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  • JNTU-KKD : Proposed Course Structure & Syllabus B. Pharm II Year-II Sem.

    JNTU-KAKINADA: Proposed Course Structure & Syllabus B. Pharmacy II Year-II Semester.

    B. PHARMACY PROPOSED COURSE STRUCTURE AND SYLLABUS (R10 Batch).

    II YEAR II Semester
    S.No Subject T C P C
    1 Pharmaceutical Unit Operations- II 4+1 4 3 2
    2 Pharmaceutical Analysis I 4+1 4 3 2
    3 Pharmacognosy – II 4+1 4 3 2
    4 Dispensing and Hospital Pharmacy 4+1 4 3 2
    5 Biostatistics 4+1 4 – –
    6. English Communication Practice – – 2 1
    Total 25 20 14 9

    II Year B. Pharmacy  II-Semester                                                                                   T              P            C

    4+1*       0              4

    PHARMACEUTICAL UNIT OPERATIONS – II

    UNIT-I

    Heat Transfer: Source of heat, heat transfer, steam and electricity as heating media, determination of requirement of amount of steam/electrical energy, steam pressure, boiler capacity, mathematical problems on heat transfer.

    UNIT-II

    Evaporation: Basic concept of phase equilibria, factors affecting the evaporation, evaporators, film evaporators, single effect and multiple effect evaporators.

    UNIT-III

    Distillation: Raoult’s law, phase diagrams, volatility, simple steam and flash distillations, principles of rectification, Azeotropic and extractive distillation.

    UNIT-IV

    Drying: Moisture content and mechanism of drying, rate of drying and time of drying calculations, classification and types of dryers, dryers used in pharmaceutical industries tray dryer, Fluid bed dryer, spray dryer, vaccum oven and freeze-dryer.

    UNIT-V

    Size Reduction: Definition, objectives of size reduction, factors affecting size reduction, laws governing energy and power requirements of a mill, types of mills including ball mill, hammer mill, fluid energy mill etc.

    UNIT-VI

    Mixing: Theory of mixing, solid?solid, solid?liquid and liquid?liquid mixing equipment, double cone, twin-shell, silverson mixer, colloid mill, sigma blade mixer, planatery mixer, propeller mixer and turbine mixer.

    UNIT-VIII

    Automated process control systems: Process variables, temperature, pressure, flow level and vacuum and their measurements. Elements of automatic process control and introduction to automatic process control systems. Elements of computer aided manufacturing (CAM). Reactors and fundamentals of reactors design for chemical reactions.

    TEXT BOOKS

    1. S.J. Carter, Cooper and Gunn’s Tutorial Pharmacy, 6th ed., CBS publisher, Delhi.
    2. CVS Subhramanyam, Pharmaceutical Engineering.
    3. K. Samba Murthy, Pharmaceutical Engineering
    4. Mc Cabe & Smidth.Unit Operations.

    REFERENCE BOOKS

    1. W.I. Macebe and J. C. Smith Macro, Unit Operations To Chemical Engineering, Hill Int. Book Co., London.
    2. L. Lachman, H. Lieberman & J. L Kaniz, The Theory And Practice Of Industrial Pharmacy, Lee & Febiger Philadelphia, USA
    3. Badzer & Banchoro, Introduction to Chemical Engineering.
    4. Perry’s Handbook of Chemical Engineering
    5. M.E.Aulton, Pharmaceutics- The science of dosage form design, 2nd ed.
    6. E.A. Rawlin’s, Bentley’s Text Book of Pharmaceutics, 8th ed ELBS

    II Year B. Pharmacy  II-Semester                                                                                   T              P            C

    4+1*       0              4

    PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS – I

    UNIT –I

    Computation of analytical results, significant figures, concept of error, precision, accuracy, standard deviation, rejection of doubtful values with special reference to volumetric analysis.

    Calibration of analytical equipment used in volumetric analysis.

