Enumerate Macro Nutrients
Essential Food Nutrients
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CarbohydratesProteins
Lipids
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Body Constituents And Functional Biomolecules
Identify A Food Nutrient
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Richly AssociatedTo Fol owing Food Items
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Ghee
Butter
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Oil
Curds
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CheeseMilk
Chicken
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FishEggs
Any Guesses Of Todays Topic?
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LIPIDS
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CHEMISTRY AND FUNCTIONS
SYNOPSIS/CONTENTS
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? WHAT ARE LIPIDS?? DEFINITION OF LIPIDS
? CLASSIFICATION OF LIPIDS
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? STUDY Of BIOMEDICALLY IMPORTANT LIPIDS wrt:
? STRUCTURE
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? DISTRIBUTION? FUNCTIONS
? PROPERTIES
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? RELATED DISORDERS
INTRODUCTION
WHAT ARE LIPIDS?
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Pattern To Study Biomolecules
? Name of Biomolecule
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? Class and Subclass? Structural Features
? Sources
? Distribution in Body
? Functional aspects
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? Interrelationships? Derangements and Associated Disorders
Look At Structural Forms Of Lipids
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Depicts Its Features? Lipids are :
? Organic Biomolecules
? Occurs in Plants and Animals
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? Food Constituents/Nutrients? Chemical y Esters - has Ester Bonds(-COO)
? Heterogeneous
? Hydrophobic
? Secondary Source of Energy
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? Structural Components of Biomembranes? Signaling and Nerve Impulse Transduction
Names Of Various Lipids
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Associated To Human BodyBiomedical y Important Lipids
1. Fatty Acids (FAs)
2. Triacylglycerol (TAG)
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3. Phospholipids (PL)4. Lipoproteins (LP)
5. Glycolipids
6. Cholesterol (Free)
7. Cholesterol-Ester (Esterified)
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Important Features Of Lipids
Heterogeneous Nature Of Lipids
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Heterogeneity Of Lipids
L
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Alter LipidsI
P
I
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Structure
D
S
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Functions
Solubility Of Lipids
Solubility Of Lipids
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Lipids are relatively Insoluble in
Water/Polar Solvent
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Since they have Uncharged/ Nonpolar and Hydrophobic groups in
their structures
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Lipids are soluble in Fat Solvents
?Lipids are readily soluble in
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?Non polar Organic solvents /Fat Solvents
?Acetone
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?Alcohol (Hot)
?Benzene
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?Chloroform?Ether
Size And Density Of Lipids
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? Lipids are biomolecules relatively :
?Smal er in size
?Less dense
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?(Buoyancy- Float in Water)Complex Lipid structures
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are not Bio-Polymers? Unlike Complex
Carbohydrates
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and Proteins
? Lipid structure
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contains norepeatedly linked
Monomeric units
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Chemical Nature Of Lipids
Chemical y
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? Most Lipids are Esters of
Lipids are Esters
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Fatty acids(-COOH) withAlcohol (-OH)
? Lipids are relatively or
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potential y associated with
Fatty acids.
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DEFINITION OF LIPIDSBloor's Definition Of Lipids
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? Lipids are Organic, Heterogeneous HydrophobicBiomolecules
? Relatively insoluble in water and soluble in organic
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solvents.
? Chemical y Esters of Fatty acids with Alcohol.
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? Utilized by body to produce energy ( ATP)Sources Of Lipids To Human Body
? Exogenous Sources
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? Endogenous Sources
? Ingestion Dietary
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? Biosynthesis In Liver? Intestine
Occurrence /Distribution
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Of Lipids In Human Body
? Bio Membranes
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? Depot Fat? Nervous System ?
Brain
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? Subcutaneous Layer
of Skin
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? Padding of InternalSoft Organs
Biological Functions Of Lipids
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Calorific, Membrane Structural, Signaling
S.No Lipid Form
Biochemical Role
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1
Triacylglycerol Predominant Lipid form of Diet
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Calorific ValueReservoir of Energy for long term
Insulator and Mechanical Shock
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absorber
2
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Fatty acidsFAs Stored as TAG
Oxidize to generate ATP
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Components of Phospholipids &
Glycolipids
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3Phospholipids Components of Biomembranes
Lung Surfactant
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Clotting Mechanism
S.No Lipid Form
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Biochemical Role4
Glycolipids
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Components of Biomembranes
Neurons, Myelin Sheaths
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5Cholesterol
Components of Biomembranes
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Nerve Impulse conduction
Precursors of Steroids
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6Cholesterol
Transport ,Storage and excretory form
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Ester
of Cholesterol
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7Lipoproteins
Vehicles for transportation of various
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forms of Lipids through aqueous phase
of blood and lymph
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?Lipids of dietary and
Calorific value
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?Triacylglycerol?Fatty acids
Structural Role Of Lipids
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Lipids Associated To Biomembranes1. Phospholipid bilayer
2. Glycosphingolipids
3. Cholesterol
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LipidsSuperior Than
Carbohydrates
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Lipids are Superior Than Carbohydrates
? Lipids have Higher Calorific value (9Kcal/gm)
? High storage content , can be stored in unlimited
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amount.
? They provide energy source for longer duration.
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(During Marathon Races)? Thus Lipids serve as major
reservoir of energy for long
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term use in human beings.Classification Of Lipids
With Examples of Biomedical y Important
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Lipids
Lipids are Classified
Into
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Three Main Classes
? Three Main Classes of Lipids are:
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i. Simple Lipidsi . Compound /Complex Lipids
i i. Derived Lipids
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1. Simple Lipids/Neutral Lipids? Chemical y Simple Lipids are:
? Esters of Fatty acids with an
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Alcohol
Sub Classes Of Simple Lipids
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Based On Alcohol? Depending upon the type of Alcohol :
? Simple Lipids are of two sub types:
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? Fats/Oils - Triacylglycerol(Alcohol is Glycerol)
? Waxes
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(Alcohol- Cholesterol/ Retinol)
Chemical name of Fat /Oil
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ISTriacylglycerol (TAG)
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TAG- Simple Lipid /Neutral Lipid/ FATS or OILSUncharged
? Fats/Oils/TAG
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? Esters of Fatty acids
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with Glycerol(Trihydric Alcohol)
? Three Fatty acids
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linked to a Glycerol
by ester bonds.
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? Waxes :
? Waxes are Simple Lipids
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? Waxes are chemical y Esters of Fatty acidswith higher complex, monohydric ,Alcohols,
other than Glycerol.
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Examples Of Human Body Waxes :
? Cholesterol Ester
(Cholesteryl Palmitate)
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? Retinol Ester
(Retinyl Palmitate)
Compound/Complex Lipids
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? Compound Lipids is a class of Lipids? Chemical y composed of Fatty acids
Alcohol and an Additional group.
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Depending upon the
Type of Additional group
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Types of Compound Lipids are:Three Main Compound Lipids
1. Phospholipids
2. Glycolipids
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3. LipoproteinsS. Type of
Additional group
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No Compound Present
Lipids
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1Phospholipids Phosphoric acid and
Nitrogen Base
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2
Glycolipids
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Carbohydrate moieties3
Lipoproteins Apoproteins
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Types Of PhospholipidsBased On Alcohol
?Glycerophospholipds
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(Contains ?Glycerol)?Sphingophospholipids
(Contains ?Sphingol)
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Types Of Glycolipids/Glycosphingolipids?Cerebrosides
?Gangliosides
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?Globosides
?Sulfatides
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?Al Has Alcohol Sphingol/SphingosineLipoproteins
Aggregation of Lipids and Apoproteins
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? Chylomicrons? Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL)
? Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL)
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? High Density Lipoprotein (HDL)
Derived Lipids
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? Derived Lipids are Hydrolytic products of Simple orCompound Lipids OR their derivatives.
OR
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? Hydrolytic products released from Simple and
Compound Lipids ,who has potency to form them.
Examples of Derived Lipids:
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Hydrolytic Products of Simple and Compound Lipids
vFatty Acids
vAlcohols:
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?Glycerol
?Sphingol
?Cholesterol
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Other Examples Of Derived Lipids? Lipid like compounds
? Derived from Fatty acids and Sterol/Cholesterol:
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? Eicosanoids (Prostaglandins , Leukotrienes,Thromboxanes)
? Steroidal Hormones: Derived from Cholesterol
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? Fat Soluble Vitamins (A,D,E and K)? Ketone Bodies (Partial Oxidized Products of Fatty
acids)
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Bloor's Classification Of Lipids
? Four Classes of Lipids By Bloor
A. Simple Lipids
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B. Complex/Compound LipidsC. Derived Lipids
D. Miscel aneous Lipids
D.Miscellaneous Lipids
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Substances with Lipid characters
? Carotenoids: b-Carotenoid
? Squalene :
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? Vitamin E and K? Eicosanoids
Types of Lipids
Depending Upon Polarity
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? Neutral Lipids: (Non Polar Lipids)
(Contain No polar Groups/Charged groups)
?Triacylglycerol
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?Cholesterol Ester (Cholesterol Palmitate)? Amphipathic/Amphiphil ic Lipids:
(Contain both Polar and Non polar Groups)
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?Phospholipids?Cholesterol
Types of Lipids
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Depending Upon Functions
Types Of Lipids
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Based On Alcohol
Types Of Lipids
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Based Upon the
Main Components
Types of Lipids
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Depending On
Saponification Property
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Saponifiable Lipids Undergo AlkalineHydrolysis
? A saponifiable lipid is one who undergo Saponification
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reaction.
? Saponification is especially an Alkaline hydrolysis of
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Ester bond of Fat or an Oil to form Soap.? In saponification an Ester functional group get
hydrolyzed in presence of Alkaline conditions (NaOH)
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producing a free alcohol and fatty acid salt (Soap)
Lipid Based On Saponification
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Lipids
Nonsaponifiable
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SaponifiableSteroids
Prostaglandins
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Simple
Complex
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SphingolipidsPhosphoglycerides
Waxes
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Triglycerides
Study Of Various Classes Of Lipids
Study Of Derived Lipids
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Study Of Fatty Acids
FATTY ACIDS( FAs)
Class- Derived Lipids
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BASIC COMPONENT
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OF LIPID FORMSWhat are Fatty Acids?
Fatty Acids Are Derived Lipids
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? Fatty acids are of Class Derived Lipids:?Since Fatty acids are Hydrolytic
products of Simple and Compound
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Lipids.
Fatty Acids (FA)
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? Fatty Acids (FA) are relatively orpotential y related to various Lipid
structures.
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?Simple Lipids
?Compound Lipids
?Derivatives of Lipids
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Structure And Chemical Nature
Of Fatty Acids
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Chemical Structure Of Fatty AcidsFatty acid Structures Has
Varied Hydrocarbon Chains
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? The Hydrocarbon chain ofeach Fatty acid is of varying
chain length (C2 - C26).
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Human Body Fatty Acid From C2-C26
S.No Fatty Acid Name Fatty Acid Structure has
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Carbon atoms1
Acetic Acid
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C2
2
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Propionic AcidC3
3
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Butyric Acid
C4
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4Valeric Acid
C5
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5
Palmitic
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C166
Stearic
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C18
7
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OleicC18
S.No
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Fatty Acid NameFatty Acid Structure
8
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Linoleic Acid
C18
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9Arachidic Acid
C20
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10
Arachidonic Acid
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C2011
Behenic acid
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C22
12
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Lignoceric acidC24
13
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Cerotic acid
C26
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? Fatty acid structure have twoends:
? Carboxylic group(-COOH) at one end (Delta end
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denoted as /Alpha end )
? Methyl group (-CH3) at another end (Omega
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end denoted as )Carboxylic Acid Functional Group Of
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Fatty AcidDefinition of Fatty acids
Fatty Acids are Defined as:
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? Fatty acids are chemical y Organic acids? With Aliphatic Hydrocarbon chain (of varying
length C2 to C26) with Mono terminal
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Carboxylic acid group as functional group.
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Different Forms OfFatty acids In Body
Free Fatty acid /Unesterified Fatty acid
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? Fatty acid who has free Carboxylic group? Fatty acid not reacted and linked to an
Alcohol by an Ester bond.
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Esterified Fatty acid/Bound form of Fatty Acid
?Fatty acid has no free Carboxylic
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group?Fatty acid is linked to an Alcohol
with an Ester bond.
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Classification of Fatty acidsBiomedical y Important Fatty Acids
Based On Six Different Modes:
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? Classification of FAs Based on Six Modes:
1. Total number of Carbon atoms in a Fatty acid structure
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2. Hydrocarbon chain length of Fatty acid3. Bonds present in Fatty acid
4. Nutritional requirement of Fatty acid
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5. Chemical Nature and Structure of Fatty acids
6. Geometric Isomerism of UFAs
Fatty acids Based on
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Total Number of Carbon atoms
?Even numbered Carbon Atom Fatty
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acids (2,4,6,8,16,18,20 etc)?Odd numbered Carbon Atom Fatty
acids (3,5,7,---)
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? Most natural y occurring /human body Fattyacids are even carbon numbered FAs.
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? Since biosynthesis of Fatty acids uses 2Carbon units Acetyl-CoA (C2).
? Examples of Even Carbon Numbered
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Fatty acids:
? Butyric Acid (C4)
? Palmitic Acid (C16)
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? Stearic Acid (C18)? Oleic Acid (C18) (Most Common)
? Linoleic acid (C18)
? Linolenic Acid (C18)
? Arachidic acid (C20)
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? Arachidonic acid (C20)? Odd Carbon numbered Fatty acids are less related to
human body
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? Example of Odd carbon Fatty acid associated tohuman body
?Propionic Acid ( 3C)
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Fatty acids Based on
Nature and Number of Bonds present
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? Saturated Fatty acids(SFAs)
? Fatty acids having single bonds in hydrocarbon
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chain structure.
? Examples:
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? Acetic acid (C2)? Butyric acid (C4)
? Palmitic acid (C16)
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? Stearic acid (C18)
? Arachidic acid(C20)
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? Unsaturated Fatty acids (UFAs)? Fatty acids having double bonds in its structure.
