PROTEINUREA.
? Manifestation of glomerular disease,
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characterised by nephrotic range proteinureaand a triad of clinical finding associated with
large urinary losses of protein :
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hypoalbuminaemia, edema and
hyperlipidemia.
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? Urine dipstick.? Urinary pr./cr. Ratio.
? 24 hrs urine collection.
PROTEINUREA.
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? The presence of abnormal quantities ofprotein in the urine is called proteinurea.
? Evaluation of proteinurea--
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? HISTORY--? Symptoms of renal failure.
? Past history of DM, HTN, CCF.
? Drug history---NSAID, Captopril.
? Family history of PCKD.
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Examination.? Look for sign of Nephrotic syndrome.
? Urine dipstick test to check for microscopic
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hematurea.? If present go for urine microscopy.
? Rule out Diabetes and UTI.
Quantification for proteinurea.
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? 24 hrs urine collection.
? Spot urine protein to creatinine ratio.(PCR).
? Albumin to creatinine ratio. (ACR).
? More than 150 mg in 24h(PCR) is abnormal.
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? Nephrotic range > 3.5 g/24h or ratio of 3500.? Check for serum albumin and cholesterol.
URINE DIPSTICK TEST.
? Positive:
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? If proteinurea 1+ (30mg/dl with sp.g <1.015.? ....................... 2+ (100mg/dl)............> 1.015.
? Less sensitive
? LMWP
? Bence jones protein.
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? Gamma globulins.? It mainly detects albumin.
Urine dipstick test.
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? Classification of proteinurea?
? Negative----no protein.
? Trace -------10--20 mg/dl.
? 1+ --------30-100 mg/dl.
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? 2+ ---------100- 300 mg/dl.? 3+ --------300- 1000 mg/dl.
? 4+ --------> 1000mg/dl.
Urine dipstick test.
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? False negative? Diluted urine
? Disease in which predominant urinary protein is
not albumin.
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? False positive
? Concentrated urine
? Urine PH > 7.
? Gross hematurea.
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? Antiseptic contamination.Urinary protein/creatinine ratio.
? First morning voided urine should be tested.
? This ratio is age dependent:
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? < 2 years < 0.5? > 2 years < 0.2
? Nephrotic range......... 3.
24 hours urine collection.
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? Normal proteinurea? < 4mg/m2/hours
? Abnormal proteinurea
? > 4mg/m2/hours
? Nephrotic range proteinurea
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? > 40 mg/m2/hoursTypes of proteinurea.
? Transient proteinurea.
? Postural proteinurea.
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? Persistent proteinurea.? transient proteinurea---
? High fever, exercise, dehydration, stress, etc.
? Note-
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? Does not exceed 2+? It is benign.
? No need to any evaluation.
POSTURAL PROTEINUREA.
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? Morning voided urine- absent/ traces of protein.? Urine pr./cr. < 0.2 for 3 consecutive days.
? Most common cause:
? In 60 % of school age and adolescent children.
? Usually asymptomatic.
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? Usually not exceed 1g/m2/day.? No BP INCREASE, azotemia, oedema,
hypoalbuminemia.
Persistent proteinurea.
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? Necessary to R/O postural proteinurea.
? Exact cause unknown.
? Possible cause --
? Altered renal hemodynamic
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? Partial renal vein obstruction.? If persists-
? Long term follow up for renal disease
detection.
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Fixed proteinurea.? Significant proteinurea in first morning
voided urine for 3 consecutive days.
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? > 1+ on dipstick.
? > 0.2 U pr./U.cr.
? It usually indicates renal disease.
? Classified on the basis of site of origin:
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? Glomerulous.? Tubular
Glomerular proteinurea.
? Due to increased glomerular capillary
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permeability.
It is always selective.
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? Selective proteinurea? Excretory protein molecular wt. albumin.
? Non selective proteinurea
? Excretory protein, molecular wt. > albumin.
Glomerular proteinurea
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? Suspect if
? U pr./cr. Ratio > 1.0
? Associated with hypertension, Azotemia,
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oedema, hematurea.? Causes are
? FSGN,,PSGN,IGA nephropathy, HSPN.
Tubular proteinurea.
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? MW< albumin, protein filter---- reabsorb.
? Reabsorption reduces in proximal tubular injury
disease.
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? Low MW proteins.
? < 1g/d.
? Urinary Pr./cr. < 1.0
? Oedema absent.
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? Cause-? cystinosis, ATN, PCKD.
NEPHROTIC SYNDROME.
? Incidence: 2-3/100,000 children/year.
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? 15 times more common in children.? Characterised by
? Heavy proteinurea > 40mg/m2/ hrs.
? Hypoalbuminemia < 2.5 mg/dl.
? Oedema
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? Hypercholestremia/Hyperlipidemia > 200mg/dl.
Classification of Nephrotic
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syndrome.? 1.Ideopathic(90%).
? -Minimal change 85%.
? Mesengial proliferative 5%.
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? FSGN 10%.? 2.Secondary (10%).
? Membranous nephropathy
? Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis.
? 3.Congenital.
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PATHOLOGY.Due to
Then
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inflammation of
Abnormal
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protein(Albumin) isglomerular
permeability of
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filterate in
capillaries.
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GBM.urine(proteinurea)
Decrease serum
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albumin level.
PATHOLOGY.
Due to albumin decreases in blood
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Oncotic pressure in blood
Also decreases.
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So, fluid comes out to extracellular space.edema
Orbital edema
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then
Generalised edema
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ANASARCA.Sign/symptoms of Idiopathic NS.
? Periorbital oedema.
? Pedal oedema.
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? Ascites and pleural effusion.? General oedema.
? Hematurea in few cases.
MCNs(Lipoid Nephrosis)
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? Commenest cause of nephroticsyndrome(70%).
? Common in male M:F 2:1
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? Common age 2-7 years.? 15 Times more common in children.
? Oedema , anorexia, irritability, abdominal
pain, diarrhoea.
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Diagnosis of MCNS.? Urine analysis : Protein urea 3-4+(selective).
? Microscopic hematurea 10-20 %.
? Spot urine-urinary pr./cr. 2.
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? 24 hrs urine collection > 40 mg/m2/hproteinurea .
? S.albumin < 2.5 mg/dl.
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? High cholestero and triglycerides > 200 mg/dl.? S. Urea, creatinine, C3, C4, levels normal
? Renal biopsy E/M fusion of epithelial cells foot
process.
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