Download Anna University B-Tech CSE 5th Sem CS6513 Computer Graphics CG Lab Manual Question Paper

DEPARTMENT OF
COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

CS6513 - COMPUTER GRAPHICS LABORATORY

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V SEMESTER - R 2013

LABORATORY MANUAL

Name : ____________________________________

Register No. : ____________________________________

Section : ____________________________________

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VISION

College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.

MISSION

• To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry
• To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels

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• To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart and soul

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

VISION

To strive for acquiring, applying and imparting knowledge in Computer Science and Engineering through quality education and to provide enthusiastic professionals with commitment

MISSION

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• To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the electronics industry
• To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in communication systems
• To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and ethical practices

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOS)

1. Fundamentals

   To impart students with fundamental knowledge in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of Engineering that will would them to be successful professionals

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2. Core Competence

   To provide students with sound knowledge in engineering and experimental skills to identify complex software problems in industry and to develop practical solution for them

3. Breadth

   To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice this enables to find solutions for real time problem in industry and organization and to design products requiring interdisciplinary skills

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4. Professionalism skills

   To bestow students with adequate training and provide opportunities to work as team that will build up their communication skills, individual leadership and supportive qualities and to develop them to adapt and work in ever changing technologies

5. Lifelong Learning

   To develop the ability of students to establish themselves as professionals in Computer Science and Engineering and to create awareness about the need for lifelong learning and pursuing advanced degrees

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POS)

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1. To apply basic knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Computer Science and Engineering field
2. To design and conduct experiments as well as to analyze and interpret and apply the same in the career
3. To design and develop innovative and creative software applications
4. To understand a complex real world problems and develop an efficient practical solutions
5. To create, select and apply appropriate technique, resources, modern engineering and IT tools

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6. To understand their roles as professionals and give the best to the society
7. To develop a system that will meet expected need with realistic constraints such as economical, environmental, social, political, ethical, safe and sustainable
8. To communicate effectively and make others understand exactly what they are trying to convey in both verbal and written forms
9. To engage lifelong learning and exhibit their technical skills
10. To develop and manage projects in multidisciplinary environments

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CS6513-COMPUTER GRAPHICS LABORATORY

SYLLABUS

COURSE OBJECTIVES

• Understand graphics programming.
• Be exposed to creation of 3D graphical scenes using open graphics library suits.

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• Be familiar with image manipulation, enhancement.
• Learn to create animations.
• To create a multimedia presentation/game/project

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS:

1. Implementation of algorithms for drawing 2D primitives – Line (DDA, Bresenham's) – all slopes circle (midpoint).

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2. 2D geometric transformations – translation, rotation, scaling, reflection, shear, window to viewport.
3. Composite 2D transformations.
4. Line clipping.
5. 3D transformations - translation, rotation, scaling.
6. 3D projections – parallel, perspective.

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7. Creating 3D scenes.
8. Image editing and manipulation - basic operations on image using any image editing software.
9. Creating gif animated images, image optimization
10. 2D Animation - to create Interactive animation using any authoring tool

COURSE OUTCOMES

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• Create 3D graphical scenes using open graphics library suits.
• Implement image manipulation and enhancement.
• Create 2D animations using tools.

CS6513-COMPUTER GRAPHICS LABORATORY

CONTENTS

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Expt. No. 1

IMPLEMENTATION OF ALGORITHMS FOR DRAWING 2D PRIMITIVES

LINE DRAWING USING DDA ALGORITHM

Aim:

To write a C program to draw a line using DDA algorithm

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Software requirements:

C, C++ compilers, Java, OpenGL

Hardware requirements:

Dual core processor, DDR2 1GB RAM, 250 GB HDD

Algorithm:

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1. Start the program.
2. Read the starting and ending coordinates xa, ya, xb, and yb,
3. Find the x-coordinate difference and y-coordinate difference

dx = xb - xa & dy = yb – ya,

4. Compare the difference and decide the step value

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if (dx > dy) step = dx

else

step = dy,

5. Find the increment values of coordinates

xi = dx / step

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yi = dy / step,

6. Display the starting point using the function putpixel(xa,ya,4),
7. Find adjacent pixels using the formula xa = xa + xi & ya = ya + yi,
8. Repeat the steps till reaching the endpoints i.e., ya = yb & xa = xb,
9. Stop the program.

