Outline
? Introduction
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? Technique? Normal anatomy
? Evaluation
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How are X-rays produced?? What is radiation?
? Ionizing radiation
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3 cardinal principles
? Dimensional flattening
? Attenuation
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? ContrastDimensional flattening
Twodimensional (2D) representation of a threedimensional (3D) structure.
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Attenuation
Absorption of x-rays by the material
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Image contrast
Structures can only be seen if there is sufficient contrast with
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surrounding tissues (contrast is the difference in absorption between
one tissue and another).
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What is a fil ing defect?
How wil you read a radiograph?
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? Give the type of the radiograph:
? Erect
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? Check patient details? Date of the radiograph
? Quality and technical adequacy
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Normal AnatomyAbdominal viscera
? Solid
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? Liver
? Spleen
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? Kidneys and adrenals? Pancreas
? Hollow
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? Stomach
? Small bowel
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? Large bowel? Musculoskeletal parts
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The most useful tip for radiographs
? For a moment, forget that you are
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facing the examiner.
? Describe as if you are describing
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the radiograph to a colleague, overthe phone.
? Speak what you are seeing, but
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systematically.
ABC of abdominal radiographs
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? A for Air? B for Bowel
? C for Calcification
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C for calcifications
? Calculi ? here, there and everywhere
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? Organ calcifications
Urolithiasis
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Calculi along urinary tract? Anywhere
? Kidney
? Ureter
? Bladder
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Predisposing factors
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Stagnations
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Hypersaturation?
Bacterial infections
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?
Receptor modulation
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?Epithelial injury
?
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Nephrocalcin, uropontine
Chemical composition of calculi
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? Calcium containing? Devoid of calcium
Calcium Oxalate ? metabolism
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Cystine
derangement
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Uric acidStruvite ? UTI with urea splitting
Protease inhibitors
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organisms
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Mimics
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Thank you