Download VTU (Visvesvaraya Technological University) MBA 1st Semester (First Semester) 17MBA11-Management and Organizational behaviour MOB Module 5 Important Lecture Notes (MBA Study Material Notes)
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
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MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
? Social Group
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
considering the realities of life.
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
considering the realities of life.
Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
takes into account what is possible in this world.
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
considering the realities of life.
Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
takes into account what is possible in this world.
Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
wrong.
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
considering the realities of life.
Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
takes into account what is possible in this world.
Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
wrong.
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
considering the realities of life.
Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
takes into account what is possible in this world.
Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
wrong.
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
considering the realities of life.
Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
takes into account what is possible in this world.
Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
wrong.
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they
usually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
considering the realities of life.
Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
takes into account what is possible in this world.
Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
wrong.
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they
usually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
Sensing (S)
Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
Perceiving (P)
ETSJ
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
considering the realities of life.
Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
takes into account what is possible in this world.
Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
wrong.
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they
usually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
Sensing (S)
Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
Perceiving (P)
ETSJ
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
considering the realities of life.
Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
takes into account what is possible in this world.
Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
wrong.
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they
usually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
Sensing (S)
Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
Perceiving (P)
ETSJ
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
The Big Five Personality Model
? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass most
of the significant variation in human personality.
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
reserved, timid, and quiet.
2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
considering the realities of life.
Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
takes into account what is possible in this world.
Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
wrong.
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they
usually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
Sensing (S)
Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
Perceiving (P)
ETSJ
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
The Big Five Personality Model
? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass most
of the significant variation in human personality.
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
reserved, timid, and quiet.
2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
The Big Five Personality Model
3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
4. Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension?often
labeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
5. Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimension
addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
and find comfort in the familiar.
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
considering the realities of life.
Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
takes into account what is possible in this world.
Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
wrong.
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they
usually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
Sensing (S)
Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
Perceiving (P)
ETSJ
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
The Big Five Personality Model
? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass most
of the significant variation in human personality.
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
reserved, timid, and quiet.
2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
The Big Five Personality Model
3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
4. Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension?often
labeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
5. Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimension
addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
and find comfort in the familiar.
Personality Attributes Influencing OB
? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,
capable, and in control of their environment.
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way of
achieving one?s goals and gaining and keeping control of others.
? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
to external situational factors.
? Risk Taking
? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
action.
? Other-orientation
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
considering the realities of life.
Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
takes into account what is possible in this world.
Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
wrong.
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they
usually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
Sensing (S)
Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
Perceiving (P)
ETSJ
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
The Big Five Personality Model
? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass most
of the significant variation in human personality.
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
reserved, timid, and quiet.
2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
The Big Five Personality Model
3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
4. Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension?often
labeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
5. Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimension
addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
and find comfort in the familiar.
Personality Attributes Influencing OB
? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,
capable, and in control of their environment.
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way of
achieving one?s goals and gaining and keeping control of others.
? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
to external situational factors.
? Risk Taking
? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
action.
? Other-orientation
Attitude
? Attitudes are individuals' general affective, cognitive and
intentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,
or social issues.
? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
unfavourable.
? They reflect how one feels about something.
? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressing
their attitude about work.
? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
of opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certain
kind of experience and readiness with an appropriate response?.
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
considering the realities of life.
Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
takes into account what is possible in this world.
Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
wrong.
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they
usually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
Sensing (S)
Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
Perceiving (P)
ETSJ
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
The Big Five Personality Model
? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass most
of the significant variation in human personality.
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
reserved, timid, and quiet.
2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
The Big Five Personality Model
3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
4. Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension?often
labeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
5. Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimension
addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
and find comfort in the familiar.
Personality Attributes Influencing OB
? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,
capable, and in control of their environment.
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way of
achieving one?s goals and gaining and keeping control of others.
? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
to external situational factors.
? Risk Taking
? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
action.
? Other-orientation
Attitude
? Attitudes are individuals' general affective, cognitive and
intentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,
or social issues.
? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
unfavourable.
? They reflect how one feels about something.
? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressing
their attitude about work.
? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
of opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certain
kind of experience and readiness with an appropriate response?.
Components of Attitude
? Cognitive: This represents our thoughts, beliefs and ideas about
something. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'
? Affective: This component deals with feelings or emotions that
are brought to the surface about something, such as fear or hate.
Someone might have the attitude that they hate teenagers
because they are lazy or that they love all babies because they are
cute.
? Behavioural: This ccenters on individuals acting a certain way
towards something, such as 'we better keep those lazy teenagers
out of the library,' or 'I cannot wait to kiss that baby.'
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
considering the realities of life.
Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
takes into account what is possible in this world.
Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
wrong.
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they
usually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
Sensing (S)
Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
Perceiving (P)
ETSJ
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
The Big Five Personality Model
? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass most
of the significant variation in human personality.
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
reserved, timid, and quiet.
2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
The Big Five Personality Model
3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
4. Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension?often
labeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
5. Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimension
addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
and find comfort in the familiar.
Personality Attributes Influencing OB
? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,
capable, and in control of their environment.
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way of
achieving one?s goals and gaining and keeping control of others.
? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
to external situational factors.
? Risk Taking
? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
action.
? Other-orientation
Attitude
? Attitudes are individuals' general affective, cognitive and
intentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,
or social issues.
? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
unfavourable.
? They reflect how one feels about something.
? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressing
their attitude about work.
? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
of opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certain
kind of experience and readiness with an appropriate response?.
Components of Attitude
? Cognitive: This represents our thoughts, beliefs and ideas about
something. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'
? Affective: This component deals with feelings or emotions that
are brought to the surface about something, such as fear or hate.
Someone might have the attitude that they hate teenagers
because they are lazy or that they love all babies because they are
cute.
? Behavioural: This ccenters on individuals acting a certain way
towards something, such as 'we better keep those lazy teenagers
out of the library,' or 'I cannot wait to kiss that baby.'
Components of Attitude
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
considering the realities of life.
Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
takes into account what is possible in this world.
Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
wrong.
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they
usually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
Sensing (S)
Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
Perceiving (P)
ETSJ
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
The Big Five Personality Model
? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass most
of the significant variation in human personality.
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
reserved, timid, and quiet.
2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
The Big Five Personality Model
3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
4. Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension?often
labeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
5. Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimension
addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
and find comfort in the familiar.
Personality Attributes Influencing OB
? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,
capable, and in control of their environment.
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way of
achieving one?s goals and gaining and keeping control of others.
? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
to external situational factors.
? Risk Taking
? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
action.
? Other-orientation
Attitude
? Attitudes are individuals' general affective, cognitive and
intentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,
or social issues.
? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
unfavourable.
? They reflect how one feels about something.
? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressing
their attitude about work.
? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
of opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certain
kind of experience and readiness with an appropriate response?.
Components of Attitude
? Cognitive: This represents our thoughts, beliefs and ideas about
something. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'
? Affective: This component deals with feelings or emotions that
are brought to the surface about something, such as fear or hate.
Someone might have the attitude that they hate teenagers
because they are lazy or that they love all babies because they are
cute.
? Behavioural: This ccenters on individuals acting a certain way
towards something, such as 'we better keep those lazy teenagers
out of the library,' or 'I cannot wait to kiss that baby.'
Components of Attitude Attitude Formation
? 1.Direct Experience
? Classical Conditioning
? Operant Conditioning
? 2.Social Learning
? The Family
? Peer Groups
? Modelling
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
considering the realities of life.
Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
takes into account what is possible in this world.
Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
wrong.
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they
usually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
Sensing (S)
Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
Perceiving (P)
ETSJ
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
The Big Five Personality Model
? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass most
of the significant variation in human personality.
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
reserved, timid, and quiet.
2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
The Big Five Personality Model
3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
4. Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension?often
labeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
5. Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimension
addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
and find comfort in the familiar.
Personality Attributes Influencing OB
? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,
capable, and in control of their environment.
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way of
achieving one?s goals and gaining and keeping control of others.
? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
to external situational factors.
? Risk Taking
? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
action.
? Other-orientation
Attitude
? Attitudes are individuals' general affective, cognitive and
intentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,
or social issues.
? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
unfavourable.
? They reflect how one feels about something.
? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressing
their attitude about work.
? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
of opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certain
kind of experience and readiness with an appropriate response?.
Components of Attitude
? Cognitive: This represents our thoughts, beliefs and ideas about
something. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'
? Affective: This component deals with feelings or emotions that
are brought to the surface about something, such as fear or hate.
Someone might have the attitude that they hate teenagers
because they are lazy or that they love all babies because they are
cute.
? Behavioural: This ccenters on individuals acting a certain way
towards something, such as 'we better keep those lazy teenagers
out of the library,' or 'I cannot wait to kiss that baby.'
Components of Attitude Attitude Formation
? 1.Direct Experience
? Classical Conditioning
? Operant Conditioning
? 2.Social Learning
? The Family
? Peer Groups
? Modelling
Classical Conditioning
? Unconditioned Stimulus - is one that unconditionally,
naturally, and automatically triggers a response.