    UNIT-II

    (a)           Theory of Neutralization Titration:  Acidimetry, Alkalimetry, Acid-base concept, Common ion effect and Solubility product, pH, Buffers and indicators.

    (b)           General Principles and theory of oxidation-reduction methods, and precipitation methods. An account of the indicators used in these titrations.

    Application of the above methods in the analysis of drugs, as under IP 1996 including the latest addendum.

    UNIT –III

    a)        Complexometric titration: Theory, types and application in pharmaceutical analysis. Masking and demasking and their applications.

    a)        Non-aqueous Titration: Theory, types, solvents used and application in pharmaceutical analysis.

    b)        Karl-Fisher method of estimation of water and other methods of moisture determination.

    Note: Principle, instrumentation and applications of instruments mentioned in UNIT IV to UNIT VI

    UNIT – IV

    Potentiometry, pH metry (including specific ion electrons), conductometry and polarography.

    UNIT – V

    Flourimetry, flame photometry, nephelometry & turbidometry.

    UNIT – VI

    Refractometry, polarimetry and spectropolarimetry.

    TEXT BOOKS

    1. Kasture & Wadodkar, Text Book of Pharmaceutical analysis Vol.I & II.
    2. A. Day Under Wood, Text Book of Quantative Analysis
    3. Connors, A Textbook of Pharmaceutical Analysis.
    4. B.K. Sarma, Instrumental Chemical Analysis, Goel Publishers.
    5. Chatwal & Anand, Instrumental Methods of Analysis.

    REFERENCE

    1. A.H. Beckett & J.B Stanlake Vol.I&II., Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Athlone Press of the Univ of London
    2. A.I Vogel, Quantitative Chemical Analysis, ELBS ed.
    3. L M. Atherden, Bentley and Driver’s Textbook of Pharmaceutical Chemistry., Oxford University Press, Delhi.
    4. Pharmacopoeia (IP, BP, USP).
    5. Y.Anjaneyulu, K.Chandrasekhar, Valli Manickam, A Textbook of Analytical Chemistry

    II Year B. Pharmacy  II-Semester                                                                                   T              P            C

    4+1*       0              4

    PHARMACOGNOSY – II

    UNIT I

    Definition, general test and detailed pharmacognostic study of the following glycoside containing drugs.

    1. Saponin Glycosides                         : Glycyrrhiza, Ginseng, Discorea, Sarasaparilla & Senega.
    2. Cardioactive Glycosides  : Digitalis, Squill, Strophanthus, Thevetia.
    3. Anthraquinone Glycosides              : Aloe, Senna, Rhubarb & Cascara.
    4. Bitter Glycosides                             : Psoralea, Gentian, Chirata.

    UNIT II

    Definition, general test and detailed pharmacognostic study of the following Alkaloid containing drugs.

    a. Pyridine – Piperidine derivatives : Tobacco & Lobelia.

    b. Tropane : Belladona, Hyoscyamus, Datura, Coca & Aswagandha.

    c. Quinoline & Isoquinoline : Cinchona, Ipecac, Opium.

    d. Indole : Ergot, Rauwolfia, Vinca, Nux-vomica

    e. Imidazole : Pilocarpus

    f. Steroid : Kurchi

    1. Alkaloidal amine : Ephedra & Colchicum.
    2. Glycoalkaloid : Solanum
    3. Purine : Coffee, Tea.

    UNIT III

    Study of Tannins & Tannin containing drugs: Gambir, Black catechu, Myroblan & Arjuna.

    UNIT IV

    Definination & study of drugs contining resin & resin combinations: Benzoin, Asafoetida, Balsam of Tolu, Podophyllum.

    UNIT-V

    Biological sources, preparations, identification tests and uses of the following enzymes: Diastase, Papain, Pepsin, Trypsin, Pancreatin.

    UNIT-VI

    General techniques of biosynthetic studies and basic metabolic pathways.

    Brief introduction to biogenesis of secondary metabolites of pharmaceuitcal importance.

    UNIT – VII

    Natural dyes and their applications in pharmacy.