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Sample Output:

Enter the starting coordinates: 100 100

Enter the ending coordinates: 200 200

Fig.No 1 Line using DDA

Result:

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Thus the line was drawn successfully using DDA algorithm in C.

Outcome:

Thus the outcome of implementing 2D primitives has been attained.

Application:

• Image processing

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• Computer art
• Presentation graphics

Viva-voce

1. What are the advantages of DDA algorithm?
2. Define - Computer Graphics

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3. What are the properties of video display devices?
4. What are the various applications of computer graphics?
5. What is resolution?
6. What is a bitmap?
7. List out the important characteristics of video display device.

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8. What is meant by pixel?
9. What is intensity?
10. Define – DDA Algorithm

Expt. No. 2

LINE DRAWING USING BRESENHAM'S ALGORITHM

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Aim:

To write a program in C to draw a line using Bresenham's algorithm

Software requirements:

C, C++ compilers, Java, OpenGL

Hardware requirements:

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Dual core processor, DDR2 1GB RAM, 250 GB HDD

Algorithm:

1. Start the program.
2. Read the starting and ending coordinates xa, ya, xb, yb,
3. Find the x-coordinate difference and y-difference

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dx = xb - xa & dy = yb – ya,

4. Calculate decision parameter 'p' value

p = 2dy-dx,

5. Fix the starting and ending coordinates

if(xa < xb)

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xstart = xa ystart = ya xend = xb

yend = yb

else

xstart = xb

ystart = yb

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xend = xa

yend = ya,

6. Display the starting point using the function putpixel(xa,ya,4),
7. Find adjacent pixels and display it using the formula given below

x =xstart & y=ystart

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while(x < xend)

x = x + 1

if(p < 0)

8. Repeat the step 7 till reaching the end points,
9. Stop the program.

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Sample Output:

Enter the xa & ya value: 200 200

Enter the xb & yb value: 350 45

Fig.No 2 Line using Bresenham's

Result:

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Thus a line is drawn successfully using Bresenham's algorithm in C

Outcome:

Thus the outcome of implementing 2D primitives has been attained.

Application:

• Image processing

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• Computer art
• Presentation graphics

Viva-voce

1. What is the property that reduces the pixel calculation in Bresenham's circle drawing algorithm?
2. What is the equation used to find decision parameter in Bresenham's line drawing algorithm?

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3. What is meant by rasterization?
4. List out the advantages and disadvantages of DVST.
5. What are the two techniques for producing color displays with a CRT?
6. What is vertical retrace of the electron beam?
7. What is meant by frame buffer?

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8. Distinguish between track ball and space ball.
9. Define - Digitizers

Expt. No. 3

CIRCLE DRAWING USING BRESENHAM'S CIRCLE ALGORITHM

Aim:

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To draw a circle using Bresenham's circle drawing algorithm in C

Software requirements:

C, C++ compilers, Java, OpenGL

Hardware requirements:

Dual core processor, DDR2 1GB RAM, 250 GB HDD

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Algorithm:

1. Start the program.
2. Get the radius and center of the circle r, xc, yc,
3. Obtain the first point on the circumference of a circle centered on the origin as (Xo, Yo) = (0, r),
4. Calculate the initial value of the decision parameter as p = 5/4 – r,

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5. At each xk position, starting at k=0, perform the following test if(pk < 0),

the next point along the circle centered on (0,0) is (xk+1, yk+1) and pk+1 = pk + 2xk+1 + 1

Otherwise the next point along the circle is (xk+1, yk-1) and Pk+1 = pk + 2xk+1 + 1 - 2yk+1,where 2xk+1_= 2xk+2 and = -2.

6. Determine symmetry points in other seven octants,
7. Move each calculated pixel position (x, y) onto the circular path centered on (xc, yc) and plot the coordinat values x = x + xc & y = y + yc,

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8. Repeat the steps 5 to 7 until x >=
9. Stop the program.

Sample Output:

Enter the xa value: 200

Enter the ya value: 200

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Enter the radius: 50

Fig.No 3 Circle using Bresenham's

Result:

Thus the circle was drawn successfully using Bresenham's circle drawing algorithm in C.

Outcome:

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Thus the outcome of implementing 2D primitives has been attained.

Application:

• Image processing
• Computer art
• Presentation graphics

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Viva-voce

1. What are the two basic techniques for producing color display with a CRT?
2. Give three difference between shadows mask and beam penetration method.
3. Differentiate LCD from LED.
4. Differentiate plasma panel display from thin film electroluminescent display.