? Unconditioned Response - is the unlearned response that
occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.
? Conditioned Stimulus - is a previously neutral stimulus
that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned
stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned
response.
? Conditioned Response is a behavior that does not come
naturally, but must be learned by the individual
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
considering the realities of life.
Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
takes into account what is possible in this world.
Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
wrong.
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they
usually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
Sensing (S)
Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
Perceiving (P)
ETSJ
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
The Big Five Personality Model
? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass most
of the significant variation in human personality.
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
reserved, timid, and quiet.
2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
The Big Five Personality Model
3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
4. Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension?often
labeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
5. Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimension
addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
and find comfort in the familiar.
Personality Attributes Influencing OB
? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,
capable, and in control of their environment.
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way of
achieving one?s goals and gaining and keeping control of others.
? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
to external situational factors.
? Risk Taking
? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
action.
? Other-orientation
Attitude
? Attitudes are individuals' general affective, cognitive and
intentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,
or social issues.
? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
unfavourable.
? They reflect how one feels about something.
? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressing
their attitude about work.
? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
of opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certain
kind of experience and readiness with an appropriate response?.
Components of Attitude
? Cognitive: This represents our thoughts, beliefs and ideas about
something. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'
? Affective: This component deals with feelings or emotions that
are brought to the surface about something, such as fear or hate.
Someone might have the attitude that they hate teenagers
because they are lazy or that they love all babies because they are
cute.
? Behavioural: This ccenters on individuals acting a certain way
towards something, such as 'we better keep those lazy teenagers
out of the library,' or 'I cannot wait to kiss that baby.'
Components of Attitude Attitude Formation
? 1.Direct Experience
? Classical Conditioning
? Operant Conditioning
? 2.Social Learning
? The Family
? Peer Groups
? Modelling
Classical Conditioning
? Unconditioned Stimulus - is one that unconditionally,
naturally, and automatically triggers a response.
? Unconditioned Response - is the unlearned response that
occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.
? Conditioned Stimulus - is a previously neutral stimulus
that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned
stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned
response.
? Conditioned Response is a behavior that does not come
naturally, but must be learned by the individual
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
considering the realities of life.
Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
takes into account what is possible in this world.
Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
wrong.
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they
usually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
Sensing (S)
Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
Perceiving (P)
ETSJ
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
The Big Five Personality Model
? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass most
of the significant variation in human personality.
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
reserved, timid, and quiet.
2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
The Big Five Personality Model
3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
4. Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension?often
labeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
5. Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimension
addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
and find comfort in the familiar.
Personality Attributes Influencing OB
? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,
capable, and in control of their environment.
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way of
achieving one?s goals and gaining and keeping control of others.
? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
to external situational factors.
? Risk Taking
? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
action.
? Other-orientation
Attitude
? Attitudes are individuals' general affective, cognitive and
intentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,
or social issues.
? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
unfavourable.
? They reflect how one feels about something.
? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressing
their attitude about work.
? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
of opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certain
kind of experience and readiness with an appropriate response?.
Components of Attitude
? Cognitive: This represents our thoughts, beliefs and ideas about
something. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'
? Affective: This component deals with feelings or emotions that
are brought to the surface about something, such as fear or hate.
Someone might have the attitude that they hate teenagers
because they are lazy or that they love all babies because they are
cute.
? Behavioural: This ccenters on individuals acting a certain way
towards something, such as 'we better keep those lazy teenagers
out of the library,' or 'I cannot wait to kiss that baby.'
Components of Attitude Attitude Formation
? 1.Direct Experience
? Classical Conditioning
? Operant Conditioning
? 2.Social Learning
? The Family
? Peer Groups
? Modelling
Classical Conditioning
? Unconditioned Stimulus - is one that unconditionally,
naturally, and automatically triggers a response.
? Unconditioned Response - is the unlearned response that
occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.
? Conditioned Stimulus - is a previously neutral stimulus
that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned
stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned
response.
? Conditioned Response is a behavior that does not come
naturally, but must be learned by the individual
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
considering the realities of life.
Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
takes into account what is possible in this world.
Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
wrong.
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they
usually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
Sensing (S)
Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
Perceiving (P)
ETSJ
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
The Big Five Personality Model
? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass most
of the significant variation in human personality.
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
reserved, timid, and quiet.
2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
The Big Five Personality Model
3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
4. Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension?often
labeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
5. Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimension
addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
and find comfort in the familiar.
Personality Attributes Influencing OB
? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,
capable, and in control of their environment.
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way of
achieving one?s goals and gaining and keeping control of others.
? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
to external situational factors.
? Risk Taking
? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
action.
? Other-orientation
Attitude
? Attitudes are individuals' general affective, cognitive and
intentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,
or social issues.
? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
unfavourable.
? They reflect how one feels about something.
? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressing
their attitude about work.
? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
of opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certain
kind of experience and readiness with an appropriate response?.
Components of Attitude
? Cognitive: This represents our thoughts, beliefs and ideas about
something. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'
? Affective: This component deals with feelings or emotions that
are brought to the surface about something, such as fear or hate.
Someone might have the attitude that they hate teenagers
because they are lazy or that they love all babies because they are
cute.
? Behavioural: This ccenters on individuals acting a certain way
towards something, such as 'we better keep those lazy teenagers
out of the library,' or 'I cannot wait to kiss that baby.'
Components of Attitude Attitude Formation
? 1.Direct Experience
? Classical Conditioning
? Operant Conditioning
? 2.Social Learning
? The Family
? Peer Groups
? Modelling
Classical Conditioning
? Unconditioned Stimulus - is one that unconditionally,
naturally, and automatically triggers a response.
? Unconditioned Response - is the unlearned response that
occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.
? Conditioned Stimulus - is a previously neutral stimulus
that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned
stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned
response.
? Conditioned Response is a behavior that does not come
naturally, but must be learned by the individual
Operant Conditioning
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
considering the realities of life.
Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
takes into account what is possible in this world.
Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
wrong.
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they
usually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
Sensing (S)
Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
Perceiving (P)
ETSJ
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
The Big Five Personality Model
? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass most
of the significant variation in human personality.
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
reserved, timid, and quiet.
2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
The Big Five Personality Model
3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
4. Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension?often
labeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
5. Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimension
addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
and find comfort in the familiar.
Personality Attributes Influencing OB
? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,
capable, and in control of their environment.
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way of
achieving one?s goals and gaining and keeping control of others.
? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
to external situational factors.
? Risk Taking
? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
action.
? Other-orientation
Attitude
? Attitudes are individuals' general affective, cognitive and
intentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,
or social issues.
? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
unfavourable.
? They reflect how one feels about something.
? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressing
their attitude about work.
? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
of opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certain
kind of experience and readiness with an appropriate response?.
Components of Attitude
? Cognitive: This represents our thoughts, beliefs and ideas about
something. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'
? Affective: This component deals with feelings or emotions that
are brought to the surface about something, such as fear or hate.
Someone might have the attitude that they hate teenagers
because they are lazy or that they love all babies because they are
cute.
? Behavioural: This ccenters on individuals acting a certain way
towards something, such as 'we better keep those lazy teenagers
out of the library,' or 'I cannot wait to kiss that baby.'
Components of Attitude Attitude Formation
? 1.Direct Experience
? Classical Conditioning
? Operant Conditioning
? 2.Social Learning
? The Family
? Peer Groups
? Modelling
Classical Conditioning
? Unconditioned Stimulus - is one that unconditionally,
naturally, and automatically triggers a response.
? Unconditioned Response - is the unlearned response that
occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.
? Conditioned Stimulus - is a previously neutral stimulus
that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned
stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned
response.
? Conditioned Response is a behavior that does not come
naturally, but must be learned by the individual
Operant Conditioning
Major Aspects of Job Attitude
? Job Satisfaction
? Job Involvement
? Organizational Commitment
Three Types of General Attitudes
? Job-Lovers ? Job-Haters
? Job-Doers
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
considering the realities of life.
Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
takes into account what is possible in this world.
Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
wrong.
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they
usually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
Sensing (S)
Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
Perceiving (P)
ETSJ
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
The Big Five Personality Model
? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass most
of the significant variation in human personality.
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
reserved, timid, and quiet.
2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
The Big Five Personality Model
3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
4. Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension?often
labeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
5. Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimension
addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
and find comfort in the familiar.
Personality Attributes Influencing OB
? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,
capable, and in control of their environment.
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way of
achieving one?s goals and gaining and keeping control of others.
? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
to external situational factors.
? Risk Taking
? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
action.
? Other-orientation
Attitude
? Attitudes are individuals' general affective, cognitive and
intentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,
or social issues.
? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
unfavourable.
? They reflect how one feels about something.
? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressing
their attitude about work.
? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
of opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certain
kind of experience and readiness with an appropriate response?.