    TEXT BOOKS

    1. Kokate C.K , Purohit AP & Gokhale, The Pharmacognosy S.B (Nirali)
    2. Trease and Evans, Pharmacognosy, Latest Edition.
    3. Tyler, Brady & Robert, Pharmacognosy.
    4. Khare C.P, Indian Medicinal plants – An Illustrated dictionary

    REFERENCES

    Atal C.R & Kapur B.M, Cultivation & Utilization of Medicinal Plants.
    1. Wallis, Textbook of pharmacognosy, Pub by CBS Publishers and distributors, New Delhi.
    2. Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Pub by Govt. Of India
    3. Herbal Drug Industry Eastern Publishers., New Delhi.
    4. J.B.Harbone, Phytochemical Methods: A guide to modern techniques of Plant analysis.

    II Year B. Pharmacy  II-Semester                                                                                   T              P            C

    4+1*       0              4

    DISPENSING & HOSPITAL PHARMACY

    UNIT-I

    Dispensing Pharmacy: Principles of dispensing, form of prescription, handling of prescription, source of errors for prescription, care required in dispensing procedures including labeling of dispensed products.Weights and Measures, introduction to Latin terms, Percentage calculations, alligation method, proof spirit calculations, displacement value and calculations of isotonicity adjustment. General dispensing procedure- posology-calculations of doses.

    UNIT-II

    Principles involved and procedures adopted in dispensing of the following classes of preparations.

    (i) Mixtures            ii) solutions   iii) emulsions iv) powders v) lotions & liniments vi) ointments

    Definition of the following preparations like creams, capsules, pastes, jellies, suppositories, ophthalmics, lozenges, pills, inhalations, paints, sprays, tablet triturates etc.

    UNIT-III

    Incompatibilities: Physical, chemical and therapeutic incompatibilities – methods of over coming and handling of incompatible prescriptions.

    UNIT-IV

    Extraction and galenical products: Principle and method of extraction preparation of infusion, tinctures, dry, soft liquid extracts.

    UNIT-V

    Hospital Pharmacy: Organization and structure, organization of a hospital and hospital pharmacy, responsibilities of a hospital pharmacist, pharmacy and therapeutic committee, Budget preparation and implementation hospital formulary, organization of drug store, purchase and inventory control, patient counseling, role of pharmacist in community health care and education.

    UNIT-VI

    The pharmacy procedural manual, drug distribution, dispensing to out-patients, in-patients and ambulatory patient-dispensing of ancillary and controlled substances, drug information center.

    UNIT-VIII

    Records and Reports: Prescription filling, drug profile, patient medication profile, cases on drug interaction and adverse reactions, idiosyncratic cases etc.

    TEXT BOOKS

    1. Cooper & Gunns Dispensing Pharmacy, CBS, Publ. and Distributors New Delhi.
    2. Gupta AK, Health Education and Community Pharmacy, CBS, Publ. and Distributors New Delhi.
    3. JS Quadry, Hospital Pharmacy.
    4. K.Sampath, Hospital & Clinical Pharmacy, Vikas Publications.
    5. Lorria & William, Essential dosage calculations.

    REFERENCES

    1. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Remington Pharmaceutical Sciences.
    2. William Hassan, Hospital Pharmacy.
    3. R.M Metha, Dispensing Pharmacy.
    4. E.A. Rawlkins, Bentley’s Text Book of Pharmaceutics, Elbs publ.
    5. Hoover, Dispensing of Medication.
    6. NK Jain, Health Education and Community Pharmacy by, CBS, Publ. and Distributors New Delhi.

    II Year B. Pharmacy  II-Semester                                                                                   T              P            C

    4+1*       0              4

    BIOSTASTICS

    UNIT-I

    Data collection and treatment: Significant digits and rounding of numbers, data collection, random and non-random sampling methods, sample size, data organization, diagrammatic representation of data, bar, pie, 2-D and 3-D diagrams, standard deviation and standard error of means, co-efficient of variation, confidence (fiducial) limits, probability and events.