? Types of UFAs:
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? Monounsaturated Fatty acids (MUFAs)
? Polyunsaturated Fatty acids (PUFAs)
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? Human body have no Enzyme system to introduce
double bond beyond Carbon atom 10 in the
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hydrocarbon chain.? Hence PUFAs are not biosynthesized
in human beings.
? Monounsaturated Fatty Acids(MUFAs):
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? MUFAs have one double bond in a fatty acid structure
? Examples of MUFAs :
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? Palmitoleic acid (C16:1;9) (7)? Oleic acid (C18:1;9)(9)
? Erucic acid (C22:1;9)(9)
? Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs):
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? UFAs with two or more double bonds in
the structure are termed as PUFAs.
? Examples Of PUFAS:
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? Linoleic(18:2;9,12) (6)
? Linolenic(18:3;9,12,15) (3)
? Arachidonic(20:4;5,8,11,14) (6)
? Timnodonic (20:5;5,8,11,14,17) (3)
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? Cervonic/Docosa Hexaenoicacid(DHA)(22:6;4,7,10,13,16,19) (3)
? Remember Unsaturated Fatty acids
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? Double bonds are:? Weaker /unstable bonds.
? Get easily cleavable/metabolized
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?More the degree of Unsaturation in Fatty
acids.
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?More is the unstability of Fatty acids.? Saturated Fatty acids structures are
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Straight.? Unsaturated Fatty acids structures are
bent (Kink).
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? Saturated FAs: with straight structures aretightly packed together.
? Unsaturated FAs: with bent structures are
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not compact and has no tight packing.
? More the degree of unsaturation in
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FA/More double bonds in FAstructure
? More is the bent of Fatty acid
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structure.
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Fatty acids Based on the NutritionalRequirement
Nutritionally Essential Fatty
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acids?Nutritional y Essential Fatty acids:
?Fatty acids not biosynthesized in
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human body and indispensable
through nutrition/diet are termed as
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Essential Fatty acids.?PUFAS are nutritional y essential
Fatty acids.
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Examples of Essential Fatty Acids/PUFAs:?Linoleic
?Linolenic
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?Arachidonic acids
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?Timnodonic and?Cervonic
Nutritional y Non Essential Fatty acids
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? Nutritional y Non essential Fatty acids:? Fatty acids which are biosynthesized in the body
and are nutritional y non essential Fatty acids.
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? Saturated Fatty acids and MUFAs are non essential
Fatty acids.
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Examples Of Non Essential Fatty Acids? Palmitic
? Stearic
? Oleic acid
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Based on Geometric Isomerism ofUnsaturated Fatty acids
? Cis Fatty Acids:
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The Groups around double bond of Unsaturated FAs
are on same side.
? Examples:
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? Cis Oleic acid (rich in Olive oil)
? Palmitoleic acid
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? Trans Fatty Acids :? The groups around double bond of UFAs are on
opposite side
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? Example :
? Elaidic acid /Trans Oleic acid (Hydrogenated
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Fats )Types Of Fatty acids Based on
Hydrocarbon chain length
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? Short Chain Fatty acids (2-6 Hydrocarbon Chain length)? Examples:
? Acetic acid (C2)
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? Propionic acid (C3)? Butyric acid (C4)
? Valeric acid (C5)
? Caproic acid (C6)
? Medium Chain Fatty acids (8-14 Carbon length)
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? Examples:? Caprylic acid (C8)
? Capric acid (C10)
? Lauric acid (C12)
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? Myristic acid (C14)? Long Chain Fatty acids ( 16-20 Carbon length)
? Examples:
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? Palmitic acid (C16)? Palmitoleic acid (C16)
? Stearic acid (C18 )
? Oleic acid (C18)
? Linoleic acid (C18)
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? Linolenic acid (C18)? Arichidic acid (C20)
? Arachidonic acid /ETA(C20)
? Timnodonic acid/EPA (C20)
? Very Long Chain Fatty Acids (C22 onwards )
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? Examples:
? Behenic acid/Docosanoic (C22)
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? Erucic acid/Docosa 13 Enoic (C22)? Clupanodonic/Docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) (C22)
? Cervonic acid/DocosaHexaenoic (DHA) (C22)
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? Lignoceric acid /Tetracosanoic (C24)
? Nervonic /Tetracosaenoic (C24)
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? Cerotic acid/Hexacosanoic (C26)Fatty acids Based on
Chemical Nature and Structure
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?Aliphatic Fatty acids:
Straight Hydrocarbon chain
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? Examples:
?Palmitic acid (C16)
?Stearic acid (C18)
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? Branched Chain Fatty acids:
? Possess Branched chains
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? Examples:?Isovaleric (C5)
?Phytanic acid (Butter , dairy products)
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? Cyclic Fatty acids :
? Contains Ring structure
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? Examples:
? Chaulmoogric acid
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(Used for Leprosy treatment in olden days)? Hydnocarpic acid
? Hydroxy Fatty acids:
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? Contain Hydroxyl Groups
? Examples:
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? Cerebronic acid (C24)/2-HydroxyTetracosanoic acid
? Ricinoleic acid(C18) (Castor oil)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Naming And NumberingOf Fatty Acids
? Every Fatty acids has a:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Common Name
? Systematic Name
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Most of the Fatty acids are known by theircommon names.(Since easy to use)
? Systematic names of Fatty acids are limited
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
in use. (Since not easy to use)
Remember
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Long chain Fatty acids arealso termed as Acyl chains.
vThe systematic names of Saturated Fatty
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
acids are named by adding suffix `anoic'.v Example : Palmitic acid- C16/ Hexadecanoic
acid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? The systematic names of Unsaturated Fatty
acids are named by suffix `enoic'.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Example: Oleic acid- C18/ Octadecaenoicacid
S.N Common Name Systematic Name
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1Palmitic Acid
Hexadecanoic Acid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2
Stearic Acid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Octadecanoic Acid3
Oleic acid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Octadecaenoic acid
4
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Linoleic AcidOctadecadienoic acid
5
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Linolenic Acid
Octadecatrienoic acid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
6Arachidonic acid Eicosatetraenoic acid
Numbering Of Fatty Acids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Numbering of Carbon atoms ofFatty acids is done from :
?Both ends of Fatty acids-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? end/ end
? end
Numbering Of Fatty acid From
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Carboxyl/ end ( end)
? From Carboxyl Group end( end ) :
? Carboxylic acid group of Fatty acid is
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
numbered as C1
? C2 is next adjacent Carbon atom ,
? C3 and so onn..........
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Carbon atom is next to the functional
group ?COOH of a Fatty acid.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Next to Carbon is , , , and so onn.
? Carbon atoms from Methyl(?CH3)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
group /non polar end() of a fattyacid are numbered as 1,2,3
and so onn.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Nomenclature Of Fattyacids
? FA Nomenclature is Based On
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Chain length/Total Number of Carbon atoms in a FA.
? Count Number of Carbon atoms in FA
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Number and Position of Double bonds? Position of double bond from Carboxyl/Delta end
? Position of double bond from Methyl/Omega
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Short Hand Representationsof Fatty acids
? Short Hand Representations
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
of Fatty acids:
?Palmitic Acid (16:0)
?Palmitoleic acid (16:1;9)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?\? First digit stands for total number of carbon atoms
in the fatty acid.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Second digit designates number of double bonds.
? Third digit onwards indicates the position of
double bonds.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fatty-acid Nomenclature
? Named according to chain length
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? C18
Fatty-acid Nomenclature
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Named according to the number ofdouble bonds
? C18:0
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Common name:
Stearic acid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fatty-acid Nomenclature
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Named according to the number ofdouble bonds
? C18:1
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Common name:
Oleic acid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fatty-acid Nomenclature? Named according to the number of
double bonds
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? C18:2
Common name:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Linoleic acidFatty-acid Nomenclature
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Named according to the number ofdouble bonds
? C18:3
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Common name:
Linolenic acid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Omega System Nomenclature? Named according to the
location of the first double bond from the non-carboxyl Methyl
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
end (count from the Methyl end /Omega end )
Omega Fatty-acid Nomenclature
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Omega 9 or n?9 fatty acid
Omega 6 or n?6 fatty acid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Omega 3 or n?3 fatty acid?Stearic acid (18:0)
?Oleic acid (18:1;9)
?Linoleic acid (18:2;9,12)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Linolenic acid (18:3;9,12,15)?Arachidonic acid (20:4;5,8,11,14)
? A Fatty acid may also be designated as :
? Linoleic acid (18C;9,12)
? Linolenic acid (18C;9,12,15)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? indicates from COOH end.? 9,12,15 are double bond positions from delta
end.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Short Hand Presentation of FA14:0 Myristic acid
16:0 Palmitic acid
18:0 Stearic acid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
18:1 cis D9 Oleic acid (9)18:2 cisD9,12 Linoleic acid (6)
18:3 cisD9,12,15 a-Linolenic acid (3)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
20:4 cisD5,8,11,14 Arachidonic acid (6)20:5 cisD5,8,11,14,17 Eicosapentaenoic acid (3 )
22:5 CisD7,10,13,16,19 Docosapentaenoic acid (3 )
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Important Properties Of Fatty AcidsProperties Of Fatty Acids
? Physical Properties
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Chemical Reactions
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Physical Properties Of Fatty Acids
1. Solubility
2. Melting Point
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Solubility Of Fatty Acids Depends
Upon
Factors Responsible For Solubility Of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fatty Acids
1. Hydrocarbon chain length
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2. Degree of Unsaturation- Number of Double Bonds3. Hydrophobicity/Polarity of Fatty acids
4. Polarity of Solvents
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Smal hydrocarbon chain length are less
hydrophobic and more soluble
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Long Chain FA and VLCFA more hydrophobic arevery less soluble
? Solubility of Fatty acids decreases with increase in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fatty acid hydrocarbon chain length.
? Double bonds increases solubility
Melting Point of Fatty Acids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Factors Responsible For
Melting Points Of Fatty Acids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1. Hydrocarbon chain length2. Nature of Bonds
3. Degree of Unsaturation/Number of double bonds
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fatty Acids WithDecreased Melting Points
? Short and Unsaturated Fatty
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
acids has low melting point
? More degree of unsaturation low
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
is melting point of FASMelting Points
? Affected by chain length
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Longer chain = higher melting temp
Fatty acid: C12:0
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
C14:0C16:0
C18:0
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
C20:0
Melting point: 44?C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
58?C63?C
72?C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
77?C
Melting Points
? Affected by number of double bonds
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?More saturated = higher melting temp
Fatty acid:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
C18:0C18:1
C18:2
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
C18:3
Melting point:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
72?C16?C
?5?C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?11?C
Fatty Acids With
Increased Melting Points
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Long and Saturated Fatty acids are
has high melting point.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Less degree of Unsaturation more ismelting point of Fatty acids
? Thus melting point of Fatty acids(FAs):
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Increases with increase in chain
length of FAs.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Decreases with decrease in chainlength of FAs.
?Increases with low unsaturation of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
FAs
?Decreases with more unsaturation of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fatty acidsStructures and Melting Points of Saturated Fatty Acids
Chemical Reactions Of Fatty Acids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Types Of Chemical Reactions
Of Fatty acids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Reactions due toCarboxyl group of Fatty acids:
? Esterification/Esterified forms of Lipids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Saponification/Soap Formation
Reactions Associated to
Double bonds of Fatty acids:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Halogenation/Addition of Halogens around double
bond
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Hydrogenation/Transform to UFAs to SFAsSignificance Of Halogenation
?Halogenation of fatty
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
acids is an index of
assessing the degree of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
unsaturation? Iodine Number is a process of
Halogenation which checks the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
content of SFA and PUFAs of Fatsand Oils.
? SFA has zero Iodine number.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? PUFAs has high Iodine number.
Hydrogenation Of Fatty acids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Alters Geometric Isomerism OfUnsaturated Fatty acids
Transforms Natural Cis Form to Trans Form
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Increases Shelf life of PUFAs
Al -Cis Fatty acids
Good for Health
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Human body contain Enzyme system to
metabolize Cis form of Fatty acids.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Cis forms when ingested through food areeasily metabolized and does not retain in the
body.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Hence All ?Cis forms are good for health and no
risk of Atherosclerosis and CVD.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Al Cis form of fatty acids are unstable andeasily metabolizable.
? More content of Trans Fatty acids are found
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
in processed/Refined foods viz:
?Hydrogenated Oils (Vanaspati Dalda)
?Ghee
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Margarine?Bakery products /Fast foods
?Deeply Fried recipes in Oils which are
prepared in repeatedly heated oils.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Trans fatty acids increases risk of:
?Atherosclerosis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Cardio Vascular disorders:?Ischemia
?Myocardial Infarction
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Stroke(Brain attack)Message
Learnt, Understood And To Be Implemented
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
For Good Fatty acid metabolism and Significant Health
? Eat natural Cis forms of Fatty acids
? Avoid Hydrogenated Trans Fatty
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
acids
? Eat home made food
? Avoid Processed/Junk Foods
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
PUFAs And Omega Fatty AcidsTypes Of Omega Fatty acids
?In Nutrition and Clinical
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
practice
?3 Fatty acids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?6 Fatty acids?7 Fatty acids
?9 Fatty acids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Omega Fatty AcidsOmega 3 Fas
Omega 6 Fas
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Omega 7 Fas
Omega 9 Fas
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
PUFAsPUFAs
MUFAs
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
MUFAs
Linolenic
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
LinoleicPalmitoleic Oleic ?