Components of Attitude
? Cognitive: This represents our thoughts, beliefs and ideas about
something. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'
? Affective: This component deals with feelings or emotions that
are brought to the surface about something, such as fear or hate.
Someone might have the attitude that they hate teenagers
because they are lazy or that they love all babies because they are
cute.
? Behavioural: This ccenters on individuals acting a certain way
towards something, such as 'we better keep those lazy teenagers
out of the library,' or 'I cannot wait to kiss that baby.'
Components of Attitude Attitude Formation
? 1.Direct Experience
? Classical Conditioning
? Operant Conditioning
? 2.Social Learning
? The Family
? Peer Groups
? Modelling
Classical Conditioning
? Unconditioned Stimulus - is one that unconditionally,
naturally, and automatically triggers a response.
? Unconditioned Response - is the unlearned response that
occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.
? Conditioned Stimulus - is a previously neutral stimulus
that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned
stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned
response.
? Conditioned Response is a behavior that does not come
naturally, but must be learned by the individual
Operant Conditioning
Major Aspects of Job Attitude
? Job Satisfaction
? Job Involvement
? Organizational Commitment
Three Types of General Attitudes
? Job-Lovers ? Job-Haters
? Job-Doers
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
considering the realities of life.
Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
takes into account what is possible in this world.
Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
wrong.
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they
usually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
Sensing (S)
Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
Perceiving (P)
ETSJ
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
The Big Five Personality Model
? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass most
of the significant variation in human personality.
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
reserved, timid, and quiet.
2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
The Big Five Personality Model
3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
4. Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension?often
labeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
5. Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimension
addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
and find comfort in the familiar.
Personality Attributes Influencing OB
? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,
capable, and in control of their environment.
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way of
achieving one?s goals and gaining and keeping control of others.
? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
to external situational factors.
? Risk Taking
? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
action.
? Other-orientation
Attitude
? Attitudes are individuals' general affective, cognitive and
intentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,
or social issues.
? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
unfavourable.
? They reflect how one feels about something.
? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressing
their attitude about work.
? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
of opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certain
kind of experience and readiness with an appropriate response?.
Components of Attitude
? Cognitive: This represents our thoughts, beliefs and ideas about
something. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'
? Affective: This component deals with feelings or emotions that
are brought to the surface about something, such as fear or hate.
Someone might have the attitude that they hate teenagers
because they are lazy or that they love all babies because they are
cute.
? Behavioural: This ccenters on individuals acting a certain way
towards something, such as 'we better keep those lazy teenagers
out of the library,' or 'I cannot wait to kiss that baby.'
Components of Attitude Attitude Formation
? 1.Direct Experience
? Classical Conditioning
? Operant Conditioning
? 2.Social Learning
? The Family
? Peer Groups
? Modelling
Classical Conditioning
? Unconditioned Stimulus - is one that unconditionally,
naturally, and automatically triggers a response.
? Unconditioned Response - is the unlearned response that
occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.
? Conditioned Stimulus - is a previously neutral stimulus
that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned
stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned
response.
? Conditioned Response is a behavior that does not come
naturally, but must be learned by the individual
Operant Conditioning
Major Aspects of Job Attitude
? Job Satisfaction
? Job Involvement
? Organizational Commitment
Three Types of General Attitudes
? Job-Lovers ? Job-Haters
? Job-Doers
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
considering the realities of life.
Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
takes into account what is possible in this world.
Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
wrong.
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they
usually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
Sensing (S)
Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
Perceiving (P)
ETSJ
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
The Big Five Personality Model
? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass most
of the significant variation in human personality.
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
reserved, timid, and quiet.
2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
The Big Five Personality Model
3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
4. Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension?often
labeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
5. Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimension
addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
and find comfort in the familiar.
Personality Attributes Influencing OB
? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,
capable, and in control of their environment.
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way of
achieving one?s goals and gaining and keeping control of others.
? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
to external situational factors.
? Risk Taking
? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
action.
? Other-orientation
Attitude
? Attitudes are individuals' general affective, cognitive and
intentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,
or social issues.
? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
unfavourable.
? They reflect how one feels about something.
? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressing
their attitude about work.
? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
of opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certain
kind of experience and readiness with an appropriate response?.
Components of Attitude
? Cognitive: This represents our thoughts, beliefs and ideas about
something. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'
? Affective: This component deals with feelings or emotions that
are brought to the surface about something, such as fear or hate.
Someone might have the attitude that they hate teenagers
because they are lazy or that they love all babies because they are
cute.
? Behavioural: This ccenters on individuals acting a certain way
towards something, such as 'we better keep those lazy teenagers
out of the library,' or 'I cannot wait to kiss that baby.'
Components of Attitude Attitude Formation
? 1.Direct Experience
? Classical Conditioning
? Operant Conditioning
? 2.Social Learning
? The Family
? Peer Groups
? Modelling
Classical Conditioning
? Unconditioned Stimulus - is one that unconditionally,
naturally, and automatically triggers a response.
? Unconditioned Response - is the unlearned response that
occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.
? Conditioned Stimulus - is a previously neutral stimulus
that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned
stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned
response.
? Conditioned Response is a behavior that does not come
naturally, but must be learned by the individual
Operant Conditioning
Major Aspects of Job Attitude
? Job Satisfaction
? Job Involvement
? Organizational Commitment
Three Types of General Attitudes
? Job-Lovers ? Job-Haters
? Job-Doers
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
considering the realities of life.
Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
takes into account what is possible in this world.
Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
wrong.
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they
usually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
Sensing (S)
Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
Perceiving (P)
ETSJ
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
The Big Five Personality Model
? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass most
of the significant variation in human personality.
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
reserved, timid, and quiet.
2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
The Big Five Personality Model
3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
4. Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension?often
labeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
5. Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimension
addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
and find comfort in the familiar.
Personality Attributes Influencing OB
? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,
capable, and in control of their environment.
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way of
achieving one?s goals and gaining and keeping control of others.
? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
to external situational factors.
? Risk Taking
? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
action.
? Other-orientation
Attitude
? Attitudes are individuals' general affective, cognitive and
intentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,
or social issues.
? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
unfavourable.
? They reflect how one feels about something.
? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressing
their attitude about work.
? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
of opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certain
kind of experience and readiness with an appropriate response?.
Components of Attitude
? Cognitive: This represents our thoughts, beliefs and ideas about
something. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'
? Affective: This component deals with feelings or emotions that
are brought to the surface about something, such as fear or hate.
Someone might have the attitude that they hate teenagers
because they are lazy or that they love all babies because they are
cute.
? Behavioural: This ccenters on individuals acting a certain way
towards something, such as 'we better keep those lazy teenagers
out of the library,' or 'I cannot wait to kiss that baby.'
Components of Attitude Attitude Formation
? 1.Direct Experience
? Classical Conditioning
? Operant Conditioning
? 2.Social Learning
? The Family
? Peer Groups
? Modelling
Classical Conditioning
? Unconditioned Stimulus - is one that unconditionally,
naturally, and automatically triggers a response.
? Unconditioned Response - is the unlearned response that
occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.
? Conditioned Stimulus - is a previously neutral stimulus
that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned
stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned
response.
? Conditioned Response is a behavior that does not come
naturally, but must be learned by the individual
Operant Conditioning
Major Aspects of Job Attitude
? Job Satisfaction
? Job Involvement
? Organizational Commitment
Three Types of General Attitudes
? Job-Lovers ? Job-Haters
? Job-Doers
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
considering the realities of life.
Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
takes into account what is possible in this world.
Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
wrong.
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they
usually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
Sensing (S)
Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
Perceiving (P)
ETSJ
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
The Big Five Personality Model
? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass most
of the significant variation in human personality.
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
reserved, timid, and quiet.
2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
The Big Five Personality Model
3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
4. Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension?often
labeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
5. Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimension
addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
and find comfort in the familiar.
Personality Attributes Influencing OB
? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,
capable, and in control of their environment.
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way of
achieving one?s goals and gaining and keeping control of others.
? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
to external situational factors.
? Risk Taking
? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
action.
? Other-orientation
Attitude
? Attitudes are individuals' general affective, cognitive and
intentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,
or social issues.
? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
unfavourable.
? They reflect how one feels about something.
? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressing
their attitude about work.
? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
of opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certain
kind of experience and readiness with an appropriate response?.
Components of Attitude
? Cognitive: This represents our thoughts, beliefs and ideas about
something. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'
? Affective: This component deals with feelings or emotions that
are brought to the surface about something, such as fear or hate.
Someone might have the attitude that they hate teenagers
because they are lazy or that they love all babies because they are
cute.
? Behavioural: This ccenters on individuals acting a certain way
towards something, such as 'we better keep those lazy teenagers
out of the library,' or 'I cannot wait to kiss that baby.'
Components of Attitude Attitude Formation
? 1.Direct Experience
? Classical Conditioning
? Operant Conditioning
? 2.Social Learning
? The Family
? Peer Groups
? Modelling
Classical Conditioning
? Unconditioned Stimulus - is one that unconditionally,
naturally, and automatically triggers a response.