    UNIT-II

    Probability and Distributions: Bayer’s theorem, probability theorem, probability distribution, elements of binomial and poison distribution, normal distribution curve and properties, kurtosis and skewness.

    UNIT – III

    Regression: Correlation and regression analysis, method of least squares and non-linear regression.

    UNIT.IV

    Statistical inference: Common parametric and non-parametric tests employed in testing of significance in biological/pharmaceutical experiments and elements of ANOVA (One way and two way).

    UNIT.V

    Design of experiments: Basic concepts of CRD, RBD and Latin square designs.

    Sampling and Quality Control: Concept of random sampling, statistical QC charts. Applications of statistical concepts in pharmaceutical sciences.

    TEXT BOOKS

    1. Pranab Kumar Benarjee, Introduction to Biostatistics
    2. Khan and Khanum, Fundamentals of Biostatistics

    II Year B. Pharmacy  II-Semester                                                                                   T              P            C

    0              3              2

    PHARMACEUTICAL UNIT OPERATIONS II LAB


    1. Measurement of flow of fluids and their pressure, determination of reynold’s number and calculation of frictional losses.
    2. Evaluation of filter media, determination of rate filtration and study of factors affecting filtration including filter aids.
    3. Experiments to demonstrate applications of centrifugation.
    4. Determination of Humidity?use of Dry Bulb and Wet Bulb thermometers and Psychometric charts.
    5. Determination of overall Heat Transfer Coefficient.
    6. Determination of rate of evaporation.
    7. Experiments based on steam. Extractive and Azeotropic distillations.
    8. Determination of rate of drying, free moisture content and bound moisture content.
    9. Experiments to illustrate the influence of various parameters on the time of drying.
    10. Experiments to illustrate principles of size reduction, Laws governing energy and power requirements of a size reduction.
    11. Experiments to illustrate solid?solid mixing, determination of mixing efficiency using different types of mixers.

    II Year B. Pharmacy  II-Semester                                                                                   T              P            C

    0              3              2

    PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS – I      LAB

    1. Assay of Pharmaceutical compounds based on chemical methods such as acid base, oxidation-reduction, non-aqueous, complexometric titration methods.
    2. Conductometric determination of equivalent point of titration of HCI with NaoH.
    3. Potentiometric determination of pH of a soulation.
    4. Potentiometric titration of an Acid.\
    5. Potentiometric determination of strength of unknown solution and HCL with NaoH.
    6. Nephelometric determination of sulfate.
    7. Fluorimetric estimation of quinine.
    8. Polarographic determination of amount of Nitrobenzene in solutions.
    9. Flame photometric determination of Sodium.
    10. Flame photometric determination of Potassium.
    11. Determination of refractive index of liquids by Abbe refractrometer.

    II Year B. Pharmacy  II-Semester                                                                                   T              P            C

    0              3              2

    PHARMACOGNOSY – II      LAB

    1. Microscopy and macroscopy of any four glycoside containing crude drugs and study of their powder characters given in theory.
    2. Microscopy and macroscopy of any four alkaloids containing crude drugs and study of their powder characters given in theory.
    3. Microscopy and macroscopy of any three tanin containing crude drugs and study of theri powder characters given in theory.
    4. Microscopy and macroscopy of any three resin containing crude drugs and study of theri powder characters given in theory.
    5. Identification test for any two enzymes given in theory.

    II Year B. Pharmacy  II-Semester                                                                                   T              P            C

    0              3              2

    DISPENSING & HOSPITAL PHARMACY LAB

    1. Dispensing of prescriptions falling under the categories; Mixtures, solutions, emulsions, creams, ointments, powders, pastes, lotions, liniments, inhalations, paints. etc.
    2. Identification of various types of incompatabilities in a prescription, correlation thereof and dispensing of such prescriptions.
    3. Dispensing procedures involving pharmaceutical calculations, pricing of prescriptions and dosage calculations for paediatric and geriatric patients.
    4. Dispensing of prescriptions involving adjustment of tonicity.
    5. Categorization and storage of pharmaceutical products based on legal requirements of labelling and storage.
    6. Project report on visit to the community pharmacy for Counseling on the rational use of drugs and aspects of health care.
    7. Preparation of Pharmacopoeial extracts and galenical products utilizing various methods of extraction.