C18-(ODTA)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
C18- (ODDA) C16-(HDA) C18(ODA)
Timnodonic
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Erucic ?C20-(EPA)
Arachidonic
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
C22(DA)
Cervonic
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
C20-(ETA)Nervonic
C22-(DHA)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
C24-(TA)
Clupanodonic
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
C22-(DPA)Examples of 3 Fatty acids
? Linolenic (18:3;9,12,15) (3)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Timnodonic/Ecosapentaenoic Acid /EPA
(20:5;5,8,11,14,17)(3)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Clupanodonic acid/(Docosa Pentaenoic Acid): (DPA)(C22:5;7,10,13,16,19 )(3)
? Cervonic/Docosa Hexaenoic Acid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(DHA)(22:6;4,7,10,13,16,19)(3)
Rich sources of dietary Omega and nutritional
essential PUFAS are:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Vegetable Oils
?Green Leaves, Algae
?Fish and Fish oils
?Flax Seeds
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Sources,Distribution,Composition Of
Fatty Acids In Human Body
Sources Of Fatty Acids To Human Body
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Exogenous Sources- Dietary Food Items
? Endogenous Biosynthesis- From Free Excess
Glucose in Liver
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Forms of Dietary Fatty Acids To Be Ingested
Natural Forms Of Fatty Acids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Fatty acids in nature mostly presently in? Esterified form of FAs? (TAG,PL,CE)
? Even Numbered Carbon
? Unsaturated- PUFAs/Omega 3 and 6
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Cis formsContents Of Fatty acids Sources Of Oils
Highest Content of MUFA Olive Oil , Mustard Oil
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Highest content of PUFA Safflower, Sunflower,Flax seed Oil
Highest content of SFA
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Coconut Oil
Oils Rich In
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Oils rich inOils rich in
SFAs
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
MUFAs
PUFAs
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Coconut OilOlive Oil (75%)
Flax seeds/
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Linseed Oil
Palm Oil
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Sunflower Oil (85%)Soya /Safflower Oil
Butter
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ground nut /
Almond Oil
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Pea nut OilAnimal Fat
Almond Oil
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Rice Bran
Sesame Oil
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Walnuts OilBeef Fat (Tal ow Fat) 50%
Corn Oil
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lard (Pork Fat) 40%
Marine Fish
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Carbons
Double bonds
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Abbreviation
Source
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fatty AcidsAcetic
2
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
0
2:0
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
bacterial metabolismPropionic
3
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
0
3:0
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
bacterial metabolismButyric
4
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
0
4:0
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
butterfatCaproic
6
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
0
6:0
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
butterfatCaprylic
8
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
0
8:0
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
coconut oilCapric
10
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
0
10:0
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
coconut oilLauric
12
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
0
12:0
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
coconut oilMyristic
14
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
0
14:0
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
palm kernel oilPalmitic
16
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
0
16:0
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
palm oilPalmitoleic
16
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1
16:1
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
animal fatsStearic
18
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
0
18:0
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
animal fatsOleic
18
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1
18:1
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
olive oilLinoleic
18
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2
18:2
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
grape seed oilLinolenic
18
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3
18:3
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
flaxseed (linseed) oilArachidonic
20
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
4
20:4
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
peanut oil, fish oilFatty acid Composition
of Human Body
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fatty acidPercentage
Oleic acid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
50% (MUFA)
Palmitic acid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
35% (SFA)Lionleic acid
10% (PUFA)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Stearic acid
5% (SFA)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Thus most abundant Fatty acidspresent in human Lipids are:
?Oleic acid (50%)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Palmitic acid(35%)Ideal Requirement
Of Fatty Acids To Human Body
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? It is ideal to consume ratio of:?1 : 1 : 1
? SFA MUFA PUFAs
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? respectively from the diet to maintain good
health.
? Naturally there is no single oil which has
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
all 3 types of fatty acids in ideal
proportion.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Hence it is always advisable to mix acombination of oils and consume.
Transportation Of Fatty Acids In
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Human Body
? Bound form /Esterified
Forms Of Fatty acids are
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Transported through
various Lipoproteins.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fatty acids Transportation In body? More than 90% of the fatty acids found in
plasma are in the form of Fatty acid esters.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Fatty acids Esters/Esterifed form of Fatty
acids exist as:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Triacylglycerol? Cholesteryl esters
? Phospholipids
? Unesterified/Free Fatty acids (FFA)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
are very less amount in body.? Long Chain FFA are transported in
the blood circulation in association
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
with Albumin.
Functions Of Fatty Acids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1. Secondary Source Of Energy2. Components Of Biomembranes
3. PUFA (Arachidonic Acid) Precursor for Eicosanoid
Biosynthesis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
4. Esterification of Cholesterol and its Excretion
5. PUFAs build and protect Brain and Heart
6. PUFAs prevents early ageing, prolongs Clotting
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
time.? PUFAs of membrane play role
in:(Less compact)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Membrane fluidity?Selective permeability
Functions Of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
PUFAS /Omega 3, and 6 FAs? Components of cel biomembranes
? More associated to Human brain and Heart
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Involve in Growth ,development and
functioning of Brain
? Omega Fatty acids Reduces risk of Heart disease:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Reduces Platelet aggregation by stimulating
Prostaglandins and Prostacyclin's .
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Reduces blood clotting and Thrombusformation by Lowering the production of
Thromboxane .
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Omega 3 Fatty acids have pleiotropic effects
(more than on effect):
?Cardio protective effect
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Lowers Blood pressure
? Anti-Inflammatory
? Anti-Atherogenic
? Anti-Thrombotic
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? PUFAs Lowers Risk Of Atherosclerosis? Since double bonds of PUFAs are unstable and
easily cleavable.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? PUFAs get easily metabolized and do not get
accumulated in the blood arteries and capillaries.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Thus PUFAs have low risk of Atherosclerosis andCardio vascular disorders.
? Fish (rich in Omega 3 Fatty acids) Eaters has
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Healthy Brain and Heart
? Brain development with an efficient
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
nervous function.? Protected from Heart attacks.
? Deficiency of Essential Fatty acids :
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Affects every cel ,organ and system?Growth retardation
?Problems with reproduction
?Skin lesions
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Kidney and Liver disorders?Brain disorders/Behavioral disorders.
Deficiency Of PUFAs/ Omega 3,6
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fatty acids? Deficit of omega fatty acids affect the normal
growth ,development and functioning of brain.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Persons may suffer from mental il ness like:
?Depression
?Attention deficit
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Dementia=Alzheimer's Disease? Deficiency of Omega 3 Fatty acids :
?Alters the cell membrane structure.
?Increases the risk of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Heart attack
? Cancer
? Rheumatoid Arthritis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Phrynoderma /Toad Skin is dueto PUFA deficiency.
? Phrynoderma /Toad Skin Symptoms
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? The skin becomes dry with lesions(Scaly Dermatitis).
? Presence of horny erruptions on the posterior and lateral
parts of limbs, back and Buttock.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Loss of hair
? Poor wound healing
? Acanthosis and Hyperkeratosis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Deficiency of PUFAs lower:?Oxidative Phosphorylation-ATP generation
?Fibrinolytic Activities
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fatty Acids At GlanceName of Biomolecule Fatty acids
Class
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Derived Lipids
Structural Features
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Organic acids ,Hydrocarbon Chain (C2-26) Terminal Mono Carboxylic Acid
Sources of FAs to
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
From Exogenous and Endogenous
body
Distribution in Body FAs mostly in esterified form,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Associated with Simple and
Compound Lipids. Distributed in all
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
tissues.Functional aspects
Energy, Biomembrane components
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Interrelationships
Fatty acids associated to other form
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
of Simple and Compound LipidsStudy Of Derived Lipids
Alcohols
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Alcohols Involved InLipid Structures
3 Alcohols Involved In
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Various Forms Of Lipids1. Glycerol
(C3-Trihydric Alcohol)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2. Sphingol/Sphingosine
(C18-Dihydric Alcohol)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3. Cholesterol(C27-Monohydric Alcohol)
Alcohols Of Lipids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Are
Classified
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
AsDerived Lipids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glycerol is aDerived Lipid
Obtained from Hydrolysis of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Simple and Compound Lipids
Glycerol/ Glycerin
? Glycerol [C3 ]is a POLYOL
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Glycerol is chemically TrihydricAlcohol (3 ?OH groups)
? Glycerol has potency to interact
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
with 3 same or different Fatty
acids .
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
vGlycerol is a backbone ofGlycerol based Lipids viz:
v Triacylglycerol
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
v GlycerophospholipidsGlycerol Sources To Human Body
Endogenous and Exogenous Sources
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glycerol
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glucose
Source Of Glycerol To Human
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
body
? Glucose is responsible for biosynthesis of Glycerol
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
in human body? Glucose transforms to Glyceraldehyde,
? Glyceraldehyde on reduction forms Glycerol.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Glycerol formed is then used for Biosynthesisof Glycerol based Lipids.
? Glycerol released from hydrolysis of Glycerol
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
based Lipids is transformed to Glucose.
SPHINGOSINE/SPHINGOL
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Sphingosine is a derived
Lipid.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Obtained from Hydrolysis ofSphingolipids
? Sphingosine is a C18, complex Dihydric,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Amino alcohol.? Sphingosine is biosynthesized in human
body using amino acid Serine.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Serine provides NH2 group of
Sphingosine.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Sphingosine forms Sphingolipids/Compound Lipids with Alcohol
Sphingol
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Examples of Sphingolipids:
?Sphingophospholipids
?Sphingoglycolipids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
What Is a Ceramide?
? A Fatty acid linked to an amino
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
group of Sphingosine
? With an amide linkage form a
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ceramide.? Ceramide if linked to Phosphate and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Nitrogenous groups formsSphingophospholipids.
? Ceramide linked to Carbohydrate
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
moieties form Sphingoglycolipids.
Sphingosine Based Lipids
Sterols
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Common Sterol And Steroids
Vitamin D3
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cholesterol(cholecalciferol)
(a sterol)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Testosterone
Stigmasterol
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(a steroid
(a phytosterol)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
hormone)? Sterols are chemical y
complex, organic monohydric
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Alcohols.? Sterols has cyclic ring
structures
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Sterols have a parent ring
?Cyclo Pentano Perhydro
Phenantherene (CPPP)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
nucleus.
Examples Of Sterols
? Cholesterol (Animal Sterol)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? 7 Dehydrocholesterol( Provitamin D)? Coprosterol (Excretory form Cholesterol)
? Ergosterol (Plant Sterol)
? Sitosterol (Plant Sterol)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CholesterolMost abundant Sterol of Human body
Cholesterol
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Cholesterol is an Animal Sterol .? Cholesterol means Solid Alcohol as it
was first obtained from gal stones of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
bile.
? Cholesterol is excreted via bile hence
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
richly composed in bile ,Gal stones.Cholesterol
Is A Derived Lipid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Cholesterol is classified asDerived Lipid.
? It is derived from hydrolysis of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cholesterol Ester (Human Body
Wax).
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Chemical Structures OfCholesterol and Cholesterol Ester
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Pentahydrophenantrene(Sterane)
Structure Of Cholesterol
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Cholesterol is complex, cyclic,unsaturated, monohydric Alcohol.
? Molecular formula is C27H45OH
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Cholesterol has parent nucleus as
Cyclo Pentano Per hydro
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Phenantherene ring system(CPPP).? The structure of CPPP has four
fused cyclic rings (A,B,C and D)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Hexane ring A,B,C is aPhenatrene nucleus.
? D ring is Cyclopentane ring.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? The Structure of Cholesterol Possess:
1. Hydroxyl group (-OH) at C3.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2. Double bond between C5 and C6.3. 5 Methyl (-CH3) groups.
4. 8 Carbon side chain linked to C17 of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
the structure.
Forms Of Cholesterol In Human Body
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Cholesterol exists in two forms:
?Free Cholesterol - 30%
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(Amphipathic form)?Cholesterol Ester - 70%
(Non polar form)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Properties Of Cholesterol
? Cholesterol is white or pale yel owish,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
crystal ine ,odorless compound.
? Insoluble in water and soluble in organic
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
solvents like Ether and Chloroform.Crystals of Cholesterol Rhombic plates
with Notched edges.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Qualitative Tests For Cholesteroldetection are:
?Liebermann Burchard Reaction
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Salkowski Reaction?Zak's Reaction
Sources Of Cholesterol
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
To Human Body? Exogenous Sources of Cholesterol:
?Animal Origin Food Items
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Endogenous Source Of Cholesterol:?Obtained In wel fed condition from
Excess Glucose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Dietary Sources Of Cholesterol
?Cholesterol is exclusively
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
present in animal foods.? The dietary rich sources of Cholesterol
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
animal origin foods like:?Egg Yolk
?Meat
?Milk
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Butter?Ghee
?Cream
?Remember Cholesterol
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
is absent in plant origin
food items.
Endogenous Source Of Cholesterol
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Cholesterol Biosynthesized in
human body from Free Excess
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glucose in Liver.Transportation Of Cholesterol
?Cholesterol in blood is
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
transported by Lipoproteins:
? Chylomicrons ( Dietary origin)
? LDL (From Hepatocytes to Extra hepatocytes)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? HDL (From Extra hepatocytes to Hepatocytes)Occurrence and Distribution Of
Cholesterol in the Body
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?70 % of Cholesterol associatedwith cel ular components
?30 % of Cholesterol is in the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Blood.
? Cholesterol is richly present in Nervous
tissue Brain.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Other organs containing Cholesterol are:
?Liver
?Adrenal Cortex
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Gonads?Intestinal Mucosal cel s
?Skin
Functions Of Cholesterol
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Depends Upon
Quality and Quantity
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Cholesterol is constituent of biomembranes
of cel
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? It give structure, shape and fluidity to them.Effects on Membrane without Cholesterol
In Cold Environment In Hot Environment
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Rigid/ Not Flexible
Too Flexible
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Not FluidVery Fluid
May Get damage
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Not hold Shape
? Cholesterol richly present in
nervous tissue and covers
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Myelin sheaths.
? Cholesterol help in nerve
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
impulse conduction.? Cholesterol helps in nerve
impulse transmission since:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?It has high dielectric constant.
?It is a poor conductor of heat
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
and electricity.Cholesterol Serves Precursor for
Biosynthesis Of Many Steroids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Derivatives of Cholesterol? Steroids are derivatives of Sterols.