? Unconditioned Response - is the unlearned response that
occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.
? Conditioned Stimulus - is a previously neutral stimulus
that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned
stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned
response.
? Conditioned Response is a behavior that does not come
naturally, but must be learned by the individual
Operant Conditioning
Major Aspects of Job Attitude
? Job Satisfaction
? Job Involvement
? Organizational Commitment
Three Types of General Attitudes
? Job-Lovers ? Job-Haters
? Job-Doers
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
considering the realities of life.
Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
takes into account what is possible in this world.
Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
wrong.
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they
usually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
Sensing (S)
Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
Perceiving (P)
ETSJ
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
The Big Five Personality Model
? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass most
of the significant variation in human personality.
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
reserved, timid, and quiet.
2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
The Big Five Personality Model
3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
4. Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension?often
labeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
5. Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimension
addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
and find comfort in the familiar.
Personality Attributes Influencing OB
? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,
capable, and in control of their environment.
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way of
achieving one?s goals and gaining and keeping control of others.
? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
to external situational factors.
? Risk Taking
? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
action.
? Other-orientation
Attitude
? Attitudes are individuals' general affective, cognitive and
intentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,
or social issues.
? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
unfavourable.
? They reflect how one feels about something.
? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressing
their attitude about work.
? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
of opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certain
kind of experience and readiness with an appropriate response?.
Components of Attitude
? Cognitive: This represents our thoughts, beliefs and ideas about
something. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'
? Affective: This component deals with feelings or emotions that
are brought to the surface about something, such as fear or hate.
Someone might have the attitude that they hate teenagers
because they are lazy or that they love all babies because they are
cute.
? Behavioural: This ccenters on individuals acting a certain way
towards something, such as 'we better keep those lazy teenagers
out of the library,' or 'I cannot wait to kiss that baby.'
Components of Attitude Attitude Formation
? 1.Direct Experience
? Classical Conditioning
? Operant Conditioning
? 2.Social Learning
? The Family
? Peer Groups
? Modelling
Classical Conditioning
? Unconditioned Stimulus - is one that unconditionally,
naturally, and automatically triggers a response.
? Unconditioned Response - is the unlearned response that
occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.
? Conditioned Stimulus - is a previously neutral stimulus
that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned
stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned
response.
? Conditioned Response is a behavior that does not come
naturally, but must be learned by the individual
Operant Conditioning
Major Aspects of Job Attitude
? Job Satisfaction
? Job Involvement
? Organizational Commitment
Three Types of General Attitudes
? Job-Lovers ? Job-Haters
? Job-Doers
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
considering the realities of life.
Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
takes into account what is possible in this world.
Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
wrong.
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they
usually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
Sensing (S)
Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
Perceiving (P)
ETSJ
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
The Big Five Personality Model
? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass most
of the significant variation in human personality.
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
reserved, timid, and quiet.
2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
The Big Five Personality Model
3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
4. Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension?often
labeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
5. Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimension
addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
and find comfort in the familiar.
Personality Attributes Influencing OB
? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,
capable, and in control of their environment.
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way of
achieving one?s goals and gaining and keeping control of others.
? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
to external situational factors.
? Risk Taking
? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
action.
? Other-orientation
Attitude
? Attitudes are individuals' general affective, cognitive and
intentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,
or social issues.
? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
unfavourable.
? They reflect how one feels about something.
? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressing
their attitude about work.
? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
of opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certain
kind of experience and readiness with an appropriate response?.
Components of Attitude
? Cognitive: This represents our thoughts, beliefs and ideas about
something. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'
? Affective: This component deals with feelings or emotions that
are brought to the surface about something, such as fear or hate.
Someone might have the attitude that they hate teenagers
because they are lazy or that they love all babies because they are
cute.
? Behavioural: This ccenters on individuals acting a certain way
towards something, such as 'we better keep those lazy teenagers
out of the library,' or 'I cannot wait to kiss that baby.'
Components of Attitude Attitude Formation
? 1.Direct Experience
? Classical Conditioning
? Operant Conditioning
? 2.Social Learning
? The Family
? Peer Groups
? Modelling
Classical Conditioning
? Unconditioned Stimulus - is one that unconditionally,
naturally, and automatically triggers a response.
? Unconditioned Response - is the unlearned response that
occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.
? Conditioned Stimulus - is a previously neutral stimulus
that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned
stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned
response.
? Conditioned Response is a behavior that does not come
naturally, but must be learned by the individual
Operant Conditioning
Major Aspects of Job Attitude
? Job Satisfaction
? Job Involvement
? Organizational Commitment
Three Types of General Attitudes
? Job-Lovers ? Job-Haters
? Job-Doers
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
considering the realities of life.
Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
takes into account what is possible in this world.
Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
wrong.
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they
usually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
Sensing (S)
Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
Perceiving (P)
ETSJ
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
The Big Five Personality Model
? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass most
of the significant variation in human personality.
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
reserved, timid, and quiet.
2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
The Big Five Personality Model
3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
4. Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension?often
labeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
5. Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimension
addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
and find comfort in the familiar.
Personality Attributes Influencing OB
? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,
capable, and in control of their environment.
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way of
achieving one?s goals and gaining and keeping control of others.
? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
to external situational factors.
? Risk Taking
? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
action.
? Other-orientation
Attitude
? Attitudes are individuals' general affective, cognitive and
intentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,
or social issues.
? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
unfavourable.
? They reflect how one feels about something.
? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressing
their attitude about work.
? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
of opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certain
kind of experience and readiness with an appropriate response?.
Components of Attitude
? Cognitive: This represents our thoughts, beliefs and ideas about
something. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'
? Affective: This component deals with feelings or emotions that
are brought to the surface about something, such as fear or hate.
Someone might have the attitude that they hate teenagers
because they are lazy or that they love all babies because they are
cute.
? Behavioural: This ccenters on individuals acting a certain way
towards something, such as 'we better keep those lazy teenagers
out of the library,' or 'I cannot wait to kiss that baby.'
Components of Attitude Attitude Formation
? 1.Direct Experience
? Classical Conditioning
? Operant Conditioning
? 2.Social Learning
? The Family
? Peer Groups
? Modelling
Classical Conditioning
? Unconditioned Stimulus - is one that unconditionally,
naturally, and automatically triggers a response.
? Unconditioned Response - is the unlearned response that
occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.
? Conditioned Stimulus - is a previously neutral stimulus
that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned
stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned
response.
? Conditioned Response is a behavior that does not come
naturally, but must be learned by the individual
Operant Conditioning
Major Aspects of Job Attitude
? Job Satisfaction
? Job Involvement
? Organizational Commitment
Three Types of General Attitudes
? Job-Lovers ? Job-Haters
? Job-Doers
Perception
? Perception is a process by which individuals organize
and interpret their sensory impressions in order to
give meaning to their environment.
? Perception can also be defined as ?a process by which
individuals organise and interpret their sensory
impressions in order to give meaning to their
environment?.
? Perception may be defined as ?a cognitive process by
which people attend to incoming stimuli, organise and
interpret such stimuli into behaviour?.
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
considering the realities of life.
Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
takes into account what is possible in this world.
Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
wrong.
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they
usually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
Sensing (S)
Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
Perceiving (P)
ETSJ
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
The Big Five Personality Model
? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass most
of the significant variation in human personality.
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
reserved, timid, and quiet.
2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
The Big Five Personality Model
3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
4. Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension?often
labeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
5. Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimension
addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
and find comfort in the familiar.
Personality Attributes Influencing OB
? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,
capable, and in control of their environment.
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way of
achieving one?s goals and gaining and keeping control of others.
? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
to external situational factors.
? Risk Taking
? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
action.
? Other-orientation
Attitude
? Attitudes are individuals' general affective, cognitive and
intentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,
or social issues.
? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
unfavourable.
? They reflect how one feels about something.
? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressing
their attitude about work.
? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
of opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certain
kind of experience and readiness with an appropriate response?.
Components of Attitude
? Cognitive: This represents our thoughts, beliefs and ideas about
something. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'
? Affective: This component deals with feelings or emotions that
are brought to the surface about something, such as fear or hate.
Someone might have the attitude that they hate teenagers
because they are lazy or that they love all babies because they are
cute.
? Behavioural: This ccenters on individuals acting a certain way
towards something, such as 'we better keep those lazy teenagers
out of the library,' or 'I cannot wait to kiss that baby.'
Components of Attitude Attitude Formation
? 1.Direct Experience
? Classical Conditioning
? Operant Conditioning
? 2.Social Learning
? The Family
? Peer Groups
? Modelling
Classical Conditioning
? Unconditioned Stimulus - is one that unconditionally,
naturally, and automatically triggers a response.
? Unconditioned Response - is the unlearned response that
occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.