    Click on the below links to Download the Syllabus :

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  • Apple – Remembering Steve Jobs (1955-2011).

    Steven Paul Jobs, 1955-2011

    Apple Co-Founder Transformed Technology, Media, Retailing And Built One of the World’s Most Valuable Companies.

    Memorial : The Apple Home page after it was revealed that Jobs had died.

    ‘Steve’s brilliance, passion and energy were the source of countless innovations that enrich and improve all of our lives. The world is immeasurably better because of Steve.

    The man who changed the world: Apple founder Steve Jobs, 56, dies weeks after quitting as boss of firm he started in his garage.

    • President Obama leads tributes which flooded the web within minutes of his death being confirmed.
    • Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg praises his ‘mentor and friend’.
    • Family thanks ‘the many people who have shared their wishes and prayers during the last year of Steve’s illness’.
    • ‘We are deeply saddened to announce that Steve Jobs passed away today,’ Apple’s board of directors say in statement.
    • Had battled pancreatic cancer for eight years.
    • Death came six weeks after he stepped down as Apple CEO and just one day after the launch of the new generation iPhone.

    Creative genius : Apple announced the death of its founder on its website.

    TIMELINE : FROM MAC TO THE IPAD

    • 1976 Jobs co-founds Apple
    • 1980 Apple’s stock market flotation is biggest since Ford in 1956
    • 1985 Leaves Apple to concentrate on new ventures, including Pixar and NeXT
    • 1997 Returns to Apple promising to revitalise the flagging company
    • 2000 Resumes as Apple CEO
    • 2002 iPod launched
    • 2003 iTunes launched
    • August 2004 Announces he has been diagnosed with pancreatic cancer and has undergone surgery to remove tumour.
    • 2007 iPhone launched
    • June 2009 Returns to work six months after taking time off for liver transplant as part of cancer treatment
    • January 2010 iPad launched
    • 17 January 2011 Announces he is taking a break from day-to-day operations to concentrate on his health.
    • 11 March 2011 iPad 2 launched
    • 24 August 2011 Jobs resigns as Apple CEO
    • 05 October 2011 iPhone 4S launched
    • 06 October 2011 Steve Jobs dies

    Steven P. Jobs, the Apple Inc. chairman and co-founder who pioneered the personal-computer industry and changed the way people think about technology, died Wednesday at the age of 56.

    His family, in a statement released by Apple, said Mr. Jobs “died peacefully today surrounded by his family.”

    The company didn’t specify the cause of death. Mr. Jobs had battled pancreatic cancer and several years ago received a liver transplant. In August, Mr. Jobs stepped down as chief executive, handing the reins to longtime deputy Tim Cook.

    Innovator : Steve Jobs introduces the Apple Nano in San Francisco. Tributes flooded the internet within minutes of his death being announced.

    “Apple has lost a visionary and creative genius, and the world has lost an amazing human being,” Mr. Cook said in a letter to employees. “We will honor his memory by dedicating ourselves to continuing the work he loved so much.”

    During his more than three-decade career, Mr. Jobs transformed Silicon Valley as he helped turn the once-sleepy expanse of fruit orchards into the technology industry’s innovation center. In addition to laying the groundwork for the industry alongside others like Microsoft Corp. co-founder Bill Gates, Mr. Jobs proved the appeal of well-designed products over the power of technology itself and transformed the way people interact with technology.

    “The world rarely sees someone who has had the profound impact Steve has had, the effects of which will be felt for many generations to come,” Mr. Gates said in a statement Wednesday.

