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeablepeople are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
The Big Five Personality Model
3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
4. Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension?often
labeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to becalm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
5. Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimension
addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artisticallysensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
and find comfort in the familiar.
Personality Attributes Influencing OB
? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,capable, and in control of their environment.
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way of
achieving one?s goals and gaining and keeping control of others.
? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
to external situational factors.
? Risk Taking
? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
action.? Other-orientation
Attitude
? Attitudes are individuals' general affective, cognitive and
intentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
or social issues.? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
unfavourable.
? They reflect how one feels about something.
? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressing
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
their attitude about work.? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
of opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certain
kind of experience and readiness with an appropriate response?.
Components of Attitude
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Cognitive: This represents our thoughts, beliefs and ideas aboutsomething. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'
? Affective: This component deals with feelings or emotions that
are brought to the surface about something, such as fear or hate.
Someone might have the attitude that they hate teenagers
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
because they are lazy or that they love all babies because they arecute.
? Behavioural: This ccenters on individuals acting a certain way
towards something, such as 'we better keep those lazy teenagers
out of the library,' or 'I cannot wait to kiss that baby.'
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Components of Attitude Attitude Formation? 1.Direct Experience
? Classical Conditioning
? Operant Conditioning
? 2.Social Learning
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? The Family? Peer Groups
? Modelling
Classical Conditioning
? Unconditioned Stimulus - is one that unconditionally,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
naturally, and automatically triggers a response.? Unconditioned Response - is the unlearned response that
occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.
? Conditioned Stimulus - is a previously neutral stimulus
that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditionedresponse.
? Conditioned Response is a behavior that does not come
naturally, but must be learned by the individual
Operant Conditioning
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Major Aspects of Job Attitude? Job Satisfaction
? Job Involvement
? Organizational Commitment
Three Types of General Attitudes
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Job-Lovers ? Job-Haters? Job-Doers
Perception
? Perception is a process by which individuals organize
and interpret their sensory impressions in order to
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
give meaning to their environment.? Perception can also be defined as ?a process by which
individuals organise and interpret their sensory
impressions in order to give meaning to their
environment?.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Perception may be defined as ?a cognitive process bywhich people attend to incoming stimuli, organise and
interpret such stimuli into behaviour?.
Factors Influencing Perception
? In The Perceiver
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? In The Object Or Target Being Perceived? In The Context Of The Situation In Which The
Perception Is Made.
Characteristics of the Perceiver
? Needs and Motives
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Self Concept? Past Experience
? Current Psychological State
? Beliefs
? Expectations
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Cultural UpbringingThe Object Or Target Being Perceived
?Physical characteristics
?Persons, objects or events that are similar to each
other tend to be grouped together.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Manner of communication?The status or occupation of a person
Characteristics of the Situation
?The surrounding environment and the elements
present in it influence our perception.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Location of a given event is also very important factorin determining the behaviour.
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Foundations of Individual BehaviourFoundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components ofattitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
What is Individual Behaviour?Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
While some lie outside him comprising the externalenvironment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental activessuch as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
DISABILITYDisability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical orother expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
organization within the individual of those psychophysicalsystems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has uniqueways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1.Biological factors:? Heredity
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Home environment? Family Members
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
and shared by the members of the society.Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it maychange in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
5. Other Factors? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They representgoal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Trait Theory? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologicallybased urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible withoutconsidering the realities of life.
Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of humanpersonality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. Ittakes into account what is possible in this world.
Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? The conscience creates standards of what is right orwrong.
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? However, an individual is not aware of presence andworking of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they
usually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical andprefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
emotions.? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)Sensing (S)
Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Judging (J)Perceiving (P)
ETSJ
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
The Big Five Personality Model? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass most
of the significant variation in human personality.
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to bereserved, timid, and quiet.
