Download PGIMER (Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh) 2020 May Anatomy Solved Question Paper
FALSEaboutgenitor-urinaryanatomy?
a)Superficialdorsalpenilearteryisabranchofbulbourethral
artery
b)Penileskinissuppliedbysuperficialexternalpudendalartery
c)Penisreceivesthreevenousdrainagesystems
d)Thereare5urethralsphinctersinchildren
e)Nervesupplyofpenisincludespelvicsplanchnicnerves
CorrectAnswer-A:D
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Superficialdorsalpenilearteryisabranchof
bulbo-urethralartery&'d'i.e.,Thereare5urethralsphinctersin
children
Vasculature&Innervationofpenis
A.Arterialsupply:mainlybybranchesoftheinternalpudendal
artery(branchofanteriordivisionoftheinternaliliacartery).
DorsalArteriesofpenissupplyingthefibroustissuearoundcorpora
andskinofpenis.
Deeparteriesofpenis(cavernousarteryorarterytocruraofpenis):
theypiercethecruraandrunwithinthecorporacavernosa,thus
supplyingtheerectiletissue.
Arteryofbulbofpenis(Bulbo-urethralartery):supplyposteriorpart
ofcorpusspongiosum+Cowper'sglands
SuperficialeirDeepbranchesofexternalpudendalartery(branchof
femoralartery):supplypenileskin
B.Venusdrainage:Thepenisisdrainedbythreevenous
systems:superficial,intermediate,anddeep.
SUPERFICIALveins:drainsintotheleftsaphenousvein.Veinsfrom
moresuperficialtissuemaydrainintotheexternalsuperficial
pudendalveins.
INTERMEDIATEsystemcontainsthedeepdorsalandcircumflex
veins,lyingwithinandbeneathBuck'sfascia.
DEEPdrainagesystemconsists:
1. Cruralveins
2. Cavernosalveins
3. Theinternalpudendalveins
C.Lymphaticdrainage:
Glansdrainintothedeepinguinalnodes.
Fromrestofthepenislymphdrainsintothesuperficialinguinal
nodes.
D.Nervesupply
a)Somaticsupply:
Skinofthepenisissuppliedbypudendalnerveviadorsalnerveof
penisandposteriorscortalnerve.
Asmal areaonthedorsumofproximalpenis(root):ilionguinal
nerve.
Themuslces,bulbocavernosusandischeocavernosus:perineal
branchofpudendalnerve.
b)Parasympathetic:Itisresponsibleforerectionandisderivedfrom
pelvicsplanchnicnerves(S2S3S4).
c)Sympathetic:Itisresponsibleforejaculation(initialpart)andis
derivedfromLlsegmentviasuperiorandinferiorhypogastricplexus.
2.4thAorticarchisresponsibleforthe
formationof?
a)Archofaorta
b)Pulmonaryartery
c)Pulmonaryvein
d)Subclavianartery
e)Subclavianvein
CorrectAnswer-A:D
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Archofaorta&'d'i.e.,Subclavianartery
AorticarchIV:Therightandleftsidedevelopdifferently:
1. LeftaorticarchIVformspartofarchofaortawhichliesbetweenleft
commoncarotidandleftsubclavianarteries.
2. RightaorticarchIVformsmostproximalpartofrightsubclavian
artery(distalpartisformedbyrightdorsalaortaandright7th
cervicalintersegmentalartery).Theleftsubclavianarteryisformed
byleft7thcervicalintersegmentalartery.
Aboutotheroptions
1. Pulmonaryartery-5thaorticarch
2. Pulmonaryvein-pulmonaryveinsdevelopindependently(duringthe
formationofseptumprimum.
3. Subclavianvein-Subclavianveinsareformedby7thcervical
intersegmentalvein
3.Allaretrueregardingrenalanatomy
EXCEPT?
a)Leftkidneyisrelatedtoboth11th&12thribs
b)Longaxisislateralandupwards
c)Suppliedbyanteriorsegmentalartery
d)Suppliedbyrectalplexus
e)Bothkidneysmoveinoppositedirectionduringrespiration
CorrectAnswer-B:D:E
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Longaxisislateralandupwards,'d'i.e.,Supplied
byrectalplexus&'e'i.e.,Bothkidneysmoveinopposite
directionduringrespiration
LOCATION
ArterialSupply:
Eachkidneyissuppliedbyrenalarteries,leftandright,which
branchfromleft&rightphrenicarterywhichbranchdirectlyfrom
theabdominalaorta.
Posterior,apical,upperanterior,middleanteriorandlowerare
5segmentsofvascularsupplyineachkidney
Kidneysreceiveapproximately20%ofthecardiacoutput.
RenalarterySegmentalarteriesInterlobararteries(penetrate
therenalcapsuleandextendthroughtherenalcolumnsbetweenthe
renalpyramids)
InterlobararteriessupplyArcuatearteries(runthroughthe
boundaryofthecortexandthemedul a)Interlobulararteries
Afferentarterioles(supplytheglomeruli).
Branchesofrenalarteryareendarteries.
RightrenalarteryislongerandpassesbehindIVC.
NERVESUPPLY:
Kidneyissuppliedbyrenalplexus,anoffshootofcoelicplexus.
4.Truestatementregardinganatomyof
nasolacrimalapparatusis/are?
a)Nasolacrimalductopensininferiormeatus
b)Thereisupper&lowercanaliculus
c)Mostpeoplehavecommoncanaliculus
d)CanaliculusislinedbyCiliarystratifiedcolumnarepithelium
e)Nasolacrimalductisfracturedinmostheadandneckinjuries
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:E
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Nasolacrimalductopensininferiormeatus,'b'
i.e.,Thereisupper&lowercanaliculus,'c'i.e.,Mostpeople
havecommoncanaliculus&`e'i.e.,Nasolacrimalductis
fracturedinmostheadandneckinjuries
Nasolacrimal(drainage)apparatusconsistsof:
1. Lacrimalcanaliculi
2. Lacrimalsac
3. Nasolacrimalduct
Lacrimalcanaliculi
Therearetwolacrimalcanaliculi-superiorandinferioroneachside.
Theyunitetoformacommoncanaliculusanddrainviathesinusof
Maierintothelacrimalsacposteriortothemedialpalpebralligament
andanteriortotheorbicularisoculimuscle.
Itislinedbystratifiedsquamousepitheliumsupportedbyelastic
tissue.
Lacrimalsac:
Thelacrimalsacliesinthelacrimalfossaontheinferomedialaspect
ofthebonyorbitbetweentheposteriorandanteriorlacrimalcrests.
Thesacreceivesthelacrimalcanaliculibeforeitdrainsviathevalve
ofKrauseintothenasolacrimalduct.
Nasolacrimalduct
Thenasolacrimalductistheinferiorcontinuationofthelacrimalsac
2parts:
1. intraosseouspart(12mm):lieswithinthenasolacrimalcanalofthe
maxil a
2. membranouspart(3-5mm):runsinthenasalmucosa;terminates
belowtheinferiornasalmeatusasaslit-likeopeningwhereitis
coveredbyamucosalfoldcal edthevalveofHasner
5.Posteriorinterosseousnervesupplies?
a)Extensorcarpiradialislongus
b)Extensorcarpiradialisbrevis
c)Extensorcarpiulnaris
d)Brachioradialis
e)Extensorpol icislongus
CorrectAnswer-B:C:E
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Extensorcarpiradialisbrevis,'c'i.e.,Extensor
carpiulnaris&`e'i.e.,Extensorpollicislongus
Theposteriorinterosseousnerveisapuremotornerve
andinnervatessupinator&extensorcarpiradialis.
Itsupplies:?
1. Extensorcarpiulnaris
2. Extensordigitorum
3. Extensordigitiminimi
4. Abductorpol icislongus
5. Extensorpol icislongusandbrevis
6. Extensorindicis
6.Cavernoussinusreceivesbloodfrom?
a)Superiorophthalmicvein
b)Superiorpetrosalsinus
c)Inferiorpetrosalsinus
d)Spheno-parietalsinus
e)Basilarplexusofveins
CorrectAnswer-A:D
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Superiorophthalmicvein&'d'i.e.,Spheno-
parietalsinus
Tributaries(incomingchannels)ofcavernoussinus
1. Superiorophthalmicvein
2. Abranchofinferiorophthalmicveinorsometimesveinitself.
3. Centralveinofretina(itmayalsodrainintosuperiorophthalmic
vein).
4. Superficialmiddlecerebralvein.
5. Inferiorcerebralvein.
6. Sphenoparietalsinus
7. Frontaltrunkofmiddlemeningealvein(itmayalsodraininto
pterygoidplexusorintosphenoparietalsinus).
7.InnerWaldayer'sringincludes?
a)Jugulo-diagastricnodes
b)Jugulo-omohoidnodes
c)Palatinetonsil
d)Tubaltonsil
e)Pharyngealtonsil
CorrectAnswer-C:D:E
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Palatinetonsil,'d'i.e.,Tubaltonsil&`e'i.e.,
Pharyngealtonsil
8.Structure(s)passingthroughaortic
openingintothechestinclude?
a)Thoracicduct
b)Azygousvein
c)Hemiazygousvein
d)Esophagus
e)Inferiorvenacava
CorrectAnswer-A:B
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Thoracicduct&'b'i.e.Azygousvein
Theaortichiatusisaholeinthediaphragm.Itisthelowestand
mostposteriorofthelargeapertures.
Itislocatedapproximatelyatthelevelofthetwelfththoracic
vertebra(T12).
Throughitpassestheaorta,theazygosvein,thethoracicduct,and
hemi-azygosveinpassesthroughtheleftcrus.
9.ConstituentsofRotatorcuffincludesall
EXCEPT?
a)Teresmajor
b)Teresminor
c)Supraspinatus
d)Infraspinatus
e)Subscapularis
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Teresmajor
Eachoneofthesemusclesispartoftherotatorcuffandplays
animportantrole:
Supraspinatus.Thisholdsyourhumerusinplaceandkeepsyour
upperarmstable.Andhelpsliftyourarm.
Infraspinatus.Thisisthemainmusclethatletsyourotateand
extendyourshoulder.
TeresMinor.Thisisthesmal estrotatorcuffmuscle.Itsmainjobis
toassistwithrotationofthearmawayfromthebody.
Subscapularis.Thisholdsyourupperarmbonetoyourshoulder
bladeandhelpsyourotateyourarm,holditstraightoutandlowerit.
10.NotTRUEstatementregardingparotid
glandis/are?
a)Deeplobecontainsdeeplymphatics
b)Dividedintosuperficialanddeeplobesbyfacialnerve
c)Parotidductopensoppositetotheseconduppermolar
d)Ectodermalinorigin
e)Auriculotemporalnerveisthemainsensorynerve
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Deeplobecontainsdeeplymphatics
Development:
Parotidglandisthefirstsalivaryglandtoappear,inearly6'week.
Itisectodermalinoriginanddevelopsfromthebuccalepithelium
justlateraltotheangleofmouth
Structuresemergingfromparotid
Thefollowingstructuresemergefromtheparotidgland:
Anteriorborder:
Parotidduct
3Terminalbranchesoffacialnerve:
Thezygomaticandbuccalbranches:towardthetemporalregion,
eyelidsandcheek,respectively.
Mandibularbranch:Runalongthebodyofthemandibletowardsthe
mouth
Apex:
5thterminalbranchoffacialnerve:Cervicalbranchcontinuesinto
theneck(toplatysma).