    The most productive chapter in Mr. Jobs’s career occurred near the end of his life, when a nearly unbroken string of successful products like the iPod, iPhone and iPad changed the PC, electronics and digital-media industries. The way he marketed and sold those products through savvy advertising campaigns and Apple’s retail stores helped turn the company into a pop-culture phenomenon.

    Concerns : In April Steve Jobs seemed frail, sparking speculation he would have to resign.

    At the beginning of that phase, Mr. Jobs described his philosophy as trying to make products that were at “the intersection of art and technology.” In doing so, he turned Apple into the world’s most valuable company with a market value of $350 billion.

    After losing considerable weight in mid-2008, Mr. Jobs took a nearly six-month medical leave of absence in 2009, during which he received a liver transplant. He took another medical leave of absence in mid-January, without explanation, before stepping down as CEO.

    Mr. Jobs is survived by his wife, Laurene, and four children.

    Mr. Jobs turned Apple into the largest retailer of music and helped popularize computer-animated films as the financier and CEO of Pixar Animation Studios, which he later sold to Walt Disney Co. He was a key figure in changing the way people used the Internet and how they listened to music, watched TV shows and movies, and read books, disrupting industries in the process.

    “Despite all he accomplished, it feels like he was just getting started,” Disney CEO Robert Iger said in a statement Wednesday.

    Mr. Jobs pulled off a remarkable business comeback, returning to Apple after an 11-year absence during which he was largely written off as a has-been. He went on to revive the struggling company by introducing products such as the iMac all-in-one computer, iPod music player and iTunes digital-music store.

    Beyond PCs

    Apple now produces $65.2 billion a year in revenue compared with $7.1 billion in its business year ended September 1997. Apple dropped the “computer” in its name in January 2007 to underscore its expansion beyond PCs.

    Although Mr. Jobs officially handed over the reins of the company to Mr. Cook, his death nevertheless raises a question for Apple of how it will sustain its success without his vision and guidance. Other companies, including Walt Disney, Wal-Mart Stores Inc. and International Business Machines Corp., experienced some transitional woes before eventually managing to thrive after their charismatic founders passed on.

    But few companies of that stature have shown such an acute dependence on their founder, or have lost the founder at the peak of his career. Several years after Mr. Jobs was fired from Apple in 1985, the company began a steady decline that saw it drift to the margins of the computer industry. That slide was reversed only after Mr. Jobs returned in 1997.

    Gadget : Jobs holds the new iPad during a product announcement in San Francisco last year.

    Mr. Jobs also leaves behind many tales about his mercurial management style, such as his habit of calling employees or their ideas “dumb” when he didn’t like something. He was even more combative against foes like Microsoft, Google Inc., and Amazon.com Inc. When Adobe Systems Inc. waged a campaign against Apple for not supporting Adobe’s Flash video format on its iPhones and iPads in April 2010, Mr. Jobs wrote a 1,600-word essay about why the software was outdated and inadequate for mobile devices.

    He maintained uncompromising standards for the company’s hardware and software, demanding “insanely great” aesthetics and ease of use from the moment a shopper walked into one of Apple’s stores. His attention to detail shaped some of the distinctive features of Apple’s products.

    Mr. Jobs enforced strict secrecy among employees, a strategy that he believed heightened anticipation for new products. News of his death came a day after Apple unveiled its newest device, the iPhone 4S.

    Mr. Jobs, the adopted son of a family in California, was born on Feb. 24, 1955. A college dropout, he established his reputation early on as a tech innovator when, at 21 years old, he and friend Steve Wozniak founded Apple Computer Inc. in the Jobs family garage in 1976. Mr. Jobs chose the name, in part, because he was a Beatles fan and admired the group’s Apple records label, according to the book “Apple: The Inside Story of Intrigue, Egomania, and Business Blunders” by Wall Street Journal reporter Jim Carlton.

    Historic : Jobs poses with an Apple Macintosh at the new computer’s unveiling in 1984.