? Conditioned Stimulus - is a previously neutral stimulus
that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned
stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned
response.
? Conditioned Response is a behavior that does not come
naturally, but must be learned by the individual
Operant Conditioning
Major Aspects of Job Attitude
? Job Satisfaction
? Job Involvement
? Organizational Commitment
Three Types of General Attitudes
? Job-Lovers ? Job-Haters
? Job-Doers
Perception
? Perception is a process by which individuals organize
and interpret their sensory impressions in order to
give meaning to their environment.
? Perception can also be defined as ?a process by which
individuals organise and interpret their sensory
impressions in order to give meaning to their
environment?.
? Perception may be defined as ?a cognitive process by
which people attend to incoming stimuli, organise and
interpret such stimuli into behaviour?.
Factors Influencing Perception
? In The Perceiver
? In The Object Or Target Being Perceived
? In The Context Of The Situation In Which The
Perception Is Made.
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
considering the realities of life.
Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
takes into account what is possible in this world.
Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
wrong.
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they
usually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
Sensing (S)
Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
Perceiving (P)
ETSJ
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
The Big Five Personality Model
? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass most
of the significant variation in human personality.
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
reserved, timid, and quiet.
2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
The Big Five Personality Model
3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
4. Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension?often
labeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
5. Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimension
addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
and find comfort in the familiar.
Personality Attributes Influencing OB
? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,
capable, and in control of their environment.
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way of
achieving one?s goals and gaining and keeping control of others.
? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
to external situational factors.
? Risk Taking
? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
action.
? Other-orientation
Attitude
? Attitudes are individuals' general affective, cognitive and
intentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,
or social issues.
? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
unfavourable.
? They reflect how one feels about something.
? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressing
their attitude about work.
? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
of opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certain
kind of experience and readiness with an appropriate response?.
Components of Attitude
? Cognitive: This represents our thoughts, beliefs and ideas about
something. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'
? Affective: This component deals with feelings or emotions that
are brought to the surface about something, such as fear or hate.
Someone might have the attitude that they hate teenagers
because they are lazy or that they love all babies because they are
cute.
? Behavioural: This ccenters on individuals acting a certain way
towards something, such as 'we better keep those lazy teenagers
out of the library,' or 'I cannot wait to kiss that baby.'
Components of Attitude Attitude Formation
? 1.Direct Experience
? Classical Conditioning
? Operant Conditioning
? 2.Social Learning
? The Family
? Peer Groups
? Modelling
Classical Conditioning
? Unconditioned Stimulus - is one that unconditionally,
naturally, and automatically triggers a response.
? Unconditioned Response - is the unlearned response that
occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.
? Conditioned Stimulus - is a previously neutral stimulus
that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned
stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned
response.
? Conditioned Response is a behavior that does not come
naturally, but must be learned by the individual
Operant Conditioning
Major Aspects of Job Attitude
? Job Satisfaction
? Job Involvement
? Organizational Commitment
Three Types of General Attitudes
? Job-Lovers ? Job-Haters
? Job-Doers
Perception
? Perception is a process by which individuals organize
and interpret their sensory impressions in order to
give meaning to their environment.
? Perception can also be defined as ?a process by which
individuals organise and interpret their sensory
impressions in order to give meaning to their
environment?.
? Perception may be defined as ?a cognitive process by
which people attend to incoming stimuli, organise and
interpret such stimuli into behaviour?.
Factors Influencing Perception
? In The Perceiver
? In The Object Or Target Being Perceived
? In The Context Of The Situation In Which The
Perception Is Made.
Characteristics of the Perceiver
? Needs and Motives
? Self Concept
? Past Experience
? Current Psychological State
? Beliefs
? Expectations
? Cultural Upbringing
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
considering the realities of life.
Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
takes into account what is possible in this world.
Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
wrong.
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they
usually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
Sensing (S)
Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
Perceiving (P)
ETSJ
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
The Big Five Personality Model
? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass most
of the significant variation in human personality.
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
reserved, timid, and quiet.
2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
The Big Five Personality Model
3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
4. Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension?often
labeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
5. Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimension
addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
and find comfort in the familiar.
Personality Attributes Influencing OB
? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,
capable, and in control of their environment.
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way of
achieving one?s goals and gaining and keeping control of others.
? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
to external situational factors.
? Risk Taking
? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
action.
? Other-orientation
Attitude
? Attitudes are individuals' general affective, cognitive and
intentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,
or social issues.
? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
unfavourable.
? They reflect how one feels about something.
? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressing
their attitude about work.
? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
of opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certain
kind of experience and readiness with an appropriate response?.
Components of Attitude
? Cognitive: This represents our thoughts, beliefs and ideas about
something. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'
? Affective: This component deals with feelings or emotions that
are brought to the surface about something, such as fear or hate.
Someone might have the attitude that they hate teenagers
because they are lazy or that they love all babies because they are
cute.
? Behavioural: This ccenters on individuals acting a certain way
towards something, such as 'we better keep those lazy teenagers
out of the library,' or 'I cannot wait to kiss that baby.'
Components of Attitude Attitude Formation
? 1.Direct Experience
? Classical Conditioning
? Operant Conditioning
? 2.Social Learning
? The Family
? Peer Groups
? Modelling
Classical Conditioning
? Unconditioned Stimulus - is one that unconditionally,
naturally, and automatically triggers a response.
? Unconditioned Response - is the unlearned response that
occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.
? Conditioned Stimulus - is a previously neutral stimulus
that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned
stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned
response.
? Conditioned Response is a behavior that does not come
naturally, but must be learned by the individual
Operant Conditioning
Major Aspects of Job Attitude
? Job Satisfaction
? Job Involvement
? Organizational Commitment
Three Types of General Attitudes
? Job-Lovers ? Job-Haters
? Job-Doers
Perception
? Perception is a process by which individuals organize
and interpret their sensory impressions in order to
give meaning to their environment.
? Perception can also be defined as ?a process by which
individuals organise and interpret their sensory
impressions in order to give meaning to their
environment?.
? Perception may be defined as ?a cognitive process by
which people attend to incoming stimuli, organise and
interpret such stimuli into behaviour?.
Factors Influencing Perception
? In The Perceiver
? In The Object Or Target Being Perceived
? In The Context Of The Situation In Which The
Perception Is Made.
Characteristics of the Perceiver
? Needs and Motives
? Self Concept
? Past Experience
? Current Psychological State
? Beliefs
? Expectations
? Cultural Upbringing
The Object Or Target Being Perceived
?Physical characteristics
?Persons, objects or events that are similar to each
other tend to be grouped together.
?Manner of communication
?The status or occupation of a person
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
considering the realities of life.
Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
takes into account what is possible in this world.
Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
wrong.
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they
usually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
Sensing (S)
Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
Perceiving (P)
ETSJ
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
The Big Five Personality Model
? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass most
of the significant variation in human personality.
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
reserved, timid, and quiet.
2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
The Big Five Personality Model
3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
4. Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension?often
labeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
5. Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimension
addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
and find comfort in the familiar.
Personality Attributes Influencing OB
? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,
capable, and in control of their environment.
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way of
achieving one?s goals and gaining and keeping control of others.
? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
to external situational factors.
? Risk Taking
? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
action.
? Other-orientation
Attitude
? Attitudes are individuals' general affective, cognitive and
intentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,
or social issues.
? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
unfavourable.
? They reflect how one feels about something.
? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressing
their attitude about work.
? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
of opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certain
kind of experience and readiness with an appropriate response?.
Components of Attitude
? Cognitive: This represents our thoughts, beliefs and ideas about
something. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'
? Affective: This component deals with feelings or emotions that
are brought to the surface about something, such as fear or hate.
Someone might have the attitude that they hate teenagers
because they are lazy or that they love all babies because they are
cute.
? Behavioural: This ccenters on individuals acting a certain way
towards something, such as 'we better keep those lazy teenagers
out of the library,' or 'I cannot wait to kiss that baby.'
Components of Attitude Attitude Formation
? 1.Direct Experience
? Classical Conditioning
? Operant Conditioning
? 2.Social Learning
? The Family
? Peer Groups
? Modelling
Classical Conditioning
? Unconditioned Stimulus - is one that unconditionally,
naturally, and automatically triggers a response.
? Unconditioned Response - is the unlearned response that
occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.
? Conditioned Stimulus - is a previously neutral stimulus
that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned
stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned
response.
? Conditioned Response is a behavior that does not come
naturally, but must be learned by the individual
Operant Conditioning
Major Aspects of Job Attitude
? Job Satisfaction
? Job Involvement
? Organizational Commitment
Three Types of General Attitudes
? Job-Lovers ? Job-Haters
? Job-Doers
Perception
? Perception is a process by which individuals organize
and interpret their sensory impressions in order to
give meaning to their environment.
? Perception can also be defined as ?a process by which
individuals organise and interpret their sensory
impressions in order to give meaning to their
environment?.
