Download MBBS Spinal Cord Lecture PPT

SPINAL CORD
? Spinal cord--45 cm long and has cervical,

thoracic and lumbosacral parts.

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? Cross-section of spinal cord shows a central

canal lined by ependyma (simple ciliated

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columnar).

? Central canal surrounded by grey matter.
? Grey matter is surrounded by white matter.
? Grey matter--

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? Appears in the form of an H.
? It has anterior and posterior horn.
? Anterior horn
Short and broad,does not reach the surface of

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cord

contains large size multipolar motor neurons.
? Posterior horn
Narrow an elongated, reaches upto the surface

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contains smaller neurons.

? White matter--
? Composed of myelinated nerve fibres.

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? Each half divided into anterior, lateral and

posterior regions.

? The nerve fibres are comprised of ascending

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and descending tract.
? Spinal Cord
? Thoracic region contains anterior, posterior, and

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lateral gray horns

? Lateral horns contain motor neurons of

sympathetic division of autonomic nervous system

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? Gray commissure connects two sides of the gray

matter and contains the central canal

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CEREBRAL CORTEX
CEREBRAL CORTEX

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? Cerebral cortex has six layers--
1.Molecular(plexiform layer):
? Just beneath pia mater
? Consist of neuroglial cells and few horizontal

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cells.

2.External granular layer:
? Consists of two types of neurons small

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pyramidal and granular cells.

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3.External pyramidal layer:
? Consists of medium pyramidal cells.
? Axons of pyramidal cells form association and

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commissural fibres.

4.Internal granular layer:
? Consists of granular cells and horizontal fibres.
5.Internal pyramidal layer:

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? Consists of large pyramidal cells (cells of Betz).
6.Polymorphic cell layer:
? Consists of fusiform cells and stellate cell.
CEREBELLAR CORTEX

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? Histological structure of cerebellar cortex is

uniform throughout.

? Consists of three layers--

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? Molecular layer
? Purkinje cell layer
? Granular layer

? Molecular layer--

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? Just beneath pia matter.
? Stellate cells in superficial part.
? Basket cells in deeper part.
? Dendrite of purkinje cells.
? Terminal part of climbing fibres.

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? Purkinje cell layer--
? Arranged in single row between molecular

and granular layer.

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? Granular layers--
? Densely packed with granular cells.

CORNEA

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? Consists of five layers from

superficial to deep--

? Corneal epithelium (Anterior epithelium)

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? Bowman's membrane

? Corneal Stroma

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? Descement's Membrane

? Endothelium (Posterior epithelium)

Corneal epithelium:

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--Stratified squamous non keratinised epithelium
--Highly sensitive.

Bowman's membrane:
--Also called anterior limiting membrane

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--Dense mass of collagen fibers
--Acts barrier--spread of infection
--Damaged--can't regenerate

Corneal stroma:

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--90% thicknes

--Bundles of type 1 collagen fibers

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--Transparent

Descemet's membrane:

--Also called Posterior limiting membrane

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--Acellular

--Regarded as BM of endothelium

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Endothelium:

--Single layer of cuboidal cells.

--Metabolic exchange.

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RETINA

I. Neural sensory

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layer.

II. Inner coat--

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posterior 3/4th

surface.

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LAYERS OF RETINA

1. Pigment cell layer
2. Layer of rods & cones
3. External limiting membrane

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4. Outer nuclear layer
5. Outer plexiform layer
6. Inner nuclear layer
7. Inner plexiform layer
8. Ganglion cell layer

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9. Nerve fiber layer
10. Internal limiting membrane
1.Pigment layer....
--Lined by cuboidal epithelium
--Cytoplasm contains melanin pigment.

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--Melanin pigment--absorbs light

2.Layer of rods and cones...
--Rod and cone cells--photoreceptors

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3.External limiting membrane...
--Junctional zone b/w Muller's cells (glial cells,

supporting cells of retina) and photoreceptor

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processes

4.Outer nuclear layer.....
--Consist of cell bodies and nuclei of rods and cones.
--Nuclei arranged in several layers

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--Darkly stained area

5.Outer plexiform layer...
--Consist of axons of rods & cones + dendrites of bipolar

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neurons + horizontal cells

6.Inner nuclear layer....
--Consist of cell bodies and nuclei of--
Bipolar neurons + Amacrine cells + Muller's cell +

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Horizontal cell
7.Inner plexiform layer;
--Consist of axons of bipolar + dendrites of ganglionic

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cells and amacrine cells.

8.Ganglionic cell layer....
--Consist body and nuclei of large ganglion cell

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9.Nerve fiber layer
--Consist of axons of ganglion cell gather together at

optic disc and leave eye as OPTIC NERVE.

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10.Internal limiting membrane...
--Seperates retina from vitreous humour
MCQ

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM &

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EYE
1. Primordial follicle is identified in section by the

presence of

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(a) zona pellucida
(b) single layer of flattened follicular cells
(c) theca folliculi
(d) antrum folliculi

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2.Which stage of the follicle is marked by the

surrounding of flattened(squamous)follicular cell

becoming cuboidal?

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(a)Primary follicle
(b)Primordial follicle
(c)Secondary follicle
(d)Mature follicle

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3. Which stage of ovarian follicle development is

characterized by an initial period of follicular fluid

accumulation?

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(a) Graafian follicle
(b) Primary follicle
(c) Primordial follicle
(d) Secondary follicle

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4. Fallopian tube is lined by the following epithelium
(a) simple columnar
(b) simple cuboidal
(c) simple columnar ciliated
(d) pseudostratifi ed ciliated columnar

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5. The life span of corpus luteum of pregnancy is
(a) 10?12 days
(b) 4?5 weeks
(c) 4?5 months
(d) 10 lunar months

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6.Thickest layer of cornea is
(a)Corneal epithelium
(b)Bowman's membrane
(c)Corneal Stroma
(d)Descement's Membrane

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7.Which of the following is a glial cell of retina?
(a)Muller cells
(b)Bipolar cells
(c)Horizontal cells
(d)Amacrine cells

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ANSWER

1.(b) single layer of flattened follicular cells
2.(a) Primary follicle
3.(d) Secondary follicle

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4.(c) Simple columnar ciliated
5.(c) 4?5 months
6.(c) Corneal stroma
7.(a) Muller cells