? Chemical Compounds obtained
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
from Cholesterol are termed as
Steroidal compounds.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Derivatives of Cholesterol
? Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol)
? Bile acids (Cholic and Chenodeoxycholic acid)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Bile Salts are obtained from Bile acids.? Steroidal Hormones
? ACTH
? Mineralocorticoids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Glucocorticoids? Sex Hormones: Androgens, Progesterone,
Estrogen and Testosterone
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Bile Acids and Bile SaltsSteroids Hormones
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Disorders Related To Cholesterol?Serum Total
Cholesterol level of a
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Healthy human body is150-200 mg%
Hypercholesterolemia
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Causes for Hypercholesterolemia
? High intake of dietary Cholesterol(animal origin) is a
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
exogenous source of Cholesterol.? Elevated endogenous Cholesterol biosynthesis
when a very rich Carbohydrates is ingested.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Defect in Cholesterol transport by Lipoproteins in
blood retains Cholesterol in blood.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Conditions Of Hypercholesterolemia
?Diabetes mellitus
?Obstructive Jaundice
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Nephrotic Syndrome?Hypothyroidism
? Hypercholesterolemia leads to :
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Deposits of excess ofCholesterol in blood vessels.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Atherosclerosis and atheroma/plaque formation.
? Increased risk of ischemia and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Myocardial infarction and
Stroke.
?Cholesterol Summary
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Cholesterol is exclusively found only in
animals.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Exogeneous Cholesterol comes from diet?Endogeneous Cholesterol is biosynthesized
by the Liver from Glucose product Acetyl-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CoA.?Cholesterol is an important component of
biomembranes, steroidal hormones, bile
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
acids and Vitamin D
Study Of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Simple Lipids/Neutral LipidsTriacylglycerols/Triglycerides
? Chemical name of Fat/Oil is Triacylglycerol
(TAG).
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? TAG is a Simple, Glycerol based
,Neutral Lipid.
Chemical Structures Of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Triacylglycerol (TAG)
Triacylglycerol/Fats/Oils
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? TAG/Fats/Oils are? Chemically Esters of
? Three Fatty acids ( Same or Different)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? with one Glycerol (Trihydric Alcohol).
Most Common Fatty Acids in Triacylglycerol
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fatty acid
Carbon:Double bonds
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Double bondsMyristic
14:0
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Palmitic
16:0
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Palmitoleic16:1
Cis-9
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Stearic
18:0
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Oleic18:1
Cis-9
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Linoleic
18:2
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cis-9,12Linolenic
18:3
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cis-9,12,15
Arachidonic
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
20:4Cis-5,8,11,14
Eicosapentaenoic
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
20:5
Cis-5,8,11,14,17
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Docosahexaenoic22:6
Cis-4,7,10,13,16,19
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CH3(CH2)n COOH
?TAG is Neutral or Non
polar lipid.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Since TAG structure has
no charged/polar groups
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
in its structure.Types Of Triacylglycerol
Based On Nature Of Fatty Acid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Simple TAG
?Mixed TAG
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Simple TAG: Three same Fatty
acids are esterified to Glycerol to
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
form simple TAG.? Examples of Simple TAG:
?TriPalmitin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?TriStearin?TriOlein
? Mixed TAG:
? The 3 different Fatty acids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
esterified to Glycerol to form a
mixed TAG.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Mixed TAG's are morepredominant in nature.
? In a Mixed TAG
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? First Carbon C1 -has Saturated Fatty acid
? Second position C2-has Unsaturated
Fatty acid-PUFA
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? The 3 rd position C3 Fatty acid in TAG has
- either Saturated/Unsaturated fatty
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
acidOlive Oil Rich In Simple TAG
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Olive oil contains mostly TAG as Triolein, which hasthree Oleic acids.
Sources OF Triacylglycerol
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
To
Human Body
?Exogenesis source of TAG :
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Dietary Fats/Oils
?Endogenous source of TAG :
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Liver Lipogenesis in wel fedcondition
?Using Glucose product Acetyl-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CoA.
Dietary Sources Of TAG
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Animal Fat (Solid)?Plant Oils (Liquid)
Fats (solid Triacylglycerol)
Oil (a liquid Triacylglycerol)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Occurrence/Distribution Of TAG
qTAG is a most widely
distributed abundant
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
natural lipid.
TAG Major Lipid Form Of Human Body
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Predominant Lipid ingestedin Human diet is TAG 98%.
?Abundant Lipid of human
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
body Lipid is TAG 95 %.
Transportation Of TAG in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
blood is By Lipoproteins
?Chylomicrons :
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Transportsexogenous dietary
TAG
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?VLDL:
? Transports
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
endogenous TAGBiomedical Importance Of TAG
S.No Distribution/Location Of TAG in Role of TAG
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Human Body1
Predominant Dietary Form of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Dietary and Calorific
Lipid Ingested in GIT
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Value- SecondarySource of Energy
2
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Adiposecytes/Depot Fat-
Reservoir of Energy
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Exclusively TAG3
Subcutaneous layer /Below Skin Insuating Effect,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Regulates Body
Temperature
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
4Fat Pad around Internal Soft
Mechanical Shock
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Visceral Organs
absorbers
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1.TAG Serves As Source Of Energy? TAG has high calorific value
(9Kcal/gram) more than
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Carbohydrates (4 Kcal/gram ).2.TAG Reservoir Of Energy
Storage form of Lipid in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
human body is TAG.Triacylglycerols In Its Structure
Links and Stores Fatty acids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Fatty acids are not stored in freeform in living beings.
? Fatty acids are stored in bound
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
form as TAG.
? Thus TAG is a storage form of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fatty acids .Criteria's For TAG To Be Chosen As
Reservoir of Energy
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? TAG is highly reduced and
anhydrous form.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Hence chosen as energyreserve of the body.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Because of insolubility of TAG inaqueous phase:
? Body TAG are mostly found in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
isolated compartments as
droplets.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? TAG in anhydrous form is packedin Adipocytes
(Depot Fat)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3.Store House Of TAG
is High
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
In Comparison ToGlycogen Stores
? More content of energy can be
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
stored by TAG in comparison toGlycogen stores.
? 1 gm of anhydrous TAG
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
stores more than 6 times as
much as energy as 1 gm of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
hydrated Glycogen.? Hydrated molecules requires more space.
? TAG stored in anhydrous form
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
requires less space.? In contrast Glycogen being hydrated
requires more space.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(1 gm of Glycogen binds with 2gm of water)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? TAG When excess serves asan energy reservoir stored in
Adipocytes as :
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Anhydrous form
?Concentrated
?Unlimited amount
?Stores of TAG are utilized in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
between meals and
starvation phase.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?A good storage of depotFat can suffice for 2-3
months in starvation
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
condition.
? The stored TAG is used as long term
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
energy source for body activities.? In long marathon race energy for
muscle activity is provided by the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
hydrolysis of depot TAG.
4. TAG Regulates Body Temperature
? The subcutaneous Fat layer is a TAG
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? TAG is a bad conductor of heat andelectricity and serves as a thermal
and electrical insulator.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Which prevents loss of heat from the
body and plays important role in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
regulating body temperature.5.TAG Protects Internal Visceral
Organ and Systems
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? A presence of Fatty (TAG) padaround the soft delicate
internal visceral organs
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Protects from mechanical
trauma or injury by acting as
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a shock absorber.?TAG provides shape to
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
body and?Keep skin smooth and
supple.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Remember TAG is
not associated to
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
biomembranes.? MAG and DAG are derived Lipids.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Monoacylglycerol andDiacylglycerol are hydrolytic
products of Triacylglycerol.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? These are produced during TAG
metabolism in the body.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Monoacylglycerol (MAG)/(Monoglycerides): A Glycerol esterified
with one fatty acid.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Diacylglycerol (DAG) (Diglycerides):
?A Glycerol esterified with two fatty acids.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Healthy TAG In Human Body
? Ingesting Natural Mixed Form ? PUFAs and Short chain
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
FAs? Avoiding Trans Fats
? Balanced/Moderate ingestion
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? No excess or deficient TAG stores
? Normal serum TAG levels < 150 mg%
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Disorders Associated To TAGBad About : TAG/ Fats and Oils
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Excess Fat leads to Obesity?Increases risk for Diabetes Mel itus
?Leads to Coronary Artery disease
?MI, Stroke
? Susceptible to Cancer
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
347
Disorders Related To TAG
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Normal Fat content of adult:
?Men 21%
?Women 26%
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? If the Fat content of an adult
body goes above the normal
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
content the condition is termedas Obesity.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Obesity has excess fat
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
depots.? Truncal/central obesity is a
risk factor for heart attack.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Obesity has abnormal Lipidmetabolism.
? Increased Blood Cholesterol and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lipoproteins.
vObese persons has high risk of
vDiabetes mel itus
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
vAtherosclerosis and CVD? Consequently lead to
Metabolic Syndrome
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Prevent Obesity
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Properties Of Triacylglycerol
Lipid Peroxidation
(autoxidation)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lipid Peroxidation
Is a source of Higher Free Radicals
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? During Oxygen metabolism in body.? Oxygen derived free radicals (RO.,OH.,ROO.)
with unpaired electrons are released.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? These Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) , Free
radicals interact and oxidize double bonds of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
PUFAs leads to chain reactions of lipidperoxidation.
? Steps of Lipid peroxidation
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
reaction:?Initiation
?Propagation
?Termination
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? PUFAs are more prone for
peroxidation.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Lipid peroxidation Providecontinuous Free radicals.
? Thus has potential y
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
devastating effects in the body.
? In vitro peroxidation of Lipids
deteriorates the quality of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fats and Oils
? Makes the Fat/Oil rancid and in edible.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Fat/oil has bad taste and odor? Decreases the shelf life of Fats and Oils.
? In vivo peroxidation of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
membrane Lipids damages cel s & tissues
? Lipid peroxidation has devastating
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
effects on body Lipids.? Increases risk of Inflammatory diseases
? Ageing
? Cancer
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Antioxidants control and reducesIn vivo and In vitro Lipid peroxidation.
? Natural y occurring antioxidants are :
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Vitamin E?Vitamin C
?Beta Carotene
? Body Enzymes as Antioxidants:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Catalase
?Glutathione Peroxidase
?Superoxide Dismutase
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Other Substances as Antioxidants:?Urate
?Bilirubin
? Food Additives as Antioxidants:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Alpha Naphtol
?Gallic Acid
?Butylated Hydroxy Anisole (BHA)
?Butylated Hydroxy Toluene (BHT)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Preventive Antioxidants:
? Reduces rate of Chain initiation of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lipid peroxidation?Catalase
?Peroxidase
?EDTA
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?DTPA? Chain Breaking Antioxidants:
? Interferes the chain propagation
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
of Lipid peroxidation.?Vitamin E
?Urate
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Rancidity Of Fats/OilsRancidity
? Rancidity is a physico chemical
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
phenomenon? Which deteriorates Fats and Oils
? Resulting in an unpleasant taste
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
,odor and color of Fat/Oil(Rancid Fat/oil)
?Rancid Fat is inedible
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Factors Causing Rancidity? Double bond containing /Unsaturated
Fatty acids are unstable and ready for
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
peroxidation and rancidity.
? Single bond containing/Saturated Fatty
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
acids are stable and less peroxidizedand made rancid.
PUFAs are more prone to
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
RanciditySince Double bonds are
more susceptible to Lipid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
peroxidation
Causes Of Rancidity
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Fats and Oils get Rancid on Ageing.? Various Factors aggravates rancidity of Oils
and Fats:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Improper handling by an exposure to:?Light
?Air (Oxygen)
?Moisture
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?MicrobesTypes and Mechanism
Of Rancidity
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Types Of Rancidity?Oxidative Rancidity
?Hydrolytic Rancidity
?Ketonic Rancidity
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Oxidative Rancidity:? PUFAs having double bonds are
easily oxidized to form its
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
peroxides.
? By the action of Oxygen Derived
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Free radicals (ODFR).? The cel ular Lipids are also
likely to get peroxidized by
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Free radical action causing
damage to biomembranes.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Hydrolytic Rancidity:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Long Chain Saturated fatty acids arehydrolyzed by Bacterial Enzymes .
? To produce Dicarboxylic acids,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Aldehydes, Ketones etc which make
a Fat rancid.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Ketonic Rancidity? It is due to the contamination with
certain Fungi such as Asperigil us Niger
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
on Oils such as Coconut oil.
? Ketones, Fatty aldehydes, short chain
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
fatty acids and fatty alcohols are formed.? Moisture accelerates Ketonic rancidity.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Rancidity gives bad odor andtaste to rancid Fats/oils.
? Due to Dicarboxylic acids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
,Ketones , Aldehydes Produced
during the process of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Prevention of Rancidity of Fat/Oil By :q Good storage conditions
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
q Less Exposure to light
q Low Oxygen, moisture
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
q No very High temperaturesq No Bacteria or fungalcontamination
q Addition of Antioxidants
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Prevention Of Rancidity
? Rancidity can be prevented by
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
proper handling of oils?By keeping fats or oils in wel
closed containers in cold,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
dark and dry place.
Prevention Of Rancidity
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Avoid exposure to direct sunlight,moisture and air.
?Avoid over and repeated heating of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
oils and fats.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Removal of catalysts such as Lead
and Copper from Fat/Oils that
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
catalyzes rancidity prevents
rancidity.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Antioxidants Prevent Rancidity?Antioxidants are chemical
agents which prevent
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
peroxidation and
Hydrolysis of Fats/Oils.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Examples Of Antioxidants:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Tocopherol(Vitamin E)
? Vitamin C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Propyl Gallate? Alpha Napthol
? Phenols
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Tannins
? Hydroquinone's.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Butylated Hydroxy Anisole(BHA)? Butylated Hydroxy Toluene (BHT)
? The most common natural
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
antioxidant is vitamin E
that is important in vitro
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
and in vivo.? Vegetable oils are associated with
high content of natural antioxidants
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(Vitamin E),? Hence oils do not undergo rancid
rapidly
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? As compared to animal fats which
are poor in natural y associated
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
antioxidants .? Rancidity of Fats and Oils is
prevented by adding Antioxidants.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Thus addition of Antioxidants
increases shelf life of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
commercial y synthesized Fatsand Oils.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
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Hazards of Rancid Fats:
1. Rancidity destroys the content of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
polyunsaturated essential fatty acids.