? Perception may be defined as ?a cognitive process by
which people attend to incoming stimuli, organise and
interpret such stimuli into behaviour?.
Factors Influencing Perception
? In The Perceiver
? In The Object Or Target Being Perceived
? In The Context Of The Situation In Which The
Perception Is Made.
Characteristics of the Perceiver
? Needs and Motives
? Self Concept
? Past Experience
? Current Psychological State
? Beliefs
? Expectations
? Cultural Upbringing
The Object Or Target Being Perceived
?Physical characteristics
?Persons, objects or events that are similar to each
other tend to be grouped together.
?Manner of communication
?The status or occupation of a person
Characteristics of the Situation
?The surrounding environment and the elements
present in it influence our perception.
?Location of a given event is also very important factor
in determining the behaviour.
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
considering the realities of life.
Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
takes into account what is possible in this world.
Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
wrong.
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they
usually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
Sensing (S)
Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
Perceiving (P)
ETSJ
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
The Big Five Personality Model
? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass most
of the significant variation in human personality.
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
reserved, timid, and quiet.
2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
The Big Five Personality Model
3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
4. Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension?often
labeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
5. Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimension
addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
and find comfort in the familiar.
Personality Attributes Influencing OB
? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,
capable, and in control of their environment.
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way of
achieving one?s goals and gaining and keeping control of others.
? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
to external situational factors.
? Risk Taking
? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
action.
? Other-orientation
Attitude
? Attitudes are individuals' general affective, cognitive and
intentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,
or social issues.
? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
unfavourable.
? They reflect how one feels about something.
? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressing
their attitude about work.
? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
of opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certain
kind of experience and readiness with an appropriate response?.
Components of Attitude
? Cognitive: This represents our thoughts, beliefs and ideas about
something. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'
? Affective: This component deals with feelings or emotions that
are brought to the surface about something, such as fear or hate.
Someone might have the attitude that they hate teenagers
because they are lazy or that they love all babies because they are
cute.
? Behavioural: This ccenters on individuals acting a certain way
towards something, such as 'we better keep those lazy teenagers
out of the library,' or 'I cannot wait to kiss that baby.'
Components of Attitude Attitude Formation
? 1.Direct Experience
? Classical Conditioning
? Operant Conditioning
? 2.Social Learning
? The Family
? Peer Groups
? Modelling
Classical Conditioning
? Unconditioned Stimulus - is one that unconditionally,
naturally, and automatically triggers a response.
? Unconditioned Response - is the unlearned response that
occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.
? Conditioned Stimulus - is a previously neutral stimulus
that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned
stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned
response.
? Conditioned Response is a behavior that does not come
naturally, but must be learned by the individual
Operant Conditioning
Major Aspects of Job Attitude
? Job Satisfaction
? Job Involvement
? Organizational Commitment
Three Types of General Attitudes
? Job-Lovers ? Job-Haters
? Job-Doers
Perception
? Perception is a process by which individuals organize
and interpret their sensory impressions in order to
give meaning to their environment.
? Perception can also be defined as ?a process by which
individuals organise and interpret their sensory
impressions in order to give meaning to their
environment?.
? Perception may be defined as ?a cognitive process by
which people attend to incoming stimuli, organise and
interpret such stimuli into behaviour?.
Factors Influencing Perception
? In The Perceiver
? In The Object Or Target Being Perceived
? In The Context Of The Situation In Which The
Perception Is Made.
Characteristics of the Perceiver
? Needs and Motives
? Self Concept
? Past Experience
? Current Psychological State
? Beliefs
? Expectations
? Cultural Upbringing
The Object Or Target Being Perceived
?Physical characteristics
?Persons, objects or events that are similar to each
other tend to be grouped together.
?Manner of communication
?The status or occupation of a person
Characteristics of the Situation
?The surrounding environment and the elements
present in it influence our perception.
?Location of a given event is also very important factor
in determining the behaviour.
Frequently Used Shortcuts in judging others
? Selective Perception
? Stereotype
? Halo Effect
? First-impression error
? Contrast Effect
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
considering the realities of life.
Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
takes into account what is possible in this world.
Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
wrong.
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they
usually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
Sensing (S)
Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
Perceiving (P)
ETSJ
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
The Big Five Personality Model
? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass most
of the significant variation in human personality.
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
reserved, timid, and quiet.
2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
The Big Five Personality Model
3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
4. Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension?often
labeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
5. Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimension
addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
and find comfort in the familiar.
Personality Attributes Influencing OB
? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,
capable, and in control of their environment.
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way of
achieving one?s goals and gaining and keeping control of others.
? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
to external situational factors.
? Risk Taking
? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
action.
? Other-orientation
Attitude
? Attitudes are individuals' general affective, cognitive and
intentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,
or social issues.
? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
unfavourable.
? They reflect how one feels about something.
? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressing
their attitude about work.
? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
of opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certain
kind of experience and readiness with an appropriate response?.
Components of Attitude
? Cognitive: This represents our thoughts, beliefs and ideas about
something. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'
? Affective: This component deals with feelings or emotions that
are brought to the surface about something, such as fear or hate.
Someone might have the attitude that they hate teenagers
because they are lazy or that they love all babies because they are
cute.
? Behavioural: This ccenters on individuals acting a certain way
towards something, such as 'we better keep those lazy teenagers
out of the library,' or 'I cannot wait to kiss that baby.'
Components of Attitude Attitude Formation
? 1.Direct Experience
? Classical Conditioning
? Operant Conditioning
? 2.Social Learning
? The Family
? Peer Groups
? Modelling
Classical Conditioning
? Unconditioned Stimulus - is one that unconditionally,
naturally, and automatically triggers a response.
? Unconditioned Response - is the unlearned response that
occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.
? Conditioned Stimulus - is a previously neutral stimulus
that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned
stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned
response.
? Conditioned Response is a behavior that does not come
naturally, but must be learned by the individual
Operant Conditioning
Major Aspects of Job Attitude
? Job Satisfaction
? Job Involvement
? Organizational Commitment
Three Types of General Attitudes
? Job-Lovers ? Job-Haters
? Job-Doers
Perception
? Perception is a process by which individuals organize
and interpret their sensory impressions in order to
give meaning to their environment.
? Perception can also be defined as ?a process by which
individuals organise and interpret their sensory
impressions in order to give meaning to their
environment?.
? Perception may be defined as ?a cognitive process by
which people attend to incoming stimuli, organise and
interpret such stimuli into behaviour?.
Factors Influencing Perception
? In The Perceiver
? In The Object Or Target Being Perceived
? In The Context Of The Situation In Which The
Perception Is Made.
Characteristics of the Perceiver
? Needs and Motives
? Self Concept
? Past Experience
? Current Psychological State
? Beliefs
? Expectations
? Cultural Upbringing
The Object Or Target Being Perceived
?Physical characteristics
?Persons, objects or events that are similar to each
other tend to be grouped together.
?Manner of communication
?The status or occupation of a person
Characteristics of the Situation
?The surrounding environment and the elements
present in it influence our perception.
?Location of a given event is also very important factor
in determining the behaviour.
Frequently Used Shortcuts in judging others
? Selective Perception
? Stereotype
? Halo Effect
? First-impression error
? Contrast Effect
Affect, Emotions, and Moods
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
considering the realities of life.
Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
takes into account what is possible in this world.
Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
wrong.
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they
usually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
Sensing (S)
Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
Perceiving (P)
ETSJ
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
The Big Five Personality Model
? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass most
of the significant variation in human personality.
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
reserved, timid, and quiet.
2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
The Big Five Personality Model
3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
4. Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension?often
labeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
5. Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimension
addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
and find comfort in the familiar.
Personality Attributes Influencing OB
? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,
capable, and in control of their environment.
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way of
achieving one?s goals and gaining and keeping control of others.
? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
to external situational factors.
? Risk Taking
? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
action.
? Other-orientation
Attitude
? Attitudes are individuals' general affective, cognitive and
intentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,
or social issues.
? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
unfavourable.
? They reflect how one feels about something.
? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressing
their attitude about work.
? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
of opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certain
kind of experience and readiness with an appropriate response?.
Components of Attitude
? Cognitive: This represents our thoughts, beliefs and ideas about
something. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'
? Affective: This component deals with feelings or emotions that
are brought to the surface about something, such as fear or hate.
Someone might have the attitude that they hate teenagers
because they are lazy or that they love all babies because they are
cute.
? Behavioural: This ccenters on individuals acting a certain way
towards something, such as 'we better keep those lazy teenagers
out of the library,' or 'I cannot wait to kiss that baby.'
Components of Attitude Attitude Formation
? 1.Direct Experience
? Classical Conditioning
? Operant Conditioning
? 2.Social Learning
? The Family
? Peer Groups
? Modelling
Classical Conditioning
? Unconditioned Stimulus - is one that unconditionally,
naturally, and automatically triggers a response.
? Unconditioned Response - is the unlearned response that
occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.