Anterior&posteriordivisionsofretromandibularvein
Posteriorborder:
Posteriorauricularnerve
Posteriorauricularartery
Posteriorauricularvein
Alongbase:
superficialtemporalartery
temporalbranchoffacialnerve
Auriculotemporalnerve
STRUCTURESWITHINGLAND:
Arteries:
Externalcarotidarteryentersthroughposteromedialsurface
Maxil aryartery
Superficialtemporalvessel
Posteriorauricularartery
Veins:
Theretromandibularveins
FacialNerve
ParotidDuct(Stenson'sduct)
Theductturnsopensintothevestibuleofthemouth(gingivo-buccal
vestibule)oppositethecrownoftheupper2ndmolartooth
Nervesupply:
PARASYMPATHETIC:auriculotemporalnerve
SYMPTHETICSUPPLY-plexusaroundtheexternalcarotidartery.
SENSORYNERVES:auriculotemporalnerve,exceptforparotid
fascia&overlyingskinwhichareinnervatedbyGreatauricular
nerve(C2,C3).
11.Externalanalsphincterisinnervatedby?
a)S2,S3,S4
b)S2,S3
c)S1,S2
d)L5,Sl
e)L2,L3
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,S2,S3,S4
AnalSphincters:
Twosphincters,internalandexternal,surroundtheanalcanal:
A.Internalsphincter(sphincteraniinternus):
Involuntary
Sympatheticfibersthroughsuperiorhypogastricplexusa
Parasympatheticfibersfrompelvicsplanchnicnerves(S2S3S4).
B.Externalsphincter(sphincteraniexternus)
Voluntary
Surroundstheentirelengthofanalcanal
Inferiorrectalnerve(S2S3S4)andperinealbranch
12.Apatienthadalesioninthewrist.On
examinationthethumbwaslaterally
rotated&adducted,withapethumb
deformity.Whichisthenerveinvolved?
a)Median
b)Ulnar
c)Radial
d)Postinterosseousnerve
e)None
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Median
Apethumb(Simianthumb)deformity:-
TheApeHandDeformityiscausedbydamagetothedistalmedian
nerve(alsocal edaMedianClawlesion),andsubsequentloss
ofopponenspol icismusclefunction.
Thethumbisadductedandlateral yrotatedsothatthethumbliesin
thesameplaneastheotherfingers.Itisduetooveractionof
adductorpol icis(suppliedbyulnarnerve).
13.Springligamentrefersto?
a)Plantarcalcaneonavicularligament
b)Shortplanterligament
c)Longplanterligament
d)Both'b'&'c'
e)None
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Plantarcalcaneonavicularligament
Thespringligament(Plantarcalcaneonavicularligament)isagroup
ofligamentswhichconnectcalcaneumtonavicular.
Itconsistsof:?
1. Superomedialligament.
2. Medioplantarobliqueligament(medialor
intermedialcalcaneonavicularligament).
3. Inferoplantarlongitudinalligament(Lateralcalcaneonavicular
ligament).
14.WhichofthefollowingisNOTacontentof
medialwallofmiddleear?
a)Ovalwindow
b)Roundwindow
c)Processuscochlearformis
d)Aditus&antrum
e)NotchofRivinus
CorrectAnswer-D:E
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Aditus&antrum&'e'i.e.,NotchofRivinus
Medialorinnerlabyrinthicwallofmiddleear
(Parieslabyrinthica):
Itisformedbythelateralwal oflabyrinth.
Itpresentsfollowingstructures:
1. Promontory:Itisabonybulgewhichisduetothebasalcoilof
cochlea.Tympanicplexuspresentoverit.
2. Ovalwindow(fenestravestibuli/ovalis):
3. Thefootplateofstapes
4. Roundwindow(fenestracochleae/rotunda):coveredbythe
secondarytympanicmembrane.
5. Horizontaltympanicpartoffal opiancanalforfacialnerve
6. Thetympanicsegmentoffacialnervecanal
7. Lateralsemicircularcanal
8. Processuscochleariformis
Thetendonoftensortympanitakesaturnonthisprocessandthen
isinsertedontheneckofmal eus.
Processuscochleariformisisanimportantsurgicallandmarkforthe
levelofthegenuofthefacialnerve.
15.Pronatorquadrateshassame
innervationsasfollowingmuscles?
a)Flexorpol icislongus
b)Flexordigitorumsuperficialis
c)Palmarislongus
d)Flexordigitorumprofundusofmiddlefinger
e)Flexorcarpiulnaris
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:D
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Flexorpollicislongus,'b'i.e.,Flexordigitorum
superficialis,'c'i.e.,Palmarislongus,'d'i.e.,Flexor
digitorumprofundusofmiddlefinger
Al theflexormusclesoftheforearmaresuppliedbymediannerve,
excepttheflexoraulnarisandthemedialhalfofflexor
digitorumprofundustotheulnartwofingers(4th&5thfinger).
MEDIANNERVEINNERVATONS:
Themediannerveinnervatesthemajorityofthemusclesin
theanteriorforearm,andsomeintrinsichandmuscles.
AnteriorForearm
Innervatesmusclesinthesuperficialandintermediatelayers:
Superficiallayer:Pronatorteres,flexorcarpiradialisandpalmaris
longus.
Intermediatelayer:Flexordigitorumsuperficialis.
Themediannervealsogivesrisetotheanteriorinterosseous
nerve,whichsuppliesthedeepflexors:
Deeplayer:Flexorpol icislongus,pronatorquadratus,andthe
lateralhalfoftheflexordigitorumprofundus(themedialhalfofthe
muscleisinnervatedbytheulnarnerve).
Hand
Themediannerveinnervatessomeofthemusclesinthehand
viatwobranches.
Therecurrentbranch:Thenarmuscles
Thepalmardigitalbranch:Innervatesthelateraltwolumbricals.
16.Supination&pronationdoesn'ttakeplace
at?
a)Superiorradioulnarjoint
b)Middleradioulnarjoint
c)Inferiorradioulnarjoint
d)Radiocarpaljoint
e)Midcarpaljoint
CorrectAnswer-D:E
Ans.is'd'i.e.,Radiocarpaljoint&`e'i.e.,Midcarpaljoint
Forearmrotation(supinationpronation)occursatradio-ulnarjoint
complexi.e.Superior(proximal)radioulnarjoint,Inferior(distal)
radioulnarjoint&Middleradioulnarjoint.
Movement:Musclesresponsibleformovements
Supination
Supinator(whenelbowisextended)
Bicepsbrachi (whenelbowisflexed)
Brachioradialis(supinatesthepronatedforearmtomidprone
position)
Pronation
Pronaterteres(rapidpronator)
Pronatorquadrates(strongpronator)
Brachioradialis(pronatesthesupinatedforearmtomidprone
position)
17.
Occlusionoccursat2ndpartofaxillary
artery,bloodflowismaintainedbywhichof
thefollowinganastomosis?
a)Suprascapularartery&postcircumflexhumeralartery
b)Anteriorandposteriorcircumflexhumeralartery
c)Circumflexscapularandposteriorcircumflexhumeralartery
d)Deepbranchofthetransversecervicalarteryandsubscapular
artery
e)Anteriorcircumflexarteryandsubscapularartery
CorrectAnswer-A:D
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Suprascapularartery&postcircumflexhumeral
artery&'d'i.e.,Deepbranchofthetransversecervicalartery
andsubscapularartery
Anastomosisaroundscapulaprovidesbloodsupplytodistalpartif
firstorsecondpartofaxil aryarteryisblocked.
Anastomosisaroundscapulaconnectsthefirstpartofsubclavian
arterywiththirdpartofaxil aryartery.
AnastomosisAroundScapula
Connects1stpartofsubclavianwith3rdpartofaxil aryartery.
Aroundbodyofscapula
1. Suprascapular(branchof1stpartofsubclavian).
2. Deepbranchoftransversecervical(branchofthyrocervicaltrunk
fromIstpartofsubclavian).
3. Circumflexscapular(branchofsubscapular,branchof3rdpartof
axil ary).
Ontheacromionprocess
1. Acromialbranchofthoracoacromial(branchof2ndpartofaxil ary).
2. Ascendingbranchofposteriorcircumflexhumeral(branchof3rd
partofaxil ary).
3. Acromialbranchofsuprascapular(branchof1stpartofsubclavian).
18.Trueregardingredpulpofspleenis/are?
a)Periarteriolarlymphoidsheaths
b)B-cel containinglymphoidfol icles
c)Perisinusoidalmacrophages
d)Composedofsinusoidsandspleniccords
e)RemovalofoldRBCsandmodificationofnewcel s
CorrectAnswer-C:D:E
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Perisinusoidalmacrophages,'d'i.e.,Composed
ofsinusoidsandspleniccords&`e'i.e.,RemovalofoldRBCs
andmodificationofnewcells
STRUCTUREOFSPLENICPARENCHYMA
Thespleencomprisesmanyunitsofredpulp&whitepulp,which
arecentredaroundcentralarterioles(smal erbranchesofsplenic
artery).
Redpulp
Redpulpcontainslargenumberofvenoussinusoidsdraininginto
tributariesofsplenicvein.
Venoussinusoidsarelinedbyendothelialstavecel swhichform
incompletelayer&presentintracel ularslitsb/wthemthroughwhich
bloodcanpercolate.
Surroundingthesinusesistheparenchyma,whichcontains
lymphocytes,macrophages,plasmacel s,etc.
Itmetabolizessenescentredbloodcel s(erythrocytes).
Adjacentbloodspacescontainbloodcel sandarrangedincords
cal edspleniccordsofbil roth(spleniccordsofreticulinfibers).
19.Posteriorinterosseousnervesuppliesall
except:
a)Extensorcarpiradialislongus
b)Extensorcarpiulnaris
c)Extensordigitorum
d)Extensorindices
e)Flexorcarpiulnaris
CorrectAnswer-A:E
Ans.(a)Extensorcarpiradialislongus,(e)Flexorcarpiulnaris
Theposteriorinterosseousnerveisapuremotornerve
andinnervatessupinator&extensorcarpiradialis.
Itsupplies:?
1. Extensorcarpiulnaris
2. Extensordigitorum
3. Extensordigitiminimi
4. Abductorpol icislongus
5. Extensorpol icislongusandbrevis
6. Extensorindicis
20.Muscle'sofanteriorcompartmentofleg
is/are:
a)Peroneustertius
b)Peroneusbrevis
c)Peroneuslongus
d)Flexordigitorumlongus
e)Flexorhal ucislongus
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.(a)Peroneustertius
The4musclesintheanteriorcompartmentofthelegare-thetibialis
anterior,extensordigitorumlongus,extensorhal ucislongus,and
fibularis(Peroneus)tertius
21.Branchesofinternalcarotidarterydirectly
arisingfromit:
a)Posteriorcommunicatingartery
b)Superiorhypophysealartery
c)Inferiorhypophysealartery
d)PosteriorcerebralArtery
e)RecurrentarteryofHeubner
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C
Ans.(a)Posteriorcommunicatingartery,(b),Superior
hypophysealartery,(c)Inferiorhypophysealartery
InternalCarotidArteryBranches:
Ophthalmicartery
Posteriorcommunicatingartery
Anteriorchoroidalartery
Anteriorcerebralartery:Orbital;FrontalandParietalbranches
Middlecerebralartery:Deeporperforatingbranch;temporalbranch;
FrontalbranchandParietalbranches
22.
Cross-sectionofmedullaatthelevelofmid-
olivarysectionthroughtheflooroffourth
ventriclecontainswhichofthefollowing
structure?
a)Trapezoidbody
b)Dorsalnucleusofvagus
c)Nucleusoftractussolitarius
d)Nucleusambigus
e)Superiorvestibularnucleus
CorrectAnswer-B:C:D
Ans.(b)Dorsalnucleusofvagus,(c)Nucleusoftractussolitarius,
(d)Nucleusambiguus
23.Correctstatementaboutmeiosis:
a)Somaticcel snotdividebymeiosisbecausenumberof
chromosomesreducestohalf
b)Occuringermcel whichresultinhaploidcel s
c)Onespermatocyteproducesonespermandoneoocyte
producesoneovum
d)Germcel undergoesdivisiontoformdiploidcel andincrease
theirnumber
e)Bodyneedsmeiosistoproducelargeno.ofeggsandsperms
CorrectAnswer-A:B:E
Ans.(a)Somaticcellsnotdividebymeiosis(b)Occuringerm
cellwhichresult(e)Bodyneedsmeiosistoproduce.