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5. Define – Bresenham's Circle Algorithm

Expt. No. 4

2D GEOMETRIC TRANSFORMATIONS

BASIC 2D TRANSFORMATIONS – TRANSLATION, ROTATION, SCALING

Aim:

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To write a program to perform the basic 2D transformations like translation, rotation and scaling using transformation equation in C

Software requirements:

C, C++ compilers, Java, OpenGL

Hardware requirements:

Dual core processor, DDR2 1GB RAM, 250 GB HDD

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Algorithm:

1. Start the program.
2. Obtain the coordinates of the line xa, ya, xb, yb,
3. Get the translation factors tx, ty, rotation angle a & scaling factors sx, sy,
4. Find the translated coordinates by applying the angle as

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x' = x + tx & y'= y + ty.

5. Get the rotation coordinates by applying the angle as

x' = abs(xa - xb) cosa - abs(ya - yb) sina

y' = abs(xa - xb) sina + abs(ya - yb) cosa,

6. Scaling is applied as

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x = x * SX

y' = y * sy,

7. Draw the transformed line with the new coordinates (x', y'),
8. Similarly obtain the coordinates of rectangle / triangle as consecutive set of line end points and apply all the basic transformations,
9. Stop the program.

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Sample Output:

Line

1. Translation 2. Scaling 3. Rotation 4. Exit

Enter the choice: 1

Enter the x1 value: 100

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Enter the y1 value: 100

Enter the x2 value: 200

Enter the y2 value: 200

Enter the translation factor in x-axis: 50

Enter the translation factor in y-axis: 0

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Fig.No 4.0 Translation

1. Translation 2. Scaling 3. Rotation 4. Exit

Enter the choice: 2

Enter the x1 value: 100

Enter the y1 value: 100

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Enter the x2 value: 200

Enter the y2 value: 200

Enter the scaling factor in x-axis: 1

Enter the scaling factor in y-axis: 2

Fig.No 4.1 Scaling

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1. Translation 2. Scaling 3. Rotation 4. Exit

Enter the choice: 3

Enter the x1 value: 100

Enter the y1 value: 100

Enter the x2 value: 200

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Enter the y2 value: 200

Enter the rotation angle: 45

Fig.No 4.2 Rotation

Result:

Thus the program for performing basic 2D transformations using transformation equation is successfully executed in C.

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Outcome:

Thus the outcome of implementing 2D geometric transformation has been met.

Application:

• Used in traditional printing
• Drawing technologies

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Viva-voce

1. What are the changes accomplished by adding attributes?
2. Which transformation produces a mirror image of an object?
3. Which is not a basic transformation operation?
4. What is transformation?

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5. What is a view plane?
6. What are the steps involved in 3D transformation pipeline?
7. What is fixed point scaling?
8. Distinguish between uniform scaling and differential scaling.
9. What are the different kinds of co-ordinate representation?

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Expt. No. 5

2D TANSFORMATIONS (REFLECTION AND SHEARING)

Aim:

To write a program to perform the other 2D transformations like reflection and shearing in C

Software requirements:

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C, C++ compilers, Java, OpenGL

Hardware requirements:

Dual core processor, DDR2 1GB RAM, 250 GB HDD

Algorithm:

1. Start the program.

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2. For reflection obtain the coordinates of the triangle xa, ya, xb, yb, xc, yc,
3. Calculate the reflection as, x` = x + 2 * (320 - x) and y` = y + 2 * (240 - y),
4. For shearing obtain the coordinates of the square xa, ya, xb, yb, xc, yc, xd, yd,
5. Shearing points can be calculated as x` = x + shx & y` = y + shy, where shx, shy are the shearing factors,
6. Draw the transformed objects with the new coordinates (x`, y`),

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7. Stop the program.