2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.The Big Five Personality Model
3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.4. Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension?often
labeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.5. Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimension
addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
and find comfort in the familiar.Personality Attributes Influencing OB
? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,
capable, and in control of their environment.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way ofachieving one?s goals and gaining and keeping control of others.
? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
to external situational factors.? Risk Taking
? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
action.
? Other-orientation
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Attitude? Attitudes are individuals' general affective, cognitive and
intentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,
or social issues.
? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
unfavourable.? They reflect how one feels about something.
? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressing
their attitude about work.
? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
of opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certainkind of experience and readiness with an appropriate response?.
Components of Attitude
? Cognitive: This represents our thoughts, beliefs and ideas about
something. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Affective: This component deals with feelings or emotions thatare brought to the surface about something, such as fear or hate.
Someone might have the attitude that they hate teenagers
because they are lazy or that they love all babies because they are
cute.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Behavioural: This ccenters on individuals acting a certain waytowards something, such as 'we better keep those lazy teenagers
out of the library,' or 'I cannot wait to kiss that baby.'
Components of Attitude Attitude Formation
? 1.Direct Experience
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Classical Conditioning? Operant Conditioning
? 2.Social Learning
? The Family
? Peer Groups
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? ModellingClassical Conditioning
? Unconditioned Stimulus - is one that unconditionally,
naturally, and automatically triggers a response.
? Unconditioned Response - is the unlearned response that
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.? Conditioned Stimulus - is a previously neutral stimulus
that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned
stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned
response.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Conditioned Response is a behavior that does not comenaturally, but must be learned by the individual
Operant Conditioning
Major Aspects of Job Attitude
? Job Satisfaction
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Job Involvement? Organizational Commitment
Three Types of General Attitudes
? Job-Lovers ? Job-Haters
? Job-Doers
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Perception? Perception is a process by which individuals organize
and interpret their sensory impressions in order to
give meaning to their environment.
? Perception can also be defined as ?a process by which
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
individuals organise and interpret their sensoryimpressions in order to give meaning to their
environment?.
? Perception may be defined as ?a cognitive process by
which people attend to incoming stimuli, organise and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
interpret such stimuli into behaviour?.Factors Influencing Perception
? In The Perceiver
? In The Object Or Target Being Perceived
? In The Context Of The Situation In Which The
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Perception Is Made.Characteristics of the Perceiver
? Needs and Motives
? Self Concept
? Past Experience
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Current Psychological State? Beliefs
? Expectations
? Cultural Upbringing
The Object Or Target Being Perceived
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Physical characteristics?Persons, objects or events that are similar to each
other tend to be grouped together.
?Manner of communication
?The status or occupation of a person
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Characteristics of the Situation?The surrounding environment and the elements
present in it influence our perception.
?Location of a given event is also very important factor
in determining the behaviour.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Frequently Used Shortcuts in judging others? Selective Perception
? Stereotype
? Halo Effect
? First-impression error
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Contrast EffectFirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectualabilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Individual behavior means some concrete action by aperson. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
environment of which he is part.Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring theintervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
other expert opinions;? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
systems that determine his unique adjustments to hisenvironment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ways of protecting these states".? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Heredity? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Family Members? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms ofevents and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Temperament- Degree to which one respondsemotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
goal directed behavior.Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
considering the realities of life.Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. IDdemands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
takes into account what is possible in this world.Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
wrong.? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowlyin a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how theyusually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely onunconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control andprefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Sensing (S)Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Perceiving (P)ETSJ
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
The Big Five Personality Model
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass mostof the significant variation in human personality.
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
reserved, timid, and quiet.2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
The Big Five Personality Model3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
4. Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension?oftenlabeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
5. Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimensionaddresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
and find comfort in the familiar.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Personality Attributes Influencing OB? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,
capable, and in control of their environment.
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
achieving one?s goals and gaining and keeping control of others.? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
to external situational factors.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Risk Taking? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
action.
? Other-orientation
Attitude
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Attitudes are individuals' general affective, cognitive andintentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,
or social issues.
? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
unfavourable.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? They reflect how one feels about something.? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressing
their attitude about work.
? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
of opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certain
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
kind of experience and readiness with an appropriate response?.Components of Attitude
? Cognitive: This represents our thoughts, beliefs and ideas about
something. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'
? Affective: This component deals with feelings or emotions that
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
are brought to the surface about something, such as fear or hate.Someone might have the attitude that they hate teenagers
because they are lazy or that they love all babies because they are
cute.
? Behavioural: This ccenters on individuals acting a certain way
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
towards something, such as 'we better keep those lazy teenagersout of the library,' or 'I cannot wait to kiss that baby.'
Components of Attitude Attitude Formation
? 1.Direct Experience
? Classical Conditioning
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Operant Conditioning? 2.Social Learning
? The Family
? Peer Groups
? Modelling
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Classical Conditioning? Unconditioned Stimulus - is one that unconditionally,
naturally, and automatically triggers a response.
? Unconditioned Response - is the unlearned response that
occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Conditioned Stimulus - is a previously neutral stimulusthat, after becoming associated with the unconditioned
stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned
response.
? Conditioned Response is a behavior that does not come
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
naturally, but must be learned by the individualOperant Conditioning
Major Aspects of Job Attitude
? Job Satisfaction
? Job Involvement
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Organizational CommitmentThree Types of General Attitudes
? Job-Lovers ? Job-Haters
? Job-Doers
Perception
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Perception is a process by which individuals organizeand interpret their sensory impressions in order to
give meaning to their environment.
? Perception can also be defined as ?a process by which
individuals organise and interpret their sensory
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
impressions in order to give meaning to theirenvironment?.
? Perception may be defined as ?a cognitive process by
which people attend to incoming stimuli, organise and
interpret such stimuli into behaviour?.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Factors Influencing Perception? In The Perceiver
? In The Object Or Target Being Perceived
? In The Context Of The Situation In Which The
Perception Is Made.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Characteristics of the Perceiver? Needs and Motives
? Self Concept
? Past Experience
? Current Psychological State
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Beliefs? Expectations
? Cultural Upbringing
The Object Or Target Being Perceived
?Physical characteristics
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Persons, objects or events that are similar to eachother tend to be grouped together.
?Manner of communication
?The status or occupation of a person
Characteristics of the Situation
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?The surrounding environment and the elementspresent in it influence our perception.
?Location of a given event is also very important factor
in determining the behaviour.
Frequently Used Shortcuts in judging others
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Selective Perception? Stereotype
? Halo Effect
? First-impression error
? Contrast Effect
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Affect, Emotions, and MoodsFirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectualabilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Individual behavior means some concrete action by aperson. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
environment of which he is part.Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring theintervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
other expert opinions;? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
systems that determine his unique adjustments to hisenvironment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ways of protecting these states".? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Heredity? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Family Members? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms ofevents and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Temperament- Degree to which one respondsemotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
goal directed behavior.Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
considering the realities of life.Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. IDdemands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
takes into account what is possible in this world.Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
wrong.? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowlyin a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how theyusually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely onunconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control andprefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Sensing (S)Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Perceiving (P)ETSJ
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
The Big Five Personality Model
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass mostof the significant variation in human personality.
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
reserved, timid, and quiet.2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
The Big Five Personality Model3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
4. Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension?oftenlabeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
5. Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimensionaddresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
and find comfort in the familiar.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Personality Attributes Influencing OB? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,
capable, and in control of their environment.
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
achieving one?s goals and gaining and keeping control of others.? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
to external situational factors.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Risk Taking? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
action.
? Other-orientation
Attitude
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Attitudes are individuals' general affective, cognitive andintentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,
or social issues.
? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
unfavourable.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? They reflect how one feels about something.? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressing
their attitude about work.
? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
of opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certain
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
kind of experience and readiness with an appropriate response?.Components of Attitude
? Cognitive: This represents our thoughts, beliefs and ideas about
something. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'
? Affective: This component deals with feelings or emotions that
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
are brought to the surface about something, such as fear or hate.Someone might have the attitude that they hate teenagers
because they are lazy or that they love all babies because they are
cute.
? Behavioural: This ccenters on individuals acting a certain way
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
towards something, such as 'we better keep those lazy teenagersout of the library,' or 'I cannot wait to kiss that baby.'
Components of Attitude Attitude Formation
? 1.Direct Experience
? Classical Conditioning
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Operant Conditioning? 2.Social Learning
? The Family
? Peer Groups
? Modelling
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Classical Conditioning? Unconditioned Stimulus - is one that unconditionally,
naturally, and automatically triggers a response.
? Unconditioned Response - is the unlearned response that
occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Conditioned Stimulus - is a previously neutral stimulusthat, after becoming associated with the unconditioned
stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned
response.
? Conditioned Response is a behavior that does not come
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
naturally, but must be learned by the individualOperant Conditioning
Major Aspects of Job Attitude
? Job Satisfaction
? Job Involvement
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Organizational CommitmentThree Types of General Attitudes
? Job-Lovers ? Job-Haters
? Job-Doers
Perception
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Perception is a process by which individuals organizeand interpret their sensory impressions in order to
give meaning to their environment.
? Perception can also be defined as ?a process by which
individuals organise and interpret their sensory
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
impressions in order to give meaning to theirenvironment?.
? Perception may be defined as ?a cognitive process by
which people attend to incoming stimuli, organise and
interpret such stimuli into behaviour?.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Factors Influencing Perception? In The Perceiver
? In The Object Or Target Being Perceived
? In The Context Of The Situation In Which The
Perception Is Made.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Characteristics of the Perceiver? Needs and Motives
? Self Concept
? Past Experience
? Current Psychological State
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Beliefs? Expectations
? Cultural Upbringing
The Object Or Target Being Perceived
?Physical characteristics
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Persons, objects or events that are similar to eachother tend to be grouped together.
?Manner of communication
?The status or occupation of a person
Characteristics of the Situation
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?The surrounding environment and the elementspresent in it influence our perception.
?Location of a given event is also very important factor
in determining the behaviour.
Frequently Used Shortcuts in judging others
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Selective Perception? Stereotype
? Halo Effect
? First-impression error
? Contrast Effect
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Affect, Emotions, and MoodsThe Structure of Mood
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Foundations of Individual BehaviourFoundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components ofattitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
What is Individual Behaviour?Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
While some lie outside him comprising the externalenvironment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental activessuch as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
DISABILITYDisability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical orother expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
organization within the individual of those psychophysicalsystems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has uniqueways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1.Biological factors:? Heredity
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Home environment? Family Members
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
and shared by the members of the society.Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it maychange in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
5. Other Factors? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They representgoal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Trait Theory? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologicallybased urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible withoutconsidering the realities of life.
Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of humanpersonality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. Ittakes into account what is possible in this world.
Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? The conscience creates standards of what is right orwrong.
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? However, an individual is not aware of presence andworking of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they
usually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical andprefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
emotions.? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)Sensing (S)
Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Judging (J)Perceiving (P)
ETSJ
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
The Big Five Personality Model? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass most
of the significant variation in human personality.
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to bereserved, timid, and quiet.
2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.The Big Five Personality Model
3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.4. Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension?often
labeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.5. Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimension
addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
and find comfort in the familiar.Personality Attributes Influencing OB
? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,
capable, and in control of their environment.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way ofachieving one?s goals and gaining and keeping control of others.
? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
to external situational factors.? Risk Taking
? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
action.
? Other-orientation
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Attitude? Attitudes are individuals' general affective, cognitive and
intentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,
or social issues.
? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
unfavourable.? They reflect how one feels about something.
? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressing
their attitude about work.
? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
of opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certainkind of experience and readiness with an appropriate response?.
Components of Attitude
? Cognitive: This represents our thoughts, beliefs and ideas about
something. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Affective: This component deals with feelings or emotions thatare brought to the surface about something, such as fear or hate.
Someone might have the attitude that they hate teenagers
because they are lazy or that they love all babies because they are
cute.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Behavioural: This ccenters on individuals acting a certain waytowards something, such as 'we better keep those lazy teenagers
out of the library,' or 'I cannot wait to kiss that baby.'
Components of Attitude Attitude Formation
? 1.Direct Experience
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Classical Conditioning? Operant Conditioning
? 2.Social Learning
? The Family
? Peer Groups
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? ModellingClassical Conditioning
? Unconditioned Stimulus - is one that unconditionally,
naturally, and automatically triggers a response.
? Unconditioned Response - is the unlearned response that
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.? Conditioned Stimulus - is a previously neutral stimulus
that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned
stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned
response.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Conditioned Response is a behavior that does not comenaturally, but must be learned by the individual
Operant Conditioning
Major Aspects of Job Attitude
? Job Satisfaction
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Job Involvement? Organizational Commitment
Three Types of General Attitudes
? Job-Lovers ? Job-Haters
? Job-Doers
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Perception? Perception is a process by which individuals organize
and interpret their sensory impressions in order to
give meaning to their environment.
? Perception can also be defined as ?a process by which
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
individuals organise and interpret their sensoryimpressions in order to give meaning to their
environment?.
? Perception may be defined as ?a cognitive process by
which people attend to incoming stimuli, organise and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
interpret such stimuli into behaviour?.Factors Influencing Perception
? In The Perceiver
? In The Object Or Target Being Perceived
? In The Context Of The Situation In Which The
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Perception Is Made.Characteristics of the Perceiver
? Needs and Motives
? Self Concept
? Past Experience
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Current Psychological State? Beliefs
? Expectations
? Cultural Upbringing
The Object Or Target Being Perceived
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Physical characteristics?Persons, objects or events that are similar to each
other tend to be grouped together.
?Manner of communication
?The status or occupation of a person
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Characteristics of the Situation?The surrounding environment and the elements
present in it influence our perception.
?Location of a given event is also very important factor
in determining the behaviour.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Frequently Used Shortcuts in judging others? Selective Perception
? Stereotype
? Halo Effect
? First-impression error
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Contrast EffectAffect, Emotions, and Moods
The Structure of Mood Emotional intelligence (EI)
A person?s ability to
(1) Perceive emotions in the self and others,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(2) Understand the meaning of these emotions, and(3) Regulate one?s emotions accordingly in a cascading
model.
In simple words emotional intelligence (EI) can be
defined as the ability to detect and to manage emotional
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
cues and information.FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectualabilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Individual behavior means some concrete action by aperson. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
environment of which he is part.Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring theintervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
other expert opinions;? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
systems that determine his unique adjustments to hisenvironment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ways of protecting these states".? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Heredity? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Family Members? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms ofevents and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Temperament- Degree to which one respondsemotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
goal directed behavior.Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
considering the realities of life.Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. IDdemands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
takes into account what is possible in this world.Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
wrong.? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowlyin a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how theyusually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely onunconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control andprefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Sensing (S)Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Perceiving (P)ETSJ
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
The Big Five Personality Model
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass mostof the significant variation in human personality.
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
reserved, timid, and quiet.2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
The Big Five Personality Model3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
4. Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension?oftenlabeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
5. Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimensionaddresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
and find comfort in the familiar.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Personality Attributes Influencing OB? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,
capable, and in control of their environment.
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
achieving one?s goals and gaining and keeping control of others.? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
to external situational factors.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Risk Taking? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
action.
? Other-orientation
Attitude
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Attitudes are individuals' general affective, cognitive andintentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,
or social issues.
? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
unfavourable.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? They reflect how one feels about something.? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressing
their attitude about work.
? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
of opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certain
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
kind of experience and readiness with an appropriate response?.Components of Attitude
? Cognitive: This represents our thoughts, beliefs and ideas about
something. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'
? Affective: This component deals with feelings or emotions that
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
are brought to the surface about something, such as fear or hate.Someone might have the attitude that they hate teenagers
because they are lazy or that they love all babies because they are
cute.
? Behavioural: This ccenters on individuals acting a certain way
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
towards something, such as 'we better keep those lazy teenagersout of the library,' or 'I cannot wait to kiss that baby.'
Components of Attitude Attitude Formation
? 1.Direct Experience
? Classical Conditioning
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Operant Conditioning? 2.Social Learning
? The Family
? Peer Groups
? Modelling
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Classical Conditioning? Unconditioned Stimulus - is one that unconditionally,
naturally, and automatically triggers a response.
? Unconditioned Response - is the unlearned response that
occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Conditioned Stimulus - is a previously neutral stimulusthat, after becoming associated with the unconditioned
stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned
response.
? Conditioned Response is a behavior that does not come
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
naturally, but must be learned by the individualOperant Conditioning
Major Aspects of Job Attitude
? Job Satisfaction
? Job Involvement
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Organizational CommitmentThree Types of General Attitudes
? Job-Lovers ? Job-Haters
? Job-Doers
Perception
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? Perception is a process by which individuals organizeand interpret their sensory impressions in order to
give meaning to their environment.
? Perception can also be defined as ?a process by which
individuals organise and interpret their sensory
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impressions in order to give meaning to theirenvironment?.
? Perception may be defined as ?a cognitive process by
which people attend to incoming stimuli, organise and
interpret such stimuli into behaviour?.
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Factors Influencing Perception? In The Perceiver
? In The Object Or Target Being Perceived
? In The Context Of The Situation In Which The
Perception Is Made.
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Characteristics of the Perceiver? Needs and Motives
? Self Concept
? Past Experience
? Current Psychological State
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? Beliefs? Expectations
? Cultural Upbringing
The Object Or Target Being Perceived
?Physical characteristics
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?Persons, objects or events that are similar to eachother tend to be grouped together.
?Manner of communication
?The status or occupation of a person
Characteristics of the Situation
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?The surrounding environment and the elementspresent in it influence our perception.
?Location of a given event is also very important factor
in determining the behaviour.
Frequently Used Shortcuts in judging others
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? Selective Perception? Stereotype
? Halo Effect
? First-impression error
? Contrast Effect
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Affect, Emotions, and MoodsThe Structure of Mood Emotional intelligence (EI)
A person?s ability to
(1) Perceive emotions in the self and others,
(2) Understand the meaning of these emotions, and
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(3) Regulate one?s emotions accordingly in a cascadingmodel.
In simple words emotional intelligence (EI) can be
defined as the ability to detect and to manage emotional
cues and information.
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A Cascading Model of Emotional IntelligenceFirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
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Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectualabilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
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attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
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Individual behavior means some concrete action by aperson. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
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environment of which he is part.Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
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such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
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Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring theintervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
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other expert opinions;? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
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? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
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systems that determine his unique adjustments to hisenvironment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
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ways of protecting these states".? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
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? Heredity? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
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? Family Members? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
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Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
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change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms ofevents and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
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? Temperament- Degree to which one respondsemotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
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goal directed behavior.Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
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? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
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based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
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considering the realities of life.Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
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personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. IDdemands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
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takes into account what is possible in this world.Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
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wrong.? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
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working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowlyin a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
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? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how theyusually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
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prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely onunconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
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? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control andprefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
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Sensing (S)Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
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Perceiving (P)ETSJ
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
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? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
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? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
The Big Five Personality Model
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? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass mostof the significant variation in human personality.