2. Rancidity causes economical loss because
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
rancid fat is inedible.3. The products of rancidity are toxic, i.e.,
causes food poisoning and cancer.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
4. Rancidity destroys the fat-soluble vitamins
(vitamins A, D, K and E associated with it.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Others Properties Of TAGDepends On Nature Of Fatty Acids
Chain Length Of Fatty acids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Of TAG affects Melting Point? "Hardness" of the Fat/TAG depends on chain
length.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? < 10 carbons in Fatty Acid = liquid
? >20 carbons in Fatty Acid = solid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Acetic Acid (2 C)Vinegar
Liquid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Stearic Acid (18 C)
Beef Tallow
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SolidArachidic Acid (20 C) Butter
Solid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Differences In Fat and Oil? Fat and Oils are different in Physical
Characteristics
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Fat is solid at room temperature.
? Oil is liquid at room temperature.
? TAG of Fat is solid since chemically
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composed of long and saturated
fatty acids.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Source of Fat is Animal foods.? TAG of Oil is liquid as composed of
short and unsaturated fatty acids.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Source of Oil is plant.
Hydrogenation Of Fat/Oil
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? Treatment of Oils(TAG) rich in PUFAs with
Hydrogen gas, (H2).
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? Catalyst required (Nickel).? Adding Hydrogen at double bonds of PUFAs.
? It is also cal ed "Hardening of Oils"
? Hydrogenation converts PUFAs with cis form
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to trans form.? Margarine
? Vanaspati Dalda Crisco, Spry, etc.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Advantages and Disadvantages OfHydrogenation Of Fat /Fatty acids
Advantages Of Fat Hydrogenation
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Hydrogenation transforms unstable,unsaturated , liquid TAGs:
?To stable, saturated, solid TAGs
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?Reduces risk of Rancidity
?Increases shelf life and business.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Example : Vanaspati Dalda ,Margarine.Disadvantages Of Hydrogenation Of
Fat/Fatty acids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Trans Fats increases the risk ofAtherosclerosis and CVD.
? Hydrogenated trans Fats are
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more stable.
? Body has no enzyme system to
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oxidize and metabolize transfatty acids.
?Remember
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Hydrogenated Fatsare Bad for Health.
? Summary Of Fat Hydrogenation:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Hydrogen atoms are added to unsaturated
Fatty acids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Make liquid oils more solid and moresaturated.
?Create trans fatty acids.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Reduces peroxidation of Fatty acids.
?Resists rancidity
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Reduces metabolism?Increases retention
?Increase risk of cardiovascular disease.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Note?Try eat more natural TAGs.
?Avoid Processed Fats.
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Tests To Check PurityOf
Fat and Oil
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Several laboratory tests areemployed to:
?Check the purity
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?Degree of adulteration?Biological value of Fat and
Oils.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Tests to Check Purity of Oils and FatsTests To Check Purity of Oils Importance/Significance
Iodine Number
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Index of unsaturation andcontent of unsaturated fatty
acids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Saponification Number
To know Chain Lengths of
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Fatty acidsAcid Number
Checks purity of Refined oils
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Reichert Meissl (RM)
Useful in testing the purity of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Numberbutter
Iodine Number
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Iodine number is
Grams/Number of Iodine
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
absorbed by 100 gram of Fat/Oil .
? Iodine Number is calculated by
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method of Iodometry.
Use Of Iodine Number
? Iodine number is useful to
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know
? The index of unsaturation and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
content of unsaturated fattyacids present in the Fat/Oil.
? Iodine number is directly
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
proportional to unsaturated
bonds of PUFAs in a Fat/Oil.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? High value of Iodine number ofoil indicates more content of
Unsaturated Fatty acids in it.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Name Of OilsIodine Number
Coconut Oil
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7-10 (Least)
Butter
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25-28Ground Nut Oil
85-100
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Sunflower Oil
125-145
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Soya bean Oil135-150
Linseed Oil /Flax seed 175-200 (Highest)
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Oil
? Determination of Iodine number helps
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in knowing the degree ofadulteration of tested oil sample.
? If Linseed oil is adulterated with an oil
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whose content is high in saturated
fatty acids will give lower Iodine
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number than the reference values.Saponification Number
? Saponification number is
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
mil igram/number of KOH moleculesrequired to hydrolyze and saponify one
gram of Fat/Oil.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Saponification number gives the
idea of molecular size/chain
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
length of Fatty acids present in 1gram of Fat.
? 1 gram of Fat/oil with long chain
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fatty acids has lower
saponification number.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? 1 gram of oil containing short chainfatty acids has high Saponification
number.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? 1 gram Oil with short chain fattyacids has higher saponification
number.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Since it has more COOH groups for
KOH reaction.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? 1 gram Fat/Oil with long chainfatty acids has low
saponification number.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Since in 1 gram of Fat has few -
COOH groups of fatty acids to
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react with KOH.Oils
Saponification Number
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Coconut Oil250-260
Butter
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230-250
Jojoba Oil
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69- 80Olive Oil
135-142
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Acid Number
? Acid number is mil igram of KOH
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required for completeneutralization of free fatty acids
present in one gram of Fat/Oil.
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? Acid number checks the purity of
Refined oils.
? Refined oils are free from free fatty
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acids and has zero Acid number.
? Increased Acid number of refined
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oil suggests bacterial/chemicalcontamination and unsafe for
human consumption.
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Reichert Meissl (RM)Number
? RM number is 0.1 N KOH
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required for completeneutralization of soluble
volatile fatty acids distil ed
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from 5 gram of Fat .
?R.M Number of Butter is
25-30.
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?The R.M number of
other edible oils is less
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than 1.? R.M number is useful in testing
the purity of butter
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? Since it contains good
concentration of free volatile
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fatty acids viz: Butyric, Caproicand Caprylic acid.
?Adulteration of butter
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reduces its R.Mnumber.
Differentiation Between
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Fats And Oils
Fats
Oils
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Fats are TAGs composed of Long
Oils are TAGs composed of short
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
and Saturated Fatty acid.and Unsaturated Fatty acids.
Fats solid at room temperature
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Oils liquid at room temperature
Fat has high melting point
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Oils have low melting pointFats -animal In Origin
Oils -Plant in Origin
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Example: Lard (pork Fat)
Example: Safflower Oil
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Fats has low antioxidant contentOils have high antioxidant content
and get easily Rancid
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and do not get easily Rancid
Fats are more stable
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Oils are less stableFats are less metabolizable in body. Oils are readily metabolizable in the
body.
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High content of dietary Fats has
Oils have low risk for
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high risk for Atherosclerosis.Atherosclerosis.
Study Of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Compound Lipids
Compound Lipids
? Compound lipids are class of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lipids
? Chemically Esters of Fatty acids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
with Alcohols attached withAdditional groups.
? Additional Groups in Compound Lipids may
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be either of these:
?Phosphoric acid
?Nitrogenous Base
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Carbohydrate moieties?Proteins
?Sulfate groups
3 Main Compound Lipids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Phospholipids?Glycolipids
?Lipoproteins
Phospholipids
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Phospholipids
? Compound Lipids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Components:
? Alcohol- Glycerol/Sphingol
? Fatty Acids- PUFAs and SFAs
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Additional Group- Phosphoric acid and Nitrogenous/Non Nitrogenous moiety
? Nature- Amphipathic
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Phospholipids (PL) Chemical y Possess:
?Fatty acids esterified to Alcohol and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Phosphoric acid attached withNitrogenous /non nitrogenous base.
Types Of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
PhospholipdsBased upon Alcohol
Present in Phospholipid structure
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Two Types of Phospholipids are :
?Glycerophospholipids:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glycerol containing Phospholipids?Sphingophospholipids:
Sphingosine/ Sphingol containing
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Phospholipids.Glycerophospholipids/
Glycerophosphatides
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Names & StructuresOF
7 Glycerophospholipids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Simplest Glycerophospholipid
PHOSPHATIDIC ACID
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? Depending upon Nitrogenous and Non
Nitrogenous moiety attached.
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? Examples of 7 Glycerophospholipids are:1. Phosphatidic Acid (Simplest PL)
2. Phosphatidyl Choline (Lecithin)
3. Phosphatidyl Ethanolamine (Cephalin)
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4. Phosphatidyl Serine (Cephalin)5. Phosphatidyl Inositol/ Lipositol
6. Phospatidal Ethanolamine/ Plasmalogen
7. DiPhosphatidyl Glycerol /Cardiolipin
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Phosphatidic Acid
? Phosphatidic acid is a simplest
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glycerophospholipid.? Phosphatidic acid has Glycerol esterified
with two Fatty acids at C1 and C2 .
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? C3 is esterified with Phosphoric acid.
? Phosphatidic acid serve as a
precursor for biosynthesis of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
other Glycerophospholipids
? Either by linking of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Nitrogenous or?Non nitrogenous base
Phosphatidyl Choline/Lecithin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Phosphatidyl Choline (Lecithin) is
most commonest and abundant
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glycerophospholipid in body.
? Phosphatidyl Choline is commonly called
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
as Lecithin.? Derived from word `Lecithos' meaning
Egg Yolk.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Phosphatidic acid is linked to a
Nitrogenous base Choline to form
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Phosphatidyl Choline.Cephalins
?Type of Glycerophospholipids
?Nitrogen base is Ethanolamine
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or Serine.
?Phosphatidylethanolamine and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Phosphatidylserine areCephalins.
Phosphatidyl Ethanolamine
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Phosphatidyl Serine
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? An Amino acid Serinelinked to Phosphatidic acid
forms Phosphatidyl Serine.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Phosphatidyl Inositol/ Lipositol
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Phosphatidyl Inositol Tri Phosphate(PIP3)
? Inositol/Myo Inositol a Polyol
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
derived from Glucose
? Non Nitrogenous ,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Carbohydrate Derivative.? Inositol linked to Phosphatidic
acid forms Phosphatidylinositol.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Phospahatidyl Inositol 3,4,5 TriPhosphate (PIP3) in presence of
enzyme Phospholipase C
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Generates Diacyl Glycerol and
Inositol Tri Phosphate.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Phosphatidalethanolamine/Plasmalogen
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Plasmalogen possess an Etherlinkage at C1.
? Fatty acid is linked to C1 of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glycerol, by an Vinyl(CH=CH2)
Ether (C-O-C)linkage instead of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
usual Ester bond.? Nitrogen base linked are
Ethanolamine/Choline.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Diphosphatidylglycerol/
Cardiolipin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Di Phosphatidyl Glycerol
? Cardiolipin was first isolated from
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cardiac Muscles of Calf and hence
the name derived.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Diphosphatidylglycerol/Cardiolipin is
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
chemically composed of? Two molecules of Phosphatidic acid
linked to one Glycerol .
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
SphingoPhospholipids/Sphingophosphatides
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Sphingomyelin is an example
of Sphingophospholipid.
? Sphingophospholipid is
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Sphingosine based Lipid
? Which has Sphingosine linked
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
with Fatty acid-Phosphateand Choline.
? Sphingosine is linked with a Fatty
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
acid by an amide linkage to form
Ceramide.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Ceramide is then linked toPhosphoric acid and Choline to
form Sphingomyelin.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Properties Of PhospholipidsAmphipathic Nature Of PL
? Phospholipds are Amphipathic/
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Amphiphil ic in nature.
? Since the structure of PL possess
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
both polar and nonpolar groups.? Hydrophilic/Polar groups of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Phospholipids:?Phosphoric acid
?Nitrogenous groups
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Hydrophobic/non polar groupsof Phospholipids :
?Fatty acid/Acyl chains
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Exogenous And Endogenous Sources
Of Phospholipids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Occurrence And Distribution Of
Phospholipids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Various types of PhospholipidsAssociated to al over body cel s.
? Most predominantly associated to
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Biomembranes
? Myelin Sheath
? Alveoli in Lungs
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Functions Of Phospholipids (PL)1. Biomembrane Components
2. Lung Surfactant
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3. Lipid Digestion and Absorption4. LCAT activity for Cholesterol Esterification and Excretion
5. Lipotropic Factor
6. Clotting Mechanism
7. Cardiolipin role
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
8. Coenzyme Role9. Choline from Lecithin Methyl Donor
10. Detoxification role of Lecithin
11. Eicosanoids biosynthesis
12. Nerve Impulse Conduction
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
13. Second Messenger of Hormone RegulationGlycerophospholipid Functions
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lecithin Is Most Functional Phospholipid1. Phospholipids Components Of
Biomembranes
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Phospholipid Bilayer of
Plasma membrane
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cholesterol intercalates among Phospholipids.
Cholesterol fills in the spaces left by the kinks of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
PUFAs .Cholesterol stiffens the bilayer and makes membrane
less fluid and less permeable.
? Role Of Lecithin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? The Glycerophospholipid Lecithin is
the major structural components of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
biomembranes.? An Amphipathic phospholipid bilayer
has polar head groups of PL directed
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
outwards.
? Membrane Phospholipid bilayer
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
,constituent of cel membranesimparts:
?Membrane Structural Integrity
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Membrane Fluidity
?Membrane Flexibility
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Selective Permeability? Phospholipids may have fatty
acids which are saturated or
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
unsaturated.? This affects the properties of
the resulting bilayer/cel
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
membrane:
?Most membranes have
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
phospholipids derived fromunsaturated fatty acids.
?Unsaturated fatty acids add
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
fluidity to a bilayer since
`kinked' tails do not pack
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
tightly together.? Phospholipids (PL) derived from unsaturated
phospholipids al ow faster transport of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
nonpolar substances across the bilayer.? Polar substances are restricted to cross
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
the membrane .? PL bilayer in membranes protect the cel
from an entry of polar reactive and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
interfering substances and serve as
security guards of cel s.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Membranes of Nerve cel s, whichare stiffer contain a much higher
percentage of phospholipids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
derived from saturated fatty acids.
? They also contain high levels of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cholesterol which stiffensmembrane structure.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2.Phospholipid As Lung Surfactant? DiPalmitoyl Phosphatidyl Choline serve
as an Lung surfactant.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? It Lowers surface tension and keepsAlveoli of lungs blown. (prevent
adherence of alveoli)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Enables effective exchange of gases
(Oxygen) in Lungs.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? After expiration of air thealveoli gets deflated.
? The lung surfactant reduces
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
the surface tension and al ow
the alveolar wal s to
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
reinflate.?Phospholipid as Lung
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
surfactant
?Prevent body to suffer
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
from Respiratory DistressSyndrome (RDS).