Meiosis:
Meiosisisatypeofcel divisionthatreducesthenumberof
chromosomeslntheparentcel byhalfandproducesfourgamete
cel s.
Thisprocessisrequiredtoproduceeggand,spermcel forsexual
reproduction
Meiosisbeginswithaparentcel thatlsdiploidandformsfour
daughtercel sthatarehaploid,whichhavehalfthenumberof
chromosomesofthediploidcel s.
24.Allaretrueaboutvestibularnerveexcept:
a)Ithastwodivision-superiorandinferiorvestibular
b)Vestibularnucleisituatedatjunctionofponsandmedul a
c)Nervefibresrelayatscarpa'sganglion
d)Nucleusliesinmidbrainnearaqueduct
e)None
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.(d)Nucleusliesinmidbrainnearaqueduct
Vestibularnerve:
Themainnervedividesatandwithinthevestibular(Scarpa's)
ganglionintosuperiorandinferiordivision,whichareconnectedby
anisthmus
Vestibularnucleiislocatedinfloorof4thventricle&issuppliedby
PICA.
Vestibularganglionisalsok/aScarpa'sganglion.
Vestibularnerveanastomosewithcochlearandfacialnerve.
25.Whichflexortendonzoneinhandis
knownasNoman'sland?
a)ZoneI
b)ZoneII
c)ZoneIII
d)ZoneIV
e)ZoneV
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.(b)ZoneII
ZoneIIextendsfromthemiddleofthemiddlephalanxtodistal
palmarcrease.Itcontainsbothflexortendonsuperficialisandflexor
tendonprofundus.
Ithasbeencal edNoMan'sLand.'or"NoMan'sZonebecause
repairinthiszoneisverydifficult.
26.Content(s)ofaortichiatus?
a)Thoracicduct
b)Aorta
c)Vagusnerve
d)Inferiorvenacava
e)Azygosvein
CorrectAnswer-A:B:E
Ans.(a)Thoracicduct,(b)Aorta,(e)Azygosvein
TheaortichiatussituatedatthelevelofT12vertebra.
Structurespassingthroughaortichiatusalongwithaortaare:
Thoracicduct
Azygosvein
Hemiazygosvein
27.Trueabouttrochlearnerve:
a)Arisefromventralaspectofbrainstem
b)EntersorbitthroughannulusofZinn
c)Lesioncausesdiplopia
d)Nucleusofthetrochlearnerveislocatedinthecaudal
mesencephalonbeneaththecerebralaqueduct
e)Damagecausesipsilateralpalsyofsuperiorobliquemuscle
CorrectAnswer-C:D
Ans.(c)Lesioncausesdiplopia,(d)Nucleusofthetrochlear
nerveislocatedinthecaudalmesencephalon
Thetrochlearnervehascertainuniquefeatures:
Itistheonlycranialnervewhosefibersoriginatetotal yfromthe
contralateralnucleus.
Itistheonlycranialnervetoemergefromthedorsalsurfaceofthe
brainstem.
Itisthemostslenderofal thecranialnerves.
Ithasthelongestintraduralcourseamongthethreeextraocular
motornerves.
Itsuppliesonlyonemusclei.e.superioroblique(Abducentcranial
nervealsosuppliesonlyonemusclei.e.Lateralrectus).
28.Trueaboutinferiorobliquemuscle:
a)Suppliedbyinferiordivisionof3rdCN
b)Primaryeyeaction-Extorsion,abduction&depression
c)Themusclepassbelowinferiorrectus
d)Originfromlacrimalbone
e)Nerveentersthemusclefromocularsurface
CorrectAnswer-A:C
Ans.(A)Suppliedbyinferiordivisionof3rdCN(C)Themuscle
passbelowinferiorrectus
Itoriginatesfromorbitalplateofmaxil alateraltotheorificeof
nasolacrimalduct.
Itistheonlymuscletotakeoriginfromfrontoftheorbit.Otherrecti
muscletakeoriginfromannulusofzinn.
Occulomotornerveinorbit:Thelarger,lowerdivisiondividesinto3
branchesforthemedialrectus,theinferiorrectus6theinferior
oblique.Al branchesenterthemuscleontheirocularsurfaces
exceptthatfortheIOwhichentersitsposteriorborder'
29.TrueaboutSubmandibularglandduct
obstructionbystone:
a)Presentsasamassbelowbodyofmandible
b)StoneinWhartonductcanbepalpatedbelowmucous
membraneoffloorofmouth
c)Startspainjustafterstartingameal
d)Paincarriedbyglossopharyngealnerve
e)Al theabove
CorrectAnswer-E
Ans.e.Alltheabove
Thesubmandibularsalivaryglandisacommonsiteofcalculus
formation.
Thepresenceofatenseswel ingbelowthebodyofthemandible,
whichisgreatestbeforeorduringamealandisreducedinsizeor
absentbetweenmeals,isdiagnosticofthecondition.
Examinationofthefloorofthemouthwil revealabsenceofejection
ofsalivafromtheorificeoftheductoftheaffectedgland.
Frequently,thestonecanbepalpatedintheduct,whichliesbelow
themucousmembraneofthefloorofthemouth'
Al the3pairsofsalivaryglandsaresuppliedbyefferent
(Parasympathetic&sympathetic)&afferentnerves(chordatympani-
br.ofVIInerve&IXnerw).Afferentfiberscarrypainimpulsefrom
salivarygland
30.Trueaboutpalatinetonsil:
a)Cryptsislinedbysquamousepithelium
b)SuppliedbyIXCN
c)Tonguedepressorisusedforexamination
d)Arterialsupplyisbytonsil arascendingbranchofgrater
palatineartery
e)Presentinoropharynx
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:E
Ans.(A)Cryptsislinedbysquamousepithelium;(B)Supplied
byIXCN;(C)Tonguedepressorisusedforexamination;(E)
Presentinoropharynx
Palatinetonsil
ThePalatinetonsilsaretwoprominentmassessituatedoneon
eithersidebetweentheglossopalatineandpharyngopalatine
arches.
Eachtonsilconsistsfundamental yofanaggregationoflymphoid
tissueunderlyingthemucousmembranebetweenthepalatine
arches.
Inthechildthetonsilsarerelatively(andfrequentlyabsolutely)
largerthanintheadult
Thefol iclesofthetonsilarelinedbyacontinuationofthemucous
membraneofthepharynx,coveredwithstratifiedsquamous
epithelium
Arteriessupplyingthetonsilarethe:
Dorsalislinguaefromthelingual
Theascendingpalatineandtonsil arfromtheexternalmaxil ary
Theascendingpharyngealfromtheexternalcarotid
Thedescendingpalatinebranchoftheinternalmaxil ary
Atwigfromthesmal meningeal.
Theveinsendinthetonsil arplexus,onthelateralsideofthetonsil
Thenervesarederivedfromthesphenopalatineganglion,andfrom
theglossopharyngeal.
31.Trueaboutarticularcartilage:
a)Inzonelchondrocytesaresmal er
b)Zone2containsarticularcartilageprogenitorcel s
c)Zone3containscalcifiedcartilage
d)Zone4containcalcifiedcartilage
e)Chondrocytesareactivecel
CorrectAnswer-A:C:E
Ans.(A)Inzonelchondrocytesaresmaller;(C)Zone3contains
calcifiedcartilage;(E)Chondrocytesareactivecell
Therearefourzones(layers)ofarticularcartilagefromthearticular
surfacetosubchondralbone.
1.Superficialzone(Zone-1)
Itisthethinnestzone.
Itconsistsoftwolayers:(i)Asheetofdenslypackedcol agenwith
littlepolysaccharideandtocel s,coversthejointsurface,and(i )
flattenedelipsoid-shapedchondrocytes,withtheirmajoraxis
paral eltojointsurface.
2.Transitionzone(Zone2)
Compositionisintermediatebetweensuperficialzoneandmiddle
zone.
3.Middlezoneorradialzoneordeepzone(Zone-3)
Thechondrocytesarespheroidalinshapewiththeirmajoraxis
perpendiculartojointsurface.
Chondrocytesaremostactivesynthetical yinthiszone.
Thiszonecontainsthelargestdiametercol agenfibrils,thehighest
concentrationofproteoglycansandthelowestconcentrationof
water.
4.Calcifiedcartilagezone(Zone-4)
Itseparatesthemiddlezonefromsubchondralbone.
Thecel saresmal withsmal amountofendoplasmicreticulumand
golgiapparatuswithverylittlemetabolic
32.AllaretrueaboutCSFexcept:
a)Totalvolumeis250ml
b)Pressureis60-180mmofH2O
c)Formedfromchoroidplexusof3rdventricle
d)Formedfromchoroidplexusoflateralventricle
e)Noneoftheabove
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.a.Totalvolumeis250ml
ThemajorsourceofCSFisthechoroidalplexusofal 4ventricles,
mainlyintwolateralventricles.
OthersourcesofCSFareependymalcel softheventriclesandthe
brainitself,viaperivascularspaces.
ThetotalvolumeofCSFinanadultisabout125-150ml.
TherateofformationofCSFisabout500-550ml/day.ThustheCSF
isreplaced3-4timeseveryday.
CSFpHis7.33
112mmH20istheaveragenormalCSFpressure
33.TrueaboutAtlanto-axialjoint:
a)Vertebralarterypassthroughgroveonarchofatlasvertebrae
toforamenmagnum
b)Permitsflexion&extension
c)Permitsidetosidemovementofhead
d)Permitsflexiononly
e)Permitsrotation
CorrectAnswer-A:C:E
Ans.a.Vertebralarterypassthroughgroveonarchofatlas
vertebraetoforamenmagnum;c.Permitsidetosidemovement
ofhead;e.Permitsrotation
Thereare3atlantoaxialarticulations-twolateralatlantoaxialjoints
b/wthelateralmassesofCl&C2vertebrae&onemedian
atlantoaxialjointb/wthedensofC2&theanteriorarchtransverse
ligamentoftheatlas
Movement(mainlyrotation)atal threeatlantoaxialjointspermitsthe
headtobeturnedfromsidetoside,asoccurswhenrotatingthe
headtoindicatedisapproval(the'NO'movement)
Themostimportantfactorsmaintainingstabilityaretheligaments,of
whichthetransverseatlantalligamentisthestrongest.
Thealarligamentsareweaker
34.Trueaboutinnervationofparotidgland:
a)Postganglionicparasympatheticfibresecretomotor
b)PreganglionicparasympatheticfibrerelayinOticganglion
c)Preganglionicparasympatheticnervebeginininferiorpetrosal
nucleus
d)Sympatheticnervearevasomotor
e)Postganglionicparasympatheticfibrespassthroughthe
glossopharyngealnerve
CorrectAnswer-A:B:D
Ans:a.Postganglionicparasympatheticfibresecretomotor.b.
PreganglionicparasympatheticfibrerelayinOticganglion.d.
Sympatheticnervearevasomotor.
Development:
Parotidglandisthefirstsalivaryglandtoappear,inearly6'week.
Itisectodermalinoriginanddevelopsfromthebuccalepithelium
justlateraltotheangleofmouth
Structuresemergingfromparotid
Thefollowingstructuresemergefromtheparotidgland:
Anteriorborder:
Parotidduct
3Terminalbranchesoffacialnerve:
Thezygomaticandbuccalbranches:towardthetemporalregion,
eyelidsandcheek,respectively.