? Conditioned Stimulus - is a previously neutral stimulus
that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned
stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned
response.
? Conditioned Response is a behavior that does not come
naturally, but must be learned by the individual
Operant Conditioning
Major Aspects of Job Attitude
? Job Satisfaction
? Job Involvement
? Organizational Commitment
Three Types of General Attitudes
? Job-Lovers ? Job-Haters
? Job-Doers
Perception
? Perception is a process by which individuals organize
and interpret their sensory impressions in order to
give meaning to their environment.
? Perception can also be defined as ?a process by which
individuals organise and interpret their sensory
impressions in order to give meaning to their
environment?.
? Perception may be defined as ?a cognitive process by
which people attend to incoming stimuli, organise and
interpret such stimuli into behaviour?.
Factors Influencing Perception
? In The Perceiver
? In The Object Or Target Being Perceived
? In The Context Of The Situation In Which The
Perception Is Made.
Characteristics of the Perceiver
? Needs and Motives
? Self Concept
? Past Experience
? Current Psychological State
? Beliefs
? Expectations
? Cultural Upbringing
The Object Or Target Being Perceived
?Physical characteristics
?Persons, objects or events that are similar to each
other tend to be grouped together.
?Manner of communication
?The status or occupation of a person
Characteristics of the Situation
?The surrounding environment and the elements
present in it influence our perception.
?Location of a given event is also very important factor
in determining the behaviour.
Frequently Used Shortcuts in judging others
? Selective Perception
? Stereotype
? Halo Effect
? First-impression error
? Contrast Effect
Affect, Emotions, and Moods
The Structure of Mood
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
considering the realities of life.
Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
takes into account what is possible in this world.
Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
wrong.
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they
usually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
Sensing (S)
Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
Perceiving (P)
ETSJ
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
The Big Five Personality Model
? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass most
of the significant variation in human personality.
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
reserved, timid, and quiet.
2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
The Big Five Personality Model
3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
4. Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension?often
labeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
5. Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimension
addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
and find comfort in the familiar.
Personality Attributes Influencing OB
? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,
capable, and in control of their environment.
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way of
achieving one?s goals and gaining and keeping control of others.
? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
to external situational factors.
? Risk Taking
? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
action.
? Other-orientation
Attitude
? Attitudes are individuals' general affective, cognitive and
intentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,
or social issues.
? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
unfavourable.
? They reflect how one feels about something.
? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressing
their attitude about work.
? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
of opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certain
kind of experience and readiness with an appropriate response?.
Components of Attitude
? Cognitive: This represents our thoughts, beliefs and ideas about
something. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'
? Affective: This component deals with feelings or emotions that
are brought to the surface about something, such as fear or hate.
Someone might have the attitude that they hate teenagers
because they are lazy or that they love all babies because they are
cute.
? Behavioural: This ccenters on individuals acting a certain way
towards something, such as 'we better keep those lazy teenagers
out of the library,' or 'I cannot wait to kiss that baby.'
Components of Attitude Attitude Formation
? 1.Direct Experience
? Classical Conditioning
? Operant Conditioning
? 2.Social Learning
? The Family
? Peer Groups
? Modelling
Classical Conditioning
? Unconditioned Stimulus - is one that unconditionally,
naturally, and automatically triggers a response.
? Unconditioned Response - is the unlearned response that
occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.
? Conditioned Stimulus - is a previously neutral stimulus
that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned
stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned
response.
? Conditioned Response is a behavior that does not come
naturally, but must be learned by the individual
Operant Conditioning
Major Aspects of Job Attitude
? Job Satisfaction
? Job Involvement
? Organizational Commitment
Three Types of General Attitudes
? Job-Lovers ? Job-Haters
? Job-Doers
Perception
? Perception is a process by which individuals organize
and interpret their sensory impressions in order to
give meaning to their environment.
? Perception can also be defined as ?a process by which
individuals organise and interpret their sensory
impressions in order to give meaning to their
environment?.
? Perception may be defined as ?a cognitive process by
which people attend to incoming stimuli, organise and
interpret such stimuli into behaviour?.
Factors Influencing Perception
? In The Perceiver
? In The Object Or Target Being Perceived
? In The Context Of The Situation In Which The
Perception Is Made.
Characteristics of the Perceiver
? Needs and Motives
? Self Concept
? Past Experience
? Current Psychological State
? Beliefs
? Expectations
? Cultural Upbringing
The Object Or Target Being Perceived
?Physical characteristics
?Persons, objects or events that are similar to each
other tend to be grouped together.
?Manner of communication
?The status or occupation of a person
Characteristics of the Situation
?The surrounding environment and the elements
present in it influence our perception.
?Location of a given event is also very important factor
in determining the behaviour.
Frequently Used Shortcuts in judging others
? Selective Perception
? Stereotype
? Halo Effect
? First-impression error
? Contrast Effect
Affect, Emotions, and Moods
The Structure of Mood Emotional intelligence (EI)
A person?s ability to
(1) Perceive emotions in the self and others,
(2) Understand the meaning of these emotions, and
(3) Regulate one?s emotions accordingly in a cascading
model.
In simple words emotional intelligence (EI) can be
defined as the ability to detect and to manage emotional
cues and information.
FirstRanker.com - FirstRanker's Choice
MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
considering the realities of life.
Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
takes into account what is possible in this world.
Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
wrong.
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they
usually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
Sensing (S)
Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
Perceiving (P)
ETSJ
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
The Big Five Personality Model
? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass most
of the significant variation in human personality.
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
reserved, timid, and quiet.
2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
The Big Five Personality Model
3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
4. Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension?often
labeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
5. Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimension
addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
and find comfort in the familiar.
Personality Attributes Influencing OB
? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,
capable, and in control of their environment.
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way of
achieving one?s goals and gaining and keeping control of others.
? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
to external situational factors.
? Risk Taking
? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
action.
? Other-orientation
Attitude
? Attitudes are individuals' general affective, cognitive and
intentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,
or social issues.
? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
unfavourable.
? They reflect how one feels about something.
? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressing
their attitude about work.
? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
of opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certain
kind of experience and readiness with an appropriate response?.
Components of Attitude
? Cognitive: This represents our thoughts, beliefs and ideas about
something. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'
? Affective: This component deals with feelings or emotions that
are brought to the surface about something, such as fear or hate.
Someone might have the attitude that they hate teenagers
because they are lazy or that they love all babies because they are
cute.
? Behavioural: This ccenters on individuals acting a certain way
towards something, such as 'we better keep those lazy teenagers
out of the library,' or 'I cannot wait to kiss that baby.'
Components of Attitude Attitude Formation
? 1.Direct Experience
? Classical Conditioning
? Operant Conditioning
? 2.Social Learning
? The Family
? Peer Groups
? Modelling
Classical Conditioning
? Unconditioned Stimulus - is one that unconditionally,
naturally, and automatically triggers a response.
? Unconditioned Response - is the unlearned response that
occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.
? Conditioned Stimulus - is a previously neutral stimulus
that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned
stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned
response.
? Conditioned Response is a behavior that does not come
naturally, but must be learned by the individual
Operant Conditioning
Major Aspects of Job Attitude
? Job Satisfaction
? Job Involvement
? Organizational Commitment
Three Types of General Attitudes
? Job-Lovers ? Job-Haters
? Job-Doers
Perception
? Perception is a process by which individuals organize
and interpret their sensory impressions in order to
give meaning to their environment.
? Perception can also be defined as ?a process by which
individuals organise and interpret their sensory
impressions in order to give meaning to their
environment?.
? Perception may be defined as ?a cognitive process by
which people attend to incoming stimuli, organise and
interpret such stimuli into behaviour?.
Factors Influencing Perception
? In The Perceiver
? In The Object Or Target Being Perceived
? In The Context Of The Situation In Which The
Perception Is Made.
Characteristics of the Perceiver
? Needs and Motives
? Self Concept
? Past Experience
? Current Psychological State
? Beliefs
? Expectations
? Cultural Upbringing
The Object Or Target Being Perceived
?Physical characteristics
?Persons, objects or events that are similar to each
other tend to be grouped together.
?Manner of communication
?The status or occupation of a person
Characteristics of the Situation
?The surrounding environment and the elements
present in it influence our perception.
?Location of a given event is also very important factor
in determining the behaviour.
Frequently Used Shortcuts in judging others
? Selective Perception
? Stereotype
? Halo Effect
? First-impression error
? Contrast Effect
Affect, Emotions, and Moods
The Structure of Mood Emotional intelligence (EI)
A person?s ability to
(1) Perceive emotions in the self and others,
(2) Understand the meaning of these emotions, and
(3) Regulate one?s emotions accordingly in a cascading
model.
In simple words emotional intelligence (EI) can be
defined as the ability to detect and to manage emotional
cues and information.
A Cascading Model of Emotional Intelligence
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MODULE 5
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of Individual Behaviour
Foundations of individual behaviour. Ability: Intellectual
abilities, Physical ability, the role of disabilities.