    The pair came out with the Apple II in 1977, a computer that was relatively affordable and designed for the mass market rather than for hobbyists. It went on to become one of the first commercially successful PCs, making the company $117 million in annual sales by the time of Apple’s initial public offering in 1980. The IPO instantly made Mr. Jobs a multimillionaire.

    Not all of Mr. Jobs’s early ideas paid off. The Apple III and Lisa computers that debuted in 1980 and 1983 were flops. But the distinctive all-in-one Macintosh—foreshadowed in a TV ad inspired by George Orwell’s novel “1984” that famously only aired once—would set the standard for the design of modern computer operating systems.

    Even then, Mr. Jobs was a stickler for design details. Bruce Tognazzini, a former user-interface expert at Apple who joined the company in 1978, once said that Mr. Jobs was adamant that the keyboard not include “up,” “down,” “right,” and “left” keys that allow users to move the cursor around their computer screens.

    Visionary : Steve Jobs unveils the Apple I-Mac on May 18, 1998 in California.

    Cultivated Image

    Mr. Jobs’s pursuit of aesthetics sometimes bordered on the extreme. George Crow, an Apple engineer in the 1980s and again from 1998 to 2005, recalls how Mr. Jobs wanted to make even the inside of computers attractive. On the original Macintosh PC, Mr. Crow says Mr. Jobs wanted the internal wiring to be in the colors of Apple’s early rainbow logo. Mr. Crow says he persuaded Mr. Jobs it was an unnecessary expense.

    Even in his appearance, Mr. Jobs seemed to cultivate an image more like that of an artist than a corporate executive. In public, he rarely deviated from an outfit consisting of Levi’s jeans, a black mock turtleneck and New Balance running shoes.

    As Apple expanded, Mr. Jobs decided to bring in a more experienced manager to lead the company. He recruited John Sculley from PepsiCo Inc. to be Apple CEO in 1983, overcoming Mr. Sculley’s initial reluctance by asking the executive if he just wanted to sell “sugar water to kids” or help change the world.

    After Apple fell into a subsequent slump, a leadership struggle led to a board decision to back Mr. Sculley and fire Mr. Jobs two years later at the age of 30. “What can I say—I hired the wrong guy,” Mr. Jobs brooded in a PBS documentary. “He destroyed everything I had spent 10 years working for.”

    Old and new : A young Steve Jobs with the Apple II computer in 1977 (left) and in 1994.

    Mr. Jobs then created NeXT Inc., a start-up that in 1988 introduced a black desktop computer with advanced software. The machine suffered from a high price and some key design decisions. But its operating system would eventually become a foundation for OS X, the software backbone of today’s Macs, after Apple purchased NeXT for $400 million in December 1996.

    In 1986, using part of his fortune from Apple, Mr. Jobs paid filmmaker George Lucas $10 million to acquire the computer-graphics division of Lucasfilm Ltd. The company Mr. Jobs formed from that purchase, Pixar Animation Studios, went on to create a string of computer-animated film hits, such as “Toy Story.” Mr. Jobs sold Pixar to Disney in 2006 in a $7.4 billion deal.

    In Mr. Jobs’s absence, Apple began foundering, and computers using Intel chips and Microsoft software became increasingly dominant. By 1997, Apple had racked up nearly $2 billion in losses in two years, its shares were at record lows and it was on its third CEO—Gil Amelio—in four years.

    Eight months after the deal to buy NeXT in December 1996, Mr. Amelio was ousted and Mr. Jobs appointed interim CEO, a title that became permanent in January 2000. One former Apple employee recalls Mr. Jobs joking soon after he returned that “the lunatics have taken over the asylum and we can do anything we want.”

    Series of Stumbles

    Mr. Jobs, who was given a salary of $1 a year along with options to Apple stock, made a series of changes. He killed the struggling Newton handheld computer and trimmed a confusing array of Mac models to a handful of systems focused on the consumer market.

    In May 1998, he introduced the iMac, an unusual one-piece computer that sported a colorful translucent case. Apple launched an ad campaign featuring the phrase “Think Different,” featuring photographs of creative individuals including Albert Einstein and Muppets creator Jim Henson.