Mandibularbranch:Runalongthebodyofthemandibletowardsthe
mouth
Apex:
5thterminalbranchoffacialnerve:Cervicalbranchcontinuesinto
theneck(toplatysma).
Anterior&posteriordivisionsofretromandibularvein
Posteriorborder:
Posteriorauricularnerve
Posteriorauricularartery
Posteriorauricularvein
Alongbase:
superficialtemporalartery
temporalbranchoffacialnerve
Auriculotemporalnerve
STRUCTURESWITHINGLAND:
Arteries:
Externalcarotidarteryentersthroughposteromedialsurface
Maxil aryartery
Superficialtemporalvessel
Posteriorauricularartery
Veins:
Theretromandibularveins
FacialNerve
ParotidDuct(Stenson'sduct)
Theductturnsopensintothevestibuleofthemouth(gingivo-buccal
vestibule)oppositethecrownoftheupper2ndmolartooth
Nervesupply:
PARASYMPATHETIC:auriculotemporalnerve
SYMPTHETICSUPPLY-plexusaroundtheexternalcarotidartery.
SENSORYNERVES:auriculotemporalnerve,exceptforparotid
fascia&overlyingskinwhichareinnervatedbyGreatauricular
nerve(C2,C3).
35.Muscle(s),whichformthefloorofpelvic
floor:
a)Obturatorinternus
b)Piriformis
c)Puborectalis
d)Pubococcygeus
e)Ischiococcygeus
CorrectAnswer-C:D:E
Ans.c.Puborectalis;d.Pubococcygeus;e.Ischiococcygeus
Thepelvicfloorisformedbythelargelevatorani(withparts
includingthepubococcygeus,puborectalis,andiliococcygeus)and
themuchsmal ercoccygeus.
36.Whichofthefollowingmuscleissupplied
bymediannerve:
a)Oppenenspol ocis
b)Adductorpol icis
c)LateralhalfoftheFlexordigitorumprofundus
d)Superficialheadofflexorpol icisbrevis
e)Deeppartofflexorpol icisbrevis
CorrectAnswer-A:C:D
Ans.a.Oppenenspollocis;c.LateralhalfoftheFlexor
digitorumprofundus;d.Superficialheadofflexorpollicis
brevis
Therearefourshortmusclesofthumb(pol ex),theyareabductor
pol icisbrevis,opponenspol icis,flexorpol icisbrevisandadductor
pol icis.Thefirstthreeofthesemusclesformthethenareminence.
Al thesemusclesaresuppliedbymediannerveexceptforadductor
pol iciswhichisinnervatedbyulnarnerve.
37.Whichofthefollowingstatement(s)is/are
trueaboutsphinctersofbody:
a)Lower5cmofoesophagealactasoesophagealsphincter&itis
notmorphological ydifferentfromotherportionofoesophagus
b)Oesophageal&pyloricsphincterremainsintopical ycontracted
state
c)Pre-capil arysphincterispresentinb/wmetarteriole&capil ary
d)Pudendalnervesuppliesthesphincterurethrae
e)Sphincterofoddiliesatjunctionofduodenum&CBD
CorrectAnswer-B:C:D:E
Ans.b.Oesophageal&pyloricsphincterremainsintopically
contractedstate;c.Pre-capillarysphincterispresentinb/w
metarteriole&capillary;d.Pudendalnervesuppliesthe
sphincterurethrae;e.Sphincterofoddiliesatjunctionof
duodenum&CBD
Thecommonbileductenterstheduodenumatduodenumpapil a.
ItsorificeissurroundedbythesphincterofOddi6itusual yunites
withthemainpancreaticductjustbeforeenteringtheduodenum
Atthelowerendoftheesophagus,extendingupwardabout3cm
aboveitsjunctionwithstomach,itisbroadloweresophageal
sphincter.
Loweroesophagealsphincter,aspecializezoneofcircularsmooth
musclesurroundingtheoesophagusatitstransitthroughthe
diaphragmandformuchofitsshortabdominalfloor
Atthepointwhereeachtruecapil aryoriginatesfromametarteriole,
asmoothmusclefiberusual yencirclesthecapil ary.Thisiscal ed,
theprecapil arysphincter.Thissphinctercanopen&closethe
entrancetothecapil ary
Pyloricsphincterremainslightlytonical ycontractedalmostal the
time.Despitenormaltoniccontractionofthepyloricsphincter,the
pylorususual yisopenenoughforwater&otherfluidstoemptyfrom
thestomachintotheduodenumwithease.
38.Trueaboutabductionatshoulderjoint:
a)Supraspinatusinitiatesabduction
b)Serratusanterior&trapeziusalsohelpinabduction
c)Multipennatedeltoidclavicularfiberismainabductor
d)Axil arynerveinjuryhasnoeffectonabduction
e)Musculotendinouscuffstabilizesshoulderjoint
CorrectAnswer-A:B:E
Ans.(a)Supraspinatusinitiatesabduction(b)Serratusanterior
&trapeziusalsohelpinabduction(e)Musculotendinouscuff
stabilizesshoulderjoint.
MOVEMENTSOFSHOULDERJOINT
Movementineverydirection(Flexion,extension,abduction,
adduction,rotation,circumduction)
SpinalCordregulatingShouldermovements(C5,C6,C7&C8)
Flexion,Abduction,&lateralrotation(C5,C6,).
Extension,Adduction,&Medialrotationis(C6,C7,C8)
Movementsthattakeplaceduringabductionofshoulderare
axialrotationofhumerusatacroclavicularjoint,elevationof
humerus&movementatclavicularendofsternoclavicularjoint.
TYPEOF
PLANE AXISOFMUSCLES HUMERALRANGE FACTOR
MOVEMENTOF
HEAD
OF
MOTIONMOTIONINVOLVED
GLIDING MOTION LIMITING
Total-0-
165?or
175?
-Inferior
Ful
glenohumeral
internal
ligament
-Tightnessof
internal
Inferiorly rotationof -Tightnessof
Abduction
Frontal Saggital Deltoid,
theinferior
plane
axis
Supraspinatusinglenoid humerus0-
cavity
60?
joint
Ful
capsuleof
external
the
rotationof gleno-
humerus0-humeraljoint
90?
39.Organwhichhavenolymphaticsupply:
a)Eyebal
b)Brain
c)Liver
d)Kidney
e)Spinalcord
CorrectAnswer-A:B:E
Ans.a.Eyeball;b.Brain&e.Spinalcord
Lymphcapil ariesareabsentfromthecel ularstructureslikebrain,
spinalcord,splenicpulp,bonemorrow,articulatecartilage,
epidermis,hair,nail&cornea.
Lymphaticvesselarefoundinal tissue&organofbodyexceptthe
centralnervoussystem,eyebal ,internalear,epidermisoftheskin,
cartilage&bone.
40.Trueregardingthyroidglandis?
a)DeepinvestinglayerformBerryligament
b)Condensedfibrouspartofglandformtruecapsule
c)Superiorthyroidarteryliesposterolateraltosuperiorlaryngeal
nerve
d)Recurrentlaryngealnervehasvariablecourseonbothsides
e)SuppliedbyThyrocervicalTrunk
CorrectAnswer-B:E
Ans.Ans.is'b'i.e.,Condensedfibrouspartofglandformtrue
capsule;'e'i.e.,SuppliedbyThyrocervicalTrunk
Thyroidglandhastwocapsule:-
1. Truecapsule-peripheralcondensationoftheconnectivetissueof
thegland.
2. Falsecapsule-derivedfromthepretracheallayerofthedeep
cervicalfascia.ItalsoformsthesuspensoryligamentofBerrywhich
connectsthelobetothecricoidcartilage.
3. Ligamentofberryandfalsecapsulearederivedfrompretracheal
layerofdeepcervicalfascia(notinvestinglayer).
Superiorthyroidarteryisrelatedtoexternallaryngealnerve
(externalbranchofsuperiorlaryngealnerve),butnotdirectlyrelated
tosuperiorlaryngealnerveitself
Recurrentlaryngealnervehasvariablerelationtoinferiorthyroid
arteryonlyonrightside,onleftsideithasconsistentrelation
Bloodsupplyofthyroidglandisthrough:
Superiorthyroidartery-Branchofexternalcarotidartery
Inferiorthyroidartery-BranchofThyrocervicaltrunk
Thyroideaimaartery-Fromthebrachiocephalictrunkorarchof
aorta
41.Correctstatement[s]regardingthe
anatomyofvertebraeare?
a)C7hasnoforamentransversarium
b)C6hasprominentlateralmass
c)T3hassmal estspinousprocess
d)T12haslargecostalfacet
e)T7hasvertical yorientedarticularprocess
CorrectAnswer-E
Ans.e)T7hasverticallyorientedarticularprocess
C7hasforamentransversarium,butitdoesnottransmitsvertebral
artery(unlikeforaminatransversariaofC1toC6)
LateralmassisseeninC1(notinC6)
Thoracicvertebrae(includingT3)havelongspinousprocess.
Smal spinousprocessesareseenincervicalvertebrae(exceptfor
C7).
T11&T12donothavecostalfacets
T2-79aretypicalthoracicvertebraeand71,TI0,711,712areatpical
thoracicvertebrae
IntypicalthoracicvertebraeArticularprocessesarevertical yplaced
andinterlocked;Sodislocationcanonlyoccuriftheyarefractured.
42.Uppereyelidhasfollowinglayer[s]-
a)Orbicularisoculi
b)Adiposetissue
c)Looseconnectivetissue
d)Levatorpalpebraesuperioris
e)Mul ermuscles
CorrectAnswer-A:C:D:E
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Orbicularisoculi;'c'i.e.,Looseconnective
tissue;'d'i.e.,Levatorpalpebraesuperiors;'e'i.e.,Muller
muscles
Layersofeyelid:
Eachlidismadeupof(fromwithoutinwards)
Skin
Subcutaneousareolartissue:Layeroflooseareolarconnective
tissue,withoutanyfat.
Layerofstriatedmuscles:Orbicularisoculimuscle;Inuppereyelid
levatorpalpebraesuperioris
Submuscularareolartissue:Nervesandvesselsofthelidslieinthis
layer
Fibrouslayer:Itistheframeworkofthelidsandconsistsof:
1. Tarsalplates:Tarsiformtheskeletonofeyelids.Septumorbitale
andMul er'smuscleareattachedtosuperiorborderofUpper
tarsus.Orbitalseptum,capsulopalpebaralfasciaandinferior
palpebralmuscleareattachedtoinferiorborderoflowertarsus.
Tarialglands(meibomianglands)areembeddedintheposterior
surfaceoftarsi.
2. Septumorbitale(palpebralfascia):Itisathin,floatingmembrane
whichtakespartinal movementsofeyelids'
3. Medialandlateralpalpebralligaments.
Layersofnon-striatedmusclefibres:Thislayerconsistsofsmooth
musclefibersofmul ermuscles.
Conjunctiva
43.Branch[es]ofophthalmicarteryis/are-
a)Centralarteryofretina
b)Supratrochlearartery
c)Anteriorethmoidalartery
d)Posteriorethmoidalartery
e)Posteriorarticularartery
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:D
Ans..is.a,i.e.,Centralarteryofretina,'b'i.e.,Supratrochlear
artery,'c'i.e.,Anteriorethmoidalartery'd'i.e.,Posterior
ethmoidal
Ophthalmicartery
Itgivesfollowingbranches:-
Centralarteryofretina(endartery)
Lacrimalartery:-Itgivesfollowingbranches?
LateralPalpebralbranch.
