Download MBBS Anatomy PPT 14 Joints Notes

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Cartilage

In Developing Embryo

More prevalent than in adult

Skeleton initially mostly
cartilage

Bone replaces cartilage in fetal
and childhood periods.

Cartilage is
connective
tissue.

Types of cartilage

1.

Hyaline cartilage

2.

Elastic cartilage

3.

Fibrocartilage

Bones

?Support

?Movement: muscles attach by tendons and

use bones as levers to move body

?Protection

?Mineral storage

?Blood cell formation and energy storage

?Bone marrow: red makes blood, yellow stores fat


Classification of bones by shape

?Long bones

?Short bones

?Flat bones

?Irregular bones

?Pneumatic bones

?Sesamoid bones

(Short bones include sesmoid bones)

%

Gross anatomy of bones

JOINTS

synonyms:

articulations,

junctions

A site where two or more bones come
together, whether or not movement
occurs between them, is called a joint.
JOINTS ARE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO
Range and type of movement they permit.

Immovable joints (SYNARTHROSIS)

Slightly movable joints (AMPHIARTHROSIS)

Movable joints (DIARTHROSIS)

Anatomical structure

Fibrous joints,
Cartilaginous joints,
Synovial joints.

Functions:

? Permit movement

? Growth

? Molding during childbirth

? Concerned with differential growth

? Transmission of forces

Structural Classification

a) Fibrous e.g. i) Sutures,

ii) Syndesmosis

iii) Gomphosis

b) Cartilaginous e.g. i) Primary Cartilaginous

ii) Secondary cartilaginous

c) Synovial e.g. i) Uniaxial: Hinge, Pivot

ii) Biaxial: Condylar, Ellipsoid

iii) Multiaxial: Ball & Socket, Saddle

Movements

Flexion
Extension
Adduction
Abduction
Circumduction
Rotation






SYNARTHROSES / FIBROUS JOINTS

Bones connected by fibrous tissue: dense

regular connective tissue

No joint cavity
Slightly movable or immovable
BONE-- fibrous connective tissue--BONE

SUTURES

SCHINDYLESIS

SYNDESMOSIS

GOMPHOSIS




SUTURES
bone--collagenous sutural ligament--bone

-Present only between bones of skull.
-Fibrous tissue is
continuous with
periosteum
-Sutures ossify and
fuse in middle age:
Called "synostoses"

TYPES OF SUTURES

PLANE SUTURE

?Simple apposition of contiguous surfaces,

? usually rough and

reciprocally irregular,

Examples
? sutures between the

palatine bones,

? between the maxillae and

at the palatomaxillary sutures.

Denticulate Suture

Has small tooth like projections,

often widening towards their
ends to provide effective
interlocking.

When united by sutural

ligament and periosteum, such
sutures are almost completely
immobile

The lambdoid suture is a

denticulate suture.

SERRATED SUTURE

The sagittal suture is serrated.






Squamous suture

Where bones overlap,

as at the temporo-
parietal suture, a
squamous suture is
formed; the adjacent
bone surfaces are
reciprocally bevelled.

Schindylesis

Between Ala of

Vomer and

Rostrum of Sphenoid

Syndesmoses

In Greek: "ligament"

Bones connected by

ligaments only

Amount of movement

depends on length of
the fibers: longer than
in sutures

Gomphoses

Is a "peg-in-socket"

Only example is tooth

with its socket

Ligament is a short

periodontal ligament


Cartilagenous joints

Articulating bones united by cartilage
Lack a joint cavity
Not highly movable
Two types

Synchondroses (singular:

synchondrosis)

Symphyses (singular: symphysis)

Synchondroses

Primary Cartilaginous Joints

Literally: "junction of cartilage"
A plate or bar of Hyaline cartilage unites the

bones

Immovable (synarthroses)
Examples:

Epiphyseal plates between epiphysis and

diaphysis of growing bone.

