? Female gonads that produce ova and
harmones (oestrogen & progesteron).
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? Shape--Almond shaped
? Lenght--3cm
? Width--1.5cm
? Thickness--1cm.
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? Surface of ovary is covered by a layer of simplecuboidal epithelium called germinal epithelium.
? Germinal epithelium rests on dense connective
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tissue called tunica albuginea.
? Ovary:
Perpheral cortex
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Central medulla? Cortex
? Occupies greater part of ovary.
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? Contains ovarian follicules at different stages ofmaturation & degenration.
? Also contain corpus luteum and corpus albicans.
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? Follicules are embedded in cellular connective
tissue stroma.
? Medulla
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? Made of loose fibroelastic connective tissue.
? Containing blood vessels, lymphatics and
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nerves.? Hilus cells--source of androgen from ovary.
DEVELOPMENT OF OVARIAN FOLLICLE
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? Folllicular growth and maturation pass throughfour stages--this process is called folliculogenesis.
1.Primordial follicle--
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? Located at periphery of the cortex.? Consist of primary oocyte (20-25um) surrounded
by single layer of squamous follicular cells
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2.Primary follicle--
? Primordial follicle change into primary follicle under
influence of FSH.
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? Primary oocyte enlarge (50-80 um).
? Squamous cells becomes cuboidal (unilaminar) then
divide to form stratified cuboidal layer of granulosa
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cells.
? Outermost layer cells rest on basement membrane.
? Oocyte is separated from surrounding follicular cells
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by glycoprotein layer called zona pellucida.
? The connective tissue stroma surrounding the follicle
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condensed and form theca follicle, which laterdifferentiate into two layers.
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3.Secondary follicle--
? Oocyte enlarges (125um)
? Irregular fluid filled spaces appear among the
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follicular cells and forms a crescentic space(antrum) filled with liquor folliculi.
? Theca follicili diifferentiated in two layers
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? Theca interna--cellular layer? Theca externa--fibrous layer
4.Graafian follicle--
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? Mature or tertiary follicle? Follicle enlarges in size as fluid accumulates in the
antrum dividing the follicular cells into two sets.
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? Outer set-- membrana granulosa
? Inner set-- cumulus oophorus
CORPUS LUTEUM
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? After ovulation the wall of follicle collapsed
becomes infolded and get transformed into
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temporary endocrine organ.? Two types of cells in corpus luteum--
? Granulosa luteal cell Progesterone
? Theca luteal cell Oestrogen
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? If fertilisation occurs it survive for 4-5 months? If fertilisation does not occurs it functions for 10-
12 days.
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? After its functional activity is over it is replaced byfibrous scar, corpus albicans (`White body')
ATRETIC FOLLICLE
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? Several follicle start maturing during eachovarian cycle, but only one matured and undergo
ovulation.
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? Other follicle degenerated at various stages and
becomes atretic follicle.
FALLOPIAN TUBE (UTERINE TUBE)
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? Made of three coats--
1.Mucosa--it includes lining epithelium and thin lamina
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propria.Branching mucosal fold but no anastomosis.
? Lining epithelium--simple columnar ciliated
? Two types of cell
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? ciliated columnar? non ciliated peg cell (secretory)
2.Muscle layer--smooth muscle
? Inner--circular
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? Outer longitudinal3.Serosa--mesothelium (peritoneum of broad ligament)
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UTERUS? Uterine wall made of three coats--
1.Perimetrium Outer serous coat
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2.Myometriummiddle muscular coat very thick.? Arranged in three ill defined layers
? Outer-- longitudinal
? Middle--circular
? Inner--longitudinal
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3.Endometrium inner mucosal lining
--Lining epithelium--simple columnar (cilated,
secretory)
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--Lamina propria (endometrial stroma) very cellular
--Endometrium--two layers
? Superficial-- stratum functionalis (compactum &
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spongiosum) (2/3)? Deep-- strtum basalis (1/3)
? Cyclical changes in the endometrium
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i)Menstrual phase 1-4 daysii)Proliferative phase (follicular phase)5-14 days
iii)Secretory phase (luteal phase)15-28 days
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Proliferative Secretory
MAMMARY GLAND
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? INTRODUCTION
? Modified sweat gland of apocrine type.
? Compound tubulo-alveolar gland.
? Each gland consists of 15-20 lobes.
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? A single large lactiferous duct drains each lobe.? Each lobe is surrounded by dense fibrous
connective tissue capsule.
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? Capsule in turn is surrounded by adipose tissue.? Each lobe consists of several lobules.
? Each lobule is composed of alveoli.
? Duct system
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? Alveolar ductule--Drains an alveolus & line by cuboidal epithelium.
? Intralobular duct
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--Lined by cuboidal epithelium? Interlobular duct
--Lined by cuboidal to columnar epithelium.
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--Present in connective tissue septa.? Lactiferous duct(lobar duct)
--Lined by columnar epithelium.
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--Lactiferous sinus lined by two layers of cuboidal orpseudostratified columnar epithelium.
? LACTATING GLAND
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? Lobules are packed with secretory alveoli.
? Interlobular stroma is reduced to thin septa.
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? Alveoli are large of irregular outline.? Lined by single layer of cuboidal to columnar
epithelium.
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? NON- LACTATING GLAND
? Resting gland shows clusters of ducts
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separated by abundant fibro-fatty tissue.? Alveoli shrink and lumen may be lost.
? Lined by simple cuboidal epithelium
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Age changes in mammary gland
? At birth
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? Rudimentary duct system is present in fibrousstroma.
? Till puberty
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? Growth by deposition of fibro-fatty tissue.? Only ducts slightly branched.
? At puberty
? Proliferation of duct system
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? Ends of ducts form solid spherical masses.? Secretory unit do not develop.
? During pregnancy
a) In 1st half--
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? Proliferation and branching of ducts.? Secretory alveoli develop
b) In 2nd half--
? Alveoli enlarge and elaborate secretion precursor.
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? After lactation
? Gland returns to resting condition.
? After menopause
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? Gland involutes undergoes regressive changes.? Parenchyma decreases and replaced by fibro-fatty
tissue
TOPIC FOR HISTOLOGY EXAM
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? NERVOUS TISSUE
? LYMPHATIC STSTEM
? INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM(SKIN)
? RESPIRATOTY SYSTEM
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? DIGESTIVE SYSTEM I? DIGESTIVE SYSTEM II
? DIGESTIVE SYSTEM III