Zygomaticotemporal
Zygomaticofacial
Recurrentmeningeal
Meningeal
Ciliary
Anteriorethmoidal-Suppliesanteriorethmoidalsinus
Posteriorethmoidal
MedialPalpebral
Supratrochlear
Supraorbital
Dorsalnasal
44.Bloodsupplyofoptictractcomesthrough
a)Middlecerebralartery
b)Anteriorcerebralartery
c)Posteriorcerebralartery
d)Anteriorchoroidalartery
e)Internalcarotidartery
CorrectAnswer-A:D:E
Ans.a,i.e.,Middlecerebralartery'd'i.e.,Anteriorchoroidal
artery;'e'i.e,Internalcarotidartery
Optictractissuppliedby:
Anteriorchoroidalartery(branchofinternalcarotidartery)
Posteriorcommunicatingartery(branchofICA);
Middlecerebralartery(BranchofICA)
45.Trueaboutdevelopmentofcochlea
a)Ful ydevelopedat22weeks
b)Derivedfromsurfaceectoderm
c)Developsinbonylabyrinth
d)Developsfromoticvesicle
e)Developsfromoticcapsule
CorrectAnswer-A:C:E
Ans.a.Fullydevelopedat22weeks;'c'i.e.,Developsinbony
labyrinth;'e'1.e.,Developsfromoticcapsule
Developmentofinternalearstartsbytheageof3weeksof
intrauterinelifedevelopmentofmembranousinternalearis
completedby16thweekandreachesitsadultsize&shapeby20-
22weekswhenthecochleaisdevelopedsufficiently.
Developmentofphylogenetical yolderpartoflabyrinth,i.epars
superior(semi-circularcanalandutricle)takesplaceearlierthan
parsinferior(sacculeandcochlea).
DEVELOPMENTDERIVATIVESOFEAR:
Surfaceectoderm:
Membranouslabyrinth
Epithelialliningofexternalauditorymeatus
Outersurfaceoftympanicmembrane
Mesoderm:
Bonylabyrinth
Earossicle
Skeletalmuscle
Centreoftympanicmembrane
Endoderm:
Eustachiantubelining
Middleearcavity
Epithelialcoveringofossicle
Innerlayeroftympanicmembrane
Tympanicmembraneisderivedfromal threelayersofgermline.
46.Urogenitaldiaphragmismadeupof?
a)Deeptransverseperinei
b)Perinealmembrane
c)SphincterUrethrae
d)Fasciaofurogenitaldiaphragm
e)Al theabove
CorrectAnswer-E
Ans.e.Alltheabove
Urogenitaldiaphragm:
Consistsoftwomuscles:
Sphincterurethrae
Deeptransverseperinei,alsocal edtransversusperneiprofundus
Twofasciae:
Inferiorfasciaofurogenitaldiaphragm,alsocal edperineal
membrane
Superiorfasciaofurogenitaldiaphragm
47.Trueaboutepiglottis?
a)Containsserousgland
b)Containsmucoussecretingglands
c)Itisovalshaped
d)Madeupofelasticcartilage
e)Hasbilaterallymphaticsupply
CorrectAnswer-B:D:E
Ans.b)Containsmucoussecretingglands;d)Madeupof
elasticcartilage;e)Hasbilaterallymphaticsupply
Epiglottis:
Theepiglottisofelasticcartilagetissuecoveredwithamucous
membrane,attachedtotheentranceofthelarynx.
Theepiglottishastwosurfaces,lingualandalaryngealsurface,
relatedtotheoralcavityandthelarynxrespectively
Theentirelingualsurfaceandtheapicalportionofthelaryngeal
surfacearecoveredbyastratifiedsquamousnon-keratinized
epithelium.
Therestofthelaryngealsurfaceon,whichisinrelationtothe
respiratorysystem'hasrespiratoryepithelium:pseudostratified,
ciliatedcolumnarcel sandmucussecretingGobletcel s.
Epiglottishasbilaterallymphaticdrainagetopperdeepcervical
lymphnodes
48.TrueaboutmeiosisI:
a)Sisterchromatidsreplicate
b)Sisterchromatidsseparate
c)Haploiddaughtercel s
d)Homologouschromosomesexchangematerial
e)Homologouschromosomesseparate
CorrectAnswer-C:D:E
Ans.is'c'i.e.,Haploiddaughtercells;'d'i.e.,Homologous
chromosomesexchangematerial!&'e'i.e."Homologous
chromosomesseparate
MeiosisIisdividedintofollowingphases:-
1.ProphaseI:
Longestphase.
Itisfurthersubdividedinto:_
1. Leptotene:Diffusechromatinstartscondensingintochromosomes
andchromosomesstartappearinginthisstage.
2. Zygotene:InthisstageHomologouschromosomespairup.This
processiscal ed'synapsis'orconjugationandeachpairiscal ed
bivalent.
3. Pachytene:Inthisstagetwochromatidsofeachpairseparateandis
cal edtetrad.Thenthereoccurs'crossing-over',i.e.,oneorboth
chromatidsofonehomologouschromosomecrossesoverwith
thosefromotherhomologouschromosomeofthatpairforming
synaptonemalcomplex.Thepointofcrossingoverarecal ed,
chiasmata.
4. Diplotene:Thetwochromosomesofbivalenttrytomoveapart.
ThereisexchangeofgeneticmaterialbetweenHomologous
chromosomes
5. Diakinesis:Inthisstagethereorganizedchromosomesmoveapart.
Eachbivalentcannowbeseentocontainfourchromatidslinkedby
acommoncentromere,whilenon-sisterchromatidsarelinkedby
chiasmata.
2.MetaphaseI:Thebivalentsbecomearrangedaroundtheequator
ofthespindle,attachedtotheircentromeres.
3.AnaphaseI:Spindlefibrespul homologouschromosomes.This
separatesthechromosomeintotwohaploidsets'onesetateach
endofspindle.
4.TelophaseI:Twodaughtercel sareformedeachcontaining23
chromosomes(Haploid),eachconsistingoftwochromatids(2C).
49.TrueaboutFibrousskeletonofheart?
a)Fibrousringaroundmitralvalve
b)Tendonofinfundibulumisbetweenpulmonary&aorticvalve
c)Trigonumdextrumisbetweenmitral&tricuspidvalve
d)Trigonumsinistrumisbetweenmitralandaorticvalve
e)TendonofTodaroisbetweencentralfibrouspartsto
Eustachianvalve
CorrectAnswer-A:B:D:E
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Fibrousringaroundmitralvalye;'b'i,e.,Tendon
ofinfundibulumisbetweenpulmonary&aorticvalve;'d'i.e.,
Trigonumsinistrumisbetweenmitralandaorticvalve;&'e'
i.e.,TendonofTodaroisbetweencentralfibrouspartsto
Eustachianvalve
Fibrousskeletonofheart:
Fibrousringsurroundingtheorificesofatrioventricular(mitraland
tricuspid)orifices,pulmonaryorificeandaorticorifice,alongwith
someadjoiningmassesoffibroustissue.
Tendonofinfundibulumisfibroustissuebetweenpulmonaryand
aorticring.
Trigonumfibrosumdextrumisfibrosustissuebetweenatrioventricular
rigs(mitralandtricuspid)andaorta.
Trigonumfibrosumsinistrumisfibroustissuebetweentheaorticand
mitralrings.
50.Tastesensationfromthetongueis/are
carriedby?
a)Facialnerve
b)Glossopharyngealnerve
c)Hypoglossalnerve
d)Vagusnerve
e)Trigeminalnerve
CorrectAnswer-A:B:D
Ans,is'a'i,e.Faeialnerve'b'i,e.Glossopharyngealnerve;&'d'
i,e.Vagusnerve
Tastesensationoftongue:
Anterior2/3rdpart:Chordatympani
Posterior1/3rdpart&circumval atepapil ae:Glossopharyngeal
nerve
Posteriormostpart:InternallaryngealbranchofVagusnerve
51.Trueaboutepiglottis?
a)Containsserousgland
b)Containsmucoussecretingglands
c)Itisovalshaped
d)Madeupofelasticcartilage
e)Hasbilaterallymphaticsupply
CorrectAnswer-B:D:E
Ans.is'b'i.e.,Containsmucoussecretingglands;'d'i.eMadeup
ofelasticcartilage&'e'i.e',Hasbilaterallymphaticsupply
Epiglottis:
Theepiglottisofelasticcartilagetissuecoveredwithamucous
membrane,attachedtotheentranceofthelarynx.
Theepiglottishastwosurfaces,lingualandalaryngealsurface,
relatedtotheoralcavityandthelarynxrespectively
Theentirelingualsurfaceandtheapicalportionofthelaryngeal
surfacearecoveredbyastratifiedsquamousnon-keratinized
epithelium.
Therestofthelaryngealsurfaceon,whichisinrelationtothe
respiratorysystem'hasrespiratoryepithelium:pseudostratified,
ciliatedcolumnarcel sandmucussecretingGobletcel s.
Epiglottishasbilaterallymphaticdrainagetopperdeepcervical
lymphnodes
52.Whichofthefollowingstatement(s)is/are
trueaboutphrenicnerveexcept-
a)Itisprimarymotorsupplytodiaphragm
b)Accessoryphrenicnervejoinsthephrenicnervenearthefirst
rib
c)Formedinfrontofscalenusmediusmuscle
d)Itdescendsposteriortosternocleidomastoid
e)Givessensorysupplytocentraltendonofdiaphragm
CorrectAnswer-C
Ansis.'Ci.e.,Formedinfrontofscalenusmediusmuscle
Liesanteriortoanteriorscalenusmuscle
Phrenicnerveisamixednerve&carriesmotorfibrestothe
diaphragm&sensoryfibresfromthediaphragm,pleura,pericardium
&partoftheperitoneum.
Origin:
Itariseintheneckfromtheant.ramiofthe3rd,4th&5thcervical
nerves
Itisformedatthelateralborderofthescalenusanterior,opposite
themiddleofthesternocleidomastoidattheleveloftheupper
borderofthethyroidcartilage.
Relations:
Itrunsvertical ydownwardsontheant.surfaceofthescalenusant.
&inthispartitisrelatedanteriorlyto
1. Prevertebralfascia
2. Inf.bel yofomohyoid
3. Transversecervicalartery
4. Suprascapularartery
5. Internaljugularvein
6. Sternocleidomastoidmus.
7. Thoracicductonleftside.
Afterleavingtheant.surfaceofthescalenusant.thenerveruns
downwardsonthecervicalpleurabehindthecommencementofthe
brachiocephalicvein.(onleftsidenerveleavesthescalenusant.at
ahigherlevel&crossesinfrontofthe.firstpartofthesubclavian
art.).Hereitcrossestheinternalthoracicartery(eitheranteriorlyor
posteriorly)&entersthethoraxbehindthe1stcostalcartilage.
53.Allaresuppliedbyanteriorinterosseous
nerveexcept?
a)Flexorcarpiulnaris
b)Brachioradialis
c)Abductorpol icisbrevis
d)Flexorpol icislongus
e)Flexordigitorumsuperficialis
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:E
Ans.is'a'i'e.,Flexorcarpiulnaris'b'i.e.,Brachioradialis;'c'i.e.,
Abductorpollicisbrevis;&'e'i.e.,Flexordigitorumsuperficial
Theanteriorinterosseousnerve(volarinterosseousnerve)isa
branchofthemediannervethatsuppliesthedeepmusclesonthe
anterioroftheforearm,excepttheulnar(medial)halfoftheflexor
digitorumprofundus.