3.Phospholipids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Help In Digestion And Absorption Of
Dietary Lipids
? Phospholipids being amphipathic
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in nature act as good emulsifying
agents.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Along with Bile Salts they help indigestion and absorption of non
polar dietary Lipids.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
4.Phospholipid Lecithin
Helps In Cholesterol Excretion
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Lecithin helps in Cholesterol
Esterification by LCAT activity.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Cholesterol Ester is later
dissolved in Bile and further
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
excreted it out.? Lecithin serve as a storage depot
of Choline.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Choline is a store of labile Methyl
groups
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Hence Choline participate inTransmethylation reactions .
? Choline is used for generation of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
neurotransmitter `Acetyl Choline"which helps in nerve impulse
transmission.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Choline serve as Lipotropic factor
hence helps in Lipoprotein formation in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Liver to mobilize out Lipids and preventfrom Fatty Liver.
6. Phospholipids Releases
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Arachidonic Acid For Eicosanoid
Biosynthesis
? Lecithin at 2nd carbon has
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Arachidonic acid (PUFA).
? It donates Arachidonic acid which
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
is a precursor for Eicosanoidbiosynthesis.
? Phosphatidyl Inositol also
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
provides Arachidonic acid for
Eicosanoids biosynthesis.
?Lecithin helps CYT450
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
system for drug
detoxification.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
8. Phospholipids Has RoleIn Blood Coagulation
? Role Of Cephalin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Phosphatidyl Ethanolamine hasrole in blood coagulation.
? It converts clotting factor
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Prothrombin to Thrombin by
factor X.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Phosphatidyl Serine has rolein Apoptosis (Programmed
Cel death).
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
10.Role Of Phospholipids InHormonal Action
Mediates Cel Signal Transduction
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Role Of Phosphatidylinositol
? Phosphatidyl Inositol
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Triphosphate (PIP3) is aconstituent of cel membrane
? It mediate hormone action /cel
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
signal transduction and maintain
intracel ular Calcium.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Inositol tri phosphate and Diacylglcerol
are released from PIP3 by membrane
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
bound Phospholipase C? The Inositol triphosphate and DAG
serve as second messenger to hormones
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Oxytocin and Vasopressin.
?Plasmalogen
associated to brain and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
muscles helps in Neural
functions.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Role Of Cardiolipin? Cardiolipin is rich in inner
mitochondrial membrane and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
supports Electron Transport
Chain and cellular respiration.
? Cardiolipin exhibits
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
antigenic properties and
used in VDRL serological
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
tests for diagnosis Syphilis.? Phospholipid serve as Coenzyme
for certain Enzymes :
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Lipoprotein Lipase
?Cytochrome Oxidase
Functions OF Sphingophospholipids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Sphingomyelins are rich inMyelin sheaths which surrounds
and insulate the axons of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
neurons.
? Sphingomyelin helps in nerve
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
impulse transmission.Disorders Related To Phospholipids
? Respiratory Distress Syndrome
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(RDS)
? Suffered by premature born infants.
? Caused due to deficiency of Lung
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
surfactant DiPalmitoyl Phosphatidyl
Choline.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Since Lung is last organ to mature.? Premature babies has insufficient lung
surfactant lining in the alveoli walls.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Which supports no normal respiration.
? Has respiration difficulties due to
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
alveolar col apse.?Signs And Symptoms Of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
RDS?Low ATP production
?Weakness ,Lethargy
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Low Cellular Functions
?Poor Coordination
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lecithin/Sphingomyelin (L/S) Ratio
of Amniotic Fluid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Assessment Of Fetal Lung MaturityAnd
Diagnostic Criteria For RDS
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Lecithin /Sphingomyelin (L/S)
ratio of amniotic fluid, col ected
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
by Amniocentesis is a goodindicator to evaluate fetal lung
maturity.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Prior to 34 weeks of gestation theconcentration of Lecithin and
Sphingomyelin in amniotic fluid is
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
equal.
? In Later weeks of gestation the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lecithin levels are markedly increased.? At ful term L/S ratio is > 2/>5
? In pre term infants L/S ratio
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
is 1.5 or < 1 results to suffer
from RDS.
OTHER RDS Sufferers
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Individual with Lung Damage and
Dysfunctions
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Old aged Persons? Smokers
? Severely Infected Lungs
? Lungs toxicated and damaged by chemicals
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Old age persons and Adults withLung damage
(Due to Smoking/ Infections)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Who unable to biosynthesize the
lung surfactant may also exhibit
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
RDS.Prevent And Manage RDS
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Pregnant Women Diet for biosynthesis of L and S
? Pregnant Women Activities and Positions
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Prevent Damaging Environment ExposuresMembrane Related Disorders
Due To Defective Phospholipds
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Multiple Sclerosis Due to Defect In
Sphingomyelins and Myelin Sheaths
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Defect In Sphingomyelins
May Affect
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Nerve Impulse ConductionMembrane Carbs,Lipids and Proteins
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Structural y Important For Functional Role? Deranged Cellular Environment
? Cell membrane Damage
? Tissue Necrosis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Cell DeathMitochondrial Electron Transport Chain
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Defects
Due to Phospholipid Deficits
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fatty Liver
Due to Phospholipid Defects.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glycolipids
OR
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
GlycosphingolipidsWhat are Glycolipids?
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Glycolipids are type of compoundLipids.
? Chemical y Esters of Fatty acids with
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Alcohol and contain additional group
as Carbohydrate moieties
Types Of Glycosphingolipids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Based Upon
? Alcohol
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Fatty acid? Number and Type of Carbohydrate
moieties and there derivatives
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
linked to a Ceramide
Types OF Glycolipids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Based on Alcohol1. Glycoglycerolipids
( More In Plants)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glycerol as Alcohol
2. Glycosphingolipids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(Predominant in Animals and Human)Sphingosine as Alcohol
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
GlycosphingolipidsPredominant Animal Glycolipids
? Ceramide linked with one or
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
more sugar residues /there
derivatives
Human Glycosphingolipids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Al has Ceramide in Their Str
1) Cerebrosides
2) Gangliosides
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3) GlobosidesCerebrosides
Simplest GlycoSphingolipids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Monoglycosylceramide
Cerebrosides
? Cerebrosides are type of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glycosphingolipids
? Ceramide linked with one
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
sugar residue
Types of Cerebrosides
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Depending upon Carbohydrate moietyTypes of Cerebrosides are:
?Glucocerebrosides
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(Occur In Extra neural/Other tissues)
?Galactocerebrosides
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(Present In Neural)Structures Of Cerebrosides
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Galactocerebroside
Cerebrosides
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fatty Acid Composed In
Kerasin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lignoceric acid (C24)SFA
Cerebron
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cerebronic acid (C24)
Hydroxy SFA
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Types of Cerebrosides based on Fatty acids:Nervon
Nervonic acid (C24)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
MUFA
Oxynervon
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Oxynervonic acid (C24)MUFA
Gangliosides
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Complex GlycosphingolipidsGangliosides
? Gangliosides are Type of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glycosphingolipids
? In comparison to Cerebrosides,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Gangliosides are morecomplex.
NANA in Gangliosides
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Characteristic feature ofGangliosides is
? Structure contains one or more
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
N-Acetyl Neuraminic Acid
(NANA)/Sialic acid residues
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? NANA/Sialic acid is derivedfrom N-Acetyl Mannose
and Pyruvate.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Gangliosides structure hasCarbohydrate moieties as
?Glucose
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Galactose?N-Acetyl Galactosamine
?N-Acetyl Neuraminic Acid
(NANA)/Sialic acid.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Structure Of Gangliosides
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? GM3 is more common andsimplest Ganglioside.
? GM3 has single Sialic acid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
and less carbohydrate
moieties.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? GM1 is a more complex
Ganglioside.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? GM1 is obtained from GM3.Types Of Gangliosides
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Depending upon the Chemical structure andChromatographic separations
? More than 30 Types of Gangliosides are
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
isolated:
Types Of Gangliosides
? Based on Number and Position of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
NANAs in Ganglioside structure
? Various types and subtypes of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Gangliosides are existing in human
body
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Types of Gangliosides?Gangliosides with one NANA residue
? GM1
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? GM2? GM3
?Gangliosides with two NANA residues
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? GD?Gangliosides with three NANA residues
? GT
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Sources Of GlycoSphingolipids
? Dietary has no much role
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? All forms of Glycolipids Endogenously
Biosynthesized
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Utilized for Structure and Functional RoleOccurrence/Distribution
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Of Glycolipids? Glycosphingolipids are widely distributed
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? In every cel and tissue of human body? Occur particularly in outer leaflet of Cel
membrane/Glycocalyx /Cel Rafts
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? They are richly present in nervous cel s.
?Glycolipids occur on the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
outer surface of every
cel membrane as
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
component ofGlycocalyx /(Cel raft).
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Cerebrosides: Richly present in
?White matter of brain
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Myelin sheath?Gangliosides: Predominantly
present in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Grey matter of brain
?Ganglions and Dendrites
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Functions Of Glycolipids? Glycolipids are richly present
in nervous tissue, they help in:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Development and function ofbrain.
? Nerve impulse conduction
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Glycolipids present in cell membranes
Serve as :
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Antigens? Blood group Antigens
? Embryonic Antigen
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Receptor sites for Hormones.
? Glycolipids of cel membrane serve as:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Markers for cel ular recognition whichhelps in:
?Cel Functioning
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Cel -Cel interaction?Cel Signaling/Signal Transduction
?Anchoring sites for Antigens, Toxin and
Pathogens
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Cel Growth and Differentiation
? GM1 serve as receptor
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
/anchoring site to :?Cholera toxin
?Tetanus toxin
?Influenza viruses
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? The Cholera toxin on binding
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
to intestinal cel s? Stimulates secretion of
Chloride ions into gut lumen.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Resulting in copious diarrhea
of Cholera.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?In various malignanciesdramatic changes in
membrane Glycolipid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
composition are noted.
Globosides
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Globosides are type of
Glycolipids.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Structurally Ceramide linkedwith Oligosaccharide is
Globosides.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Sulfatides/Sulfolipids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Sulfolipids are compoundLipids.
? Sulfolipids are Ceramide
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
linked to Sulfated sugar units/
Oligosaccharides.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Structurally Sulfolipids may alsohas Glycerolipids containing
Sulfate groups.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Sulfolipids are component of
nervous tissue.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lipidosis
Lipid Storage Disorders
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Inborn Errors Of Lipid Metabolism
Lysosomal Storage Disorders
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Rare GeneticLipid Associated Disorders
? Niemann Picks Disease
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Tay Sach's Disease
? Gauchers Disease
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Farbers Disease? Krabbes Disease
? Sandhoff's Disease
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Niemann Picks Disease
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Autosomal Recessive Disorder
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lipid Storage DisordersRelated To Glycosphingolipids
Disorders Of GlycoSphingolipids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Gaucher's Disease?Tay Sach's Disease
?Farbers Disease
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Krabbes Disease
? Gaucher's Disease:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Defect: Deficiency of Cerebroside degradingenzyme Glucocerebrosidase.
? Biochemical Alteration: Abnormal
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
accumulation of Cerebrosides in tissues.
? Consequences: Affect normal function of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
tissues where it is accumulated.--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Tay Sach's Disease:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Defect: Deficiency of Ganglioside degradingenzyme: Hexoseaminidase-A.
? Biochemical Alteration: Abnormal
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
accumulation of Gangliosides in the tissues.
? Consequences: Affect normal function of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
tissues.--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Similarities and Dissimilarities
Of Cerebrosides and Gangliosides
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Similarities Of
Cerebrosides and Gangliosides
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Both are Glycolipids containingCarbohydrate moieties.
? Both contain Sphingosine/Ceramide
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
in their structures.
? Both are richly present in Nervous
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
tissue.Dissimilarities Of
Cerebroside and Gangliosides.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
S.NoCerebrosides
Gangliosides
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1
Structural y Simple
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Structural y complexCeramide linked with
Ceramide linked to Glucose,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Glucose or Galactose.
Galactose , NAGalactosamine ,and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
NANA2
Occur in White matter of Occur in Grey matter of brain and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
brain and Myelin Sheaths. Ganglions.
3
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Types :Types :
Glucocerebrosides
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
GM1,GM2, GM3,GM4
Galactocerebrosides
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
4Function : Conducts nerve Transfer Biogenic Amines
impulse
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
5
Related Disorder:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Related Disorder:Gauchers Disease
Tay Sachs Disease
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
LipoproteinsLipoproteins
? Lipoproteins are types of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Compound Lipids /Conjugated
Proteins.
? Lipoproteins are macromolecules
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
formed by aggregation of :
? Lipids (Neutral and Amphipathic )
? Proteins( Apoprotein) in the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
human body.
? Lipoproteins acquire polarity
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(Hydrophilic Property)? Lipoprotein serve as vehicles
for transportation of Neutral
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
and Amphipathic Lipidsthrough aqueous media blood
and lymph.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Lipoproteins are
biosynthesized within the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
cells of tissues.?By aggregation of various
forms of Lipids and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Apoproteins.
Structure Of Lipoproteins
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Structure of Lipoproteins
? The non polar /hydrophobic Lipids TAG and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cholesterol Ester are gathered central y to
form the core of LipoProtein particle.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? At the periphery of Lipoprotein areApoprotein and Amphipathic Lipids viz
Phospholipids and Cholesterol.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? The Apoprotein and polar groups of
Amphipathic Lipids impart
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
hydrophilic property to Lipoprotein
molecules
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? This helps in transportation ofLipids
? From site of origin to site of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
utilization through blood.