    While shareholders cheered the changes, Mr. Jobs flexed his power on Apple’s Cupertino, Calif., campus. Within months of taking over, he replaced four of the five top executives with former NeXT underlings. He issued emails forbidding employees to bring pets to the office or to smoke, even in parking lots. He threatened to fire anyone caught leaking company documents.

    Apple had stumbles during Mr. Jobs’s second stint, including a cube-shaped Macintosh that failed to catch on and was scrapped in 2001. The failure was one reason Apple posted a quarterly loss and warned it would miss estimates several times in 2000 and 2001.

    But big hits followed. In 2001, Apple introduced the iPod, which transformed digital music players. Apple has more than 70% market share in the market.

    A key advantage was the iTunes Music Store, opened in 2003. Mr. Jobs helped persuade major record labels to sell recordings for 99 cents each. The store, which has sold more than 16 billion songs, became an incentive for people to buy iPods because, for much of its history, songs from the iTunes store could be downloaded only to Apple’s music player.

    Testament : President Obama said: ‘there may be no greater tribute to Steve’s success than the fact that much of the world learned of his passing on a device he invented.’

    Bench of Executives

    At the same time, Mr. Jobs was building his bench of executives. He recruited Mr. Cook, a former Compaq Computer Corp. executive, in the late 1990s to straighten Apple’s operations and promoted him over time to chief operating officer.

    In 2004, Mr. Jobs had to lean on this bench when he disclosed that he had had surgery to remove a cancerous tumor from his pancreas. Apple revealed the procedure in early August 2004, but a person familiar with the situation said Mr. Jobs first learned of the tumor during a routine abdominal scan nine months earlier. The board and Mr. Jobs said nothing to Apple shareholders as the Apple executive, during that time, dealt with the tumor through changes to his diet, the person said.

    In June 2007, Mr. Jobs made another splash when Apple introduced the iPhone. Mr. Jobs was typically hands-on in the creation of the iPhone. People familiar with the matter say the former CEO was the one who made a decision to change the screen of the iPhone from plastic to glass after he unveiled the product at the Macworld trade show in 2007. The iPhone team scrambled to procure glass that would meet his standards, so the devices could be manufactured in time for the launch.

    Despite skepticism about Apple’s ability to enter an already competitive market dominated by the likes of Research in Motion Ltd.’s BlackBerry devices, Apple became a force in the mobile phone market, selling 92 million iPhones as of December 2010.

    Last year, Mr. Jobs also unveiled the iPad tablet computer to great fanfare. Apple has sold more than 29 million iPads as buyers snapped them up. People who work closely with Mr. Jobs said the project was so important to him that he was deeply involved in its planning even while recovering from his 2009 liver transplant.

    Those who knew Mr. Jobs say one reason why he was able to keep innovating was because he didn’t dwell on past accomplishments and demanded that employees do the same. Hitoshi Hokamura, a former Apple employee, recalls how an old Apple I that was displayed by the company cafeteria quietly disappeared after Mr. Jobs returned in the late 1990s.

    “Remembering that you are going to die is the best way I know to avoid the trap of thinking you have something to lose,” Mr. Jobs said in a commencement speech at Stanford University in June 2005, almost a year after he was diagnosed with cancer.

    RIP : Apolline Arnaud, 12, a neighbour of Steve Jobs, writes a message in front of his home in Palo Alto, California.

    Well wishers : Fans place flowers on a makeshift shrine at Apple headquarters in California.

    Tributes : An Apple employee lights an apple-shaped candle for the late Steve Jobs outside an Apple Store in Santa Monica, California.

    Tribute : A apple with the word ‘bye’ carved into it sits outside an Apple store in Pasadena, California.

    Remembered : A message painted outside Apple’s flagship store on New York’s 5th Avenue.

    Thank you, Steve : A message is displayed on the window of an Apple store in Santa Monica, California.

    Watch the videos :

    http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=rglOWHxkPG0

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