DNA REPLICATION.
Dr. P.C.Mishra,MD.
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DNA replication is the process ofsynthesis of an identical duplicate copy
of DNA from an existing DNA molecule.
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CENTRAL DOGMA.? REPLICATION- synthesis of daughter DNA from parental DNA.
? Transcription--synthesis of RNA using DNA as the template.
? Translation---protein synthesis using mRNA molecules as the
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template.
? Reverse transcription--synthesis of DNA using RNA as the
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template.CENTRAL DOGMA
DNA REPLICATION.
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? A reaction in which daughter DNAs are synthesized using the
parental DNAs as the template.
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? Transferring the genetic information to the descendantgeneration with a high fidelity.
? DNA replication is a series of 3'-5' phosphodiester bond
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formation catalysed by a group of enzymes.
DNA replication system.
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? Template--double stranded DNA.
? Substrate--dNTP.
? Primer------short DNA fragment with a free ?OH end.
? Enzymes---DNA dependent poymerase(DDDP) and protein
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factor.
CHARACTERISTICS OF REPLICATION.
? Semi-conservative replication.
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? Bidirectional replication.? Semi continuous replication.
? High fidelity.
Semi -conservative replication.
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? Half of the DNA molecule is conserved in each newly doublehelix, paired with a newly synthesized complementary
strand.This is called semi conservative replication.
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? SIGNIFICANCE--The genetic information is ensured to be
transferred from one generation to the next generation with a
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high fidelity.? MESELSON AND STAHL EXPERIMENT-
? semi -conservative replication
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was proposed by Watson and Crick.? This experiment provided the proof of semi-conservative
replication of DNA.
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Meselson ? Stahl Experiment.? Bacteria were grown in medium containing the heavy
isotopes of nitrogen N15 when all the DNA was labeled with
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heavy nitrogen. These cells were allowed to divide in a
medium containing normal nitrogen N14. In the first
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generation , all DNA molecule were half labeled.? In the second generation half labeled and completely
unlabeled molecule were present in equal numbers.
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? From this experiment , it was prooved that DNA replication is
semiconservative.
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DNA replication is semiconservative.
(MESELSON AND STAHL EXPERIMENT)
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? Proposed by Watson and Crick.? Meselson and stahl experiment provided the proof of
semiconservative replication of DNA.
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SEMICONSERVATIVE REPLICATION.
BIDIRECTIONAL REPLICATION.
? Replication starts from unbinding the dsDNA at a particular
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point ( called origin), followed by synthesis on each strand .
? The parental dsDNA and two newly formed dsDNA form a Y ?
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shaped strucure called replication fork.? Once the dsDNA is opened at the origin , two replication forks
move in opposite direction as the synthesis continue.
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BIDIRECTIONAL REPLICATION.
SEMICONTINUOUS REPLICATION
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? The daughter strands on two template strands aresynthesized differently since the replication process obeys the
principle that DNA is synthesized from that 5' end to the 3'
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end.
LEADIND STRAND.
? On the template having the 3' ? end , the daughter strand is
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synthesized continuously in the 5'- 3' direction. This strand is
referred to as the leading strand.
Okazaki Fragments.
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? Many DNA fragments are synthesized sequentially on the DNA
template strand having the 5'- end. These DNA fragments are
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called okazaki fragments.? The daughter strand consisting of okazaki fragment is called
lagging strand.
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SEMI-CONTINUOUS REPLICATION.? Continuous synthesis of the leading strand and discontinuous
synthesis of the lagging strand represent a unique feature of
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DNA replication . It is referred to as the semi ? continuous
replication.
ENZYMES AND PROTEIN FACTOR.
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Dna A protein
Recognise origin.
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DnaB proteinOpen dsDNA
DnaC protein
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Assist DnaB binding.
DNA pol
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Elongate the DNA strand.Dna G protein
Synthesized RNA primer.
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SSB/DNA topoisomerase
Single strand binding/release supercoil
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constrant.DNA topoisomerase.
(prokaryotes)
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? DNA- pol I, DNA pol II, DNA pol III were identified inexperiment using mutated E. Coli cell line.
? All of them possess following biological activity..
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? 5'-3 polymerizing.? Exonuclease.
DNA POLYMERASE.
DNA-pol I
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Proofreading, filling the gaps, repairing
DNA damaze.
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DNA-pol IIDNA repairing
DNA pol III
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Elongation process.
POLYMERASES.
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DNA ?pol of eukaryotes? DNA ? pol alpha--initiate replication and synthesize primers.--
-DnaG, primase.
