Download MBBS Vaccine Lecture PPT

ANTIGEN

Any substance when introduced in body stimulate the

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production of antibody and react with the specific antibody
and antigen receptor on lymphocytes are called antigen.

IMMUNOGEN ?are molecules which induce an immune

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response.

All antigen are immunogen but all immunogen are not antigen.
ANTIGEN

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Most natural occurring antigen are protein, polysaccharide

followed by lipid and nucleic acid.

All protein are not antigen in nature.

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TYPES OF ANTIGEN

ON THE BASIS OF IMMUNOGENICITY---

complete antigen

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Hapten

Based on origin
1. Exogenous antigen-- present outside the cell.

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2. Endogenous antigen ? antigen of self immune system.
3. Microbial antigen ? Flagellar H-antigen
4. Tissue antigen -- Blood group antigen, Transplant

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antigen.


ADJUVENT

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Substance when mixed with an antigen and injected with it , boost

the immunogenicity of antigen.

Eg-Aluminium potassium sulphate.

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VACCINE.

Vaccine is any preparation intended to produce

immunity to a disease by stimulating the production

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of antibodies .

Administration vaccine by injection, or given by

mouth, nasal spray.

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Vaccination benefits---vaccination intend to provide

individuals with immunological protection before an
infection actually takes place.

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VACCINE.

Vaccine is a part of immunization.

Immunization is the process of becoming immune.

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IMMUNIZATION-

ACTIVE

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a. Natural - exposure to infection

b. Artificial- vaccination

PASSIVE

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Natural -Natural maternalAb
. Artificial -Ab therapy, serum
VACCINE.

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Vaccination for prevention of disease not for cure

Vaccination reduced burden of illness and death

Vaccine is a suspension of organism or fraction of

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organism that is used to induce immunity.

Vaccine teaches the immune system by mimicking a

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natural infection.
CLASSIFICATION OF VACCINE

1.classical vaccine

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2. modern vaccine

Classical vaccine--

Traditional or conventional. eg-small pox vaccine.

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Not product from genetic or chemical engineering

technology.
CONCEPT OF EDIBLE VACCINE.

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Introduce gene of interest into plant.-----

(Transformation)===Gene expressed in plant tissue

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edible part( Transgenic plant).

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Gene encode protective vaccine antigen from

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viral, parasitic....pathogen that causes disease in

human being.

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Ingestion of edible part of the transgenic plant( oral

delivery of vaccine).

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HOW DO VACCINE WORK

The immune system recognise the vaccine as foreign,

an immune response to it. The vaccine serves as an

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antigen and causes the immune system to response

to it.

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One part of immune system create antibodies and

that is called humoral response.

Antibodies are specific to the vaccine and have the

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ability to remember it so vaccine or very similar

antigen is seen again immune system become active

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and protect the person from infection.
Conventional vaccine production method.

PATHOGEN,SELECTION OF

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STRAIN

CULTURE, GROWING OF

MICROORGANISM

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PURIFICATION,INACTIVATION,

VACCINE.
VACCINE PRODUCTION.

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VACCINE.
VACCINE PREPARATION METHOD.
VACCINE

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TREND IN VACCINE DEVELOPMENT >
>

Modern molecular biology

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>Recombinant DNA technology


>and genetic engineering have opened the road for

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alternative vaccine production.


GENETIC APPROACH.

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CONCEPT OF VACCINATION.

Disease causing microorganism
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disease

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Recovery, Death, disability, immune response.

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Vaccnination ----- no disease-----immune response

----immunity.
TYPE OF VACCINE

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WHOLE ORGANISM VACCINE

killed(pertusis, cholera,rabies)

Live attenuated(BCG,OPV,MMR)-living but weakened microbes.

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PURIFIED MACROMOLECULES AS A VACCINE


Toxoid- -Inactivated toxin.

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capsular polyssacharide --- (pneumococcal)
Cell wall polyssacharide --- (meningococcal)
Surface antigen ----- (HEP ? B)
COMBINATION.
?NEWER APPROACH

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NEWER VACCINE

1.Recombinant vaccine.
2.DNA VACCINE (Nucleic acid vaccine).

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According to microorganism

Bacterial .

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Viral(OPV, MMR)

Rickettsial (epidemic typhus).
?FUTURE PROSPECT

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q Use of recombinant DNA technique to insert the gene

coding for the protein of interest into the genome of

avirrulent virus that can be administered as vaccine.

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NUCLEIC ACID---
> is obtained from collected and

lysed cell.

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Nucleic acid is purified by chromatography

technique.

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Nucleic acid vaccine can be a region of RNA or

DNA that code for disease associated protein.

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Recombinant vaccine.
DNA VACCINE A PROMISING FUTURE

DNA VACCINE-------(NUCLEIC ACID VACCINE).
> Are third generation vaccines

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and are made up of small , circular piece of
bacterial DNA (Called as plasmid) that has been
genetically engineered to produce one or two
specific protein(antigen) from microorganism. The

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vaccine DNA is injected into the cells of body where
the " inner machinery" of the host cell reads the
DNA and convert it into pathogenic protein.
ADVANTAGE OF DNA VACCINE

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Cheaper and easier to produce

No need to handle infection during production

Safer

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Induce both CMI and humoral.

No cold chain required.
IMMUNIZATION.

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Immunization : method by which artificial immunity

TYPE OF VACCINE-

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Live attenuated vaccine--containing

live microorganism with reduced virulence.