Sample Output:

1. Reflection 2. Shearing 3. Exit

Enter the choice: 1

Enter the xa&ya value: 200 100

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Enter the xb&yb value: 200 200

Enter the xc&yc value: 100 200

1. About x-axis 2. About y-axis 3. About both 4. Exit

Enter the choice: 1

Fig.No 5.0 Reflection about x-axis

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1. About x-axis 2. About y-axis 3. About both 4. Exit

Enter the choice: 2

Fig.No 5.1 Reflection about y-axis

1. About x-axis 2. About y-axis 3. About both 4. Exit

Enter the choice: 3

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Fig.No 5.2 Reflection on both

1. About x-axis 2. About y-axis 3. About both 4. Exit

Enter the choice: 4

1. Reflection 2. Shearing 3. Exit

Enter the choice: 2

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Enter the xa&ya value: 200 200

Enter the xb&yb value: 300 200

Enter the xc&yc value: 300 300

Enter the xd&yd value: 200 300

1. About x-axis 2. About y-axis 3. About both 4. Exit

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Enter the choice: 1

Enter the shearing factor for x: 50

Fig.No 5.3 Shearing about x-axis

1. About x-axis 2. About y-axis 3. About both 4. Exit

Enter the choice: 2

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Enter the shearing factor for y: 50

Fig.No 5.4 Shearing about y-axis

1. About x-axis 2. About y-axis 3. About both 4. Exit

Enter the choice: 3

Enter the shearing factor for x: 50

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Enter the shearing factor for y: 50

Enter the choice: 4

Fig.No 5.5 Shearing with both axis

Result:

Thus the program for performing 2D transformations reflection and shearing is successfully executed in C.

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Outcome:

Thus the outcome of implementing 2D geometric transformation has been met.

Application:

• Typography
• Cartography

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• Technical drawing.

Viva-voce

1. What is meant by reflection?
2. Define – Shearing
3. What are the applications for reflection?

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4. Compare reflection from mirroring.
5. List out the advantages of using reflection.

Expt. No. 6

- WINDOW – TO – VIEWPORT TRANSFORMATION

Aim:

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To write a C program to perform window-to-viewport transformation

Software requirements:

C, C++ compilers, Java, OpenGL

Hardware requirements:

Dual core processor, DDR2 1GB RAM, 250 GB HDD

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Algorithm:

1. Start the program.
2. Input the minimum and maximum coordinates of a window,
3. Input the minimum and maximum coordinates of a viewport,
4. Input the coordinates of image to be displayed,

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5. Perform the scaling to transform the image to window and to viewport,
6. Stop the program.

Sample Output:

enter window port coordinates:

(xwmin,ywmin, xwmax, ywmax): 20 20 200 200

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enter view port coordinates:

(xumin,yomin, xvmax,yumax): 20 20 400 400

enter vertices for triangle:

enter(x0,y0):50 50

enter(x1,y1): 150 150

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enter(x2,y2):50 150

view port

Fig.No 6 Window to viewport transformation

Result:

Thus the program for performing window-to-viewport transformation is successfully executed in C.

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Outcome:

Thus the outcome of implementing 2D geometric transformation has been met.

Application:

• To draw maps, sketch of areas and buildings
• Visualization

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VIVA - VOCE

1. Distinguish between window port and view port.
2. What is the need of homogeneous coordinates?
3. List out three font editing tools.
4. Distinguish between window port and view port.

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5. Define - Clipping
6. What is the need for homogeneous coordinates?
7. List out two output primitives function.
8. What is a decision parameter?
9. List out the two software standards.

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10. Define - Bitmap
11. Define - Pixelmap

Expt. No. 7

COMPOSITE 2D TRANSFORMATIONS

Aim:

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To write a program to perform the composite 2D transformations like successive translation, rotation and scaling using transformation equation in C

Software requirements:

C, C++ compilers, Java, OpenGL

Hardware requirements:

Dual core processor, DDR2 1GB RAM, 250 GB HDD

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Algorithm:

1. Start the program.
2. Obtain the coordinates of the line xa, ya, xb, yb,
3. Get the translation factors tx1, ty1, tx2, ty2 rotation angles a1, a2 & scaling factors sx1, sy1, sx2, sy2,
4. Find the translated coordinates by applying the formula as below.

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x'= x + (tx1 + tx2) & y' = y + (ty1 + ty2)

It possesses associative property and successive translations are proved as additive.

5. Get the rotation coordinates by applying the formula as

x' = abs(xa - xb) cos(a1 + a2) - abs(ya - yb) sin(a1 + a2)

y' = abs(xa- xb) sin(a1 + a2) + abs(ya - yb) cos(a1 + a2)

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It possesses associative property and successive rotations are also proved as additive.

6. Scaling is applied as

x' = x* (sx1 * sx2)

y' = y * (sy1 * sy2)

It possesses associative property and successive scaling is multiplicative.

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7. Draw the transformed line with the new
   

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