54.Truestatementaboutshoulderjoint?
a)Multipennateacromialfibresofdeltoidarepowerfulabductor
b)Axil arynerveinjuryhasnoeffectonabduction
c)Musculotendinouscuffstabilizesshoulderjoint
d)Supraspinatusinitiatesabduction
e)Trapeziusandserratusanterioractsynergistical yinabduction
CorrectAnswer-A:C:D:E
Ans.is'a'i.e.,Multipennateacromialfibresofdeltoidare
powerfulabductor;'c'i.e.,Musculotendinouscuffstabilizes
shoulderjoint;'d'i.e.,Supraspinatusinitiatesabduction;&'e'
i.e.,Trapeziusandserratusanterioractsynergisticallyin
abduction
TYPEOF
PLANEOF AXISOF
MOVEMENT MOTION
MOTION
MUSCLESINVOLVED
PectoralisMajor,Ant.fiber
Flexion
Saggital
Transverse
plane
axis
ofdeltoid,
Coraco-brachialis,Biceps
Latissimus
Extension
Saggital
Transverse dorsi,Teresmajor,Post.
plane
axis
fibers
ofdeltoid,Triceps
Abduction
Frontalplane Saggital
axis
Deltoid,Supraspinatus
Subscapularis,Pectoralis
Adduction
Frontalplane Saggital
Major,
axis
Latissimusdorsi,Teres
major
major
Subscapularis,Pectoralis
Internal
Transverse vertical
Major,
Rotation
plane
axis
Latissimusdorsi,Teres
major
External
Transverse vertical
Infraspinatus,Teres
Rotation
plane
axis
minor
55.Whichisattachedmostanteriorlyonthe
intercondylarareaoftibia
intercondylarareaoftibia(areab/wmedial
andlateraltibialplateau)-
a)Anteriorcruciateligament
b)Posteriorcruciateligament
c)Anteriorhornofthelateralmeniscus
d)Anteriorhornofthemedialmeniscus
e)Ligamentumpatel ae
CorrectAnswer-D
Ans.is'd'i.e,Anteriorhornofthemedialmeniscus
PROXIMALEND(upperend)
Proximal(upper)endoftibiaincludesmedial&lateral
condyles,formingtibialplateau.
ItalsoincludestibialTuberosity&intercondylararea.
Attachmentsonproximalendare:
Medialcondyle:Semimembranous(posteriorly),capsuleofknee
joint,tibial(medial)collateralligament(deeppart),medialpatel ar
retinaculum(anteriorly).
Lateralcondyle:il iotibialtract(anteriorly),capsuleofsuperior
tibiofibularjoint.
TibialTuberosity:Ligamentumpatellae
Intercondylararea(fromanteriortoposterior);
1. Anteriorhornofmedialmeniscus
2. Anteriorcruciateligament(ACL)
3. Anteriorhornoflateralmeniscus
4. Posteriorhornoflateralmeniscus
5. Posteriorhornofmedialmeniscys
6. Posteriorcruciateligament(PCL)
56.Truestatementaboutdevelopment
ofpancreas:
a)Uncinateprocessfromventralbud
b)Lowerpartofheadfromdorsalbud
c)DuctofWirsungdevelopsfromdorsalbudonly
d)Pancreaticdivisumisduetoabnormaldevelopmentofducts
ofpancreas
e)Bodyisformedfromdorsalbud
CorrectAnswer-A:D:E
Ans.a.Uncinateprocessfromventralbud;d.Pancreatic
divisumisduetoabnormaldevelopmentofductsofpancreas;
e.Bodyisformedfromdorsalbud
Thepancreasdevelopsfromtwoendodermalbuds,dorsal&ventral,
whicharisefromthepartofthegutthatlaterformsthesecondpart
oftheduodenum
Theventralbudformsthelowerpartofthehead&theuncinate
Processofthepancreas,whiletheupperpartofhead,thebody&
thetailareformedfromthedorsalbud.
Themainpancreaticduct(ductofWirsung)isformed,initsdistal
partbytheductofthedorsalbudandinifsproximalpart,bytheduct
oftheventralbud
57.Whichofthefollowingcombinationis/are
trueregardingepithelialliningofurinary
system:
a)Urinarybladder-transitionalepithelium
b)Pre-prostaticurethra-stratifiedcolumnar
c)Membranousurethra-transitionalepithelium
d)Distalpartofpenileurethra-non-keratinisingstratified
squamousepithelium
e)Urethralmeatus-keratinisingstratifiedsquamousepithelium
CorrectAnswer-A:D:E
Ans.a.Urinarybladder-transitionalepithelium;d.Distalpartof
penileurethra-non-keratinisingstratifiedsquamousepithelium
e.Urethralmeatus-keratinisingstratifiedsquamousepithelium
Urinarybladderislinedbyuroepithelium(transitionalepithelium)
Theliningofurethravariesfromurotheliumofthebladderto
keratinizedstratifiedsquamousepitheliumoftheglans.
Pre-prostaticurethra:Transitionalepithelium
Prostaticurethra:Transitionalepithelium
Membranousurethra:Pseudostratifiedcolumnarepithelium
Spongyurethra(orpenileurethra):Pseudostratifiedcolumnar-
proximal y,Stratifiedsquamous-distal y
58.Whichofthefollowingstatementis/are
trueregardinglesionofIXCN:
a)Gagreflex-absent
b)Deviationoftonguetooneside
c)Lossoftastesensationintheposteriorl/3ofthetongue
d)Lossoftastesensationintheanterior2/3ofthetongue
e)Maycausebulbarpalsy
CorrectAnswer-A:C:E
Ans.a.Gagreflex-absent;c.Lossoftastesensationinthe
posteriorl/3ofthetongue;e.Maycausebulbarpalsy
GlossopharyngealNervePalsy:
Lossofsensationoverthemucousmembraneofpharynx.
Lossoftastesensationintheposteriorl/3ofthetongue
Gagreflex-LostinlesionofIX&XCN
59.Feature(s)ofoculomotornervepalsy
is/are:
a)Ptosis
b)Miosis
c)Mydriasis
d)Diplopia
e)Lossofaccommodation
CorrectAnswer-A:B:D:E
Ans.a.Ptosis;b.Miosis;d.Diplopia;e.Lossof
accommodation
OculomotorNervePalsy:
Complete&totalparalysis-ptosis,lateralsquint,dilationofpupil,
lossofaccommodation,slightproptosis&diplopia.
Pupil arylightreflexinaffectedeyeisabsent.
Pupildilates&becomesfixedtolight.
Webersyndrome:amidbrainlesioncausingcontralateralhemiplegia
&ipsilateralparalysisofthethirdnerve
60.Cervixis/aredrainedby:
a)Externaliliaclymphnode
b)Internaliliaclymphnode
c)Aorticlymphnode
d)Inguinallymphnode
e)Sacrallymphnode
CorrectAnswer-A:B:E
Ans.a.Externaliliaclymphnode;b.Internaliliaclymphnode;
e.Sacrallymphnode
Cervix:Oneachside,thelymphaticsdraininto
Externaliliac,obturatorlymphnodeseitherdirectlyorthrough
paracervicallymphnodes,
Internaliliacgroups
Sacralgroup
61.Whichofthefollowingmayoccurin
commonperonealnerveinjury:
a)Dorsiflexionnotpossible
b)Footdrop
c)Highsteppinggait
d)Lossofinversionoffoot
e)Eversionoffootaffected
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:E
Ans.a.Dorsiflexionnotpossibleb.Footdropc.Highstepping
gaite.Eversionoffootaffected
Commonperonealnerveinjury(usuallyd/tfractureof
head/neckfibula)resultsin:
Foot&toedrop
Lossofdorsiflexionofankle
Extensionoffinger
Eversionoffoot
Lossofsensationin1stwebspace,anterolaterallowerleg&dorsum
offootandtoes.
Incommonperonealnerveinjurysensationofsole,lateralborder&
medialborder&inversion&plantarflexionremainnormal.
62.O'Donoghue'striadcomprisesof:
a)Anteriorcruciateligamenttear
b)Posteriorcruciateligamenttear
c)Medialmeniscus
d)Lateralmeniscus
e)Medialcol ateralligament
CorrectAnswer-A:C:E
Ans.a.Anteriorcruciateligamenttear;c.Medialmeniscus;e.
Medialcollateralligament
Anunhappytriad(orterribletriad,"horribletriangleO'Donoghue's
triadora"blownknee-')isaninjurytotheanteriorcruciateligament,
medialcol ateralligament,andthemedialmeniscus
63.
Whichofthefollowingvein(s)is/arepartof
portalcirculation:
a)Splenicvein
b)Paraumbilicalvein
c)Superiorrectalvein
d)Leftgastricvein
e)Inferiorrectalvein
CorrectAnswer-A:B:C:D
Ans.a.Splenicveinb.Paraumbilicalveinc.Superiorrectalvein
d.Leftgastricvein
Portalveincol ectsbloodfromtheforegut,midgut,andhindgut.
Theportalveinislocateddeeptothehepaticarteryandcysticduct
andisformedbytheunionofthesuperiormesentericveinand
splenicvein,deeptotheneckofthepancreas.
Bloodfromportalveintransportedtothehepaticsinusoidsofthe
liverforfiltrationanddetoxification.
Thehepaticsinusoidsemptyintothecommoncentralvein,which
emptiesintothehepaticveinsandultimatelydrainsintotheinferior
venacava.
64.Thrombosisofanteriorcerebralartery
cause:
a)Leftfootparalysisinrightanteriorcerebralarterythrombosis
b)Urinaryincontinence
c)Paralysisofthecontralateralface,arm,andleg
d)Homonymoushemianopia
e)Gegenhaltenrigidity
CorrectAnswer-A:B:E
Ans.a.Leftfootparalysisinrightanteriorcerebralartery
thrombosis;b.Urinaryincontinence;e.Gegenhaltenrigidity
Signsandsymptomsofanteriorcerebralarterythrombosis:
Paralysisofoppositefootandleg:Motorlegarea
Alesserdegreeofparesisofoppositearmareaofcortexorfibers
descendingtocoronaradiate
Corticalsensorylossovertoes,footandleg:Sensoryareaforfoot
andleg
Urinaryincontinence:SensorimotorareainParacentrallobule
Contralateralgraspreflex,suckingreflexgegenhalten(paratonic
rigidity)
Abulia(akineticmutism),slowness,delayintermittentinterruption,
lackofspontaneity,whisperingreflexdistractiontosightsand
sounds
Impairmentofgaitandstance(gaitapraxia)
Dyspraxiaofleftlimbs,tactileaphasiainleftlimbs
65.Fibrocartilageis/arefoundin:
a)Temporomandibularjoint
b)Sternoclavicularjoint
c)Hipjoint
d)Vertebraldisc
e)Inferiorradioulnarjoint
CorrectAnswer-A:B:D:E
Ans.a.Temporomandibularjoint;b.Sternoclavicularjoint;d.
Vertebraldisc;e.Inferiorradioulnarjoint
Fibrocartilageisawhiteopaquestructureduetodensecol age
fibres(typeIandII).
Whenafibroustissueissubjectedtopressureitisreplacedby
fibrocartilage.
Itisseeninjoints,symphysis,intervertebraldiscs,menisciandlabra
(shoulderjointandhipjoint).
Pinnaisatypeofelasticcartilage.
Elasticcartilagesareseenatsitesconcernedwithproductionor
receptionofsoundse.g.externalacousticmeatus(lateralpart),
auditorytubeandepiglottis.
66.Whichofthefollowingistrueregarding
vertebralcolumncurvature:
a)Primarycurvesareconcaveforward
b)Lumbarcurveisprimary
c)Thoraciccurvedevelopwheninfantstartwalking
d)Cervicalappearwhentheinfantstartssupportingitshead
e)Lumbarcurveappearswhenthechildassumestheupright
posture
CorrectAnswer-A:D:E
Ans.a.Primarycurvesareconcaveforward;d.Cervicalappear
whentheinfantstartssupportingitshead;e.Lumbarcurve
appearswhenthechildassumestheuprightposture
Thethoracicandsacralkyphoticcurvesaretermedprimarycurves,
becausetheyarepresentinthefetus.
Thecervicalandlumbarcurvesarecompensatoryorsecondary,
andaredevelopedafterbirth.