Cholesterol Transported as Lipoprotein
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Complex (LDL)
Functions Of Lipoproteins
? Lipoproteins serve as a vehicle in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
transportation of non polar Lipids
? From the site of its biosynthesis to
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
the site of utilization through
aqueous media of blood or lymph.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Types Of Lipoproteins? Depending upon the composition and other
properties following are the types of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lipoproteins:?Chylomicrons (CM)
?Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL)
?Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?High Density Lipoproteins (HDL)?Free Fatty acid -Albumin
Lipoproteins
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lipoproteins
Types of Lipoprotein
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(al contain characteristic amounts TAG, cholesterol, cholesterol esters,phospholipids and Apoproteins ? NMR Spectroscopy)
Diameter
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Major
Class
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(nm)Source and Function
Apoliproteins
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Chylomicrons
500
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Intestine. Transport ofA, B48,
(CM)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Largest
dietary TAG
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
C(I,II,III) Ety
Very low density
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
43
Liver. Transport of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
B100,si
lipoproteins
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
endogenously
C(I,II,III) , E
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(VLDL)synthesised TAG
n
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
gd
en
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Low density22
Formed in circulation by
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
B100
lipoproteins
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
partial breakdown of IDL.(LDL)
Delivers cholesterol to
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
I
n
creasi
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
peripheral tissuesHigh density
8
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Liver. Removes "used"
A, C(I,II,III),
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
lipoproteinsSmal est
cholesterol from tissues
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
D, E
(HDL)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
and takes it to liver.Donates apolipoproteins to
CM and VLDL
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Features Chylomicrons VLDLLDL
HDL
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Site of
Small
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
HepatocytesBlood
Nascent HDL
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Synthesis Intestine
Liver -80%
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Circulation LiverIntestine -20% From VLDL
Lipids %
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
99%
92%
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
80%50%
Protein % 1%
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
8%
20%
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
50%Rich Lipid TAG
TAG
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Cholester Phospholipids
Form
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ExogenousEndogenous ol
Associate Apo B48, Apo Apo B100,Apo Apo B100, Apo A I,Apo A II
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
d
CI ,Apo E
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CI,Apo CI ,Apo Apo CI,Apo C I, Apo C II
Apoprote
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
E
Apo CI
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Apo D & Apo Ein
and Apo E
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Transport Dietary Lipids Liver
Liver
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ExtrahepaticFrom
Intestine
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Tissues
Transport Liver
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Extrahepatic Extrahepa LiverTo
Tissues
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
tic Tissues
HDL Has Scavenging Role
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ORReverse Transport of
Cholesterol
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
HDL Is Associated
With Enzyme LCAT
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Responsible For
Cholesterol
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Esterification And ItsExcretion
? HDL has scavenging role with
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
protective mechanism.? HDL Transports Cholesterol from
Extrahepatic tissues back to Liver for
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
its excretion.? HDL reduces risk of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Atherosclerosis.
? HDL clears the body Lipids and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
do not al ow accumulation ofLipids in blood.
?Thus when the levels of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
HDL are within normalrange
?Cholesterol associated
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
with HDL is termed as
Good Cholesterol
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Based on Electrophoretic patternthe Lipoproteins are termed as:
?LDL: Beta Lipoproteins
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?VLDL: Pre Beta Lipoproteins?HDL: Alpha Lipoproteins
Classification of plasma Lipoproteins
according to their electrophoretic
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
mobility
(CM)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a-lipoprotein (HDL)Pre-b-Lipoprotein (VLDL)
b-lipoprotein (LDL)
CM
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
LipoproteinDensity Diameter
Protein % Phospholi Triacyl-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
class
(g/mL)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(nm)of dry wt
pids %
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
glycerols %
of dry wt
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
HDL1.063-
5 ? 15
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
50
29
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
81.21
LDL
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1.019 ? 18 ? 28
25
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
214
1.063
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
IDL
1.006-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
25 - 5018
22
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
31
1.019
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
VLDL0.95 ?
30 - 80
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
10
18
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
501.006
Chylomicrons
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
< 0.95
100 - 500
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1 - 27
84
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
99
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Physical properties and lipid compositions of LipoproteinsCM
VLDL
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
LDL
HDL
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Density (g/ml)< 0.94 0.94-1.006 1.006-1.063 1.063-1.210
6000-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Diameter (?)
2000
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
600250
70-120
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Total lipid (wt%) * 99
91
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
8050
Triacylglycerol
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
85
55
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
106
Cholesterol esters 3
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
18
50
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
40Cholesterol
2
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
7
11
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
7Phospholipid
8
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
20
29
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
46Apoprotein % 1 9 20 50
Fatty acid compositions (wt% of the total) in the main lipids of human Lipoprotein
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Triacylglycerols Cholesterol
Esters
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
PhospholipidsFatty acid VLDL LDL HDL VLDL
LDL HDL VLDL LDL HDL
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
16:0 27
23 23
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1211 11
34
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
36
32
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
18:0 33
4
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1
1
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
115
14
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
14
18:1 45
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
47 4426
22 22
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
12
12
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1218:2 16
16 16
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
52
60 55
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2019
21
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
20:4
(n-6) 2
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
58
6
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
7
6
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1413
16
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
The main properties of the Apoproteins.*Apoprotein
Molecular weight
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lipoprotein
Function
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lecithin:cholesterolApo A1
28,100
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
HDL
acyltransferase (LCAT)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
activation. Main structuralprotein.
Apo A2
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
17,400
HDL
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Enhances hepatic lipaseactivity
Apo A4
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
46,000
CHYLOMICRON(CM)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Apo AV(5)39,000
HDL
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Enhances triacylglycerol
uptake
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Apo B48241,000
CHYLOMICRON
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Derived from Apo B100 ?
lacks the LDL receptor
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Apo B100512,000
LDL, VLDL
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Binds to LDL receptor
Apo C1
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
7,600VLDL, CM
Activates LCAT
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Apo C2
8,900
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
VLDL, CMActivates lipoprotein lipase
Apo C3
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
8,700
VLDL, CM
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Inhibits lipoprotein lipaseApo D
33,000
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
HDL
Associated with LCAT,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
progesterone bindingApo E
34,000
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
HDL
At least 3 forms. Binds to
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
LDL receptorLinked by disulfide bond to
Apo(a)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
300,000-800,000LDL, Lp(a)
apo B100 and similar to
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
plasminogen
Apo H, J, L
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Poorly defined functionsApo M
HDL
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Transports sphingosine-1-
phosphate
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
* Roman numerals are sometimes used to designate apoproteins (e.g. Apo AI, AI , AI I, etc)Disorders Of Lipoproteins
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Defect in Lipoprotein
metabolism leads to
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lipoprotein disorders:? Hyperlipoproteinemias
? Hypolipoproteinemias
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lipoproteins Atherogenic Particles
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
MEASUREMENTS:
Apolipoprotein B
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Non-HDL-CVLDL
VLDL
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
IDL
R
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
LDLSmall,
dense
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
TG-rich lipoproteins
LDL
? Defect in the receptors of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lipoproteins on specific
tissues
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Leads to retention ofspecific Lipoproteins in the
blood circulation.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Abnormal high levels of LDL in
blood is due to LDL receptor
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
defect on extrahepatocytesbad to body.
? The Cholesterol associated to
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
high LDL levels is said to bebad Cholesterol.
? This increases the risk of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Atherosclerosis ,Ischemia, MI
and Stroke.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Recently evidenced high levelsof blood HDL are also bad to
body.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? This increases the risk of
Atherosclerosis ,Ischemia, MI
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
and Stroke.Proteolipids/ Lipophilin
Proteolipids/ Lipophilin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Proteolipids are compound lipidswhich have more content of
Proteins than Lipids.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Proteolipid is a transmembrane
domain protein bound with Lipids.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Occurrence Of Proteolipids
? Proteolipids are structural
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lipids? Present on the extracel ular
side of the membrane.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Proteolipids are also present in
Myelin Sheath.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Miscellaneous Lipids
Miscel aneous Lipid
Eicosanoids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Eicosanoids are
Classified under
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Miscellaneous Lipids.?Eicosanoids is a generic
term col ectively used
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
for?Biological y active 20
carbon(Eicosa) Lipid like
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
compounds
Name Of Eicosanoids
? Eicosanoids is a Generic term for the 20
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Carbon related compounds like:
I. Prostaglandins (PGs)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
I . Prostacyclins (PGI2)I I. Thromboxanes (TX)
IV. Leukotrienes (LT)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
V. Lipoxins (LX)
VI. Resolvins
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
VII. EoxinsBiosynthesis Of Eicosanoids
? Eicosanoids are derivatives
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
of Nutritional EssentialFatty acid/PUFAs.
? Eicosanoids are biosynthesized in the body
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
from PUFAs:
1.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Mostly from Arachidonicacid/Eicosatetraenoic acid
(PUFA)/Omega 6 Fatty acid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2.
Minorly from Timnodonic
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
acid/Eicosapentaenoic /Omega 3 Fattyacid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? During Eicosanoid BiosynthesisMostly
? Arachidonic acid is released by
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Phospholipids Viz: Lecithin/PIP3
? By Phospholipase A2 activity
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Eicosanoids has very
short half life
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?From seconds to fewminutes
Classification Of Eicosanoids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Prostanoids : Obtained byCycloxygenase System :
?Prostaglandin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Prostacyclins?Thromboxanes
? Leukotrienes and Lipoxins are
obtained by Lipoxygenase System
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Prostaglandins are Derivative ofArachidonic acid
1. Prostaglandins (PGs)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Prostaglandins are type ofEicosanoids.
? PGs also termed as Prostanoids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Since they are obtained fromparent compound Prostanoic
acid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Biosynthesis Of Prostaglandins
? Per day 1 mg of
Prostaglandins are
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
biosynthesized in human
body.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Prostaglandins are derivedfrom Arachidonic acid by
Cycloxygenase system.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Phospholipid Lecithin releasesArachidonic acid
? Arachidonic acid is used for
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Prostanoic acid synthesis.
? Prostanoic acid then
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
biosynthesizes Prostaglandin inhuman body.
Structure and Types Of PGs
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Prostaglandin structure is complex
and possess:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Cyclopentane ring
?Double bond
?Carboxylic and Hydroxyl groups
?Prostaglandins contains
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
a
?Cyclopentane ring with
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Hydroxyl groups at C11and C15
? Prostaglandins (PG) are of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
fol owing Types:
?PG A
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?PG B?PG C
?PG D
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?PG E
?PG F
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?PG G?PG H
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Occurrence/Distribution Of PGs
Occurrence Of PGs
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Prostaglandin was first seen inProstatic secretion and Semen.
? Later it was found that
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Prostaglandins are ubiquitous
? Present all over in human body
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
tissues.Functions OF Prostaglandins
? Prostaglandins serve as Cell
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Signaling Agents/LocalHormones with.
?Paracrine in action (act on
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
sites closely where they are
produced/ neighboring cel s).
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Autocrine in action that thesites where they are produced.
? PGs exert their function
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
through G-Protein linkedmembrane receptors.
Prostaglandins have
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
diverse functions on
many tissues
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Action of one PG is
different in different
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
tissues.?Sometimes PGs bring out
opposing action in same
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
tissue.
1.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
4.
Regulate Blood
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Inhibits Gastic secretionPressure
2.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
5.
FUNCTIONS OF
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Promotes KidneyHelp in Parturition
Prostaglandins
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Function
3.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
6.Produces pain,
Bronchodilation
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
inflammation and Fever
1.Role Of PGs In Blood Vessels
PGs Regulate Blood Pressure
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? PG A and PG E are Vasodilators.
? PGs lowers the blood pressure by:
?Increasing blood flow and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Decreasing vascular resistance inblood vessels.
? PGs are used Therapeutical y
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
in treating Hypertension.
Prostaglandin occur at
Platelets
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Inhibits Platelet
Aggregation
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
andThrombus formation
2. PGs Has Role in Uterus At The Time
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Of Parturition
? PG natural y increases
uterine contraction of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
smooth muscles which
induces the delivery of baby.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? PGs can be therapeutical y used asAbortificients during Medical
Termination of Pregnancies (MTPs).
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? PGs also arrests postpartum
hemorrhage.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3. Role Of Prostaglandins In Lungs
? PGs in Lungs serve as
Bronchodilators and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Bronchoconstrictor of Lungs.
?PG E-Bronchodilator
?PG F- Bronchoconstrictor
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?PG E is used in
treatment of Bronchial
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Asthma.4. Role Of Prostaglandin In GIT
? Prostaglandin in stomach
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
increases its motility and inhibitsgastric secretion of HCL.
? PG is used in treatment of gastric
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
ulcers.
5. Role Of Prostaglandins in Kidneys
? PGs in Kidneys increases GFR
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
and promotes urine formation
and urine out put.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Thus helps in removing wasteout of the body.
PGs Regulate Sleep and Wake Process
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Use of PG D2 promotes Sleep6.Effect Of PGs on Metabolism
? PGs Decreases Lipolysis (breakdown of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
TAG).? PGs increases Glycogenesis.
? PGs promotes Steroidogenesis
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(Biosynthesis of Steroid hormones)? PGs promotes mobilization of ionic
Calcium from bones.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Production of PGs
Promote
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fever , Pain , NauseaVomiting and Inflammation
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Role Of PGsIn Immunity And Inflammation
? Prostaglandins are produced in more
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
amounts at the time of :
?Fever
?Pain
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Nausea and Vomiting?Inflammation
? Provide non specific immunity to body
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?PGs are more produced ininflammatory disorders
like Rheumatoid Arthritis.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Drugs like NSAIDs Aspirin used in
treating inflammatory disorders.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Inhibits the Enzyme of
Cycloxygenase system
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Which in turn inhibits thebiosynthesis of Prostaglandins.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
2. Prostacyclins (PGI2)
Prostacyclins (PGI2)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Prostacyclins are type of Eicosanoids/
Prostanoids.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Principally formed in vascularendothelium
? They are Platelet Aggregation
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Inhibition Factors
? Biosynthesized by enzyme Prostacyclin
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Synthetase.Roles of Prostacyclins
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Prostacyclins are Vasodilators.? Prostacyclins like Prostaglandins
inhibit platelet aggregation.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Prostacyclins prevent Thrombus/clot
formation.
3. Thromboxanes (TX)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Thromboxanes (TX)
? Thromboxanes are also termed as
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Platelet Aggregating Factor (PAF).? Thromboxanes are
Prostanoids produced by
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Thrombocytes (platelets)? By Enzyme Thromboxy
Synthase.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Structure Of Thromboxanes
?Thromboxanes possess a
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
cyclic Ether in theirstructures.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Types Of Thromboxanes
? TX A and TX B are types of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Thromboxanes.
? TXA2 is more prominent in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
human body.Functions Of Thromboxanes
? Thromboxanes are vasoconstrictors.
