? The senses of smell (olfaction) and taste (gustation) monitor such chemicals
determine the flavor and palatability of foods and beverages and
warn of dangerous environmental conditions, including fire, air pollution,
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leaking natural gas and bacteria-Iaden foodstuffs.? These senses contribute significantly to quality of life and when dysfunctional can
have untoward physical and psychological consequences.
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? A basic understanding of these senses in health and disease is critical for the
physician because thousands of patients present to doctors' offices each year
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with complaints of chemosensory dysfunction.? Among the more important recent developments in neurology is the discovery that
decreased smell function is among the first signs if not the first sign of such
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neurodegenerative diseases as Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease
(AD) signifying their "presymptomatic" phase
Olfactory nerve
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? C N I
? Components - sensory ( SVA )
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? Function - olfaction ( smell )? Opening in skull through which it passes - cribriform plate of ethmoid
bone
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The basic pathways for processing olfactory information.
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Anatomy of the olfactory neural pathways showing the distribution of olfactoryreceptors in the roof of the nasal cavity (Copyright Oavid Klemm, Faculty and
Curriculum Support [FACS] Georgetown University Medical Center )
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Structure of olfactory epithelium
(ORNs ? olfactory receptor neurons )
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Peripheral and central components of the primary olfactory pathway
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Schematic representationof olfactory bulb .
Each receptor type (red
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green,blue) projects to a
common glomerulus.
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The neural activity withineach glomerulus is modul-
ated by peri glomerular
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cells.
The activity of the primary
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projection cells,the mitraland tufted cells, is
modulated by granule cells
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,periglomerular ceIls, and
secondary dendrites from
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adjacent mitral andtufted cells
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Central components and basic connections of the olfactory system.
The basic pathways for processing olfactory information.
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