KYPHOTICCURVE:
Thethoraciccurve,concaveforward,beginsatthemiddleofthe
secondandendsatthemiddleofthetwelfththoracicvertebra.Its
mostprominentpointbehindcorrespondstothespinousprocessof
thesevenththoracicvertebra.Thiscurveisknownas
akyphoticcurve.
Thesacralcurvebeginsatthesacrovertebralarticulation,andends
atthepointofthecoccyx;itsconcavityisdirecteddownwardand
forwardasakyphoticcurve.
LORDOTICCURVES:
Thelumbarcurveismoremarkedinthefemalethaninthemale;it
beginsatthemiddleofthelastthoracicvertebra,andendsatthe
sacrovertebralangle.Itisconvexanteriorly,theconvexityofthe
lowerthreevertebraebeingmuchgreaterthanthatoftheuppertwo.
Thiscurveisdescribedasalordoticcurve.
Theuppercervicalspinehasacurve,convexforward,thatbeginsat
theaxis(secondcervicalvertebra)attheapexoftheodontoid
processordens,andendsatthemiddleofthesecondthoracic
vertebra;itistheleastmarkedofal thecurves.Thisinwardcurveis
knownasalordoticcurve.
67.Musclehavingdoublenervesupply:
a)Digastricmuscle
b)Omohyoidmuscle
c)Trapezius
d)Thyrohyoidmuscle
e)Adductormagnus
CorrectAnswer-A:E
Ans.a.Digastricmuscle;e.Adductormagnus
InnervationofDigastric:
Anteriorbel yofdigastricissuppliedbynervetomylohyoid(a
branchofmandibularnerve)&posteriorbel yissuppliedbyfacial
nerve.
Innervationofadductormagnus
Posteriordivisionofobturatornerveinnervatesmostoftheadductor
magnus
Verticalorhamstringportioninnervatedbytibialnerve(L2,L3,L4)
68.Facialdevelopmenttakesplaceb/w:
a)4-8week
b)8-l0week
c)12-14week
d)18-20week
e)6-10week
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.a.4-8week
Developmentofface
Facialdevelopmentoccursmainlybetween4thand8thweeks,and
isinducedbymigrationofcel sofneuralcrest.
Fivefacialprimordiaappearasprominencesofmesenchyme:a
frontonasalprocess,apairofmaxil aryprocessesandapairof
mandibularprocesses.
69.Whichofthefollowingstatement(s)istrue
regardingaxillaryartery:
a)Startfromupperborderofclavicle
b)Ulnarnerveliesmedial ytodistall/3ofartery
c)Radialnerveliesposteriorlydistal1/3ofartery
d)Axil aryveinlieslateral ytoproximal1/3oftheartery
e)Endatlowerborderofpectoralisminor
CorrectAnswer-B:C
Ans.b.Ulnarnerveliesmediallytodistall/3ofartery;c.Radial
nerveliesposteriorlydistal1/3ofartery
Axillaryartery
Itisthemainarteryofupperlimb.Itbeginsatthelevelofouter
borderoffirstribasacontinuationofsubclavianartery.Itendsatthe
leveloflowerborderofteresmajortocontinueasbrachialartery.
Theaxil aryarteryiscoveredanteriorlybypectoralisminor,which
dividesitintothreeparts:?
Firstpart:-Thispartisproximaltoupperborderofpectoralisminor,
i.e.extendsfromouterborderoffirstribtoupperborderofpectoralis
minor.ThebranchoffirstpartisSuperiorthoracicartery.
Secondpart:-Thispartisbehindpectoralisminor.Itgivesfol owing
branches.
Thoracoacromialartery:-Itpiercesclavipectoralfasciaandgives
fol owingbranches:-
1. Acromial
2. Pectoral,
3. Clavicularanddeltoid.
Lateralthoracicartery
Thirdpart:-Thispartisdistaltolowerborderofpectoralisminor,i.e.
extendsfrompectoralisminor(lowerborder)toteresmajor(lower
border).Itgivesfol owingbranches?
Subscapularartery:-Itgivesoffcircumflexscapulararteryandthen
continuesusthoracodorsalartery.
Anteriorcircumflexhumeralartery.
Posteriorcircumflexhumeralartery.
Anteriorandposteriorcircumflexarteries(botharebranchesof
3rdpartofaxil aryartery)formsanastomosisaroundsurgicalneckof
humerus.
70.Whichofthefollowingstructure(s)pass
throughadductormagnus
a)Femoralvessel
b)Femoralnerve
c)Femoralsheath
d)Saphenousnerve
e)Tibialnerve
CorrectAnswer-A
Ans.a.Femoralvessel
Femoralarterypassthroughanopeningintheadductormagnusto
becomecontinuouswiththepoplitealartery
Femoralveinentersthethighbypassingthroughanopeninginthe
adductormagnusasacontinuationofthepoplitealvein
71.Whichofthefollowingstatementistrue
aboutPinnaexcept:
a)InTreacher-Col inssyndromemalformedpinnamaybepresent
b)Madeupofelasticcartilage
c)Developfromlstpharyngealcleftonly
d)Helpsinlocalizationofsound
e)Mayinvolvesinrelapsingperichondritis
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.c.Developfromlstpharyngealcleftonly
Firstbranchialcleftistheprecursorofexternalauditorycanal.
Aroundthesixthweekofembryoniclife,aseriesofsixtubercles
appeararoundthefirstbranchialcleft
Branchialcleftsareectodermalinorigin.
Pinnadevelopsfrom1stand2ndpharyngealarch
72.Pairedlaryngealcartilage(s)is/are:
a)Thyroid
b)Arytenoid
c)Corniculte
d)Cricoid
e)Cuneiform
CorrectAnswer-B:C:E
Ans.b.Arytenoid;c.Corniculte;e.Cuneiform
Laryngealcartilages
Thyroid(unpaired)
Itisthelargestofal laryngealcartilages.Itis'V'shapedwithright
andleftlamina.Bothlaminae(alae)meetanteriorlyforminganangle
of90?inmalesand120?infemales.Vocalcordsareattachedtothe
middleofthyroidangle.
Cricoid(unpaired)
Itistheonlycartilageformingacompletering,thereforeisshaped
likearing.Itarticulateswitharytenoidcartilagetoform
cricoarytenoidjoint,atypeofsynovialjoint.
Epiglottis(unpaired)
Itisleaf-shapedelasticcartilage(inadults).Itisomegashapedin
children.Itformstheanteriorwal oflaryngealinlet.
Arytenoidcartilage(paired)
EachArytenoidcartilageispyramidalinshape.Basearticulateswith
cricoidcartilage,andapexsupportsthecorniculatecartilage.Avocal
processdirectedanteriorlyandgivesattachmenttovocalcord.A
muscularprocessdirectedlateral yandgivesattachmenttointrinsic
laryngealmuscles.
Corniculatecartilage(ofSantorini):Paired
ArticulateswithapexofArytenoidcartilage
Cuneiformcartilage(ofWrisberg):Paired
Situatedinaryepiglotticfoldinfrontofcorniculatecartilage.
73.Allaretrueaboutmediastinumexcept:
a)Heartpassesthroughsuperiormediastinum
b)Heartpassesthroughmiddlemediastinum
c)Thymusremnantmaypresentinmiddlemediastinum
d)PosteriorboundaryofposteriormediastinumcorrespondstoTl-
T4vertebrae
e)Lowerborderofanteriormediastinumisextendedmorethan
posteriormediastinum
CorrectAnswer-A:C:D:E
Ans.a.Heartpassesthroughsuperiormediastinum;c.Thymus
remnantmaypresentinmiddlemediastinum;d.Posterior
boundaryofposteriormediastinumcorrespondstoTl-T4
vertebrae;e.Lowerborderofanteriormediastinumisextended
morethanposteriormediastinum
Superiormediastinum:Theregionsuperiortothesternalangle
containingtheaorticarchanditsthreebranches,thesuperiorvena
cava(SVC)andthebrachiocephalicveins,thetrachea,the
esophagus,andthephrenicandvagusnerves.Thesuperior
mediastinumalsocontainsthethymus;however,inanadult,the
thymusisusual yatrophiedandpresentsasafattymass.
Anteriormediastinum:Theregionbetweenthesternalangle,the
deepsternalsurface,thepericardialsac,andthediaphragm.The
anteriormediastinumcontainsfatandareolartissueandtheinferior
partofthethymusoritsremnant.
Middlemediastinum:Thisregioncontainsthepericardialsacand
heart.
Posteriormediastinum:Theregioncontaininganatomicstructures
deeptothepericardialsac,includingthethoracicportionofthe
descendingaorta,theazygossystemofveins,thethoracicduct,the
esophagus,andthevagusandsympatheticnerves.
74.Trueaboutmedialmeniscus:
a)Madeupofhyalinecartilage
b)Injuryoflateralmeniscusismorefrequentthanmedial
meniscus
c)Cshaped
d)Fixedtomedialcol ateralligament
e)Innerpartismoreavascular
CorrectAnswer-C:D:E
Ans.c.Cshaped;d.Fixedtomedialcollateralligament;e.
Innerpartismoreavascular
MedialMeniscus
LateralMeniscus
-Semilunar(c)shaped(less
-Semicircular(C)shaped(more
circular)
circular)
-Largerinradius/diameterbut -Smal erinradius/diameterbut
narrowerinbody&
widerinbody&thickerin
thinnerinperiphery
periphery
-Posteriorhornislargerthan -Anterior&posteriorhornare
anteriorhorn
uniforminsize
-Coverslesser(-65%)oftibial -Coversmore(-85%)oftibial
articularsurface
articularsurface
-Entireperipheryisattached -Peripheralareawherepopliteus
tojointcapsule(medial
tendoncrossesthejoint
capsularligament)
throughpopliteushiatusisnot
attached
-Attachedtomedialcol ateral -Notattachedtolateralcol ateral
ligament
ligament
-Attachedtobothcruciate
ligaments,andposteriorhorn
receivesanchoragetomedial
femoralcondylesbyeitherthe
-Doesnotattachtoeither
ligamentofHumphryorligamentof
cruciateligaments
Wrisberg,depending
onwhichispresent.Itisalso
attachedposteriorlytothe
fasciacoveringpopliteusmuscle
andthearcuatecomplex
atposterolateralcornerofknee.
-Lessmobilebecauseofits
attachment
-Moremobileb/oitsattachments
-Morepronetoinjury
-Lesspronetoinjury
75.Whichofthefollowingstatementis/are
trueaboutoculomotornerve:
a)Arisefrompons
b)Edinger-Westphalnucleusgivesrisetoparasympatheticsupply
ofoculomotornerve
c)Arisefrommedul a
d)Passesthroughinterpeduncularfossa
e)Relatedtomedialwal ofcavernoussinus
CorrectAnswer-B:D
Ans.b.Edinger-Westphalnucleusgivesriseto
parasympatheticsupplyofoculomotornerve;d.Passes
throughinterpeduncularfossa
NUCLEI:
1.Generalsomaticefferent:
Throughoculomotornucleusformovementofeyebal supplyingall
extraocularmusclesexceptSuperiorOblique(SO)andLateral
Rectus(LR).
2.Generalvisceralefferent(parasymapthetic):
ThroughEdinger-Westphalnucleusforpupil arycontractionand
accomodation.
3.Generalsomaticafferent:
Carriesproprioceptivefibresfromtheextraocularmusclesto
mesencephalicnucleusoftrigeminal.
Occulomotornucleus(forgeneralsomaticefferent)andEdinger-
Westphalnucleustogetherformoculomotornuclearcomplex.