? Thromboxanes enhances platelet
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
aggregation.
? Thromboxanes favors blood clot
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
formation during blood coagulation.? Thromboxanes and Prostacyclins
are antagonistic to each other
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
balancing their activities.
? Increased Thromboxane activity
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
results in Thrombosis.4. Leukotrienes
Leukotrienes
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Leukotrienes are type ofEicosanoids
? Biosynthesized through
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Lipoxygenase system in
Leukocytes.
? Leukotrienes are a family
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
of Eicosanoid
? They are Inflammatory
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
mediators producedin leukocytes.
Occurrence Of Leukotrienes
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Early discovery ofLeukotrienes was in
Leukocytes.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Leukotrienes are also
produced and present in.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Mast cells?Lung
?Heart
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Spleen
Structure And Types Of Leukotrienes
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Leukotrienes Structure and Types? Leukotrines are Hydroxy derivatives
possessing conjugated Trienes .
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Types of Leukotrienes:
? LTB4, LTC4, LTD4 and LTE4
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Effect Of Leukotrienes? Leukotrienes are components of
Slow Reacting Substances (SRS-A).
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? SRS-A are released during Al ergic
reactions/Anaphylaxis.
?Leukotrienes are 100-
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1000 times more
potent than Histamine
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
during al ergicreactions.
?LTB4 is a potent
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
chemotactic agent.
(chemical substance which
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
mediates movement ofcel s).
? Leukotrienes by action are:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Bronchoconstrictors?Vasoconstrictors
? LTC4, LTD4 and LTE4 are Slow -
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Releasing Substance ofanaphylaxis ( SRS - A ) ,
? SRS-A causes fluid leakage from
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
blood vessels to an inflamed area.
?Overproduction of
Leukotrienes causes
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Asthmatic attacks
/Anaphylactic shocks.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?An Antiasthmatic drugPrednisone inhibits
Leukotriene
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
biosynthesis.
5.Lipoxins
Lipoxins
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Lipoxins are Eicosanoids produced
in Leukocytes of human body.
? Lipoxins are:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Vasoactive/Vasodilators?Anti-inflammatory
?Immunoregulatory
?Chemotactic substances
Omega 6 and Omega 3 Derived
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Eicosanoids
Are Opposite in Action
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Omega 6 Derived Eicosanoids? Prostaglandins:
?Promotes Inflammation
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Omega 3 Derived EicosanoidsResolvins and Eoxins are:
?Anti Inflammatory
?Anti Allergy
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Anti Hypertensive?Anti Cancer
?Anti Atherosclerotic
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Effects of Eicosanoids? Local pain and irritation
? Bronchospasm
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Gastrointestinal disturbances:nausea, vomiting, cramping,
and diarrhea.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Biological Actions of Selected
Eicosanoid Molecules
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Generation of arachidonic acid metabolites and their roles in inflammation.
The molecular targets of some anti-inflammatory drugs are indicated by a red X.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
COX, cyclooxygenase; HETE, hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid;HPETE, hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid.
Amphipathic Lipids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Examples OfAmphipathic Body Lipids
? Phospholipids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Glycolipids? Free Fatty acids
? Free Cholesterol
Features Of Amphipathic Lipids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Structure has both polar and non polar groups
? Partial y soluble
? Orientation of groups:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Polar group directed towardswater phase
?Non polar group directed in oil
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
phase/away from water.
Role Of Amphipathic Lipids
? Amphipathic Lipids have fol owing biological
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Significances in forming:
? Biomembranes:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
(Phospholipid bilayer, Glycolipids and Cholesterol)? Emulsions:
? In intestine PL help in Lipids Digestion
? Micelles:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? In intestine help in Lipids Absorption? Lipoproteins:
? For transport of nonpolar/neutral Lipids
? Liposomes:
? Agents for Drug /Gene carrier
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Emulsions
Emulsions
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Emulsions are small droplets ofoils miscible in aqueous phase.
? Emulsions are usually formed by
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Nonpolar and Amphipathic Lipids
along with Bile Salts in aqueous
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
phase.In Human GIT
? Emulsions are formed as
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
smal , miscible dietary Lipid
droplets in aqueous phase of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
intestinal juice in intestinallumen.
?Emulsions are formed
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
during the process ofEmulsification in GIT.
Requirements For Emulsification
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Emulsifying agents :
?Bile salts (Major)
?Amphipathic Lipids (Minor)
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Mechanical force aids
emulsification.
? Emulsifying agents reduces
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
surface tension.
? Emulsifying agents form a
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
surface layer of separatingmain bulk of nonpolar Lipids
from aqueous phase.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Emulsions are stabilized
by detergent action of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
emulsifying agents.Emulsification Process
? Emulsification process takes place in an
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
aqueous phase of intestinal juice in intestinallumen and forms Emulsions.
? During Emulsification Hydrophobic or
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
nonpolar dietary Lipids (TAG) are mixed with
an emulsifying agents:
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Bile salts?Lecithin( Amphipathic Lipids)
? Mechanical force(provided by
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
intestinal peristalticmovement) facilitates the
process of Emulsification.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Types Of Emulsions
I. Oil In Water
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
I . Water In OilSignificance Of Emulsions
? Emulsions formed in the intestinal
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
lumen help in the digestion of dietaryLipids.
? The dietary large droplets of Fat/Oil
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
are transformed to smal ,miscible
droplets as Emulsions.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Emulsions bring the dietaryLipids in contact with Lipid
digesting Enzymes present in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
aqueous phase of intestinal
juice.
Micelles
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Micelles have a disc like shape .
? Critical concentration of Amphipathic
Lipids in aqueous medium form
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Micel es(~200 nm).
? Bile salts help in forming Mixed
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Micel es.?Mixed Micel es are
formed in Intestine after
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
digestion of Lipids.
?By an aggregation of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
various forms of dietarydigested Lipids with Bile
salts.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Aggregation of variousdigestive end products of
dietary Lipids covered with a
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
peripheral layer of Bile salts
form Mixed Micelles in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
intestinal lumen.? Mixed Micel es contain the
non polar Lipids in the
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
interior portions and polar
Bile salts on the exterior.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Significance Of Mixed Micel es
? Mixed Micelles helps in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
absorption of dietary Lipids? From intestinal lumen into
intestinal mucosal cel s.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Liposomes? Amphipathic Lipids when exposed to
high frequency sound waves (Ultra
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Sonication) in aqueous medium to
agitate particles and form Liposomes.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Liposomes can be prepared by disruptingbiological membranes by ultra
sonication(>20 KHz )
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Structures Of Liposomes
? Liposomes are composite structures made
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
of largely phospholipids and smal amountsof other molecules
? Liposomes has spheres of one/ many Lipid
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
bilayers.
? Liposomes contain aqueous regions(polar
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
phase) and intermittently lipid bilayer (nonpolar phase).
Types Of Liposomes
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Unilamellar Liposome? Multilamellar Liposome
Structures Of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
LiposomesUses Of Liposomes
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Liposomes are vehicles for
administration of drug through blood,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
targeted to specific organs.? Topical transdermal delivery of drugs.
? Transfer of Gene into vascular cells
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Water insoluble drugs are carried
in Hydrophobic region of
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Liposome.
? Water soluble drugs are carried in
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Hydrophilic region of Liposomes.Biomedical Importances
Of Body Lipids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? The Role of various Body Lipids:?Triacylglycerol
?Free Fatty acids
?Phospholipids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Glycolipids?Lipoproteins
?Cholesterol and Cholesterol Ester
?Eicosanoids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Body Lipids Functions
1.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Secondary Source of Energy2.
Energy Storage Lipids- Long term use
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3.
Thermal and Electrical Insulators
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
4.Cushioning Effect and Shock absorber
5.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Shape and Contour to body
6.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Structural Lipids- Biomembrane components7.
Cel antigens, receptors, anchoring sites
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
8.
Signal Transduction and Nerve Impulse conduction
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
9.Lung Surfactant helps in normal respiration
10. Emulsifiers helps in Lipid digestion and absorption
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
11. Transport Lipids
12. Metabolic regulatory Lipids
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
1.4.
Builds Membranes
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Sources Of Energy, PUFAs
Signal Transmission
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
,Fat soluble Vitamins2.
5.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Restores Abundant
FUNCTIONS OF LIPIDS
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
LUBRICATEEnergy
Cushioning Effect
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
3.
6.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Nervous FunctionElectrical and Thermal
Lung Surfactant,
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Insulators
Emulsifiers
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Fatty acids of TAG is a
Source of Energy
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Energy-Containing Nutrients (C and H)H+
ATP Electron
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Transport
Chain
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
CO2O2
H2O
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Good About Body Lipids
? Liberate 9 kcal per
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Regulates cell
gram of TAG.
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
function? Major fuel at rest
? Maintains membrane
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Endurance Exercise
structure
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Stores Energy? Improve nerve
function
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Source of :
? Provides flavors and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Essential fatty acidstextures of foods
?Fat-soluble vitamins
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Helps us feel satiated
Disorders Associated To Lipids
? Obesity
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Atherosclerosis? Respiratory Distress Syndrome
? Fatty Liver
? Hyperlipoproteinemias
? Hypolipoproteinemias
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Necrosis ,Oxidative damage of biomembranes dueto Lipid peroxidation
? Lipid Storage Disorders
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Common
Lipids Associated Disorders
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? Obesity? Metabolic Syndrome
?Atherosclerosis
?Coronary Heart Disease
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
?Hypertension?Diabetes Mel itus
Lipid Storage Disorders
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Inborn Errors Of Lipid Metabolism
? Congenital Defects where
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
deficient of Enzymes? Affects an Abnormal
accumulation of Lipid forms
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
? In cells and tissues affecting
there functionality.
S.No Lipid Storage Disorder Enzyme Defect and
--- Content provided by FirstRanker.com ---
Abnormal Accumulation of
1
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Niemann Picks Disease SphingomyelinaseSphingomyelins
2
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Gaucher's Disease
Beta Glucocerebrosidase
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Glucocerebrosides3
Krabbe's Disease
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Beta Galactosidase
Galactocerebrosides
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4Tay Sach's Disease
Hexoseaminidase-A
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Gangliosides
5
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Farber's DiseaseCeramidase
Ceramides
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Questions
? Long Answer Questions
? Define Lipids (Bloor's Definition).
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Classify Lipids with suitable
examples.
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? Define Fatty acids. Classify themwith different modes and suitable
examples.
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? What are Compound lipids?
Describe Phospholipids wrt
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Chemistry,Types,Nature,SourcesDistribution,Functions and
associated disorders of.
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? What are Sterols? Describe the
structure, dietary sources,
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properties & functions ofCholesterol.
? Write Short Notes.
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? Biomedical importance of variousforms of body Lipids
? Enlist various disorders associated to
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Lipid forms with biochemical defect
and alterations.
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? Essential fatty acids (PUFAs) & theirrole in the body.
? Triacylglycerol/Neutral Fats- Structure
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& Function.
? Rancidity- Causes & Prevention.
? Gycolipids/Cerebrosides/Gangliosides
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? Lipoproteins- Chemistry, types &functions
? Eicosanoids/Prostaglandins
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? Therapeutic uses of Prostaglandins? Distinguish between Fats & Waxes
? Nomenclature & Isomerism of fatty acids
? Omega 3 fatty acids and their importance
? Amphipathic nature of lipids and their roles
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? Distinguish between Fats & Oils? Enumerate biomedical important lipids with
their classes
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? Properties of Fatty acids.? Simple Lipids with their examples
? Enumerate Compound Lipids & one
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function of each? Name Derived lipids & their functions
? Trans Fats and their harmful effects
? Tests to check the purity of fats &
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oils/Characteristic number of Fats
Revision Questions
? Define Lipids
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? Number and Names of Lipid Classes? Define Derived Lipids
? Examples of Derived Lipids
? Define Fatty acids
? What is Delta and Omega end of FAs
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? What is Beta Carbon of a Fatty acid? 6 Modes of Classification of Fatty
acids
? Fatty acids with one double bond is:--------------
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? Name most predominant Fatty acid of humanbody-----
? Most easily metabolized fatty acids are :----------
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--,____________- and _____________
? Fatty acid with odd and even number carbon
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atoms are:? PUFAs are Fatty acids with---------------------
? Name PUFAs of Omega 3 and 6 types
? Enumerate Lipidosis with enzyme defects
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? Are Nutritionally Essential Fatty acids and
PUFAs same
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? Name branched Chain and Odd NumberFatty acids
? Name Cyclic and Hydroxy Fatty acids
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? What are Cis and Trans Fatty acids? Enlist Omega 3 Fatty acids and 3 Main
Roles
? Criteria for Sub classification of Simple
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Lipids
? Define Simple lipids
? Examples/Subtypes of Simple Lipids
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? What is a Class of Fat/Oil and its chemicalname
? Define Waxes
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? Name human body Wax? Differences of Fats and Oils
? Differentiate between
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Cerebrosides and Gangliosides? Occurrence and Role of TAG
? Definition of Compound Lipids
? Types of Compound lipids
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? Sphingophospholipid Example? Number and Names Of
Glycerophospholipids
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? Hormonal role of Phospholipds? Chemical composition of Lung
Surfactant
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? Which Compound Lipid is classifiedunder classes of Lipid and Protein?
? Enzyme defect in Niemann Picks Disease
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? Red Spot Macula is noted in which all
conditions
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? In which disorder Ceramides get accumulatedin joints
? Emulsions and Liposomes results due to which
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Lipid forms.
? On what criteria's TAG is selected as reservoir
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of energy for long term use? Enumerate various Lipid Storage disorders with
biochemical defect and abnormal accumulated
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Lipid form
? What value of L/S ratio shows lung maturity and
immaturity?
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? What are components of Lung Surfactant?
? What are roles of Lung surfactant?
? What form of energy source helps in endurance of
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exercises of body?? Which Lipids are associated to biomembranes?
? What are applications of Amphipathic Lipids?
? What clinical conditions shows
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Hypercholesterolemia?
? Enzymes associated for Eicosanoids biosynthesis.
? Therapeutic roles of Prostaglandins
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Biochemistry Department