Joint between first rib's costal cartilage and

manubrium of the sternum

Synchondrosis

Symphysis

Symphyses

Secondary Cartilaginous Joints

Literally "growing together"
Fibrocartilage unites the bones

Slightly movable (amphiarthroses)
Resilient shock absorber
Provide strength and flexibility

Hyaline cartilage on articular surfaces of bones

to reduce friction

Examples

Intervertebral discs
Pubic symphysis of the pelvis


Symphysis

Intervertebral Disc

Pubic Symphysis

The lambdoid suture is an example of a(n)

A. Diarthrosis

B. Amphiarthrosis

C. Synarthrosis

D. Synarthrosis and fibrous

The lambdoid suture is an example of a(n)

A. Diarthrosis

B. Amphiarthrosis

C. Synarthrosis

D. Synarthrosis and fibrous

Which of the following is an example of a
synchondrosis?

A. First sternocostal articulation

B. Humeroscapular articulation

C. Symphysis pubis

D. Tibiofibular articulation
Which of the following is an example of a
synchondrosis?

A. First sternocostal articulation

B. Humeroscapular articulation

C. Symphysis pubis

D. Tibiofibular articulation

The procedure arthroscopy refers to:

A. Examining interior of joint

B. Reducing inflammation of a bursa

C. Re-establishing blood supply of muscles

D. Repair of bone fractures

The procedure arthroscopy refers to:

A. Examining interior of joint

B. Reducing inflammation of a bursa

C. Re-establishing blood supply of muscles

D. Repair of bone fractures

Which of the following joints are held
together by cartilage?

A. Diarthrosis

B. Gomphosis

C. Symphysis

D. Synovial
Which of the following joints are held
together by cartilage?

A. Diarthrosis

B. Gomphosis

C. Symphysis

D. Synovial

The radioulnar joint is an example of a

A. Hinge

B. Pivot

C. Planar

D. Synarthroses

The radioulnar joint is an example of a

A. Hinge

B. Pivot

C. Planar

D. Synarthroses


Synovial joints

DIARTHROSES

?Structure: bone--articular cartilage--

synovial fluid in cavity ? articular cartilage--
bone

?Bond : surrounding sleeve of collagenous

fibrous capsule lined by synovial membrane;
extrinsic and intrinsic ligaments. Occasional
intracapsular ligaments, tendons, fat pads,
fibrocartilaginous discs or menisci.

Synovial Joint

SHOULDER JOINT

ARTICULAR

CARTILAGE

*

*

*

*

*

JOINT
CAVITY

SYNOVIAL
MEMBRANE

*

ARTICULAR

CAPSULE

SYNOVIAL JOINT

KNEE JOINT

ARTICULAR

SYNOVIAL

CARTILAGE

MEMBRANE

PAD OF FAT

CAPSULE

MENISCUS

JOINT CAVITY

General Structure of Synovial Joints

1. Articular cartilage

Hyaline

Spongy cushions absorb

compression

Protects ends of bones

from being crushed

2. Joint (synovial) cavity

Potential space

Small amount of

synovial fluid




3. Articular (joint) capsule

Two layered
Outer*: fibrous capsule of

dense irregular connective
tissue continuous with
periosteum.

Inner*: synovial membrane

of loose connective tissue

(makes synovial fluid)

Lines all internal joint surfaces

except the cartilages*

4. Synovial fluid

Filtrate of blood
Contains special

glycoproteins

Nourishes cartilage and

functions as slippery
lubricant

5. Reinforcing ligaments

Capsular (most) ?

thickened parts of capsule

Extracapsular
Intracapsular

6. Nerves

Detect pain
Monitor stretch (one of the

ways of sensing posture
and body movements)

7. Blood vessels

Rich blood supply
Extensive capillary beds in

synovial membrane
(produce the blood filtrate)

Articular disc or

meniscus
(literally "crescent")

Only some joints
Those with bone
ends of different
shapes or fitting poorly
Some to allow two kinds of movement (e.g. jaw)
Fibrocartilage
Examples: knee

TMJ (Temporomandibular joint)

sternoclavicular joint


?Fatty pads are found in

some synovial joints lying
between the synovial
membrane and the
fibrous capsule or bone.