STRUCTURE:
Midbrain
Midbrain
Thirdnervenucleus(atthelevelofthesuperiorcolliculusventral
tothecerebralaqueduct,onthepre-aqueductalgreymatter)
RedNucleus
SubstantiaNigra
ExitthroughInterpeduncularfossa
Investedwithasheathofpiamater
Passesbetweenthesuperiorcerebel ar&posterior
cerebralarteries(Nervecompressedbyaneurysmofposterior
communicatingartery)
Piercestheduramater
Passb/wfreeandattachedbordersoftentoriumcerebel i
Cavernoussinus
Receivesfilamentsfromthecavernousplexusofthesympathetic
nervoussystemandcommunicatingbranchfromV1
Superiororbitalfissure
Orbit
SuperiorandInferiorBranch
76.Derivative(s)ofmesonephricduct
includes:
a)SomepartofprostaticUrethra
b)Seminalvesicle
c)Roundligamentofuterus
d)Vasdeferens
e)Ductusdeferens
CorrectAnswer-A:B:D:E
Ans.a.SomepartofprostaticUrethra;b.Seminalvesicle;d.
Vasdeferens;e.Ductusdeferens
TheWolffianductormesonephricductformstheepididymis,vas
deferensandseminalvesicles.Testosteronedirectsthe
developmentofWolffianduct.
Trigoneofthebladderdevelopfromthecaudalendofthe
mesonephricduct.
Apairofuretericbudgrowupwardsfromthedistalmesonephric
ductnearitsinsertionintothecloacatoformtherenalpelvis,
calycesandcol ectingducts.
Mostoftheprostateglanddevelopfromthesameprimordialareaof
urogenitalsinusthatformsthevaginalplateinfemales.
TheMul erianorparamesonephricductformsthefal opiantubes,
uterusandupperthirdofthevagina.
77.AllaretrueregardingUterusexcept:
a)Lymphvesselsfromfundusdraintopara-aorticlymphnodes
b)Broadligamentprovidesprimarysupporttouterus
c)Mainlysuppliedbyuterinearteries
d)Posteriorsurfaceisrelatedtointestine
e)Al
CorrectAnswer-B
Ans.b.Broadligamentprovidesprimarysupporttouterus
BLOODSUPPLYANDLYMPHATICS:
Uterineandovarianartery
Venousdrainageisviaaplexusinthebroadligamentthatdrains
intotheuterineveins.
Lymphaticdrainage:iliac,sacral,Paraaorticandinguinallymph
nodes.
LIGAMENTS:
Pelvicdiaphragm,Uterosacralligament&Transversecervical
ligamentareprimarysupportofuterus
Thetoneofthepelvicfloorprovidestheprimarysupportforthe
uterus.Someligamentsprovidefurthersupport,securingtheuterus
inplace.Theyare:
BroadLigament:Thisisadoublelayerofperitoneumattachingthe
sidesoftheuterustothepelvis.Itactsasamesenteryfortheuterus
andcontributestomaintainingitinposition.Itdonotprovideprimary
support.
78.Allaretrueaboutulnarnerveexcept:
a)RootvalueC8TI
b)Passthroughcubitaltunnel
c)Supplyflexordigitorumsuperficialis
d)Supplyflexorcarpiulnaris
e)Passesbehindmedialepicondyle
CorrectAnswer-C
Ans.c.Supplyflexordigitorumsuperficialis
Nervecourse:
RootvalueofulnarnerveisC7,C86T1.
Ulnarnerve(C8,T1)arisesfromthemedialcordofthebrachial
plexus&descendsintheintervalb/wtheaxil aryartery&vein
Atelbow,ulnarnervepassesbehindthemedialepicondyle
Thecubitaltunnelisachannelwhichal owstheulnarnervetotravel
overtheelbow
Variousbranchesofulnarnerveare:?
Inarm:Nobranch.
Inforearm:Therearefollowingbranches:?
Muscular:Inproximalpartofforearmitsuppliesflexorcarpiulnaris
andmedialhalfofflexordigitorumprofundus.
Cutaneous:Therearetwocutaneousbranchesinforearm:-
Superficialterminalbranch:Itsuppliespalmarisbrevisandskinof
palmarsurfaceofmedial11/2fingers.
Palmarcutaneousbranch:Suppliesskinoverthehypothenar
eminence.
Dorsal(posterior)cutaneousbranch:Suppliesskinovermedial1/3
ofdorsumofhandanddorsalsurfaceofmedial11/2fingers.
Inhand:Ulnarnerveentersthepalmbypassingsuperficialtoflexor
retinaculumanddividesintotwoterminalbranches:?
Deepterminalbranch:Itsuppliesadductorpol icis,al interossei,
medialtwo(3rd&4th)lumbricalsandal hypothenarmusclesexcept
palmarisbrevis(i.e.abductordigitiminimi,flexordigitiminimi,
opponensdigitiminimi).
79.Trueregardingsaphenousvein:
a)Longsaphenousvein-formedascontinuationofmedialsideof
deepvenousarch
b)Longsaphenousvein-situatedposteriortomedialmal eolus
c)Longsaphenousvein-closelyrelatedtosaphenousnerve
d)Shortsaphenousvein-openintogreatsaphenousvein
e)Shortsaphenousvein-associatedwithsuralnerve
CorrectAnswer-A:C:D:E
Ans.a.Longsaphenousvein-formedascontinuationofmedial
sideofdeepvenousarch;c.Longsaphenousvein-closely
relatedtosaphenousnerve;d.Shortsaphenousvein-openinto
greatsaphenousvein;e.Shortsaphenousvein-associated
withsuralnerve
LongSaphenousVein
Formedbytheunionofthemedialendofdorsalvenousarchwith
themedialmarginalvein
Passesupwardsinfrontofthemedialmal eolus,crossesthelower
one-thirdofthemedialsurfaceoftibiaobliquely&runsalongits
medialbordertoreachthebackoftheknees
ThesaphenousnerverunsinfrontofthegreatsaphenousVein
Small/ShortSaphenousVein:
Formedonthedorsumoffootbytheunionofthelateralendof
dorsalvenousarchwiththelateralmarginalvein
Entersthebackofthelegbypassingbehindthelateralmal eolus
Connectedwiththegreatsaphenousvein&withthedeepveins&is
accompaniedbythesuralnerve
80.Branchofinternaliliacarteryis/are:
a)Inferiorvesicalartery
b)Inferiorepigastricartery
c)Iliolumbarartery
d)Internalpudendalartery
e)Obturatorartery
CorrectAnswer-A:C:D:E
Ans.a.Inferiorvesicalartery;c.Iliolumbarartery;d.Internal
pudendalartery;e.Obturatorartery
Branchesofanteriordivisionofinternaliliacarteryare:
Superiorvesical
Middlerectal
Inferiorvesical(inmales),
Internalpudendal,
Vaginal(infemales),
Uterine(infemales)
Obturator
Inferiorgluteal.
Branchesofposteriordivisionare:
Iliolumbar
Lateralsacral
Superiorgluteal.
81.Trueaboutparietalperitoneum:
a)Suppliedbylower5thoracic&1stlumbar
b)Suppliedbylower4thoracic&upper3lumbar
c)Painissomaticinnature
d)Stretchingofparietalperitoneumcausepain
e)None
CorrectAnswer-A:C
Ans.a.Suppliedbylower5thoracic&1stlumbar;c.Painis
somaticinnature
ParietalPeritoneum:
Itissensitivetopain,temperature,touch&pressure
Theparietalperitoneumliningtheanteriorabdominalwal issupplied
bythelower6thoracic&1stlumbarnervesthatis,thesamenerves
thatinnervatetheoverlyingmuscles&skin.
Thecentralpartofdiaphragmaticperitoneumissuppliedbythe
phrenicnerve;peripheral y,diaphragmaticperitoneumissuppliedby
lowersixthoracicnerves.
Theparietalperitoneuminthepelvisismainlysuppliedbythe
obturatornerve,abranchofthelumbarplexus
82.Compressionofcervicalribcancauses:
a)Thenarhypertrophy
b)Neurovascularsymptom
c)Reynaud'sphenomenon
d)C8Tlparaesthesia
e)Al
CorrectAnswer-B:C:D
Ans.b.Neurovascularsymptom;c.Reynaud'sphenomenon;d.
C8Tlparesthesia
Thelowertrunkofthebrachialplexus(C8,Tl),togetherwiththe
subclavianarterymaybeangulatedoveracervicalrib(thoracic
outletsyndrome).
Thereisaslowinsidiousonsetofwastingofthesmal musclesof
thehand,whichoftenstartsonthelateralsidewithinvolvementof
thethenareminence&firstdorsalinterosseous.
Thereispain¶esthesiainthemedialaspectoftheforearm
extendingtothelitdefinger
83.Featuresofstellateganglionlesions
include:
a)Miosis
b)Vasodilationinipsilateralarm
c)Mydriasisincontralateraleye
d)Mydriasisinipsilateraleye
e)Visualloss
CorrectAnswer-A:B
Ans.a.Miosis;b.Vasodilationinipsilateralarm
HorneroccurduetoinjuryofTlsympathetictrunk.Thereisptosis,
miosis,anhydrosis(vasodilation&lackofthermalsweating),
enophthalmos(sunkenglobe),lossofcilio-spinalreflex,narrow
palpebralfissureofaffectedside
84.Trueaboutattachmentofsuprapleural
membrane:
a)AttachedtoClavicle
b)Attachedtolstrib&itscostalcartilage
c)Attachedto2ndrib&itscostalcartilage
d)Attachedtojunctionofmanubrium&bodyofsternum
e)Attachedtotipofthetransverseprocessofthe7thcervical
vertebrae
CorrectAnswer-B:E
Ans.b.Attachedtolstrib&itscostalcartilage;e.Attachedto
tipofthetransverseprocessofthe7thcervicalvertebrae
SuprapleuralMembrane:
Itistentshapedfibroussheetattachedlateral ytothemedialborder
ofthelstrib&costalcartilage.
Medial yitattachedtothefasciainvestingthestructurespassing
fromthethoraxintotheneck.
Itisattachedatitsapextothetipofthetransverseprocessofthe
7thcervicalvertebrae
85.TrueaboutanatomyofEustachiantube:
a)Aeratemiddleear
b)Openduringswal owing
c)Lager&widerinadultthanchildren
d)Morehorizontalininfant&children
e)Openinoropharynx
CorrectAnswer-A:B:D
Ans.a.Aeratemiddleear;b.Openduringswallowing;d.More
horizontalininfant&children
TheEustachiantube/auditorytubeintheadultis36mmin
length.(Range32-38mm)Fromitstympanicend,itruns
downwardforwardandmedial yjoininganangleof45?with
horizontal.
Ininfants,thetubeisshorter,widerandismorehorizontal.
Thetympanicendoftheeustachiantubeisbonyandissituatedin
theanteriorwal ofmiddleear.
Thepharyngealendofthetubeisslitlikeandissituatedinthe
lateralwal ofthenasopharynx,1-1.25cmbehindtheposteriorend
ofinferiorturbinate.
Normal yEustachiantube(ET)isclosedandopensintermittently
duringyawning,swal owingandsneezingthroughactivecontraction
ofTensorvilipalatinimuscle.
Normaltubalfunction:
Abilityoftubetoequilibratepositive&negativepressurestoambient
pressure.
Donebothinpatientswithperforatedorintacttympanicmembrane.
86.Whichofthefollowingsinusesopeninto
middlemeatus:
a)Frontalsinus
b)Anteriorethmoidalsinus
c)Posteriorethmoidalsinus
d)Maxil arysinus
e)Sphenoidsinus
CorrectAnswer-A:B:D
Ans.a.Frontalsinus;b.Anteriorethmoidalsinus;d.Maxillary
sinus
Partoflateralnasal
wall
Openings
Inferior
Nasolacrimalduct
Middle
Frontalsinus,Maxil arysinus,Anterior
ethmoidalsinus
Superior
Posteriorethmoidalsinus
Sphenoethmoidal
recess
Sphenoidsinus
This post was last modified on 11 August 2021