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
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reserved, timid, and quiet.2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
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The Big Five Personality Model3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
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4. Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension?oftenlabeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
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5. Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimensionaddresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
and find comfort in the familiar.
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Personality Attributes Influencing OB? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,
capable, and in control of their environment.
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way of
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achieving one?s goals and gaining and keeping control of others.? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
to external situational factors.
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? Risk Taking? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
action.
? Other-orientation
Attitude
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? Attitudes are individuals' general affective, cognitive andintentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,
or social issues.
? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
unfavourable.
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? They reflect how one feels about something.? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressing
their attitude about work.
? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
of opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certain
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kind of experience and readiness with an appropriate response?.Components of Attitude
? Cognitive: This represents our thoughts, beliefs and ideas about
something. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'
? Affective: This component deals with feelings or emotions that
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are brought to the surface about something, such as fear or hate.Someone might have the attitude that they hate teenagers
because they are lazy or that they love all babies because they are
cute.
? Behavioural: This ccenters on individuals acting a certain way
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towards something, such as 'we better keep those lazy teenagersout of the library,' or 'I cannot wait to kiss that baby.'
Components of Attitude Attitude Formation
? 1.Direct Experience
? Classical Conditioning
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? Operant Conditioning? 2.Social Learning
? The Family
? Peer Groups
? Modelling
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Classical Conditioning? Unconditioned Stimulus - is one that unconditionally,
naturally, and automatically triggers a response.
? Unconditioned Response - is the unlearned response that
occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.
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? Conditioned Stimulus - is a previously neutral stimulusthat, after becoming associated with the unconditioned
stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned
response.
? Conditioned Response is a behavior that does not come
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naturally, but must be learned by the individualOperant Conditioning
Major Aspects of Job Attitude
? Job Satisfaction
? Job Involvement
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? Organizational CommitmentThree Types of General Attitudes
? Job-Lovers ? Job-Haters
? Job-Doers
Perception
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? Perception is a process by which individuals organizeand interpret their sensory impressions in order to
give meaning to their environment.
? Perception can also be defined as ?a process by which
individuals organise and interpret their sensory
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
impressions in order to give meaning to theirenvironment?.
? Perception may be defined as ?a cognitive process by
which people attend to incoming stimuli, organise and
interpret such stimuli into behaviour?.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Factors Influencing Perception? In The Perceiver
? In The Object Or Target Being Perceived
? In The Context Of The Situation In Which The
Perception Is Made.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Characteristics of the Perceiver? Needs and Motives
? Self Concept
? Past Experience
? Current Psychological State
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? Beliefs? Expectations
? Cultural Upbringing
The Object Or Target Being Perceived
?Physical characteristics
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?Persons, objects or events that are similar to eachother tend to be grouped together.
?Manner of communication
?The status or occupation of a person
Characteristics of the Situation
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?The surrounding environment and the elementspresent in it influence our perception.
?Location of a given event is also very important factor
in determining the behaviour.
Frequently Used Shortcuts in judging others
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Selective Perception? Stereotype
? Halo Effect
? First-impression error
? Contrast Effect
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Affect, Emotions, and MoodsThe Structure of Mood Emotional intelligence (EI)
A person?s ability to
(1) Perceive emotions in the self and others,
(2) Understand the meaning of these emotions, and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(3) Regulate one?s emotions accordingly in a cascadingmodel.
In simple words emotional intelligence (EI) can be
defined as the ability to detect and to manage emotional
cues and information.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
A Cascading Model of Emotional Intelligence Emotional IntelligenceEmotional Intelligence is composed of five dimensions:
Self-awareness: The ability to be aware of what you're
feeling.
Self-management: The ability to manage one's own
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emotions and impulses.Self-motivation: The ability to persist in the face of
setbacks and failures.
Empathy: The ability to sense how others are feeling.
Social skills: The ability to handle the emotions of
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others.FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice