Download MBBS Vaccine Lecture PPT

Download MBBS (Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery) Latest Vaccine Lecture PPT


ANTIGEN

Any substance when introduced in body stimulate the

production of antibody and react with the specific antibody
and antigen receptor on lymphocytes are called antigen.

IMMUNOGEN ?are molecules which induce an immune

response.

All antigen are immunogen but all immunogen are not antigen.
ANTIGEN

Most natural occurring antigen are protein, polysaccharide

followed by lipid and nucleic acid.

All protein are not antigen in nature.
TYPES OF ANTIGEN

ON THE BASIS OF IMMUNOGENICITY---

complete antigen

Hapten

Based on origin
1. Exogenous antigen-- present outside the cell.

2. Endogenous antigen ? antigen of self immune system.
3. Microbial antigen ? Flagellar H-antigen
4. Tissue antigen -- Blood group antigen, Transplant

antigen.


ADJUVENT

Substance when mixed with an antigen and injected with it , boost

the immunogenicity of antigen.

Eg-Aluminium potassium sulphate.
VACCINE.

Vaccine is any preparation intended to produce

immunity to a disease by stimulating the production
of antibodies .

Administration vaccine by injection, or given by

mouth, nasal spray.

Vaccination benefits---vaccination intend to provide

individuals with immunological protection before an
infection actually takes place.
VACCINE.

Vaccine is a part of immunization.

Immunization is the process of becoming immune.

IMMUNIZATION-

ACTIVE

a. Natural - exposure to infection

b. Artificial- vaccination

PASSIVE

Natural -Natural maternalAb
. Artificial -Ab therapy, serum
VACCINE.

Vaccination for prevention of disease not for cure

Vaccination reduced burden of illness and death

Vaccine is a suspension of organism or fraction of

organism that is used to induce immunity.

Vaccine teaches the immune system by mimicking a

natural infection.
CLASSIFICATION OF VACCINE

1.classical vaccine

2. modern vaccine

Classical vaccine--

Traditional or conventional. eg-small pox vaccine.

Not product from genetic or chemical engineering

technology.
CONCEPT OF EDIBLE VACCINE.

Introduce gene of interest into plant.-----

(Transformation)===Gene expressed in plant tissue

edible part( Transgenic plant).

|

Gene encode protective vaccine antigen from

viral, parasitic....pathogen that causes disease in

human being.

|

Ingestion of edible part of the transgenic plant( oral

delivery of vaccine).
HOW DO VACCINE WORK

The immune system recognise the vaccine as foreign,

an immune response to it. The vaccine serves as an

antigen and causes the immune system to response

to it.

One part of immune system create antibodies and

that is called humoral response.

Antibodies are specific to the vaccine and have the

ability to remember it so vaccine or very similar

antigen is seen again immune system become active

and protect the person from infection.
Conventional vaccine production method.

PATHOGEN,SELECTION OF

STRAIN

CULTURE, GROWING OF

MICROORGANISM

PURIFICATION,INACTIVATION,

VACCINE.
VACCINE PRODUCTION.


VACCINE.
VACCINE PREPARATION METHOD.
VACCINE

TREND IN VACCINE DEVELOPMENT >
>

Modern molecular biology

>Recombinant DNA technology


>and genetic engineering have opened the road for

alternative vaccine production.


GENETIC APPROACH.
CONCEPT OF VACCINATION.

Disease causing microorganism
|
disease
|

Recovery, Death, disability, immune response.


Vaccnination ----- no disease-----immune response

----immunity.
TYPE OF VACCINE

WHOLE ORGANISM VACCINE

killed(pertusis, cholera,rabies)

Live attenuated(BCG,OPV,MMR)-living but weakened microbes.

PURIFIED MACROMOLECULES AS A VACCINE


Toxoid- -Inactivated toxin.
capsular polyssacharide --- (pneumococcal)
Cell wall polyssacharide --- (meningococcal)
Surface antigen ----- (HEP ? B)
COMBINATION.
?NEWER APPROACH

NEWER VACCINE

1.Recombinant vaccine.
2.DNA VACCINE (Nucleic acid vaccine).

According to microorganism

Bacterial .

Viral(OPV, MMR)

Rickettsial (epidemic typhus).
?FUTURE PROSPECT

q Use of recombinant DNA technique to insert the gene

coding for the protein of interest into the genome of

avirrulent virus that can be administered as vaccine.

NUCLEIC ACID---
> is obtained from collected and

lysed cell.

Nucleic acid is purified by chromatography

technique.

Nucleic acid vaccine can be a region of RNA or

DNA that code for disease associated protein.


Recombinant vaccine.
DNA VACCINE A PROMISING FUTURE

DNA VACCINE-------(NUCLEIC ACID VACCINE).
> Are third generation vaccines

and are made up of small , circular piece of
bacterial DNA (Called as plasmid) that has been
genetically engineered to produce one or two
specific protein(antigen) from microorganism. The
vaccine DNA is injected into the cells of body where
the " inner machinery" of the host cell reads the
DNA and convert it into pathogenic protein.
ADVANTAGE OF DNA VACCINE

Cheaper and easier to produce

No need to handle infection during production

Safer

Induce both CMI and humoral.

No cold chain required.
IMMUNIZATION.

Immunization : method by which artificial immunity

TYPE OF VACCINE-

Live attenuated vaccine--containing

live microorganism with reduced virulence.

Prepared by using attenuated strain of

microorganism.

Live vaccine initiate infection without causing disease.


Booster doses are not required.

Single dose is required. Induces cmi and humoral

immunity.

Longer and effective immunity.
KILLED VACCINE.

Containing killed or inactivated microorganism.

Inactivation of agent by heat, phenol.

Induces active immunity but level of immunity

induced is less as compared to live vaccine.

Short duration so booster is required.
Killed vaccine

Safe and stable.

Can be given with polyvalent vaccine.

Multiple injection are needed.

Oral route is not suitable.

Local and CMI can not be induced.
TOXOID.(inactivated toxin).

FEW microorganism Diptheria, tetanus bacilli ,

produce exotoxin which play important role in
causing disease.

Toxin can be detoxified and used for immunisation.

Detoxified toxin is known as toxoid, which is non

toxic but antigenic.

Prepared by toxin with formaline.
TOXOID VACCINE

Toxoid produces antitoxin which react with toxin

and neutralises it.

Eg- Tetanus toxoid, Diptheria toxoid.

Antigenecity of toxoid can be potentiated by an

adjuvent.
Immunizing agent.

1. vaccine

2.immunoglobulins

3. Antisera.
TYPE OF VACCINE

Live attenuated vaccine(harmless)

Killed vaccine

Cellular fraction

Recombinant vaccines

Combined vaccines(MMR,DPT).
CELLULAR FRACTION

Vaccine prepared using extracted cellular fraction.

Meningococcal vaccine from antigen of the cell wall.

Pneumicoccal vaccine from the capsular

polyssacharide.
RECOMBINANT VACCINE

Gene responsible for specific antigen are cloned in

organism.

Technique is known as recombinant technology. Eg-

Hepatitis B vaccine.
COMBINED VACCINE

Vaccine are prepared containing more than one

immunizing agent. Also known as mixed vaccine.

DPT.

DT.

DP.

MMR.

DPTP.
IMMUNOTHERAPY

Immunoglobulins and antisera are used for

immunotherapy.

NORMAL HUMAN IMMUNOGLOBULIN

SPECIFIC HUMAN IMMUNOGLOBULINS
Normal human Immunoglobulins

It is antibody rich fraction derived from blood,

Plasma, or serum or human donor.

Contains high level of antibody specially IgG.

ROLE ----

Used against highly susceptible individuals

and to provide temporary protection. Eg--
Measles, Hepatitis A, immunodeficiency diseases.
SPECIFIC IMMUNOGLOBULINS.

Prepared from serum or plasma of convalescent individuals(

patient who have recently recovered from infection.)or Those who
have have been hyper immunized with specific antigen and are
used for passive immunization.

These preparation contains high level of specific antibody.

Rabies Ig, Hep B Ig, tetanus Ig, Rhd Ig.
ANTISERA and ANTITOXINS.

Applied to materials prepared in animals

Antiserum is prepared by injecting specific antigen that leads

to formation of specific antibody formation eg, Rabies
antiserum.

ANTITOXIN is prepared from injecting toxins or toxoid. Eg ?

anti tetanus toxin, anti snake venum....

anti sera and antitoxins are used for passive immunization

only in clinical situation in which there is no alternative.
Vaccine developement.

Formul,,vacc

Growing

micro,purif..isolat

Selecting strain

Quality cont

for vacc.

Inacti..micro

Lot release
GROWING THE MICROORGANISM

GROWING BACTERIA...
Method....

BATCH CULTURE ----
microbes is grown in closed vessels, test tube or

flask.

Continuous culture----
microbes grown in a closed vessels which has

medium constantly added...
GROWING VIRUS

Methods used are---
CELL CULTURE / TISSUE CULTURE= cultured cells are

grow in sheets that support viral replication ....

BIRD EMBRYOS- Incubating egg is an ideal system.

Virus is injected through cell..
ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION.

Product isolation--is the removal of those component whose

properties vary from that of desired product.

Purification=== selectively separates and retain the desired

product..

CENTRIFUGATION ?process by which solid particle separated

from liquid. Eg-cell, debris, dead cells.
Differential centrifugation--for cell organelles.

FILTERATION ?separation of particle from liquid by applying

pressure to the solution to force solution through a filter.

CHROMATOGRAPHY.
FORMULATION OF VACCINE

Other than microorganism or its part a vaccine contain the

following substance.

Suspending fluids.-liquid which contain the chemical used during

production which kills or weakens the organism for use in
vaccine.

Sterile water, saline,or fluid containing protein.
PRESERVATION AND STABILIZERS

VACCINE REMAINS UNCHANGED-------

Albumin, phenol, Glycine, Antibiotics.


INACTVATING AGENT


Formaldehyde, Glutarldehyde etc.......
ADJUVENT ENHANCE VACCINE
IMMUNOGENICITY.

Aluminium gells.

Used in............ DPT

DT

HPV


ADJUVENT OR ENHANCERS.......
QUALITY CONTROL

STERLITY = No live organism present in product.

CHEMISTRY== For correct amount of preservative, adjuvent.

SAFETY=== Overdose of product not causes harm.

LOT RELEASE=== Prior to release , the manufacturer must test each batch,
serial for purity, safety , and potency. ( purity means testing contaminants ).

This post was last modified on 30 November 2021