Prepared by using attenuated strain of

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microorganism.

Live vaccine initiate infection without causing disease.

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Booster doses are not required.

Single dose is required. Induces cmi and humoral

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immunity.

Longer and effective immunity.
KILLED VACCINE.

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Containing killed or inactivated microorganism.

Inactivation of agent by heat, phenol.

Induces active immunity but level of immunity

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induced is less as compared to live vaccine.

Short duration so booster is required.
Killed vaccine

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Safe and stable.

Can be given with polyvalent vaccine.

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Multiple injection are needed.

Oral route is not suitable.

Local and CMI can not be induced.

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TOXOID.(inactivated toxin).

FEW microorganism Diptheria, tetanus bacilli ,

produce exotoxin which play important role in

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causing disease.

Toxin can be detoxified and used for immunisation.

Detoxified toxin is known as toxoid, which is non

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toxic but antigenic.

Prepared by toxin with formaline.
TOXOID VACCINE

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Toxoid produces antitoxin which react with toxin

and neutralises it.

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Eg- Tetanus toxoid, Diptheria toxoid.

Antigenecity of toxoid can be potentiated by an

adjuvent.

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Immunizing agent.

1. vaccine

2.immunoglobulins

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3. Antisera.
TYPE OF VACCINE

Live attenuated vaccine(harmless)

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Killed vaccine

Cellular fraction

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Recombinant vaccines

Combined vaccines(MMR,DPT).
CELLULAR FRACTION

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Vaccine prepared using extracted cellular fraction.

Meningococcal vaccine from antigen of the cell wall.

Pneumicoccal vaccine from the capsular

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polyssacharide.
RECOMBINANT VACCINE

Gene responsible for specific antigen are cloned in

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organism.

Technique is known as recombinant technology. Eg-

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Hepatitis B vaccine.
COMBINED VACCINE

Vaccine are prepared containing more than one

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immunizing agent. Also known as mixed vaccine.

DPT.

DT.

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DP.

MMR.

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DPTP.
IMMUNOTHERAPY

Immunoglobulins and antisera are used for

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immunotherapy.

NORMAL HUMAN IMMUNOGLOBULIN

SPECIFIC HUMAN IMMUNOGLOBULINS

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Normal human Immunoglobulins

It is antibody rich fraction derived from blood,

Plasma, or serum or human donor.

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Contains high level of antibody specially IgG.

ROLE ----

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Used against highly susceptible individuals

and to provide temporary protection. Eg--
Measles, Hepatitis A, immunodeficiency diseases.
SPECIFIC IMMUNOGLOBULINS.

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Prepared from serum or plasma of convalescent individuals(

patient who have recently recovered from infection.)or Those who
have have been hyper immunized with specific antigen and are

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used for passive immunization.

These preparation contains high level of specific antibody.

Rabies Ig, Hep B Ig, tetanus Ig, Rhd Ig.

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ANTISERA and ANTITOXINS.

Applied to materials prepared in animals

Antiserum is prepared by injecting specific antigen that leads

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to formation of specific antibody formation eg, Rabies
antiserum.

ANTITOXIN is prepared from injecting toxins or toxoid. Eg ?

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anti tetanus toxin, anti snake venum....

anti sera and antitoxins are used for passive immunization

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only in clinical situation in which there is no alternative.
Vaccine developement.

Formul,,vacc

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Growing

micro,purif..isolat

Selecting strain

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Quality cont

for vacc.

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Inacti..micro

Lot release
GROWING THE MICROORGANISM

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GROWING BACTERIA...
Method....

BATCH CULTURE ----
microbes is grown in closed vessels, test tube or

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flask.

Continuous culture----
microbes grown in a closed vessels which has

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medium constantly added...
GROWING VIRUS

Methods used are---

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CELL CULTURE / TISSUE CULTURE= cultured cells are

grow in sheets that support viral replication ....

BIRD EMBRYOS- Incubating egg is an ideal system.

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Virus is injected through cell..
ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION.

Product isolation--is the removal of those component whose

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properties vary from that of desired product.

Purification=== selectively separates and retain the desired

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product..

CENTRIFUGATION ?process by which solid particle separated

from liquid. Eg-cell, debris, dead cells.

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Differential centrifugation--for cell organelles.

FILTERATION ?separation of particle from liquid by applying

pressure to the solution to force solution through a filter.

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CHROMATOGRAPHY.
FORMULATION OF VACCINE

Other than microorganism or its part a vaccine contain the

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following substance.

Suspending fluids.-liquid which contain the chemical used during

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production which kills or weakens the organism for use in
vaccine.

Sterile water, saline,or fluid containing protein.
PRESERVATION AND STABILIZERS

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VACCINE REMAINS UNCHANGED-------

Albumin, phenol, Glycine, Antibiotics.

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INACTVATING AGENT


Formaldehyde, Glutarldehyde etc.......

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ADJUVENT ENHANCE VACCINE
IMMUNOGENICITY.

Aluminium gells.

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Used in............ DPT

DT

HPV

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ADJUVENT OR ENHANCERS.......
QUALITY CONTROL

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STERLITY = No live organism present in product.

CHEMISTRY== For correct amount of preservative, adjuvent.

SAFETY=== Overdose of product not causes harm.

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LOT RELEASE=== Prior to release , the manufacturer must test each batch,
serial for purity, safety , and potency. ( purity means testing contaminants ).