Personality: Meaning, formation, determinants, traits of
personality, big five and MBTI, personality attributes
influencing OB. Attitude: Formation, components of
attitudes, relation between attitude and behaviour.
Perception: Process of perception, factors influencing
perception, link between perception and individual
decision-making.
What is Individual Behaviour?
Individual behavior means some concrete action by a
person. The behavior of an individual is influenced by
various factors, some of the factors lie within himself
like his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings etc.
While some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is part.
Components of Individual Behaviour Ability, Intellectual Ability, Physilcal Ability
? Ability - individual?s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job.
? Intellectual Ability - encompasses mental actives
such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
? Physical ability - Capacity to engage in physical
tasks required to perform a job - Strength,
flexibility, stamina, speed.
DISABILITY
Disability is viewed as a specialized medical condition requiring the
intervention of qualified medical professionals.
It is the responsibility of persons with disabilities to:
? Inform their employers of their needs;
? Cooperate in obtaining necessary information, including medical or
other expert opinions;
? Participate in discussions about solutions.
Employers are required to:
? Accept requests for accommodation in good faith;
? Obtain expert advice or opinion where necessary;
? Maintain the confidentiality of persons with disabilities;
? Deal with accommodation requests in a timely way
Personality
? According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is a dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment".
? According to Gluck - "Personality is a pattern of stable states
and characteristics of a person that influences his or her
behaviour toward goal achievement. Each person has unique
ways of protecting these states".
? In simple words personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
Major Determinants of Personality
1.Biological factors:
? Heredity
? Brain
? Physical Features
2. Family and Social Factors
? Home environment
? Family Members
? Social Group
3. Cultural Factors
Culture is sum total of learned behaviour traits which are manifested
and shared by the members of the society.
Culture is a unique system of perception, beliefs, values, and norms,
patterns of behaviour and code of conduct that influence the
behaviour of the individual.
4. Situational Factors
An individual personality is generally stable and consistent; it may
change in different situations. An individual life is unique in terms of
events and experience, but these experiences sometimes change the
structure of the entire personality of an individual.
Major Determinants of Personality
5. Other Factors
? Temperament- Degree to which one responds
emotionally.
? Interest
? Character- Reflection of honesty
? Motives - inner drivers of an individual. They represent
goal directed behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
Theories of Personality
? Psycho-analytical Theory
? Trait Theory
? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
? The Big Five Personality Model
Psycho-Analytical Theory - Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytical Theory Psycho-analytical Theory ID
? It is the unconscious part of the human personality.
? It is most primitive part and is the storehouse of biologically
based urges. Example- urges to have food, water etc.
? ID is original source of personality present in a newborn or
infant.
? The principal of working for ID is ?Pleasure?.
? Id tries to satisfy the urge as soon as possible without
considering the realities of life.
Ego
? Ego manages ID through the realities of the external
environment.
? As Ego is conscious and logical part of human
personality, ID is guided and governed by Ego. ID
demands immediate pleasure at whatever cost, Ego
controls it so that the pleasures are granted at
appropriate time and in acceptable manner.
? The principle of ego to work is ?Reality Principle?. It
takes into account what is possible in this world.
Super Ego
? It is higher level restraining force and can be
described as the conscience of the person.
? The conscience creates standards of what is right or
wrong.
? It represents the rules and the norms that check the
cultural, moral or ethical behavioral values of the
individual in the social environment.
? However, an individual is not aware of presence and
working of superego in oneself. It is developed slowly
in a person when he absorbs central values and follows
the standards of society.
Psycho-Analytical Theory Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? It is the most widely used personality assessment instrument.
? It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they
usually feel or act in particular situations.
? Extraverted (E) V/s Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are
outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy.
? Sensing (S) V/s Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and
prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on
unconscious processes and look at the ?big picture.?
? Thinking (T) V/s Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to
handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and
emotions.
? Judging (J) V/s Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and
prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types
are flexible and spontaneous.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extraverted (E) Introverted (I)
Sensing (S)
Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
Judging (J)
Perceiving (P)
ETSJ
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? These classifications together describe 16 personality types,
identifying every person by one trait from each of the four pairs.
? For example, Introverted/ Intuitive/Thinking/Judging people
(INTJs) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are
skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
? ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and
decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.
? The ENTP type is a conceptualizer, innovative, individualistic,
versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to
be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine
assignments.
The Big Five Personality Model
? Five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass most
of the significant variation in human personality.
1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our
comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be
gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
reserved, timid, and quiet.
2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an
individual?s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable
people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score
low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
The Big Five Personality Model
3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized,
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension
are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
4. Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension?often
labeled by its converse, neuroticism?taps a person?s ability to
withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be
calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores
tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
5. Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimension
addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty.
Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional
and find comfort in the familiar.
Personality Attributes Influencing OB
? Core Self-Evaluation - People who have positive core self-
evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective,
capable, and in control of their environment.
? Machiavelliaism - manipulation of others as a primary way of
achieving one?s goals and gaining and keeping control of others.
? Narcissism: a person who has a sense of self-importance, requires
excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.
? Self-Monitoring - individual's ability to adjust his or her behaviour
to external situational factors.
? Risk Taking
? Proactive Personality - Identify opportunities, show initiative, take
action.
? Other-orientation
Attitude
? Attitudes are individuals' general affective, cognitive and
intentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves,
or social issues.
? Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favourable or
unfavourable.
? They reflect how one feels about something.
? When an employee says, "I like my job" he or she is expressing
their attitude about work.
? Attitude is defined as ?a more or less stable set of predisposition
of opinion, interest or purpose involving expectancy of a certain
kind of experience and readiness with an appropriate response?.
Components of Attitude
? Cognitive: This represents our thoughts, beliefs and ideas about
something. Ex: 'all teenagers are lazy,' or 'all babies are cute.'
? Affective: This component deals with feelings or emotions that
are brought to the surface about something, such as fear or hate.
Someone might have the attitude that they hate teenagers
because they are lazy or that they love all babies because they are
cute.
? Behavioural: This ccenters on individuals acting a certain way
towards something, such as 'we better keep those lazy teenagers
out of the library,' or 'I cannot wait to kiss that baby.'
Components of Attitude Attitude Formation
? 1.Direct Experience
? Classical Conditioning
? Operant Conditioning
? 2.Social Learning
? The Family
? Peer Groups
? Modelling
Classical Conditioning
? Unconditioned Stimulus - is one that unconditionally,
naturally, and automatically triggers a response.
? Unconditioned Response - is the unlearned response that
occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.
? Conditioned Stimulus - is a previously neutral stimulus
that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned
stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned
response.
? Conditioned Response is a behavior that does not come
naturally, but must be learned by the individual
Operant Conditioning
Major Aspects of Job Attitude
? Job Satisfaction
? Job Involvement
? Organizational Commitment
Three Types of General Attitudes
? Job-Lovers ? Job-Haters
? Job-Doers
Perception
? Perception is a process by which individuals organize
and interpret their sensory impressions in order to
give meaning to their environment.
? Perception can also be defined as ?a process by which
individuals organise and interpret their sensory
impressions in order to give meaning to their
environment?.
? Perception may be defined as ?a cognitive process by
which people attend to incoming stimuli, organise and
interpret such stimuli into behaviour?.
Factors Influencing Perception
? In The Perceiver
? In The Object Or Target Being Perceived
? In The Context Of The Situation In Which The
Perception Is Made.
Characteristics of the Perceiver
? Needs and Motives
? Self Concept
? Past Experience
? Current Psychological State
? Beliefs
? Expectations
? Cultural Upbringing
The Object Or Target Being Perceived
?Physical characteristics
?Persons, objects or events that are similar to each
other tend to be grouped together.
?Manner of communication
?The status or occupation of a person
Characteristics of the Situation
?The surrounding environment and the elements
present in it influence our perception.
?Location of a given event is also very important factor
in determining the behaviour.
Frequently Used Shortcuts in judging others
? Selective Perception
? Stereotype
? Halo Effect
? First-impression error
? Contrast Effect
Affect, Emotions, and Moods
The Structure of Mood Emotional intelligence (EI)
A person?s ability to
(1) Perceive emotions in the self and others,
(2) Understand the meaning of these emotions, and
(3) Regulate one?s emotions accordingly in a cascading
model.
In simple words emotional intelligence (EI) can be
defined as the ability to detect and to manage emotional
cues and information.
A Cascading Model of Emotional Intelligence Emotional Intelligence
Emotional Intelligence is composed of five dimensions:
Self-awareness: The ability to be aware of what you're
feeling.
Self-management: The ability to manage one's own
emotions and impulses.
Self-motivation: The ability to persist in the face of
setbacks and failures.
Empathy: The ability to sense how others are feeling.
Social skills: The ability to handle the emotions of
others.
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This post was last modified on 18 February 2020