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? DNA ? pol beta--replication with low fidelity.-repairing.
? DNA-pol gamma--polymerization in mitochondria.
? DNA ?pol delta--elongation--DNA-pol III.
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? DNA-pol epsilon? proofreading and filling gap.PRIMASE
? Also called DnaG.
? Primase is the able to synthesize primers using free NTPs as
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the substrate and the ssDNA as the template.
? Primers are short RNA fragments of a several decade of
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nucleotides long.primase privide free 3'-OH groups to react with the alpha ?P
atom of the dNTP to form phosphodiester bond.
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PRIMOSOME COMPLEX.? Primase , DnaB, DnaC and origin form a primosome complex
at the initiation phase.
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? HELICASE--
? Also referred as Dna B.
? Opens the double stranded DNA.
? SSB protein---
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? maintain the DNA template in the single strandform in order to prevent ds DNA formation.
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ENZYMES AND PROTEIN.TOPOISOMERASE
? Opening the dsDNA will create supercoil ahead of replicate
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fork.? Supercoil constraint needs to be released by topoisomerases.
? The interconversion of topoisomers of dsDNA is catalysed by a
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topoisomerase in a three step process-? Cleavage of one or both strand of DNA.
? Passage of a segment of DNA through the break.
? Resealing of the DNA break.
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Topo I? It cuts a phosphoester bond on one DNA strand, rotate the
broken DNA freely around the other strand to relax the
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constraint ,and release the cut.
Topoisomerase II
? It is named gyrase in prokaryotes.
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? It cuts phosphodiester bonds on both strands of dsDNA,release the supercoil constrant, and reforms the
phosphoester bonds.
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? DNA Ligase----
? Sealing the nick in the process of replication,
repairing, recombination and splicing.
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DNA REPLICATION.? INITIATION-
? recognise the starting point , separate dsDNA,
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primer synthesis.? ELONGATION?
? add dNTP to the existing strand, form
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phosphodiester bond, correct mismatch bases, extendingDNA strand,
? TERMINATION--stop the replication.
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DNA REPLICATION.
Replication of prokaryotes.
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? INITIATION--? The replication starts at a particular point called
origin.
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? The structure of the origin is 248 bp long and AT-rich.Formation of replication fork.
? DnaA recognise ori C.
? DnaB and DnaC join the DNA-DnaA complex , open the local
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AT-rich region, andmove on the template downstream further
to separate enough space.
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? DnaA is replaced gradually.? SSB protein binds the complex to stabilise ssDNA.
Replication fork.
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Primer synthesis.? Primase joins and forms a complex called primosome.
? Primase starts the synthesis of primers on the ssDNA
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template using NTP as the substrate in the 5'-3' direction atthe expense of ATP.
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DNA REPLICATION.ELONGATION
? dNTP arev continuously connected to the primer or the
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nascent DNA chain by DNA ?pol III.? The core enzyme catalyse the synthesis of leading and lagging
strand , respectively.
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? Chain elongation is the series formation of the
phosphodiester bonds.
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? The synthesis direction of both leading strand and okazakifragments are same as that of replication fork.
LAGGING STRAND SYNTHESIS.
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? Primer on okazaki fragments are digested by Rnase.? The gaps are filled by DNA ?pol in the 5'-3' direction.
? The nick between the 5' and of one fragment and the 3' end
of the next fragment is sealed by LIGASE.
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DNA REPLICATION.
TERMINATION.
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? The replication of E.coli is bidirectional from one origin and ,and the two replication fork must meet at one point called ter
at 32.
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? All the primers will be removed , and all the fragments will be
connected by DNA-pol I ligase.
REPLICATION IN EUKARYOTES.
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? Basic principle of eukaryotic replication are same.
? Some major points of consideration are--
? There is relationship with cell cycle and replication. it occurs
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during synthetic phase of cell cycle and is regulated.? There are multiple sites of origin proceeding bidirectionally.
? There are several DNA polymerases in eukaryote comparable
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to E.coli polymerases.MAMMALIAN DNA POLYMERASES.
E.COLI CELLS
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MAMMALINFUNCTION
I
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Gap filling, repair
II
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Proof readingDnaG
alpha
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primase
beta
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DNA repairgamma
Mitochondrial DNA
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synthesis
delta
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Lagging strand synthesisIII
epsilon
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Leading strand synthesis.
DNA- PROOF READING MECHANISM.
? Replication is a high fidelity(accurate process).
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? Chance of incorporation of a wrong nucleotide are very less.? The DNA polymerase III is the main enzyme responsible for
proof reading in E.coli.
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