?Examples are found in

the hip and knee joints.

Bursae and tendon sheaths

Contain synovial fluid
Not joints but often associated with them
Act like ball bearings
Bursa means "purse" in Latin

Flattened sac lined by synovial membrane
Where ligaments, muscles, tendons, or bones overlie each other and rub

together

Tendon sheath

Only on tendons subjected to friction

Bursae and tendon sheaths

UNI-AXIAL

Hinge Joint , Pivot Joint, Condylar

Joint

BI-AXIAL

Condylar Joint, Ellipsoid Joint,

Saddle Joint

MULTI-AXIAL Ball and Socket

NON-AXIAL

Plane Joint


Plane joints:

?In plane joints, the apposed articular surfaces

are flat or almost flat, and this permits the
bones to slide on one another.

?Examples of these joints are the sternoclavicular

and acromioclavicular joints

Hinge joints:

?Hinge joints resemble the hinge on a door,

so that flexion and extension movements are
possible.
Examples of these joints are the elbow, knee, and
ankle joints

Pivot joints:

?In pivot joints, a central

bony pivot is
surrounded by a bony-
ligamentous ring and
rotation is the only
movement possible.

? E.g atlantoaxial and

superior radioulnar
joints

Condylar joints

?Condyloid joints have

two distinct convex

surfaces that

articulate with two concave surfaces.

?The movements of flexion, extension, with a

small amount of rotation.

?E.g. knee joint , temporo-mandibular joint


Ellipsoid joints

?In ellipsoid joints, an
elliptical convex
articular surface fits
into an elliptical
concave articular
surface. The movements of flexion, extension,
abduction, adduction and circumduction can
take place, but rotation is impossible.

?E.g. wrist joint, metacarpophalangeal joint

Saddle joints:

?The articular surfaces are

reciprocally concavoconvex

and resemble a saddle on a

horse's back.

?These joints permit flexion, extension,

abduction, adduction, and rotation.

?E.g. carpometacarpal joint of the thumb,

sternoclavicular joint

Ball and socket joints:

?In ball-and-socket joints,

a ball-shaped head of
one bone fits into a socket
like concavity of another.

?This arrangement permits free movements,

including flexion, extension, abduction,
adduction, medial rotation, lateral rotation, and
circumduction.

? E.g. shoulder and hip joints

Stability of Joints

The stability of a joint depends on three main

factors:

?the shape,

?size,

?arrangement of the articular surfaces;

?the ligaments;

?and the tone of the muscles around the joint.


MECHANISM OF LUBRICATION OF SYNOVIAL
JOINT

?Synovial fluid

?Hyaline cartilage

?Harvesian fatty pads

?Bursa

Nerve Supply of Joints

?The capsule and ligaments receive an

abundant sensory nerve supply.

?A sensory nerve supplying a joint also

supplies the muscles moving the joint and
the skin overlying the insertions of these
muscles, a fact that has been codified as
Hilton's law.

PLANE
SYNOVIAL

JOINT

PLANE SYNOVIAL JOINT




FIRST CERVICAL

VERTEBRA

PIVOT

DENS OF SECOND

CERVICAL

VERTEBRA

PIVOT

JOINT

HINGE JOINT

HINGE JOINT




ELBOW
JOINT

BIAXIAL

CONDYLAR JOINT

ELLIPSOID JOINT

MULTIAXIAL JOINT

SHOULDER

JOINT


HIP JOINT

SADDLE JOINT

BALL & SOCKET

JOINT

SADDLE JOINT

Classification of Synovial Joints

(According to the number of bones)

?SIMPLE JOINT Interphalangeal joint

?COMPOUND JOINT elbow ,wrist

?COMPLEX JOINT temporomandibular

joint

This post was last modified on 05 April 2022